Cognitive Psychology - Exam 2 Practice
People w/ amnesia perform more poorly than nonmagnetic participants on tests of ________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. both explicit and implicit d. neither explicit nor implicit e. all types of
a
Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: a. the visuospatial sketchpad b. the central executive c. the phonological loop d. iconic memory e. echoic memory
b
The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is: a. naming colors. b. reading words. c. naming distractors. d. shadowing messages.
b
The effective duration of short term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is: a. a fraction of a second b. 15-20 seconds c. 1-3 minutes d. 5-7 minutes
b
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is: a. permanently stored. b. manipulated. c. forgotten. d. perceived.
b
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Stroop experiments b. Late selection c. Precueing d. Dictionary unit
d
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 1492 911 1776
d
Modern cognitive science made its appearance between: a. 1950 and 1970 b. 1967 and 1985 c. 1940 and 1950 d. 1930 and 1940
a
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement if an example of what memory? a. episodic b. implicit c. semantic d. procedural
a
A ________ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core, or some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties a. category b. concept c. script d. schema e. stimulus
a
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that: a. has high stimulus salience b. fits with the observer's interests c. is familiar d. carries meaning for the observer
a
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with a. STM b. LTM
a
A subject in an experiment is shown a set of keys and is asked to name the object. Even though the subject works as a janitor and uses keys on a daily basis, he is unable to recognize the set of keys as an object he is familiar with. This subject is probably suffering from: a. associative agnosia b. apperceptive agnosia c. visual neglect d. prosopagnosia
a
According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes? a. bird b. ostrich c. robin d. hummingbird e. all of these
a
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word length effect because: a. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. b. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. c. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. d. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.
a
Biederman suggested that there are 36 basic categories of subjects that when combined can represent every 3-D object in our environment. He referred to these subobjects as: a. geons b. visual primaries c. 3-D atoms d. photo cells
a
Both Broadbent's and Tribesman's theories assume that there is some filter or bottleneck in processing a. true b. false
a
Broadbent's filter theory of attention assumed that: a. people use physical traits of stimuli to choose what gets through the attention bottleneck b. attending is largely a volitional process that opens and closes gates on information flow c. recognition of the stimulus must occur before filtering can occur d. the attender uses mostly semantic information to decide what gets through and what does not get through
a
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because: a. the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed. b. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store. c. only a select set of environmental information enters the system. d. incoming information is selected by the detector.
a
Colby and coworkers' study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the appearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's ___________________. a. attention b. eyes c. fixation d. all of the above
a
Controlled processing involves: a. close attention. b. ease in performing parallel tasks. c. overlearning of tasks. d. few cognitive resources.
a
Damage to the _________ lobe is likely to cause deficits in visual attention a. parietal b. temporal c. frontal d. sensory-motor
a
Damage to the left parietal lobe leads to the inability to focus attention on objects, while damage to the right parietal lobe leads to the inability to focus attention on locations: a. true b. false
a
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that: a. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off b. forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up c. forgetting occurs at a steady pace, beginning immediately after learning d. no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning e. forgetting reaches a peak about 3 days after learning
a
Given the difference theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus a. sound b. appearance c. meaning d. modality
a
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noticed that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as: a. articulatory suppression. b. an overload of sensory memory. c. rehearsal interference. d. an LTM recency effect.
a
If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? a. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics. b. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color. c. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice. d. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basket-ball.
a
Illusory conjunctions are: a. combinations of features from different stimuli. b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.
a
Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which students behavior best describes an example of implicit memory? a. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right. b. One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook. c. One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense. d. One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.
a
In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier: a. in the consistent-mapping condition. b. in the variable-mapping condition. c. in the high-load condition. d. for the location-based task.
a
In the dichotic listening task, subjects are asked to: a. "shadow" a message in one car while hearing another stimulus in the other car b. provide information on an oral message that has been segmented in an atypical way c. listen to two competing oral messages presented on the same sound track d. accurately monitor disparate information that is coming in both auditory channels
a
In the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must necessarily differ in terms of: a. location b. size c. identity d. color
a
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of: a. repetition priming. b. distributed practice. c. reconsolidation. d. mental time travel.
