Cognitive psych CHPT 4

Visual information cannot be rehearsed in working memory without being transformed into a verbal code. True False

False

Active during subvocalization

Phonological loop

What's the differences between short term and working memory models?

Short term memory emphasizes on how memory is stored while working memory models looks at how memory is processed to complete tasks

Which of the following corresponds to the case when every sample of size n has the same chance of being chosen?

Simple random sample

While practicing a skateboard trick, you close your eyes and you try to remember how the last skateboarder looked while performing it. Which component of your working memory would be most active during this task? a. The visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive c. The phonological loop d. The episodic buffer

a. The visuospatial sketchpad

what phonological loop issue describes the uncertainty you experience when trying to remember whether you studied the word "bake" or "rate"? a. acoustic confusion b. trans cranial magnetic stimulation c. retroactive interference d. sub vocalization

a. acoustic confusion

The region of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person works on tasks that require the central executive component of working memory is the: a. frontal lobe b. temporal lobe c. parietal lobe d. occipital lobe

a. frontal lobe

Compared to people who are not depressed, people suffering from major depression: a. have difficulty with some working memory tasks. b. show a surprising increase in ability to concentrate on tasks. c. show an increased span on short-term memory tasks. d. All of the above are correct.

a. have difficulty with some working memory tasks.

What does the episodic buffer in Baddeley's working memory model do? a. it briefly holds material coming from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. b. it is the region where you store facts and information type memory c. it contains material that has not yet reached our conscious awareness. d. it stores our very earliest memories separate from the memories we are currently forming.

a. it briefly holds material coming from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory.

Which component of working memory would be active during self-instruction (i.e., talking to yourself)? a. phonological loop b. visuospatial sketchpad c. central executive d. episodic buffer

a. phonological loop

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classical theory, a. short-term memory and long term memory are distinctly different processes. b. there are no strict limits in the capacity of short-term memory. c. rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term. d. items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent.

a. short-term memory and long term memory are distinctly different processes.

When trying to remember a really complicated recipe, you can only recall the last two steps and your cooking partner only remembers the first two. What is this an example of? a. the serial position effect b. subvocalization c. semantic priming d. acoustic confusion

a. the serial position effect

What does the working memory approach emphasize?

active manipulation of information (immediate memory is a multipart system, holds/ manipulates info.)

What advantage does working memory present in our lives? a. It has a capacity limit that reduces the likeliness you'll confuse one task with another task. b. It allows us to process multiple sources of information within a short period of time. c. It has no capacity limit making us able to hold on to large quantaties of information easily. d. It is so large that it can store information in it for prolonged periods of time, even while working on other tasks.

b. It allows us to process multiple sources of information within a short period of time.

A subject is shown an image of a turtle and asked to keep that item in their WM. After waiting silently for 2 mins, the subject is asked what they remember seeing. The subject responds "a turtle". Which of the following is likely true? a. The study shows the Visuospatial Sketchpad has a duration of 2 mins. b. The subject may have converted the image to a verbal code to rehearse it. c. The subject could not have performed this tasked while simultaneously singing "row row your boat" d. Visuospatial Sketchpad duration would have been longer if the subject had to maintain two images in WM.

b. The subject may have converted the image to a verbal code to rehearse it.

According to the research, people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory? a. visuospatial sketchpad b. central executive c. episodic buffer e. phonological loop

b. central executive

If people are presented a series of items, their percent recalled typically shows a U-shaped function across serial positions. The recency effect seen in such data is usually attributed to information that: a. was transferred to long-term memory at the time of presentation. b. remains in short-term (working) memory at the time of recall. c. was extremely well remembered because it was associated with earlier information in the series. d. All of the above are correct.

b. remains in short-term (working) memory at the time of recall.

The part of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person performs visual and spatial tasks is the: a. left cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and occipital lobes, but including the cerebellum. b. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe. c. cerebellum. d. lateral hypothalamus.

b. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe.

What is the serial position effect in memory research? a. the finding that we can only remember about seven unique items in memory, give or take two. b. the finding that people are best at remembering the first few and last few items on a list. c. the confusion that occurs when trying to memorize similar sounding words. d. struggling to learn new material because previously learned items interfere with it.

b. the finding that people are best at remembering the first few and last few items on a list.

Which component of working memory would be most important for steering a ship safely into the correct port? a. phonological loop b. visuospatial sketchpad c. central executive d. episodic buffer

b. visuospatial sketchpad

A driver who is listening to a football game on the radio and forming clear images of the action may experience difficulty driving. This interference may be attributable to the limited capacity of a working-memory component called the: a. central executive. b. visuospatial sketchpad. c. episodic buffer. d. phonological loop.

b. visuospatial sketchpad.

The book discusses research on the working memory capacities of people with and without major depressions. They found that, in general, depressed people performed a. worse on tasks involving the phonological loop, but better on tasks involving the central executive. b. worse on most tasks involving any working memory component. c. better on tasks involving the visuospatial sketchpad. d. better on tasks involving the phonological loop.

b. worse on most tasks involving any working memory component.

