Cold War, Decolonization, Non-Alignment
Six Day War
(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.
mutually assured destruction
(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same; Military strategy where full-scale use of nuclear weapons by 2+ sides => complete annihilation of all sides
Postwar Communist Eastern Europe
- industrialization increased - shortages/rationing of consumer goods - not good employment opp. - media monitored - cultural and religious expressions censored
Truman Doctrine
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey; slow down communism
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1949 defiance alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved; formed bc SU building nuclear bombs
Harry Truman
33rd US president, created Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
Geneva Accords
A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956; independence of French colonialism
Vietcong
A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.
Arab Socialism
A modernizing, secular, and nationalist project of nation building aimed at economic development and the development of a strong military.
Jomo Kenyatta
A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya; anti-colonial activist; led independence from britain
Mohandas Gandhi
A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.
zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
Dien bien phu
A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.
Ngo Dinh Diem
American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
An attempt by Liberals in Hungary to overthrow the Soviet-backed Communist leadership of the country. The Soviet Union used very repressive means to put down the revolution. Thousands of Hungarian refugees were allowed to come to Canada as immigrants.; Imre Nagy announce multi party system and withdrawal of Hungary from Warsaw Pact (compromise); Khrushchev no like so Soviet troops now stationed in Hungary and crush uprising in 1956 ; Imre Arrested and executed in 1958 hungary had goulash communism(relaxed communism ideas and reforms)
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
Non-Alignment Movement
An international, anticolonialist movement of state leaders that promoted the interests of countries not aligned with the superpowers
African National Congress
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.
bay of pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban communist dictator Fidel Castro.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal (hoping to charge tolls that would pay for construction of massive dam), led two wars against the Zionist state formed secret group called Free Officers. 1952 nasser led successful coup to oust ruling monarchy and become president of Egyptian Republic in 1956 --> reforms of heavy tax and limiting amount of land one could possess. try to fortify egyptian infrastructure through Aswan High Dam initiative...US revoked its loan and cancelled plan. continue to establish dominance by prohibiting other political opponents and establishing dominance of military
cultural revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. little red book required reading and students formed squads of Red Guards; millions murdered
Anti-Rightist Campaign
Campaign launched by Mao in 1957 to crack down on intellectuals who had voiced criticism during the Hundred Flowers Campaign. Perhaps as many at 500,000 intellectuals were branded "rightists" and either sent to labour camps or exiled to country villages for "reeducation". This taught the intellectuals and everyone else the dangers of criticizing Mao's policies. This is one reason why everyone went along with the disastrous Great Leap Forward in 1958.
Politburo
Communist Party's Central Committee Political Bureau @ Moscow; divided between reformers and Stalinists = lost control and become multiparty system withdrawn from Warsaw Pact = Khrushchev unleash Soviet troops to crush uprising
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
Developed first by Soviet Union; large range, implemented by other countries in missile race
Muslim Brotherhood
Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.
nelson mandela
First black president of South Africa; civil rights advocate - fight for equality and get rid of apartheid system
Mao Zedong
Founder of People's Republic of China, chairman of communist China, leader of People's LIberation Army; support North Korea @ Korean war
Charles de Gaulle
French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French (against Nazi Germany) forces in exile (1890-1970)
Wallace letter
Henry A. Wallace letter to Truman; worried about nuclear bombing;
Cold War
Ideological struggle between US and allies + Soviet Union and allies, 1945-1989
hutus and tutsis
In Rwanda, Belgian colonizers had treated minority Tutsis (tended livestock) better than the majority Hutus(farmed crops). cattle is more valuable than crops so tutsis became elite --> postindependence, resentment from hutus --> rwandan genocide
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).
