COGS 17 Final

< 4 Hz

Delta

<50% during Stage 3

Delta

The recognition of words and voices.

Dorsal Temporal Cortex

Released to de-arouse cortext

GABA

Released by the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary

GnRH

Burst shuts of REM

Serotonin

Responds to changes in brain temperature

Tubero-Mammilary

Spindles and K complexes are intermittent bursts of high frequency or voltage observed during

Sleep 2

Is characterized by its highly synchronized activity

Slow Wave Sleep

Shows the lowest rate of change in mean EEG per unit time

Slow Wave Sleep

Controls waking arousal of cortex

Basal Forebrain

Initiates dream sleep

PGO

The recognition of faces

Fusiforme Gyrus

Promotes Sleep

GABA

Particular locations in a cognitive map.

Hippocampus

Released when brain cools

Histamine 1

Endogenous amphetamine released in bursts to alert

NE

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Urbach-Weithe's Disease. A) Involves the degenerative calcification of the hypothalamus. False B) Patients are impaired in their capacity to recognize facial expressions. True C) While their own emotions are impacted, patients retain the ability to interpret emotions in others. False D) In judging faces, patients are better making assessments of full faces, than they are when they can only see the eyes. True

One of these is wrong

Is also known as paradoxical sleep due to its contradictory nature(i.e., active, desynchronized brain, but paralyzed body)

REM

Shows the most de-synchronized pattern of activity

REM

The stage of sleep associated with dreams is

REM

Shift from REM to Slow Wave Sleep

Raphe System

Released by the testis

Testosterone

Signals Basal Forebrain to inhibit cortex

VLPOA

8-12Hz

Alpha

Caffeine is a stimulant that blocks receptors for Adenosine , allowing continued cortical arousal via the release of ACh and the inhibition of the opponent system releasing GABA .

Answer 1:Caffeine Answer 2:Adenosine Answer 3:ACh Answer 4:GABA

Arouses cortex during dreams

ACh

May show deficits in Alzheimer's patients

ACh

The "motor programs" related to the timing of muscle moves.

Cerebellum

>50% during Stage 4

Delta

Operant Conditioning involves developing associations between responses

False

The "Law of Effect" states that a behavior repeatedly associated with negative reinforcement is likely to be repeated

False

The typical duration of one sleep cycle through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM sleep is _____ minutes.

90 minutes

Indicate whether the following are most associated with Broca's Aphasia, Wernicke's Aphasia, or Conduction Aphasia. 1. Agrammatism 2. Anomia for nouns and verb 3. Phonemic Paraphasia 4. Also called "Production Aphasia" 5. Articulation difficulties 6. No concurrent deficits in Sign Language 7. Fluent but nonsensical speech 8. Can be associated with Sign Language deficits 9. May include difficulties with lip reading

1. Broca's 2. Wernicke's 3. Conduction 4. Broca's 5. Broca's 6. Wernicke's 7. Wernicke's 8. Broca's 9. Conduction

Indicate, in regards to Lateralization, whether the following is more likely in males or females. 1. Left handers 2. Larger corpus callosum 3. More likely to recover ability after damage to the dominant hemisphere for that function 4. More likely to suffer from hemispheric competition for control of speech

1. Male 2. Females 3. Females 4. Males

In the following, indicate which side is involved in the functioning of a Split-Brain Patient 1. Image flashed in right visual field can be recognized by touch in which hand? 2. This surgery is most likely done in patients with seizures affecting which hemisphere? 3. Patient is more likely able to repeat a word flashed in which visual field? 4. The visual cortex in which hemisphere is most likely to respond to a patient seeing an image in the right visual field?

1. Right 2. Both 3. Right 4. Left

Again, indicate whether the following are most associated with Broca's Aphasia, Wernicke's Aphasia, or Conduction Aphasia. 1. May involve "Pure Word Deafness" 2. Difficulties in rehearsal in "Phonological Loop" 3. Anomia for nouns and verbs 4. Can repeat "cows eat grass" but not "No ifs, ands, or buts" 5. Also called "Receptive Aphasia" 6. Damage to premotor cortex 7. Can not follow commands 8. Damage to Planum Temporale 9. May include connections to the STS

