cognitive psychology quizes (midterm)

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of a. mirror neurons. b. pragnanz. c. scene schema. d. natural selection.

c. scene schema

If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on? a. the oven b. the flavor c. the cake d. the flour

c. the cake

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina? a. We confirm it. b. We reverse it. c. We infer it. d. We interpret it.

d. we interpret it

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Long Kiss Goodnight b. 50 First Dates c. The Bourne Identity d. Memento

b. 50 First Dates

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John Watson c. B. F. Skinner d. Franciscus Donders

c. B.F. Skinner

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? a. "I can see it in my mind's eye." b. "I can remember like it was yesterday." c. "Let's walk down memory lane." d. "It's right on the tip of my tongue."

a. "I can see it in my mind's eye."

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. 15-20 seconds or less. b. just under a fraction of a second. c. indefinite. d. one to three minutes or more.

a. 15-20 seconds or less.

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a. Close attention b. Tasks that are well-practiced c. The use of few cognitive resources d. Ease in performing parallel tasks

a. Close attention

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Dictionary unit b. Stroop experiments c. Precueing d. Late selection

a. Dictionary unit

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Episodic memory b. Short-term memory c. Sensory memory d. Long-term memory

a. Episodic memory

What does the principal of neural representation state? a. Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system. b. Everything a person experiences is based on the capacity of receptors in the person's nervous system. c. Everything a person experiences is based on the position of neurotransmitters in the person's nervous system. d. Everything a person experiences is based on position of synapses in the person's nervous system.

a. Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus. b. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories.

a. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory c. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer

a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. both the first and last words b. the last words c. the first words d. the middle words

a. both the first and last words

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. b. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear. c. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. d. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it.

a. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

a. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a. it takes a strong signal to cause activation. b. weak signals can cause activation. c. no signals cause activation. d. all signals cause activation.

a. it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following? a. likelihood principle b. semantic regularities c. law of pragnanz d. principle of similarity

a. likelihood principle

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for a. localization of function. b. neural net theory. c. prosopagnosia. d. distributed processing.

a. localization of function.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad.

a. one is handled by the visuospatial

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying a. perseveration. b. agnosia. c. sensory memory. d. decay.

a. perseveration.

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a. same-object advantage. b. divided attention. c. location-based potentiation. d. high-load detraction.

a. same-object advantage.

The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________. a. specificity coding b. sparse coding c. hierarchical coding d. population coding

a. specificity coding

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because a. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow. b. only a select set of environmental information enters the system. c. incoming information is selected by the detector. d. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory memory.

a. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . a. two b. one c. six d. four

a. two

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? a. B. F. Skinner b. Noam Chomsky c. John Watson d. Keller Breland

a. B.F. Skinner

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter? a. Experiencing neuromodulation b. Answering questions c. Communicating with other people d. Solving problems

a. Experiencing neuromodulation

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores? a. Sensory, short-term, long-term b. Short-term, long-term, episodic c. Episodic, short-term, sensory d. Sensory, episodic, long-term

a. Sensory, short-term, long-term

Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults? a. The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain. b. The density of cells in a newborn brain is higher compared with the density in an adult brain. c. The nerve net system in newborn animals is less developed. d. The nerve net system in newborn animals is more developed.

a. The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. activity b. velocity c. stimuli d. location

a. activity

In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present? a. Arteries b. Skin c. Ears d. Eyes

a. arteries

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. articulatory suppression. b. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. the central executive. d. echoic memory.

a. articulatory suppression

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called a. cognitive psychology. b. introspection. c. behaviorism. d. memory consolidation.