kgb
Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, which means 'the Committee for State Security'. This agency was responsible for internal security and secret policing to crush any dissent and guard the country's government to in theory, strengthen the powers of the Communist Party
apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Chiang K'ai-shek
Leader of nationalists during civil war
ho chi minh
Leader of the Communist party in Indochina (grouping of French colonial territories) after WWII; led Vietnamese against the French: led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the Communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, ending the First Indochina War. led communist North Vietnamese against the US in the Vietnam War. ended in the two Vietnams uniting under communist structure in 1976 when America withdraw from SV
Great Leap Forward
Mao's economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society through rapid industrialization and collectivization
Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech
March 1946, Winston Churchill--an iron curtain had descended across East and West Europe, separating Western democracies from Eastern, Communist countries; warned Americans of future conflict with USSR; bring attention to vulnerability of world after WWII naming SU as biggest threat to peace. need global alliances.
capitalism
Market is competed by privately owned companies, furthers individual profit, increases wealth disparity and division of social classes
Quit India Movement
Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India by Gandhi
Free Officers
Movement in Egypt, led by Nasser, that overthrew the monarchy and British advisors
sino-soviet split
Mutual distrust between Mao and Khruschev led to withdrawal of Soviet aid in 1960
Egypt
Nasser (first democratically elected president); prior to 1922, ruled by British who wanted them for their Suez Canal (in Egypt and had military benefits like moving stuff from Asia to Europe efficiently --> economic benefits). after independence, european countries (like France) fight for Suez Canal bc thought it was "international property" --> suez crisis. egypt success
Fidel Castro
National guerilla fighter opposed to influence of American companies over corrupt government, seize Cuba and embrace communism
nuclear weapons
New warfare method due to advances in weapons technologies, competition in Cold War (see MAD) despite SALT and START, president ronald reagan began to develop "strategic defense initiative" which led to more race --> soviet downfall
Novikov Telegram
Novikov sees US as a threat from their increasing power (monopolistic capital and desire for world dominance) --> protective measures
National Liberation Front (NLF)
Official title of the communist Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.
palestine
Palestinian-Zionist impasse
Hundred Flowers campaign
Period from 1956 to 1957 in which Mao encouraged intellectuals to offer criticism of national policy, followed by crackdown on critics; terminated with "Anti-Rightist" campaign; not anonymous, opposing parties = imprisonment, labor
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
communism
Production is shared, dismantling of social classes, paid in accordance to contributions, public ownership/property
Korean War
Proxy war between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. North Korea = aggressor, UN (especially US) help South Korea while communist China help North; no official peace
Nikita Kruschev
Soviet Premier after Stalin. Lead campaign to spread communism
Five Year Plan
Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine
Berlin Wall
Stalinist East Germany pressure Khrushchev 1961 to close Berlin's hole to West Germany to decrease population loss; turn German Democratic Republic into "prison"
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba; first direct confrontation between USSR and US; when US spy planes discover missile launching pads in Cuba, President Kennedy demand immediate destructure and naval blockade of island to prevent; Khrushchev dispatch ships to Cuba with more missles: finally, Khruschev recalled ships and Kennedy removed American missiles from Turkey contribute to downfall (dismantle Soviet bases in cuba)
Anti-Apartheid Movement
The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organisation that was at the centre of the international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid and supporting South Africa's non-whites.
McCarthyism
The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism; By Joseph McCarthy, Republican senator, blacklisted government with House Un-American Activities Committee that he had members of Communist Party; censured by Senate later, start of political accusations; shows growing anti-communism in US
bandung conference
The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. The conference denounced colonialism in all its manifestations and said that all countries in attendance would not align with either communism (USSR) or capitalism (US) pattern of resistance to superpower dominance continues today
Rwandan Genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.