1. Wernicke's 2. Conduction 3. Wernicke's 4. Broca's 5. Wernicke's 6. Broca's 7. Wernicke's 8. Wernicke's 9. Conduction

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to lateralization to the Right Hemisphere. A) Global pattern recognition includes melody. True B) Damage to the right Temporal Lobe can result in deficits in interpreting spatial relations. False C) Damage to the right Parietal Lobe can result in reduced emotional expression. False D) Right hemisphere receives greater input from via magnocellular pathways than the left hemisphere does. True E) Plays a role in organizing narrative, and "getting the gist" of a story. F) Damage to the right Parietal Lobe can result in deficits in mathematical reasoning. G) Damage to the right Occipital Lobe can reduce capacity to interpret emotions in others. False H) Damage to the right Parietal Lobe can negatively impact the ability to read maps. True

A. True B. False C. False D. True E. True F. True G. False H. True

Released to arouse cortex

ACh

EEG while awake/relaxed

Alpha

Released by the adrenal gland, especially in females

Androstenedione

Responsible for secondary hair growth in women

Androstenedione

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Procedural Memory. A) A rat in an "F maze" learns to go to the same arm of that maze for which it was rewarded on the previous trial. False B) If the Lateral Interpositus in the Cerebellum is cooled down, rabbits still can learn a Tone+Eye Blink association. False C) An MNDA-Agonist acting in the Striatum will interfere with a rat's recall of cued procedures. False D) The Amygdala plays an active role in procedural memory. True E) If the Red Nucleus is cooled down, a rabbit will not show the blink response during training in which a tone co-occurs with a puff of air to the eye. True F) The Basal Ganglia is not typically implicated in procedural memory. False G) The cerebellum plays a greater role in procedural memory than the hippocampus does. True

Answer 1:False Answer 2:False Answer 3:False Answer 4:True Answer 5:True Answer 6:False Answer 7:True

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the Startle Reflex. A) The base-level startle reflex is mediated by the Corticomedial Amygdala. False B) The Lateral Amygdala receives input from vision, audition, and pain circuits. True C) The Basolateral nuclei of the amygdala produces the unlearned startle reflex. False D) A rat conditioned to expect a noxious consequence to a given stimulus will be less likely than normal to startle if that stimulus is paired with a sudden sound. False E) A rat conditioned to expect a positive consequence to a given stimulus will show "enhancement" of its startle reflex. False F) Connections to and from the hippocampus aid the memory of emotion-laden stimuli. True G) Rabies is the result of a virus that affects the corticomedial amygdala. True H) The startle reflex involves a signal to the tegmentum that triggers a protective clenching of the neck muscles. True

Answer 1:False Answer 2:True Answer 3:False Answer 4:False Answer 5:False Answer 6:True Answer 7:True Answer 8:True

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FASE in regards to Von Economo cells. A) These cells have dense dendritic branching. False B) These cells are found only in animals (including humans) with the largest brains. True C) These cells can essentially be considered "long-distance" communicators. True D) These cells connect the Amygdala with the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus. False

Answer 1:False Answer 2:True Answer 3:True Answer 4:False

Indicate whether each of the following is more associated with brains in males or females. A) The Corpus Callosum tends to be larger in this gender. Female B) Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus tends to be larger in this gender. Male C) This gender tends to show greater connectivity within hemispheres. Male D) INAH3 tends to be smaller in homosexuals of this gender. Male E) The Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus tends to be larger in this gender Female

Answer 1:Female Answer 2:Male Answer 3:Male Answer 4:Male Answer 5:Female

Answer the following in regards to Spatial Memory. A) The brain area most implicated in spatial memory is Hippocampus B) The Hippocampus is larger in seed-caching birds than in those who do not store food for winter. C) One class of neurons that show neurogenesis during the learning of a new spatial layout are called Place Cells . D) Damage to the Hippocampus impairs the ability to navigate, to recognize familiar locations, and to read a map. E) The Parietal Cortex is also implicated in mapping both your praxic and large-scaled environments. F) The representation of a learned territory is sometimes called a "Cognitive Map" .

Answer 1:Hippocampus Answer 2:Hippocampus Answer 3:Place Cells Answer 4:Hippocampus Answer 5:Parietal Cortex Answer 6:"Cognitive Map"

The Hypothalamus , with its direct connections to the Pituitary , is the interface between the nervous and endocrine systems. It delivers releasing hormones via blood vessels to the anterior pituitary , and other hormones, via axons , to the posterior pituitary . The activity of the Pituitary thereafter influences the production of different proportions of "female" hormones, called estrogens and "male" hormones, called androgens that are circulated through the body.

