Cognitive Psych Exam 3- Chapter 12

Which of the following reflects the process of analogical transfer? a. insight to fact b. problem to problem c. space to subgoal d. subgoal to target

b. problem to problem

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative? a. Solitude b. Mindfulness c. Analysis d. Daydreaming

c. Analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8? a. Divergent b. Analogical c. Analytical d. Functional

c. Analytical

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems? a. Analogy b. Search c. Representation d. Insight

c. Representation

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. a. light bulb b. radiation c. Russian marriage d. Tower of Hanoi

c. Russian marriage

Carlos is trying to solve a puzzle. In doing so, he knows that a stipulated rule is that red pieces cannot touch blue pieces. This example specifically highlights the function of ___. a. the initial stage b. subgoals c. operators d. problem space

c. operators

In the comic strip Calvin & Hobbes, the boy Calvin wants winter to be over. So he takes a blow dryer outside and aims it at his yard to melt away all the snow. Which term best reflects this situation? a. alternate use task b. functional fixedness c. contingency strategy d. divergent thinking

a. alternate use task

What term did Kaufman and Gregoire use to reflect the default mode network? a. imagination b. compound c. contingency d. incubator

a. imagination

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? a. It is the cornerstone of creativity. b. It has a single correct answer. c. It is open-ended. d. It has a large number of potential solutions.

b. It has a single correct answer.

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a. Using a tire as a football practice target b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice c. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight d. Using a wine bottle as a vase

b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. in vivo problem solving. b. insight. c. analogical transfer. d. analogical encoding.

c. analogical transfer.

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time. a. color b. black and pink c. bread and butter d. blank

c. bread and butter

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor b. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem c. Developing schemas for each individual problem d. Connecting the fortress with the tumor

d. Connecting the fortress with the tumor

If you're asked to construct an object with three random parts, then you're likely engaged in an exercise designed to demonstrate ___. a. latent inhibition b. group brainstorming c. preinventive forms d. creative cognition

d. creative cognition

Soraya is walking her dog when her dog's leash suddenly breaks. Soraya realizes that she needs a new leash right then and there but, at first, she doesn't know how to proceed. Unfortunately, she fails to consider that she could fashion a temporary leash by using the shoelaces from her boots. This example specifically illustrates ___. a. the two-string problem b. mental set c. fixation d. functional fixedness

d. functional fixedness

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a. The solution is not obvious b. Has one correct answer c. Is difficult d. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal

b. Has one correct answer

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. c. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. d. show that some problems are easier to solve than others.

b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke. a. creative cognition b. divergent thinking c. the means-end analysis d. convergent thinking

b. divergent thinking

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________. a. fostering insight b. finding similarity c. generating ideas d. creating value

b. finding similarity

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. b. noticing, mapping, and applying. c. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis. d. restructuring, searching, and simulating.

b. noticing, mapping, and applying.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. sensory operators. b. reorganization or restructuring. c. continuity and form. d. multiple goal states.

b. reorganization or restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using a. mental set. b. representation and restructuring. c. means-end analysis. d. warmth judgments.

b. representation and restructuring.

Which of the following terms has the strongest connection to the analogical paradox? a. operator b. in vivo c. incubation d. divergence

b. in vivo

The "Aha!" moment often depicted in cartoons with a light bulb over someone's head best reflects the concept of ________. a. fixation b. insight c. daydreaming d. incubation

b. insight

A problem space is best defined by which concept? a. evaluation b. scope c. process d. expertise

b. scope

Which of the following specifically illustrates how one works to reach a successful goal state? a. the water jug problem b. the Tower of Hanoi problem c. the candle problem d. the two-string problem

b. the Tower of Hanoi problem

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model? a. Problem Formulation: Fact Finding b. Problem Generation: Evaluation and Selection c. Solution Implementation: Idea Finding d. Problem Solving: Planning

d. Problem Solving: Planning

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Cingulate gyrus c. Parietal lobe d. Temporal lobe

d. Temporal lobe

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents a. a source problem. b. convergent thinking. c. a single dissociation. d. a mental set.

d. a mental set.

