CogPsy Exam 2
Which of the following is an example of a recognition memory test?
"Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?"
What is the duration of iconic memory?
200-500 milliseconds
Which of the following BEST describes levels of processing effects?
A deeper, more meaningful way to encode to-be-remembered information will lead to better memory for that information.
connectionist network
A network of units (like neurons) that are connected to one another and transfer information between each other (like axons).
Reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings
Korsakoff's syndrome
Alcoholism causes thiamine deficiency which causes anterograde amnesia
Based on what you know about working memory, which of the following would you expect to be predicted by (or correlated with) working memory capacity?
All of these are related to working memory capacity
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the study on recalling and recognizing the Apple logo?
All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory.
f I show a split brain patient the word COW on the left side of the computer screen and BELL on the right side of the computer screen, what word can they verbally report they saw?
BELL
Sam was given a series of numbers to remember, and he decided to think about the numbers as though they were dates. For example, he thought to himself "the year I started college", when he was given the digits 1, 9, 8, 6. What is Sam organizing information into?
Chunks
Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for the statement that attention isa limited capacity system?
Cocktail party effect
Misattribution, suggestibility, and bias are all examples of
Commission: Some form of memory is present, but it is incorrect in some way
Which of these tasks is particularly supported by sensory memory?
Continuing to process a stimulus after it has disappeared
Imagine that you are a participant in a memory experiment, and that you are given one of the four orienting tasks below to learn a list of words. Which orienting task should lead to the BEST performance on the memory test?
Determining whether each word fits into a complex sentence (for example: "Trey came home from school and was welcomed with the pleasant smell of freshly baked ________ that his sister made")
In memory experiments, particularly in those examining long-term memory, researchers typically include a brief distractor task (listing all US states, counting backwards from 300 by 3s, etc.) between the learning phase (where participants study a set of material) and the testing phase (where participants try to remember the set of material they studied earlier). What would you expect such a distractor task to do?
Diminish recency effects
What's the difference between echoic memory and iconic memory?
Echoic memory lasts longer than iconic memory, about 4 seconds
What does the transfer-appropriate processing experiment we discussed in class demonstrate?
Encoding information in a way that matches the processing required during retrieval will yield the best test result
Reshma has really poor vision, so she has to wear thick glasses to be able to read anything. She is given the following words and she is asked to read the ink color: the word BLUE in orange ink, the word RED in green ink, the word YELLOW in blue ink, the word GREEN in green ink, the word PURPLE in purple ink, the word RED in red ink. Which of the following should be INCORRECT about Reshma's performance on this task?
Even when Reshma is asked to read the word instead of the ink color, she will be significantly slower for the first three words compared to the last three words.
early selection model
Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning
A researcher randomly assigns their participants into four groups. Each group gets a different set of instructions to study the same word list: Group 1 is given instructions to memorize the words and is told to repeat the words over and over again while studying. Group 2 is given instructions to memorize the words and is told to pay attention to the appearance of the words. Group 3 is not given instructions to memorize the words and is asked to search the list for typos. Group 4 is not given instructions to memorize the words and is asked to determine how the words in the list relate to one another. After spending three minutes listing all the countries they can think of, the participants take a free recall test on the word list. According to the levels of processing framework, which group should have the BEST memory for the word list?
Group 4
What description best characterizes the serial position curve for an experiment in which a distractor task comes between the presentation of a series and participants' recall of that series?
High recall for first few items, low recall for all other items (primacy but not recency)
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding attentional control?
How well someone can control their attention is not related to their working memory capacity.
What was the difference between Sperling's Full Report and Partial Report tasks?
In the full report task, participants were asked to remember all the letters. In the partial report tasks, participants were asked to remember only one row of letters.
Mach Band Illusion
It exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another, by triggering edge-detection in the human visual system.
Which of these characteristics is FALSE regarding inattentional blindness?
It is a consequence of diminished sight.
Absent-mindedness
Lapses of attention during encoding or retrieval, Levels of processing effects, Inattentional blindness & change blindness, Failures of prospective memory
Patricio's mom calls and recites the following list of items for him to pick up at the grocery store: "eggs, bananas, cheese, onions, milk, lettuce, pickles, cereal, bread, potatoes, chicken, avocado, crackers, coffee, apples, salsa, and tissues." He is unable to write down the items as she says them, but he quickly creates a note on his phone after his mom hangs up. Which group of items is Patricio most likely to MISS?
