Cognitive psych Exam 3

two different definitions of ___ offer4ed by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas"

concepts

learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

loftus and palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. in this study, the MPI was (were) the word

"smashed"

autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

they took themselves

For most adults over age 40, they reminiscence ump describes enhanced memory for

Adolescence and early adulthood

____ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past

Exemplars

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests whichh of the following would be most difficult to remember

Freedom

in evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept. Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique

a field sparrow is an animal

Wilma is a famous chef. since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. to aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. for each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking though we she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way. by doing so, Wilma is using ___ to organize her memories

Method of loci

in the word list experiment that was baed on word by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ____ as part of the list of presented stimuli. this highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature

Sleep

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of into their network model

Spreading activation

when a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplants

the propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layout

according to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below

a turtle is an animal

your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. which of the following was the primary result of that research

after 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events

the misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

arise form the same constructive processes that produce true memories

in Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happened in the slides as they were shown. results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

auditory from a female speaker

learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units

back propagation

according to Rosch, the level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience

basic

in explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested the perception necessarily involves ____processing and imagery starts as a ____ process

bottom-up; top-down

the conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair

cake mug

how is cognitive economy represented in the following example? the property ___ stored at the ___ node

can fly; bird

the conclusion to be drawn form the name named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word for word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

the prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past

the "telephone game" is often played by children. one child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. when the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. this game shows how memory is a ____ process

constructive

in the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Arkes and Freedman's baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "the batter was safe at first". Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptomnesia

in the "war of the ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "yesterday" and jack Nicklaus's improvement of his gold swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and

dreams

one beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. most fish have gills, fins, and scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. this poses a problem for the ___ approach to categorization

definitional

mental- scanning experiments found

direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

the definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect

even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog" you would be using the approach to categorization

exemplar

research suggest that the ___n approach to categorization works best for small categories

exemplar

mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

the principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs"

family resemblance

extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis which of the following events would be easier to recall

graduating from college at age 22

which of the following represents a basic level item

guitar

to explain the fact that some neuro-psychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at ___ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at ___ visual centers

higher; both lower and higher

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Spreading Activation

primes associated concepts

much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. one finding reveals that when constructing a lineup

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique

indicate whether the following statement is true; an apple is a fruit. YES NO

Ira and his sister are playing "name that tune" the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the songs first line. Ira suggests the line "sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" his sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. she then bursts out "ah it's winter wonderland" it is most likely that Ira's sister used ___ in playing the game

inner audition

in drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images

flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements

it is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

"s" who had a photographic memory that was described as a virtually limitless, was able to achieve may feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

less efficiently than normal

experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

the observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self image hypothesis which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for the participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). these researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

the scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendent told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. she suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendent's suggestion involved

mental scanning

the pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does

"3x + 9 + 16" is a _____ representation

propositional

which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past

prototype

your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past

retroactive interference

the misinformation can be explained by

retroactive interference

your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. in your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

in the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. this experiment illustrates the effect of ___ on memory

schemas

Wei has allergy symptoms. he has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. while he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. a week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "my doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one" Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors

source monitoring

items high on prototypicality have family resemblances

strong

if we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the level, while the non expert group would primarily label plants on the level

subordinate; basic

in their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four dot display briefly to participants. after a two second delay, participants than saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. the significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery

tacit-knowledge

the semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network

research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony of their memories

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature

the tacit-knowledge explanation

for the category "fruit", people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi". knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

the lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery

thought is always accompanied by imagery

which of the following would be in a basic level category

truck

an advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the effect

typicality

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. their findings showed that when a participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____

using visual images; activated

behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them

research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice fo the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice even when the choice is wrong