Answer 1:Hypothalamus Answer 2:Pituitary Answer 3:releasing hormones Answer 4:blood vessels Answer 5:anterior pituitary Answer 6:axons Answer 7:posterior pituitary Answer 8:Pituitary Answer 9:estrogens Answer 10:androgens

While the pattern of neuro-endrocrine activity during sexual arousal has many similarities in men and women, there are also some differences. Indicate whether the following are true of Males, Females, or Both. A) Release of prolactin after orgasm. Males B) Androgen activation of MPOA. Both C) Role of cortex in learning to respond sexually to conditioned stimuli. Both D) Stimulation of Periaqueductal Gray area to produce endorphins. Females E) Escalating estrogen stimulation of VMH. Females F) Refractory period for sexual activity. Males

Answer 1:Males Answer 2:Both Answer 3:Both Answer 4:Females Answer 5:Females Answer 6:Males

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Pheromones. A) Between women, can lead to the synchronization of menstrual cycles. True B) Are released from the Pituitary gland. False C) Unlike many mammals, humans have a clearly demarcated Vomeronasal Organ in their olfactory system. False D) Females tend to be attracted to pheromones released by males. True E) Unlike other sensory systems, the olfactory bulb has direct connections with the hypothalamus. True

Answer 1:True Answer 2:False Answer 3:False Answer 4:True Answer 5:True

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the activity of the Testis-Determining Factor (TDF). A) The genes that code for this enzyme are found on the Y chromosome. True B) When TDF present, the Wolffian system degenerates. False C) When TDF not present, Anti-Muellerian Hormone is produced. False D) When TDF not present, the fetus will typically default to the female form. True E) When TDF present, and the fetus is androgen insensitive, it will primarily develop as female. True F) When TDF not present, and the fetus has Turner's Syndrome, it will primarily develop as male. False G) When TDF not present, and the mother is given high levels of Estrogen, the fetus may be masculinized. True H) When TDF present, and the fetus's Alpha-Fetoprotein binds with the mothers Estrogens, the fetus will tend to be male. True I) When TDF is not present, and the fetus has XY chromosomes, it will tend to develop as male. False

Answer 1:True Answer 2:False Answer 3:False Answer 4:True Answer 5:True Answer 6:False Answer 7:True Answer 8:True Answer 9:False

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Declarative Memory. A) Declarative Memory is for cued facts or personal episodes. True B) The Hippocampus and Cerebellum are both implicated in Declarative Memory. False C) H.M., the epilepsy patient who underwent radical brain surgery, thereafter suffered from retrograde amnesia. False D) Damage to the Hippocampus can lead to impairment of performance in a rat that previously learned to "match-to-sample". True E) A vitamin B1 deficiency, associated with prolonged alcohol abuse, can lead to anterograde amnesia. True F) Epilepsy involves endogenous waves of widespread brain activity that can produce "Grand-mal" seizures. True G) "Korsakoff's Syndrome" is characterized by an inability to form new memories. True H) H.M. was unable to form new procedural memories, such as the pattern of response to a "Tower of Hanoi" puzzle. False

Answer 1:True Answer 2:False Answer 3:False Answer 4:True Answer 5:True Answer 6:True Answer 7:True Answer 8:False

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of the Circadian Rhythm. A) The Supra-Chiasmic Nucleus shows a pattern of activity on a 24 +/1 hour cycle. True B) The Pineal Gland hangs right below the Hypothalamus. False C) The sleep aid, melatonin, stimulates activity in the Pineal Gland. True D) Melanopsin is the neurotransmitter released along the Retino-Hypothalamic Path. False E) Ancient ganglion cells in the retina act as receptors that register changes in ambient light levels. True F) The SCN releases Serotonin onto the Pineal Gland. False G) The Pineal Gland increases its melatonin production as the light fades. True H) Receptor axons synapse in the SCN which then signals the Pineal Gland. True

Answer 1:True Answer 2:False Answer 3:True Answer 4:False Answer 5:True Answer 6:False Answer 7:True Answer 8:True

Two rats are both yoked to a devise that produces a shock . One rat has a wheel in its cage in which, if it runs the wheel, it can eliminate that stimulus to both rats . Under these circumstance, the non-wheel running rat shows greater signs of depression than the wheel-running rat does. The former will develop ulcers as a result of its exaggerated parasympathetic rebound . This rat thus suffers from something called Learned Helplessness . However, if that animal has its prefrontal cortex lesioned, it will show decreased anxiety, and a lesser tendency to develop ulcers.