a
Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by: a. sound b. meaning c. visual appearance d. both sound and meaning e. both meaning and appearance
a
Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. less than 1 second b. 5-10 seconds c. about 20 seconds d. up to 1 year e. a lifetime
a
Information remains in sensory memory for: a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. 1-3 minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.
a
It is easier to preform two tasks at the same time if: a. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. both are handled by the sketch pad. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. both b and c are correct
a
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brothers death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests: a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
a
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of: a. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus. b. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus. c. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
a
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
a
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the __________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. occipital lobe
a
Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is: a. unlimited b. 7+2 items c. 5000 items d. 50,000 items
a
Remembering the details of one of your experiences is which kind of memory? a. episodic b. semantic c. procedural d. implicit
a
STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two): a. meaningful units b. digits c. sentences d. words
a
Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that: a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
a
Studies of eyewitness memory: a. support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process b. reveal surprisingly accurate memories of stressful events c. suggest that confidence is an important attribute of an accurate witness d. show that witnesses are remarkably resistant to misleading information e. help us to understand why eyewitness almost never make mistakes
a
Subjects can more accurately discriminate between two letters when the letters are embedded in words than when the letters stand alone. This effect is called the: a. word superiority effect b. phonemic restoration effect c. stimulus driven effect d. phonemic segmentation effect
a
Techniques designed to improve memory, often involving the use of visual imagery, are called: a. mnemonics b. eidetics c. iconics d. IQ enhancers e. long-term memory upgrades
a
The Stroop effect demonstrates: a. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing. b. a failure of divided attention. c. the ease of performing a low-load task. d. support for object-based attention.
a
The Stroop effect shows how automatic processes can be difficult to stop from exerting a. true b. false
a
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as: a. divided attention b. dual attention c. divergent tasking d. selective attention
a
The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a. directing the flow of information b. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity c. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory d. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization e. storing the meaning of complex verbal material
a
The cocktail party effect is: a. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages. b. the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages. c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d. the equal division of attention between competing messages.
a
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ______________ is crucial for the formation of LTMs. a. the hippocampus b. synaptic consolidation c. vitamin B1 d. deep processing
a
The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that: a. search is a serial process b. search is a parallel process c. search is self-terminating d. search is exhaustive e. search is both self-terminating and serial
a
The new field called cognitive science attempts to integrate findings from what diverse discipline? a. psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience b. linguistics, mathematics, and communication c. psychology, medicine, and mathematics d. computers, psychology, and medicine
a
The notion that pattern recognition occurs based on combinations of elements of the stimulus is called the: a. feature analysis b. template-matching model c. recognition by component theory d. prototype model
a
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory? a. LTM. b. STM. c. sensory memory. d. implicit memory.
a
The primacy effect is attributed to: a. recall of information stored in LTM. b. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c. recall of information still active in STM. d. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.
a
The strong tendency for words to command processing is known as the: a. Stroop effect b. Underwood process c. MacLeod phenomenon d. Sterling effect
a
The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: a. the loss of the ability to form new memories b. the loss of the ability to recall old events c. the loss of short-term memory d. the loss of sensory memory e. the loss of all memory ability
a
The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's ______ attention: a. overt b. covert c. divided d. dichotic
a
Unattended information is stored briefly in _______________________. a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. working memory e. secondary memory
a
When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that __________ has occurred. a. forgetting b. a memory trace c. sensory decay d. encoding failure e. secondary memory
a
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a. semantic memory b. procedural memory c. priming d. classical conditioning
a
Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true? a. Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows. b. Pushing buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed while driving. c. Records showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an actual crash. d. All of the above
a
Which task should be easier; keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND: a. saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an out-side corner? b. pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner?
a
______________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Implicit b. Explicit c. Declarative d. All of the above
a
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves: a. a smaller stimulus set. b. a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a shorter rehearsal period.
b
"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the: a. chunking effect b. spacing effect c. state-dependence effect d. context effect e. encoding specificity effect
b
74. The word length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember: a. a long list of words than a short list of words. b. a list of long words than a list of short words. c. a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. d. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.
