Cognitive Psychology Chapter 3

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

neuropsychology.

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

object discrimination problem

Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.

object discrimination problem

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of

perceptual organization.

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.

semantic regularities

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity.

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

simplicity

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

During a professional baseball game, a long fly ball is hit down the first base line toward the foul ball pole. If it goes to the right of the pole it will be a foul ball, and if it goes to the left it will be a home run. The umpire making this call will have the most difficulty making the judgment because

the human visual perceptual system is simply...

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

we need to identify the number of geons needed for similarity

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have cause the pattern of stimuli we have received.