a. cognitive psychology

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory? a. complexity b. source c. frequency d. color

a. complexity

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind? a. Donald Broadbent b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Newell and Simon d. Colin Cherry

a. donald broadbent

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception? a. enhancement b. warping c. filtration d. accuracy

a. enhancement

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. future b. knowledge c. neural networks d. emotions

a. future

In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus. a. less than one second b. two to five seconds c. between one and two seconds d. more than five seconds

a. less than one second

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon. a. rate of nerve firing b. speed of nerve conduction c. All of these are correct. d. size of the nerve impulses

a. rate of nerve firing

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a. schema b. binding c. precueing d. salience

a. schema

It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning. a. synapses b. nerves c. receptors d. dendrites

a. synapses

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as a. the neuron is at rest. b. the impulse is past the recording electrode. c. signals remain in the neuron. d. the neuron's receptor continues to be stimulated.

a. the neuron is at rest

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing. a. top-down b. sequential c. serial d. bottom-up

a. top-down

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a. are determined primarily by the task. b. continually scan all objects and areas of the scene. c. are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. d. usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second.

a.are determined primarily by the task.

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing? a. Functional magnetic area (FMA) b. Extrastriate body area (EBA) c. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) d. Fusiform face area (FFA)

b. Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Which of the following is true about perception? a. It is mostly automatic. b. It involves rapid processes. c. It occurs separately from action. d. It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.

b. It involves rapid processes.

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology? a. Development of the technique of analytic introspection b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior c. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment d. Tolman's proposal of cognitive maps

b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work? The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived. b. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images. c. The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived. d. The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced.

b. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The STM recency effect b. The visuospatial sketch pad c. The phonological loop d. Delayed response coding

b. The visuospatial sketch pad

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. reflective b. autobiographical c. subjective d. personal

b. autobiographical

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. a. self; others b. aware; unaware c. episodic; semantic d. primacy; recency

b. aware; unaware

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness. a. endogenous b. change c. exogenous d. covert

b. change

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. fragile; permanent b. knowing; remembering c. images; sounds d. implicit; explicit

b. knowing; remembering

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. images; sounds b. knowing; remembering c. implicit; explicit d. fragile; permanent

b. knowing; remembering

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook. a. idiographic evaluation b. levels of analysis c. the dynamics of cognition d. nomothetic examination

b. levels of analysis

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the physiological approach to coding. b. short-term memory. c. the phonological similarity effect. d. the persistence of vision.

b. short-term memory.

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory? a. access b. time c. buffer d. repetition

b. time

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? a. independent consultants b. workers and manager c. equal team members d. competing employees

b. workers and manager

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called a. episodic memory. b. working memory. c. short-term memory. d. semantic memory.

b. working memory.

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store b. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home c. Recognizing people he has recently met d. Following a story in a book

b. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Which of the following is true about perception? a. It occurs separately from action. b. It involves rapid processes. c. It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems. d. It is mostly automatic.

b. It involves rapid processes.

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons? a. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge. b. One sends information and the other receives information. c. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form. d. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated.

b. One sends information and the other receives information.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following? a. People can focus on the message they were repeating. b. People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level. c. People can focus on one message and ignore the other one. d. People take in very little information about the ignored message.

b. People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? a. Semantic, visual, episodic b. Visual, semantic, episodic c. Semantic, episodic, visual d. Episodic, visual, semantic

b. Visual, semantic, episodic

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English. a. algorithms b. speech segmentation c. bottom-up processing d. the likelihood principle

b. speech segmentation

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? a. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. b. A chemical process takes place in the synapse. c. Action potentials travel across the synapse. d. Dendrites make direct contact with each other.

b. a chemical process takes place in the synapse

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate a. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. b. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity. c. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments. d. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.

b. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by a. operant conditioning. b. an inborn biological program. c. classical conditioning. d. cultural influences.

b. an inborn biological program

Action potentials occur in the a. cell body. b. axon. c. neurotransmitters. d. synapse.

b. axon

Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons? a. Nerve net b. Axons c. Dendrites d. Cell body

b. axons

Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue? a. Heart b. Brain c. Lungs d. Kidney

b. brain

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n) a. mental model. b. cognitive map. c. memory consolidation. d. artificial intelligence.