b
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that: a. weak signals can cause activation b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation c. all signals cause activation d. no signals cause activation
b
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they: a. do not require attention. b. may differ from one task to another. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. are difficult to modify.
b
According to ACT models, ______ memory represents information in if-then production rules. a. working b. procedural c. episodic d. declarative e. semantic
b
According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified: a. slower than "Siamese cats give birth to live young" b. faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young" c. in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats give birth to live young" d. slower than "Siamese cats have tails" e. in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats have tails"
b
Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following? a. reduces memory span. b. interferes with semantic coding. c. reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. d. eliminates the word-length effect.
b
Automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus is called: a. covert attention b. exogenous attention c. endogenous attention d. an illusory conjunction
b
Broadbent's filter theory is best described as a late-selection theory. a. true b. false
b
Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from thee other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an: a. auditory code in short-term memory. b. auditory code in long-term memory. c. iconic code in short-term memory. d. iconic code in long-term memory.
b
Dichotic listening occurs when: a. the same message is presented to the left and right ears. b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears. c. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. d. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.
b
Experiments that support the idea of early selection involve: a. simple tasks b. high-load tasks c. low-load tasks d. extended practice
b
Eye movement is required for attention to track an object a. true b. false
b
Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor: a. was overtly responded to by the participant b. was processed c. was ignored d. appeared in a high-load condition
b
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during: a. stimulus presentation. b. delay. c. response. d. All of these.
b
Funahashi et al. work on monkeys on doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the: a. nucleus acumbens b. prefrontal cortex c. diencephalon d. cingulate gyrus
b
If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has ________ memory. a. poor sensory b. poor short-term c. normal sensory d. normal short-term
b
If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that: a. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average b. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average c. the size of the memory set would not influence search time d. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time e. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time
b
Imagine that you are at a party with many conversations going on around you. Your attention is "grabbed" by a conversation that includes your name. This event suggests that: a. background noise can interfere significantly with attending processes b. the meaning of a message is more important than the physical characteristics of the message in attention c. people are not able to concentrate attention very easily when they are bombarded with stimuli d. people can simultaneously process many different messages as long as they are rich with meaning
b
Imagine we conducted a series of attention experiments. The idea that attention is associated with objects would be indicated if reaction time were: a. reduced when targets appeared at the site of a prior cue than if they appeared distant from a cue site. b. reduced when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object. c. increased when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object. d. increased when targets appeared at the site of a prior cue than if they appeared distant from a cue site.
b
In Broadbent's filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which order? a. Detector, filter, sensory store, memory b. Sensory store, filter, detector, memory c. Filter, detector, sensory store, memory d. Detector, sensory store, filter, memory
b
In the clinical condition called unilateral visual neglect, patients: a. ignore information in the visual field on the same side as the brain damage b. ignore information in the visual field only if there is damage to the right spatial brain damage c. ignore information in either visual field only if there is damage to the right spatial brain d. appear to lose significant visual detail only if there is damage to the right side of the brain
b
Mr. K's son brings him to a physician because recently Mr. K is unable to recognize pictures of his grandchildren and is even unable to recognize his own children with they first arrive to see him. Curiously, Mr. K is able to recognize his children when they start conversing. Mr. K likely suffers from: a. dementia b. prosopagnosia c. visual neglect d. apperceptive agnosia
b
Neural ____ refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to demonstrate what a person is perceiving or thinking. a. potentiation b. mind reading c. perseveration d. interference
b
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of: a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the persistence of vision. d. the physiological approach to coding.
b
One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to: a. utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task b. test patients with amnesia c. use backward instead of forward priming d. employ multiple rounds of repetition priming
b
People who suffer from alcohol abuse suffer from __________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long term memories. a. agnosia b. amnesia c. the primacy effect d. the serial effect
b
Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the _____ location. a. fixated b. cued c. rightmost d. topmost
b
Selection of the attended message in the Broadbent model occurs based on the: a. meaning of the message. b. physical characteristics of the message. c. physical characteristics of the message plus the meaning, if necessary. d. listener's ability to mentally block the unattended message from getting in.