Answer 1:a shock Answer 2:eliminate Answer 3:both rats Answer 4:greater Answer 5:ulcers Answer 6:parasympathetic rebound Answer 7:Learned Helplessness Answer 8:prefrontal cortex Answer 9:decreased Answer 10:lesser

In the Cortico-Spinal motor pathway, activation the right brain generates activity in [ Select ] ["independent", "coordinated"] parts of the body on [ Select ] ["the right side", "the left side", "both sides"] . In the Ventro-Medial motor pathway, most connections tend to be [ Select ] ["contralateral", "bilateral"] . In the visual system, light from the right visual field impacts on [ Select ] ["the right side", "the left side", "both sides"] of the right eye and from there connects to the [ Select ] ["the right side", "the left side"] of the brain, while that same light impacts the [ Select ] ["the right side", "the left side", "both sides"] of the left eye and from there connects to the [ Select ] ["ipsilateral", "contralateral"] side of the brain. In the somatosensory system, touch and proprioception originating from the right side of the body cross over in the [ Select ] ["medulla", "spinal cord"] to the [ Select ] ["right", "left"] side of the brain, while temperature and pain cross over in the [ Select ] ["medulla", "spinal cord"] to the [ Select ] ["right", "left"] side of the brain. In the auditory system, information from the right cochlear nucleus goes to [ Select ] ["the right side", "the left side", "both sides"] of the [ Select ] ["cochlear nucleus", "superior olive"] and from there, auditory information is [ Select ] ["ipsilateral", "contralateral", "bilateral"] up the rest of the pathway.

Answer 1:independent Answer 2:the left side Answer 3:bilateral Answer 4:the left side Answer 5:the left side Answer 6:the left side Answer 7:ipsilateral Answer 8:medulla Answer 9:left Answer 10:spinal cord Answer 11:left Answer 12:both sides Answer 13:superior olive Answer 14:bilateral

Indicate whether each of the following is or is not indicative of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) A) The majority of glutamate receptors in a given area have Mg+ blocking their receptor sites. is not B) Neurons involved have dense dendritic branches. is C) A decrease in the levels of retrograde messengers. is not D) Perforation of the terminal buttons of pre-synaptic cells. is E) Significant rates of metabolic activity convert NMDA sites to AMPA sites. is F) Neurogenesis. is

Answer 1:is not Answer 2:is Answer 3:is not Answer 4:is Answer 5:is Answer 6:is

The sequence of activation that initiates dream sleep goes from the pons to the lateral geniculate and then on to the occipital cortex . ACh is the excitatory neurotransmitter that is released to desynchronize the brain during this wave of activation. Unlike during waking arousal, stimulation enters the rear of the cortex during this phase of sleep. During this phase, there is also an active suppression by the brainstem of motor activity, called atonia .

Answer 1:pons Answer 2:lateral geniculate Answer 3:occipital cortex Answer 4:ACh Answer 5:excitatory Answer 6:the rear of Answer 7:atonia

18-24 Hz

Beta

EEG while awake/active

Beta

Regulate menstrual cycles

LH & FSH

Released by the pituitary to impact the gonads

LH & FSH

Stutterers are disproprtionately likely to show dominance in which hand?

Left

The Planum Temporale is significantly larger in which hemisphere?

Left

Which hemisphere is dominant for speech?

Left

Dark Blue Place in pons

Locus Coeruleus

Responds to novelty or threat

Locus Coeruleus

Which of the following brain areas is the least likely to be involved in exchanges of spoken speech?

Olfactory bulb

Patterns of activity in praxic space

Posterior Parietal Cortex

Arousal network moving up through brainstem

Reticular Formation

Anesthesia into the right carotid artery suppresses activity in which hemisphere?

Right

Tapping with which hand is more likely to interfere with speech?

Right

EEG during Sleep 1 & 2

Theta

Classical Conditioning involves developing associations between stimuli

True

Conditioning depends on Temporal Contiguity, which means that the items being associated must co-occur

True

Hebbian Synapses are those in which a circuit has developed, though experience, such that it is easier to activate

True