b. cognitive map

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives a. constancy b. invariance c. consistency d. resistance

b. invariance

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Spotlight b. Late selection c. Early selection d. Object-based

b. late selection

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of a. dissociation. b. localization of function. c. cortical association. d. the information processing approach.

b. localization of function

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words. a. size b. meaning c. color d. font

b. meaning

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the a. regularly occurring physical properties of an environment. b. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene. c. inferences made based on the likelihood of a particular stimulus. d. statistical probabilities of one particular sound following another in language.

b. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as a. spreading activations. b. neural circuits. c. potentiated somas. d. myelin sheaths.

b. neural circuits

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention. a. divided b. overt c. dichotic d. covert

b. overt

Which memory is used for physical actions? a. Episodic memory b. Procedural memory c. Long-term memory d. Semantic memory

b. procedural memory

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? a. Rotation in the phonological loop b. Rehearsal in short-term memory c. Chunking in sensory memory d. Buffering in the central executive

b. rehearsal in short-term memory

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory? a. Semantic memory b. Sensory memory c. Episodic memory d. Long-term memory

b. sensory memory

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of a. repeated practice at the task. b. top-down processing. c. bottom-up processing. d. their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.

b. top-down processing

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany? a. Erik Erikson b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Ivan Pavlov d. Sigmund Freud

b. wilhelm wundt

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate a. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born. b. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity. c. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. d. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.

b.an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. different from the priming stimulus. b. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus. c. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

b.the same as or resembling the priming stimulus

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a. Equilibration b. Assimilation c. Binding d. Integration

c. Binding

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a. Tasks that are well-practiced b. Ease in performing parallel tasks c. Close attention d. The use of few cognitive resources

c. Close attention

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Procedural b. Implicit c. Semantic d. Episodic

c. Semantic

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? a. The "leaky" filter b. The filter c. The dictionary unit d. The attenuator

c. The dictionary unit

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "money" b. Their child's first name c. The word "platypus" d. The word "home"

c. The word "platypus"

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________. a. contiguity b. proximity c. binding d. accommodation

c. binding

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. b. composed of discrete individual units. c. continuous. d. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.

c. continuous.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. decay; lack of rehearsal b. interference; decay c. decay; interference d. priming; interference

c. decay; interference

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception? a. warping b. filtration c. enhancement d. accuracy

c. enhancement

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. semantic and episodic b. personal semantic and remote c. implicit and procedural d. declarative and non-declarative

c. implicit and procedural

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. implicit b. short-term c. long-term d. sensory

c. long-term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. long-term memory. b. sensory memory. c. short-term memory. d. long-term semantic memory.

c. short-term memory.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time. b. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people. c. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time. d. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously.

c. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing? a. the pathway of action b. the pattern of organization c. the source of information d. the direction of scanning

c. the source of information

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following? a. A computer program for solving logic problems b. The first textbook of cognitive psychology c. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages d. An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information

c. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference? a. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by our initial belief about the probability of an outcome. b. The probability of an outcome is determined by chance. c. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome. d. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by the likelihood of the outcome.

c. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? a. When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters b. When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator) c. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception d. When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence

c. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. b. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. c. All of these are correct. d. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.

c. all of these are correct

Action potentials occur in the a. synapse. b. neurotransmitters. c. axon. d. cell body.

c. axon

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"? a. Cognitive mapping b. Paradigm shift c. Classical conditioning d. Behaviorism

c. classical conditioning

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________. a. procedures b. episodes c. facts d. feelings

c. facts

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________. a. saccadic eye movement b. overt attention c. fixation d. stimulus salience

c. fixation

The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by a. Edward Tolman. b. B. F. Skinner. c. John McCarthy. d. Colin Cherry.

c. john McCarthy

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. physical characteristics. b. direction. c. meaning. d. language.

c. meaning

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual a. conjunction. b. fusion. c. organization. d. discriminability.