b
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that: a. STM and LTM are independent components of memory. b. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. c. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. d. STM has a limited capacity.
b
The Stroop effect occurs when participants: a. are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. b. try to name colors and ignore words. c. try to select some incoming information based on meaning. d. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.
b
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddleys model of memory? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The phonological loop and long-term memory
b
The fact that we tend to organize elements that are close together into units is the gestalt principle of similarity a. true b. false
b
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Procedural d. Implicit
b
The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. it holds information in a relatively unprocessed form b. it lasts about 20 seconds c. it can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward d. it can hold more information that can be reported e. it contains only visual information, not auditory
b
The information-processing approach to the study of cognition attempts to: a. identify how the environment imposes constraints on our performance of a cognitive task b. identify the stages involved in performing a cognitive task c. identify what information we need to know to perform a cognitive task d. find neural elements underlying cognitive processes
b
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for: a. modality b. meaning c. physical characteristics d. location
b
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true. a. only when we are aware we've seen them before. b. simply because we have been exposed to them before. c. only when we agree with them. d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.
b
This multiple choice question is an example of a _________ test: a. recall b. recognition c. word-completion d. personal semantic memory
b
Using the partial report procedure in his ?letter array? experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw ____ of the 12 letters in the display. a. 12 b. 10 c. 6 d. 3
b
When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace: a. has no effect on the curve. b. increases the primacy effect. c. decreases the recency effect. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
b
Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. the phonological loop b. the icon c. the central executive d. the visuospatial sketchpad e. the episodic buffer
b
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. The self-reference effect b. The propaganda effect c. Release from proactive inhibition d. Encoding specificity
b
Which of the following sets the results shows evidence of the proactive interference with a three trial call task? a. 20% : 50 % : 70% correct b. 80% : 40% : 30% correct c. 30 % : 30% : 30% correct d. 70% : 40% : 60% correct
b
Which of the following statements if the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content c. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age. d. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both.
b
Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component? a. The attenuator b. The dictionary unit c. The filter d. The "leaky" filter
b
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when: a. the shape and name matched b. the color and the name differed c. the color and the name matched d. the shape and the name differed
b
You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class. After several hours of review, you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items. The next day, on the French exam, you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you, whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of: a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. the tip-of-the-tongue effect d. encoding specificity e. the context effect
b
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. d. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.
b
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are: a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.
c
99. Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention?
b. Donald Broadbent
100. In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?
b. Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory
A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? a. REAR b. PAIR c. APPLE d. BEAR
c
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying: a. the visuospatial sketch pad b. the central executive c. the phonological loop/ articulatory suppression d. echoic memory
c
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. a. feature analysis b. focused attention c. preattentive d. letter analysis
c
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
c
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos: a. the person has seen before. b. of familiar places. c. they took themselves. d. the person has never seen before.
c
Automatic processing occurs when: a. cognitive resources are high. b. response times are long. c. tasks are well-practiced. d. attention is focused.
c
Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time the same person's recall: a. is remarkably consistent b. becomes more distorted c. loses a few details but retains most accurately d. loses a few details but retains most accurately e. becomes increasingly uncertain, but loses little in accuracy
c
Bottoms-up processing is to ____ as top-down processing is to _______. a. context determined; component determined b. context constrained; stimulus constrained c. stimulus constrained; context constrained d. segment determined; stimulus constrained
c
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as: a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.
c
Broadbent's "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on: a. meaning b. modality c. physical characteristics d. higher order characteristics
c
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. b. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. d. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.
c
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in: a. recognizing famous people. b. remembering the meaning of some words. c. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. d. remembering where a best friend had moved.
d
Dr Smith is a psychologist who is quoted as saying, "Most of what an individual knows comes from the experience they have in their life." On the basis of this comment, what can you most accurately assume about Dr Smith: a. Dr Smit huses introspection in his studies b. Dr Smith is a cognitive psycholgist c. Dr Smith is an empiricist d. Dr Smith is a nativist
c
Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements: a. usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second. b. were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. c. were determined primarily by the task. d. continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.
