Cognitive Psychology Book Questions Chapters 6 & 7

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a) a failure of memory consolidation. b) disrupted long-term potentiation. c) temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d) Korsakoff's syndrome.

a) a failure of memory consolidation.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ____ memory. a) episodic b) implicit c) semantic d) procedural

a) episodic

The primacy effect is attributed to a) recall of information stored in LTM. b) a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c) recall of information still active in STM. d) forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

a) recall of information stored in LTM.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a) repeating it over and over. b) linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c) using it in a sentence. d) thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a) repeating it over and over.

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of a) repetition priming. b) distributed practice. c) reconsolidation. d) mental time travel.

a) repetition priming.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a) The phonological similarity effect b) A build-up and release of proactive interference c) The cocktail party phenomenon d) A partial-report procedure

b) A build-up and release of proactive interference

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ____ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories. a) agnosia b) amnesia c) the primacy effect d) the serial effect

b) amnesia

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ____ in forming reliable long-term memories. a) implicit memory during learning b) an organizational context during learning c) deep processing during retrieval d) imagery

b) an organizational context during learning

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an a) auditory code in short-term memory. b) auditory code in long-term memory. c) iconic code in short-term memory. d) iconic code in long-term memory.

b) auditory code in long-term memory.

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a) episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c) semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. d) semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.

b) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

27) Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a) the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. b) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c) there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d) imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

b) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? a) REAR b) PAIR c) APPLE d) BEAR

c) APPLE

26) Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a) Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b) Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d) Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

c) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a) Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus. b) Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is. c) Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. d) Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

c) Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a) Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b) Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c) Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d) People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

c) Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a) I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b) I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d) I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

c) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

____cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a) Retrograde b) Encoding c) Retrieval d) Processing

c) Retrieval

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a) Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b) Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. c) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. d) Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

c) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a) causes more rehearsal. b) takes longer to process. c) creates more connections. d) is more interesting.

c) creates more connections.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a) has no effect on the curve. b) increases the primacy effect. c) decreases the recency effect. d) increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

c) decreases the recency effect.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a) research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b) the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. d) pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

c) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a) intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b) intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d) intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

c) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a) it always leads to episodic memory for events. b) it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c) we are not conscious we are using it. d) people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

c) we are not conscious we are using it.

_______transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a) Amnesia b) Encoding specificity c) Cued-recall d) Consolidation

d) Consolidation

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a) The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs. b) Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c) Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d) LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

d) LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a) Knowing how it feels to be scared b) Recalling a childhood memory c) Knowing how an automobile engine works d) Reading a sentence in a book

d) Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a) Classical conditioning b) Repetition priming c) Procedural memory d) Semantic memory

d) Semantic memory

19) Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? a) Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. b) Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c) Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d) Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

d) Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with a) changes at the synapse. b) long-term potentiation. c) changes in specialized areas of the brain. d) both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

d) both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a) by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b) by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c) using visual images. d) by the person whose memory will be tested.

d) by the person whose memory will be tested.