Experts categorize problems based on a. surface and deep structures. b. how similar the objects in the problem are. c. event-specific knowledge. d. general principles that problems share.

d. general principles that problems share.

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates a. creative cognition. b. structural analyses. c. convergent thinking. d. group brainstorming.

d. group brainstorming.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) a. familiar object. b. frequently used object. c. object with a specific function. d. novel object.

d. novel object.

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the a. practical objects within the category. b. inventions rated high in both practicality and originality. c. object parts. d. novel objects before a function was described.

d. novel objects before a function was described.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. mental sets. b. subgoals. c. intermediate states. d. operators.

d. operators.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT a. goal state. b. initial state. c. intermediate states. d. operators.

d. operators.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a. means-end analysis. b. how analogies can be used to solve problems. c. the problem space. d. representation and restructuring.

d. representation and restructuring.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. a. gradually rise; rise suddenly just b. gradually rise; gradually rise c. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably d. rise suddenly just; gradually rise

d. rise suddenly just; gradually rise

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. a. source; target b. prototype; target c. exemplar; source d. target; source

d. target; source

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. b. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. c. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. d. Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles.

a. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming? a. Divergent b. Preinventive c. Compound d. Mindful

a. Divergent

If you are an expert, then we necessarily assume that ___. a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field b. you are superior at solving all possible problems c. you are extremely creative d. you have exceptionally high intelligence

a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. insight b. analogies c. subgoals d. flexibility

b. analogies

Which of the following terms best reflects the process of open monitoring (OM) meditation? a. inventive b. freeform c. analytical d. volitional

b. freeform

Which of the following correctly pairs a process with a stage in Basadur's problem-solving model? a. Selling idea: Problem solving b. Fact finding: Problem generation c. Idea finding: Problem formulation d. Planning: Solution implementation

b. Fact finding: Problem generation

Which phrase would be a good slogan for problem solving among experts? a. Look, see, solve. b. Think things through. c. All-knowing, all-solving. d. Pedal to the metal.

b. Think things through.

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the analogical problem-solving process according to Gick and Holyoak's proposal? a. applying b. analyzing c. mapping d. noticing

b. analyzing

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem d. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another

a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

What is the key difference between focused attention (FA) meditation and open monitoring (OM) meditation? a. volition b. control c. time d. content

b. control

The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. solve insight problems. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.

c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Intermediate states can be created by a. restructuring initial states. b. creating operators. c. creating subgoals. d. restructuring goal states.

c. creating subgoals.

While doing a jigsaw puzzle containing 1,000 small pieces, Rashid suddenly said, "Oh, this piece isn't someone's hair. It's part of the thatched roof!" Which term best reflects Rashid's experience? a. functional fixedness b. means-end analysis c. divergent thinking d. think-aloud protocol

d. think-aloud protocol

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following? a. Creative cognition b. Functional fixedness c. Volitional daydreaming d. Means-end analysis

d. Means-end analysis

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of_________________ research. a. In vivo problem solving b. Think-aloud protocol c. Environmental functional fixedness d. Situationally produced mental set

a. In vivo problem solving

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else. a. Incubation b. Insight c. Mindfulness d. Daydreaming

a. Incubation

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a. Two-string problem b. Tower of Hanoi problem c. The radiation problem d. Mutilated checkerboard problem

a. Two-string problem

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. analogies b. anaphoric interference c. perceptual segregation d. divergent thinking

a. analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving. a. analogy b. functional fixedness c. mental set d. means-end analysis

a. analogy

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. divergent thinking. b. insight. c. hierarchical organization. d. convergent thinking.

a. divergent thinking.