Lettuce, pickles, and cereal
The tendency to recall information that matches your current mood.
Mood congruency
Information that is learned while in a particular mood is recalled better when in the same mood
Mood dependent memory
Transience, blocking, and absent-mindedness are all examples of
Omission: Failure to bring the desired information to mind
Blocking
Passage of time creates opportunity for new learning, Proactive or retroactive interference, Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
ventral pathway
Pathway that aids in object recognition by conducting signals from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe.
Which of the following is a key finding from false memory research using memory tests?
People believe the lure word was present in the list about as frequently as words that actually did appear in the list
How did Sperling's Partial Report task reveal the duration of iconic memory?
Poorer recall when there was a longer delay between the presentation of the letters and the cue for recall
Which of the following statements about attentional resources is INCORRECT?
Practice can markedly increase the amount of attentional resources we have.
dorsal pathway
Projects to the parietal cortex and is involved in perceiving the location of objects ("where").
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the recognition of inverted faces?
Recognition of inverted faces is harder than recognition of upright faces, suggesting that face recognition is viewpoint-dependent
In studies of spatial attention, participants are shown a neutral cue, a high-validity cue (correctly predicting the location of the upcoming target across most trials), or a misleading cue (incorrectly predicting the location of the upcoming target). In each trial, participants need to press a button as soon as they see the target. Which of the following is CORRECT about typical findings from these studies?
Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue.
What is the difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM)?
STM is used for temporarily storing information, but WM is used fordoing something with the temporarily stored information in the face of distractors
late selection model
Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after information has been analyzed for meaning
Misattribution
Some form of memory is present, but it is not actually experienced;the memory is misattributed to an incorrect source
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding task switching?
Switching between two attention-demanding tasks rather than completing the two separately increases errors and/or completion times.
What is the mood congruency effect?
Tendency to recall information that matches your current mood
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the Stroop effect?
The Stroop effect demonstrates how easy it is for people to selectively attend tovarious types of information.
In one dichotic listening study, researchers measured the electrical activity in participants' brains as they listened to a different message on each ear. The electrical activity for the unattanded channel and the attended channel started to show large differences as early as 80 milliseconds after the start of the messages. All participants shadowed the attended channel with great accuracy, and they could not report what the message in the unattended channel was about. Which of the following is a FALSE conclusion based on this study?
The late selection view of attention is supported; participants process both channels for 80 milliseconds before the electrical activity starts showing differences.
Priya is taking an in-person psychology course at IU that meets in Room 113 of the Psychology building. At the end of the semester, the instructor will give a take-home final exam and Priya is wondering if she should try to complete it in Room 113 rather than at her apartment or the library. Based on what you know about context-dependent memory, which of the below is the best recommendation?
The location of the final exam should not matter if the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that already provide specific and helpful retrieval cues.
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when positive sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
Which of the following is INCORRECT about distracted driving?
Using a hands-free phone while driving is not a problem, because your eyes are on the road and your hands are on the wheel.
Which of the following best describes the concepts availability and accessibility in long-term memory?
Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval.
Which of the statements below would a behaviorist be LEAST LIKELY to agree with?
When conducting research, stimulus-response relations and introspections are both useful
Based on what you've learned about congruency, which of the following would be an example of an incongruency that might interfere with automaticity?
While giving directions, you say turn left but point right
prototype model
Within each category, there is a best example—a prototype—for that category
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding working memory?
Working memory is nearly unlimited in storage capacity
Dividing your attention between multiple tasks can lead to increased response times and decreased accuracy, relative to doing each task separately. In which of the scenarios below would you NOT observe costs to dividing attention?
You would expect costs to dividing attention in all these scenarios
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
a natural tendency for people to be influenced by an initial anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new information is provided
What kind of "critical lure" is most likely to elicit a false recall?
a word very strongly related to the other words on the list
Displacement
able to talk about things that are not present
a person with damage to the ventral pathway can __ an object but not __
act upon, recognize it
exemplar model
all members of a category are examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership
McGurk Effect
an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
Raven's Progressive Matrices
an intelligence test that emphasizes problems that are intended not to be bound to a particular language or culture
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
What does the Stroop effect demonstrate?