c
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following work lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN
c
Higher working memory capacity means that an individual: a. is more susceptible to interference b. has quicker reaction times in identifying target letters c. is better able to control his/her cognitive focus d. has lower ability to reason from premises e. is more susceptible to misleading information
c
If information from a story is presented in scrambled order: a. people actually recall it better than if it had been presented in proper order, because they pay more attention to it b. people recall just as much information as if it had been presented in proper order c. people tend to recall it in the scripted order d. people cannot recall any of the details of the story e. we cannot predict how much will be recalled, or in what order
c
Imagine you are driving to a friends new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address you used a ____________ process in STM. a. coding b. iconic c. control d. automatic
c
In Klin and coworkers' research that investigated autistic reactions to the firm Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, autistic people primarily attended to ________________ in the scene? a. actions of the characters b. the facial reactions of people c. objects d. none of the above
c
In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the: a. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players. b. the umbrella was the same color as the floor. c. participants were counting the number of ball passes. d. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.
c
In an experiment a subject is asked to put on headphones and repeat the message that is played in the right ear while another message plays simultaneously in the left car. After the task is complete the experimenter asks what played in the left fear. The subject is most likely able to remember: a. what the topic of the message was b. the emotional tone of voice that was used c. whether the voice was male or female d. most of the words in the message
c
In the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, participants are presented with lists of related words such as nap, bed, quiet, dark, dream, pillow, and night. Later, about _______ of college student participants falsely recognize related items such as sleep, which were never actually presented, as being part of the list. a. 10% b. 25% c. 80% d. 50%
c
In the study of attention, automaticity refers to: a. the forced or automatic attention that is given to certain powerful stimuli b. the routine segmentation of complex stimuli that occurs to extract salient features c. performance of a skill that has been practiced repeatedly with little or no direct attention d. the automatic feature extraction that occurs because of specialized neural receptors
c
In which of the following examples of two different brain injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory b. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic semantic memory c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory d. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory, but poor episodic memory
c
Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set: a. at 0 b. at 1 c. at random d. at a negative value e. at 10
c
Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of: a. the late-selection model of attention. b. an object-based attentional failure. c. inattentional blindness. d. the cocktail party phenomenon.
c
Location-based attention is when: a. the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object. b. attention is divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. c. people move their attention from one place to another. d. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.
c
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. There learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________________ memory. a. working b. semantic c. procedural d. autobiographical
c
Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of: a. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus. b. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus. c. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
c
Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? a. vision and taste b. vision and smell c. vision and hearing d. smell and hearing e. taste and touch
c
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to: a. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. b. present the list more slowly. c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. d. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.
c
Mrs. Smith recently sustained a head injury from a car accident where she was not wearing her seatbelt. Mrs. Smith reports that both she and those who are close to her have noticed that she has become poor at planning and has trouble controlling her behavior. Mrs. Smith would have most difficulty with: a. a vision test involving the occipital lobe b. a figure drawing test involving the parietal lobe c. the Stroop task involving the frontal lobe a dichotic listening test involving the temporal lobe
c
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory if that: a. it always leads to episodic memory for events. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. we are not conscious we are using it. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.
c
People with apperceptive agnosia typically have ______ while people with associative agnosia usually have ______. a. problems with complex objects; problems with simple objects b. problems in late visual processing; problems in early visual processing c. problems in early visual processing; problems in late visual processing d. problems only with complex objects; problems with both simple and complex objects
c
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups if three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______ but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. interference; decay b. priming; interference c. decay; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal
c
Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up heir bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, we haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with __________ memory. a. semantic b. procedural c. episodic d. working
c
Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research? a. the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object. b. attention is always divided across two or more task simultaneously. c. People move their attention from one place to another. d. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.
c
Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible, according to the principle of: a. encoding specificity b. connectionism c. cognitive economy d. typicality e. lexical destiny
c
Reaction time refers to the time between the ______________ of a stimulus and a person's response to the stimulus. a. perception b. mental awareness c. presentation d. reception
c
Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of a. auditory coding in STM. b. semantic coding in STM. c. auditory coding in LTM. d. semantic coding in LTM.