c. organization

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. control b. suppressive c. phonological d. visuospatial

c. phonological

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. autobiographical b. semantic c. procedural d. working

c. procedural

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. word-completion b. personal semantic memory c. recognition d. recall

c. recognition

A synapse is a. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. b. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. c. the gap that separates two different neurons. d. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.

c. the gap that separates two different neurons

Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that a. the shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure. b. the rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure. c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure. d. the shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure.

c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. when processing was more controlled. b. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. c. once processing had become automatic. d. when processing was done verbally.

c.once processing had become automatic.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content. b. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age. c. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content. d. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

d. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Attention b. Routine c. Cognition d. Functioning and survival

d. Functioning and survival

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity? a. Perceptual load is static and processing capacity is variable. b. Perceptual load is sensory and processing capacity is cognitive. c. Perceptual load is genetic and processing capacity is learned. d. Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

d. Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. b. a shorter rehearsal period. c. a smaller stimulus set. d. a smaller response set.

d. a smaller response set.

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. stimuli b. velocity c. location d. activity

d. activity

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. declarative and non-declarative b. semantic and episodic c. personal semantic and remote d. implicit and procedural

d. implicit and procedural

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. short-term memory has a limited capacity. b. short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory. c. information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory. d. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

d. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. oblique effect. b. principle of componential recovery. c. principle of speech segmentation. d. likelihood principle.

d. likelihood principle.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. short-term b. implicit c. sensory d. long-term

d. long-term

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. a visual delay effect. b. top-down processing. c. echoic memory. d. persistence of vision.

d. persistence of vision.

The primacy effect is attributed to a. recall of information still active in short-term memory. b. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. c. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. d. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

d. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as a. action potential. b. nerve transmission. c. nerve impulse. d. resting potential.

d. resting potential.

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________. a. warping; salience; decrease b. schema; sampling; increase c. sampling; warping; decrease d. salience; fixation; increase

d. salience; fixation; increase

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a. the difficulty of the tasks. b. practice. c. the type of processing being used. d. task cueing.

d. task cueing.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. different from the priming stimulus. b. different in meaning from the priming stimulus. c. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus

d. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference? a. Perceiving the transitional probability of a language b. Perceiving the length of an unfamiliar object by using a familiar object c. Perceiving the ringing of an alarm clock while sleeping d. Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

d. Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Recalling a childhood memory b. Knowing how an automobile engine works c. Knowing how it feels to be scared d. Reading a sentence in a book

d. Reading a sentence in a book

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The central executive and the phonological loop b. The phonological loop and long-term memory c. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad d. The central executive and long-term memory

d. The central executive and long-term memory

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as a. sensations. b. structuralism. c. cognitive psychology. d. analytic introspection.

d. analytic introspection

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language. a. cultural b. intellectual c. reductive d. anticipatory

d. anticipatory

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object? a. Change blindness b. Illusory conjunctions c. Change detection d. Binding

d. binding

Brain imaging has made it possible to a. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. b. view propagation of action potentials. c. view individual neurons in the brain. d. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

d. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway? a. perception, dorsal, what b. where, ventral, perception c. what, action, dorsal d. dorsal, where, action

d. dorsal, where, action

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of a. familiarity. b. good figure. c. simplicity. d. good continuation.

d. good continuation

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as a. the method of savings. b. classical conditioning. c. choice reaction time. d. operant conditioning.

d. operant conditioning

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. frontal d. parietal

d. parietal

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. b. it always leads to episodic memory for events. c. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. d. people are not conscious they are using it.

d. people are not conscious they are using it.

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Hippocampus b. Amygdala c. Occipital lobe d. Prefrontal cortex

d. prefrontal cortex

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of a. pragnanz. b. simplicity. c. familiarity. d. similarity

d. similarity

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. sensory memory b. articulatory suppression c. the phonological loop d. the central executive

d. the central executive

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by a. focused attention. b. bottom-up processing. c. reception of the stimulus. d. top-down processing.

d. top-down processing