Carry is trying to memorize her PantherID number. She is having trouble because the number is 9 digits long. _____________ would BEST help Carry learn the number. a. Repeating the digits over and over to himself b. Saying the digits out loud c. Chunking the digits d. Reading the digits to a friend

c. Chunking the digits

A professor draws a graph of how which vocabulary words students remembered from his last lecture. The graph shows students were able to remember most of the terms at the beginning of class and at the end of class. Very few students were able to remember the terms she covered in the middle of class. What is this graph an example of? a. The free recall curve b. The serial position curve c. The Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve d. The memory span curve

c. The Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve

Which component of working memory would be responsible for choosing which stimuli in your environment to attend to? a. phonological loop b. visuospatial sketchpad c. central executive d. episodic buffer

c. central executive

According to a recent approach proposed (Baddeley, 2000, 2006), working memory: a. involves procedural memory, even for information that may also be encoded semantically. b. is not influenced by attention, by consciousness, or by long-term memory processes. c. consists of a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop. e. maintains all information in a phonological loop, even if the information is visual or meaningful.

c. consists of a central executive, a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer, and a phonological loop.

The component of the working-memory system that combines information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory, which is involved in interpreting earlier experiences, solving new problems, and planning future activities, is called the: a. perceptual buffer b. visuospatial sketchpad c. episodic buffer d. phonological loop

c. episodic buffer

Executes memory rehearsal.

central executive

Suppresses irrelevant information from being processed

central executive

What are the components of Baddeley & Hitch's working memory model?

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic puffer, phonological loop, long-term memory

Research reveals that people's scores on working-memory tasks are correlated with: a. overall intelligence and grades in school b. verbal fluency and reasoning ability. c. reading ability. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

The functioning of the phonological loop: a. may give rise to acoustic confusions in working-memory tasks, especially when rehearsal is involved. b. is related to a person's "inner voice," or his or her use of sub vocalization to perform a task. c. involves activation or information storage in the left hemisphere of the brain, including frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

While studying the vocabulary in your cognitive psychology class, you find it harder and harder to learn and remember new terms encounter. This could be an example of what type of memory problem? a. The chunking phenomenon b. Overuse of subvocalization c. The episodic buffer issue d. Proactive interference

d. Proactive interference

Which of these is an example of proactive interference? a. you cannot remember the rules to an old board game after learning the rules to a more modern board game. b. you hear your voice in your head while reading a book. c. you sing the lyrics to your favorite song aloud while driving your car. d. after becoming really good with one character in a video game, you struggle to learn the button combinations for a new character.

d. after becoming really good with one character in a video game, you struggle to learn the button combinations for a new character.

According to Baddeley's theory, which part of working memory allows you to plan how you will process and learn new information when trying to study? a. visuospatial sketchpad b. phonological loop c. episodic buffer d. central executive

d. central executive

Which of the following is a true statement about the neuroscience research on the central executive? a. it is primarily controlled by sub cortical brain structures. b. it is distributed across various brain regions. c. it is primarily controlled by brain structures at the back of the cortex. d. it is primarily controlled by portions of the frontal lobe.

d. it is primarily controlled by portions of the frontal lobe.

which of the following is accurate support for the working memory model's inclusion of multiple processing components? a. subjects show longer working memory duration than the traditional short-term model would suggest. b. subjects report large sensory memory spans when asked to focus intensely on a stimulus. c. subjects show larger memory capacities than were previously found in the traditional short-term memory model. d. subjects can perform a visual and verbal task simultaneously, with little interference.

d. subjects can perform a visual and verbal task simultaneously, with little interference.

The effects of proactive interference are decreased if a. you know more information at the beginning. b. you keep studying the same list. c. you learn different items from the same category. d. you shift to a different category of items to learn.

d. you shift to a different category of items to learn.

According to George Miller's memory terminology, what is a chunk? a. max limit of your short-term memory b. a measure of the number of items that can be spoken within a 30-sec interval c. region of the brain in which short-term memories are stored.\ e. basic unit of information in short-term memory

e. basic unit of information in short-term memory ( consists of strongly associated components)

According to Baddeley and his colleagues, a. working memory is much more fragile and susceptible to errors than previous memory models. b. working memory is much more robust and resistant to errors than previous memory models. d. working memory and long term memory are unquestionably the exact same process. e. working memory holds information briefly so it can than process and use this information.

e. working memory holds information briefly so it can than process and use this information.

What are the three stages of working memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

Component where information from other working memory parts is combined.

episodic buffer

What is short term memory(working memory)? (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

holds on to small parts of information that has just been taken from the environment (passes a fraction of the information to long-term memory)

What is long term memory?

large capacity storage that holds information from your life

What is long term memory?

large capacity, memory of experiences and information from your lifetime. (episodic, semantic, procedural)

What is the central executive?

moves information from all parts of working memory and is responsible for attention/focus

What is chunking?

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Part of this component may be located in the left temporal lobe.

phonological loop

What is the phonological loop?

processes a limited number of sounds for a short period of time (sub vocalization, acoustic confusion, self-instruction)

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

processes visual and spatial information (location and can work with phono loop)

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin information processing model?

proposed that memory is processed in a series of steps.

What is sensory memory? (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

records and stores information from the senses (passes a fraction of the information to short-term memory)

What is retrieval?

recovery of stored information

What are the components of short-term memory? (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

sensory memory, short term memory (working memory), long term memory (clear distinction between short and long term memory)

What is the episodic buffer?

temporary storage, also combines information from other parts of working memory, NOT including central executive. (info. can be stored in LTM)

What is storage?

the retention of encoded information over time

What is encoding?

transforming information from one form to another

Active during mental imagery.

visuospatial sketchpad

Necessary to navigate from one place to another.

visuospatial sketchpad

Possible location of this process is in the right hemisphere of the cortex.

visuospatial sketchpad