c
Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate _______ memory. a. visual b. explicit c. implicit d. olfactory e. cue-dependent
c
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that: a. the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. d. both a and b are correct
c
Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object one a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter giver her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying: a. sensory memory b. decay c. perseveration d. the central executive
c
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of: a. physical characteristics b. language c. meaning d. direction
c
The "magic number," according to Miller, is: a. 7 and 11. b. 5 plus 2. c. 7 plus or minus 2. d. lucky 13.
c
The behaviorists are most noted for: a. reviving the notion of intention and purpose as important to understanding human behavior b. reinforcing the emphasis on sensory experience, mental images, and feelings c. wanting to rid psychology of mental constructs d. encouraging the precise study of mental events
c
The behaviorists criticitized introspectionism because: a. subjects could not provide introspective reports of the subconscious b. it was impossible to describe certain mental structures in words c. the results could not be replicated from one lab to the next d. one could not systematically study language
c
The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a. about 75% of a visual display b. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers c. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information d. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information e. unlimited
c
The code in long-term memory is based on: a. sound b. visual imagery c. meaning d. both sound and visual imagery e. both sound and meaning
c
The notion of template matching in pattern recognition can be likened to: a. using an internal best exemplar model to compare external objects against b. accessing neural cell assemblies that physically resemble the external object c. having stored mental blueprints to compare external objects against d. checking specific features of the external object against an internal checklist of crucial features
c
The predominant type of coding in LTM is: a. phonological. b. concrete. c. semantic. d. visual.
c
Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as: a. "rencle" b. "dog" c. "island" d. "butter" e. "xqkrf"
d
To measure attention to auditorily-presented information, researchers often use a ______________ paradigm to measure people's ability to divide their attention, whereas ______________ tasks are used to measure people's selective attention. a. dichotic listening; dual task b. Cherry's task; repetitive listening c. dual task; dichotic listening d. multi-task; depth listening
c
Using the spotlight metaphor, the focus of the visual field: a. can span only very small degrees of visual angle b. typically spans a moderate but fixed degree of angle c. can span small to large degrees of visual angle d. is always set to large degrees of visual angle to increase detection capacity
c
What is a major distinction between the filter theory and the late-selection theory? a. Filter theory assumes that people can readily attend to multiple meaningful messages, while late selection assumes multiple messages are processed only in terms of physical traits b. Filter theory assumes that selection criteria are mostly semantic, while late selection assumes they are mostly physical c. Filter theory assumes a limited channel capacity, while late selection assumes that any capacity limits must come later in processing d. None of the above distinguishes these theories
c
When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is: a. silently following it mentally b. ignoring it while paying attention to another message c. saying the message out loud d. thinking about something closely related to the message
c
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. has no effect on the curve. b. increases the primacy effect. c. decreases the recency effect. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
c
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of: a. a visual delay effect. b. echoic memory. c. persistence of vision. d. top-down processing.
c
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ______ areas: a. high-load b. low-load c. high-saliency d. low-saliency
c
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? a. I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. b. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving abil-ity. c. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. d. None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory)
c
Which of the following would likely be an input message into the detector in Broadbent's model? a. All messages selected by the filter b. All messages within earshot c. A message with a German accent d. All sensory messages
c
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a. Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and condi-tioned stimulus. b. Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is. c. Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. d. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.
c
Woking memory differs from short term memory in that: a. short-term memory consists of a number of components. b. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. c. working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.
c
You can probably carry on a conversation and drive a car at the same time because driving the car: a. is largely based on conditioned responses that are controlled in the lower brain centers b. is almost entirely a bottom-up skill c. has become an automatic process requiring little direct attention d. is different enough from conversing that the two do not interfere with each other
c
You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the: a. first word b. second word c. 10th word d. 20th word e. word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast
c
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
c
________ memories are to experience as _________ memories are to facts: a. Semantic; Episodic b. LTM; STM c. Episodic; Semantic d. STM; LTM
c
A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Following a story in a book b. Solving problems that take more than a few moments to figure out c. Recognizing people he has recently met d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
d
98. According to the filler model of attention, which of the following messages would likely be identified by the filter?
