Cognitive Psychology Chapter 10 Book Questions

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ____ seconds. a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6

a) 2

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." b) Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. c) Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d) Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

a) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) a) epiphenomenon. b) inner scribe. c) convergent behavior. d) propositional behavior.

a) epiphenomenon.

Mental imagery involves a) experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. b) mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c) sensory representations of a stimulus. d) the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

a) experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ____ procedure. a) mental scanning b) categorization c) priming d) mental walk

a) mental scanning

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a) order. b) importance. c) concreteness. d) bizarreness.

a) order.

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a) size of the field of view. b) recognition of objects in the left side of space. c) ability to visually recognize objects. d) ability to draw objects from memory.

a) size of the field of view.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a) Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. b) Thought is always accompanied by imagery. c) People can rotate images of objects in their heads. d) Imagery is closely related to language.

b) Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a) b___ - h___. b) boat ____ - car ____. c) house. d) a blank piece of paper for free recall.

b) boat ____ - car ____.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a) imagery and perception are two different phenomena. b) imagery and perception can interact with one another. c) there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. d) creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

b) imagery and perception can interact with one another.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a) perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. b) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. c) imagery is more stable than perception. d) imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

b) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a) image scanning. b) mental chronometry. c) epiphenomena. d) propositional representations.

b) mental chronometry.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a) visual icons. b) mental images. c) perceptual images. d) echoic schemas

b) mental images

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a) the pegword technique. b) method of loci. c) paired-associate learning. d) a propositional representation.

b) method of loci.

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a) associations. b) propositions. c) rhymes. d) visualizations.

b) propositions.

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____ , some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____ . a) using visual images; activated b) using visual images; deactivated c) perceiving stimuli; activated d) perceiving stimuli; deactivated

b) using visual images; deactivated

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

c) 3

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? a) The results of scanning experiments b) Depictive representations c) The tacit-knowledge explanation d) The distinction between propositional and spatial representations

c) The tacit-knowledge explanation

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a) abstract symbols. b) an equation. c) a spatial layout. d) a statement.

c) a spatial layout.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a) right at the front door. b) two feet from the front door. c) at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. d) one mile away from the house.

c) at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves ____ processing and imagery starts as a ____ process. a) bottom-up; bottom-up b) top-down; top-down c) bottom-up; top-down d) top-down; bottom-up

c) bottom-up; top-down

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a) some people have great difficulty forming visual images. b) visual images vary in detail. c) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. d) the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

c) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a) a wolf. b) an anteater. c) a rhinoceros. d) a bumblebee.

d) a bumblebee

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at ____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at ____ visual centers. a) lower; higher b) higher; lower c) both lower and higher; higher d) higher; both lower and higher

d) higher; both lower and higher

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a) how easy mental rotation is for humans. b) that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. c) that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. d) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

d) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ____ in playing the game. a) mental chronometry b) mental synthesis c) visual imagery d) inner audition

d) inner audition

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using to organize her memories. a) mental synthesis b) paired-associate learning c) the pegword technique d) method of loci

d) method of loci

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a) neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. b) neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. c) neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. d) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

d) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a) is an epiphenomenon. b) can be inferred using mental chronometry. c) supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. d) plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

d) plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a) distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. b) they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. c) their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. d) they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

d) they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.