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. a. initial b. intermediate c. transitory d. goal

a. initial

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. b. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. d. being able to solve other problems at all.

a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Experts _________________ than novices. a. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem b. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems c. are better at reasoning in general d. spend less time analyzing problems

a. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a. the box is empty. b. fewer tacks are provided. c. pliers are also presented. d. the candle is already lit.

a. the box is empty.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that a. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. b. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. c. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically toward the solution of a non-insight problem. d. people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem.

a. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

From a formal-definition perspective, a problem is considered to be a(n) ________. a. obstacle b. representation c. challenge d. analogy

a. obstacle

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking. a. structure; experience b. experience; structure c. flexibility; experience d. experience; flexibility

c. flexibility; experience

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state. a. goal b. initial c. intermediate d. functional fixedness

c. intermediate

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a. experimental groups and control groups. b. experts and novices. c. laboratory and real-world settings. d. well- and ill-defined problems.

c. laboratory and real-world settings.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they a. were told they were expected to be creative. b. had received training in creative thinking. c. made the objects themselves. d. had been preselected as "creative" individuals.

c. made the objects themselves.

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________. a. insight b. transfer c. progress d. analysis

c. progress

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a. insight. b. parity. c. search. d. algorithms.

c. search.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem. a. exemplar b. target c. source d. prototype

c. source

Insight refers to a. prior learning hindering problem solving. b. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. c. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. d. prior learning facilitating problem solving.

c. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

At the Cognitive Psychology Annual Gala, which of the following would win the "Outside the Box" Award? a. analogical paradox b. think-aloud protocol c. creative cognition d. means-end analysis

c. creative cognition

Peter is stuck trying to understand some extraneous information with regards to a math problem, and, as such, he finds it difficult to proceed. Peters appears to be showing ___. a. restructuring b. functional fixedness c. fixation d. a mental set

c. fixation

Which of the following would be a process directly tied to the problem formulation stage of creative problem solving? a. taking action b. planning c. idea finding d. fact finding

c. idea finding

After meeting with the art director to discuss the new ad campaign they were just assigned, Chantal left the office to go for a walk in the local park. She was hoping that ________ would help her come up with a catchy slogan for the client's product. a. representation b. analogical encoding c. incubation d. daydreaming

c. incubation

A possible drawback to expertise is ___. a. impossible, as there are no possible drawbacks to expertise b. it may not be possible to gain in-depth knowledge of all fields c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking d. experts are slower at solving problems

c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking

Laura was given the nine-dot problem to solve as part of a research project at the university's cognitive science lab. After reading the instructions and looking at the puzzle, Laura quickly came up with the answer. Which part of Laura's brain played a key role in helping her devise a creative solution to the problem? a. hippocampus b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d. corpus callosum

c. temporal lobe

In the school cafeteria, DeShaun offered Maureen his bag of chips if she would give him her strawberry yogurt. Which term best reflects what DeShaun and Maureen engaged in? a. paradox b. mapping c. trade-off d. contingency

c. trade-off

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? a. Divergent thinking b. Discriminability c. Perseveration d. Functional fixedness

d. Functional fixedness

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a. the goal state is not clearly defined. b. the initial state is not clearly defined. c. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. d. the solution is immediately obvious.

d. the solution is immediately obvious.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. b. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. c. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. d. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

d. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

Which of the following BEST illustrates the use of problem solving with analogies? a. the think-aloud protocol b. the mutilated checkerboard problem c. the Tower of Hanoi problem d. Duncker's radiation problem

d. Duncker's radiation problem

Dante is a highly accomplished visual artist who has created many museum-quality pieces in multiple media, including textiles, oil paint, and film. Which of the following likely has the least connection to Dante's work? a. mindfulness b. solitude c. daydreaming d. analysis

d. analysis

What is the primary difference between an expert and a nonexpert? a. process b. intelligence c. transfer d. knowledge

d. knowledge

The basic premise of preinventive forms particularly presumes that ___. a. genetics and intelligence predominantly predetermine creative behavior b. one is especially creative during periods of mental illness c. group brainstorming is necessary for creativity d. many ideas precede a finished creative product

d. many ideas precede a finished creative product

The water jug problem is to the candle problem as _____ is to _____. a. the two-string problem; functional fixedness b. functional fixedness; the two-string problem c. preconceptions; situation d. situation; preconceptions

d. situation; preconceptions