c. A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent
"Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for __________ of a list." a. first five words b. middle five words c. last five words d. first five and the last five words
d
11. Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs. b. Working memory does not rely on the hippocampus. c. LTMs can still be present after the hippocampus is removed. d. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.
d
A client with brain damage from carbon monoxide poisoning has viral agnosia. This means that he: a. could not identify objects after feeling them b. could identify objects only if he could both see and feel them at the same time c. was unable to recognize simple shapes but could draw complex shapes d. was unable to recognize visual objects
d
A common error in the Stroop task is to read the name of the color instead of say the color ink the word is printed in. This is probably because a. reading is a highly controlled process b. attentional processes, being data-driven, have focused exclusively on letter features c. the attentional system cannot decide between top-down or bottom-up processing d. reading is a highly automated process
d
A dynamic environment, in which objects move throughout a scene, is likely to invoke ____ attention. a. high-load b. divided c. location-based d. object-based
d
ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems: a. working memory, episodic memory, and declarative memory b. semantic memory, episodic memory, and procedural memory c. procedural memory, declarative memory, and semantic memory d. working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory e. semantic memory, episodic memory, and concept memory
d
According the your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT: a. practice b. the type of tasks c. the difficulty of the tasks d. task cueing
d
According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "house" b. Their spouse's first name c. The word "fire" d. The word "platypus"
d
According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified? a. keeping daily appointments on their schedules. b. learning material for exams. c. remembering names and phone numbers. d. labeling familiar objects.
d
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Bourne Identity b. Memento c. The Long Kiss Goodnight d. 50 First Dates
d
Compared with template matching, the feature analysis model: a. can specify the relationships among features that are most crucial to pattern recognition b. is compatible with the the bar and edge detector notion c. reduces the number of patterns required for recognition d. all of these are true
d
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as: a. L b. I c. R d. C
d
If "soda" is a basic-level category, then _______ would be a subordinate level. a. soft drink b. beverage c. drink d. Coca-Cola e. liquid
d
Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of consistent vs. varied mapping, which of the following possible changes to driving laws would most interfere with a skilled driver's automatic performance when driving a car? a. Passing laws where headlights must be used during the day when the weather is bad. b. Requiring all drivers learn to drive safely on wet roadways using anti-lock brakes. c. Requiring successful curbside parking performance to obtain a license. d. Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"
d
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. the STM recency effect. b. delayed response coding. c. the phonological loop. d. the visuospatial sketch pad.
d
In dichotic listening experiment, ________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear. a. delayed repeating b. rehearsing c. echoing d. shadowing
d
In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ______ when they were _______ of that word. a. letter pairs; aware b. letter pairs; unaware c. ambiguous sentences; aware d. ambiguous sentences; unaware
d
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had: a. just read about the singer in a magazine. b. just seen the singer on TV. c. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
d
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably: a. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. c. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
d
One function is to pull information out of long term memory. a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive
d
Our brain center of interest to cognitive psychologists is the hippocampus, a center that: a. controls intention and volition b. processes abstract thoughts c. plays a prominent role in motivation d. appears to be crucial to the formation of memory
d
Probably the most noted contribution of the behaviorists to cognitive psychology was: a. forcing all mental constructs to be stated in terms of observable behaviors b. refining the method of introspection to allow more precise study of human behavior c. adding a large body of relevant data for cognitive science to draw on d. developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology research
d
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the: a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. occipital cortex d. prefrontal cortex
d
Research on the span of the visual field suggests that: a. the broader the focus the less adequately it can process information from any part of the field b. the narrower the focus the less adequately it can process information fro many part of the field c. the amount of information and accuracy of detail is optimized at a moderate degree of focus d. the span of the visual field does not greatly affect either the amount of information gleaned or the adequacy of processing
d
Retrieval involves: a. the activation of the senses b. the translation of information into a form that can be stored c. the storage of information over time d. the calling to mind of previously stored information e. the decay of information in memory
d
Scene schema is: a. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
d
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Object-based b. Early selection c. Spotlight d. Late selection
d
Template matching as an explanation of pattern recognition: a. is not a good model because it is too flexible compared with human pattern recognition b. may account for most of human pattern recognition but it cannot account for very complex figures c. is fairly accurate as shown by the successful practical applications d. is not satisfactory because human pattern recognition is so flexible while template matching is rigid
