Cognitive Psych Final

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

Availability Heuristic

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning.

Inductive

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Learning in a connectionist network (aka, neural network) is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we process and understand sentences in real-life.

environmental context

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language.

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Language regions of the brain concentrate

in the left hemisphere, along the sylvian fissure.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state.

intermediate

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____.

irrational; accepting only high offers

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form.

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

In the video by Jerry Kang (UCLA law professor), we learned that research on implicit bias has shown that

peoples' concepts and categories influence how they perceive and respond to individuals from other groups (gender, age, race, etc.), even without conscious awareness.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

the 'average' member of that category.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was

the same for accepted and rejected offers.