atomicity of language
optic ataxia
can recognize objects, but not act upon them
Across two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer, to whom they were responding, changed after the third question of the interview, probably because of:
change blindness
Examples of implicit memory
classical conditioning, priming, procedural memory
Broca's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly (production impaired, comprehension intact)
Wernicke's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language (comprehension impaired, speech intact)
semantic network
consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
Standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Suggestibility
development of false memories from misleading information
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
Episodic and semantic memory are both types of ___ memory
explicit
Absent minded during retrieval
failure to notice available cues
Transience
forgetting over time
Korsakoff's patients score lower on __ tasks because they are episodic, but show no difference in __ tasks because they are implicit
free recall, word completion
A researcher interested in face recognition recruits 100 participants for her research study. If she is interested in the parts of the brain that are most active as people are identifying celebrities, she should use __________. However, if she is interested in the parts of the brain that are most active at the moment of verbalizing the celebrity's name, she should use __________ instead
functional neuroimaging; electrical recording
Absent minded during encoding
habit takes over
type 1 processing
heuristic-based, fast, easy, but prone to error
The Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiment showed that eyewitness memory of an event could be biased by
how questions are phrased
in the early selection model, participants will notice physical characteristics such as __ and __, but not semantic characteristics such as __ and __
human speech vs. music, male vs. female voice; english vs. foreign language, meaning of message
In Korsakoff's syndrome, __ memory is intact and __ memory is impaired
implicit, episodic
visual agnosia
inability to recognize objects, but can still act upon them
A horse is blocking the front of a barn door, obstructing your view of the door. This configuration allows you to determine that the horse is closer to you than the barn door is. This is called
interposition (or occlusion)
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
behaviorist theory of language acquisition
language learned through imitation and reinforcement
type 2 processing
logic-based, slow, effortful, but resistant to error
The primacy effect is powered by __ memory, and the recency effect is powered by __ memory.
long-term, working
IQ formula
mental age/chronological age x 100
Cells that detect the boundary of a dark gray surface next to a light gray surface are subject to _____________ lateral inhibition than cells that detect the center of the same dark gray surface, a process that occurs in the_____________.
more; retina
path of action potential
moves from dendrites> cell body> through axon> down terminal branches> synapse> destination cell
a resting neuron has __ ions inside and __ ions outside
negative, positive
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
retroactive interference
new learning disrupts the recall of old information
family resemblance
no features shared by all members, but features that most members have
if enough __ ions build up in the cell, the neuron will fire
positive
pros and cons of electrical brain recording
precise about time, but lacks spatial precision
proactive interference
prior learning disrupts the recall of new information
which model allows for graded membership
prototype
D.F. is a woman who suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning that damaged her ventral pathway. She could ___________, but she could not ___________.
reach out and accurately grasp an object; identify the object
If some kind of distractor task comes between the presentation of a series and participants' recall of that series, the ___ effect disappears but the __ effect remains
recency, primacy
People with anterograde amnesia still display the ___ effect, but not __ the effect
recency, primacy
a person with damage to the dorsal pathway can __ an object but not __
recognize, act upon it
linguistic theory of language acquisition
reinforcement cannot account for all language phenomena
The ________ is the part of the visual system involved in transducing light energy into electrical signals
retina
The skill through which a person focuses on one input or task while ignoring other stimuli that are also on the scene is referred to as:
selective attention
You are at a professional basketball game. You look across from your seat and notice the other side of the stadium and all of the people in their seats. You close your eyes, and for a brief moment, you see an accurate afterimage of that view in your mind. This is an example of ______
sensory memory
Morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
Gambler's Fallacy
the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Recall of which items in a list would be most strongly affected by difficulty forming long-term memories, as in anterograde amnesia?
the first few items
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem separately but simultaneously
Discreetness
the property of communication systems by which complex messages may be built up out of smaller parts
Bahaviorism
the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
Top-Down Processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
neural synchrony
the visual areas processing features of the same object fire in a synchronous rhythm with each other
Memory errors in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure occur because
the word activates a schema that creates a memory illusion
Flynn effect
the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years
which type of processing is more common when probabilities are presented rather than frequencies
type 1
which type of processing is more common when we're in a distracting environment
type 1
which type of processing is more common when we're under a time pressure
type 1
which type of processing is more common when you have a statistics education
type 2
The 'cocktail party effect' suggests that:
unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness.
linguistic relativity
view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes
conjunction fallacy
when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