d
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____________ of words. a. font b. color c. size d. meaning
d
The account number printed on bank checks is an example of what pattern recognition notion: a. recognition by component b. feature theory c. prototype model d. template matching
d
The fact that like objects tend to be grouped together is the principle of: a. closure b. proximity c. contrast d. similarity
d
The method of introspection used in Wundt's laboratory depended on: a. free-association to clinical probe questions b. analysis of verbal productions as behavior c. naive participants giving insights into the stream of their thought process d. highly trained subjects reporting on the contents of consciousness in controlled conditions
d
The more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the _______ effect. a. context b. encoding specificity c. interference d. fan e. flashbulb
d
The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called: a. high-load detraction b. divided attention c. location-based potentiation d. same-object advantage
d
The part of the brain that probably is involved in higher-level planning is the: a. temporal lobe b. occipital lobe c. hippocampus d. prefrontal cortex
d
The primary and recency effects in memory: a. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory b. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory c. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory d. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work e. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology
d
The primary effect of chunking is to: a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. stretch the capacity of STM.
d
The word length effect reveals that: a. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. b. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. c. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visu-al/image information. d. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
d
The word superiority effect is related to the idea of: a. cognitive economy b. schemata c. typicality d. spreading activation e. prototypes
d
Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about _____ percent of the 12 letters in the display. a. 16 b. 72 c. 33 d. 82
d
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of _______ attention. a. low load b. divided c. cocktail party d. selective
d
When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that ________ has occurred. a. retrieval b. storage c. forgetting d. encoding e. remembering
d
Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention? a. A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear. b. A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear. c. The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon. d. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment
d
Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory? a. the letters P and R b. the letters C and B c. the words "see" and "bee" d. the words "big" and "large" e. all of these are equally confusable
d
Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved? a. Driving home while thinking about a problem at work. b. Reading a novel while walking on a treadmill. c. Humming a familiar song while washing dishes. d. Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle
d
Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how it feels to be scared b. Recalling a childhood memory c. Knowing how an automobile engine works d. Reading a sentence in a book
d
Which of the following is NOT an example of a top-down processing? a. When we fail to detect a missing phoneme in a word, also called the phoneme-restoration effect b. Faces are more readily recognized in a coherent context c. Letters are easier to recognize in the context of words d. An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular letters
d
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. remembering the current score of a basketball game b. remembering the final score of a basketball game played last week c. Remembering the first time you went to a basketball game d. Remembering the rules for playing basketball
d
Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Early selection b. Filtering c. Channeling d. Dichotic listening
d
Which of the following were identified as areas that have benefited from the study of cognitive processes? a. psychology and the law b. computer system designs, such as tutoring systems c. educational instruction and classroom practice d. all of these
d
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory? a. Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list b. Recalling the names of popular fairy tales c. Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations d. Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
d
Work with brain injured patients reveals that __________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. declarative and non-declarative b. personal semantic and remote c. semantic and episodic d. implicit and procedural
d
You might have a "script" for: a. what a classroom looks like b. what a "pet" is c. what a "cat" is d. what happens when you go to the barber/ hairstylist e. what rap music sounds like
d
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that: a. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. b. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the func-tioning of the other. c. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. d. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
d
Your memory for how to ride a bicycle is an example of ___________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. declarative d. procedural e. episodic
d
If "sandwich" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a superordinate level. a. BLT b. soup c. sub d. panini e. food
e
Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is: a. serial b. self-terminating c. exhaustive d. parallel e. both serial and exhaustive
e
The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: a. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term) b. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) c. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited) d. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) e. the emphasis on static structure vs active processing
e