greece 2-year proxy civil war
Tito help Greek communisists overthrow royal government so US helped Greek government; ended in a split btwn Tito and Stalin so Tito no longer supported pro-Stalin greek communists --> greek became US ally
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
US agency to contain spread of communism = spy missions, electronic eavesdropping, photographs with aircrafts, assassination plots; offshoot to OSS
containment
US formulated policy to limit stalin's communist expansion
advances in weapon technology
USSR: ICBM, Sputnik (world's first orbiting satellite), sent Yuri Gagarin into space (first cosmonaut) US: Explorer 1 (first satellite), Atlas (first ICBM)
military dictatorship
a government in which the armed forces have the absolute power to rule decolonized nation struggle: in africa, military began to seize power despite lack of support but militiamen not appropriate political figures or leaders - no political mission except maintaining security of country
vietnam war
aka second indochina war; A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
marshall plan
by harry truman in 1948, A United States program of $13billion of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) in return for their opposition to communism and instituting free markets and opening up to trade; Stalin reject american aid and forbade hungary, czechosolvakia and poland to ask for it stalin bloaded the three main roads and railways into Berlin to prevent further US aid --> berlin airlift
collapse of SU
censorship - dissent; Gorbachev opening SU; western influence; younger generational changes; sino-soviet split; failure to manage budget - Afghanistan war and arms race
Poland revolt
collectivization and command economy was slow; Khrushchev feared another Tito-style secession so gave Poland (limited) autonomy
Space Race
competition for ICBM and orbiting satellites
prague spring
czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubcek who relaxed communist ideas, soviets sent warsaw pact forces to oust dubcek and dismantle reforms (brezhnev doctrine/kgb)
china's four modernizations
deng xiaoping introduce capitalism and implement this: advance agriculture, industry, science, military responsibility system and one child policy
responsibility system
deng xiapoings china experiments in capitalism to correct flaws and then expand to rest of country 1990s surpluses in food production from advancements! GDP double digit rises 2010, surpass Japan as second-largest economy in world
Josef Stalin
dictator of the Soviet Union, turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state; policy of "socialism in one country"
revolts against communism
east germany, hungary, poland (all surpressed)
germany
east: communist; west: us ally;
kwame nkrumah
founder of the gold coast (ghana) independence movement from britain and Ghana's first priesident
interactions that show Cold War's operation through a proxy state
greece, korea, cuba
gorbachev policies
in political decay from war, arms race, dissent, bad economy perestroika: restructuring to make more efficient market demands - reforms encouraged capitalism glasnost: openness
Iron Curtain
isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region; separating the former Soviet bloc and the West that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989; also speech by Winston Churchill
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963
kennedy and khrushchev signed; agreement banning above ground testing of nuclear weapons; sought to prevent spread of these technologies to other countries
poland solidarity movements
led by lech walesa and wanted an end in censorship, lifting of economic restrictions, and right of workers to organize outside of Communist Party gorbachev's tolerance towards these policies led to poland's breakoff from the Soviet bloc which encouraged others and led to a chain of nations leaving and therefore ending the soviet bloc
one child policy
led to problems with violence towards females, gender imbalance, and cultural impacts on male-centered families
tiananmen square massacre
major general xu qinxian didn't want people's army shooting its own people but politburo won and soldiers crushed the rebellion violently (shows politburo control/power
Indian National Congress
more say for Indians in government - A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor; first modern nationalist movement to emerge in British Empire in Asia/Africa
korea
north: communist; south:ally of US;
israeli(US) and arab(UN) conflict
over israel/palestine jewish homeland but arabs were there first
Neocolonialism
practice of using economics, globalisation, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence a country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control (like france in africa)
john f kennedy
president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.
Berlin Airlift
response of US and Britain when Soviets began to block resources to sectors of Berlin under Western control; airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Chinese Communist Party
sole political party for People's Republic fo China
china economic success
solutions to a large population and abundant natural resources, an emphasis on efficiency, and brutal suppression of dissent went from extreme radical leftist programs during Cultural Rev to capitalist style market by 1991 - retain powerful authoritarian gov while embrace market economies
afghanistan
soviet invasion; Unclear if Afghanistan supported Communism (plus right next to pro-American Pakistan and drifting China); led to downfall
dissent
strong during Leonid Brezhnev years (hungary revolt, prague spring in czechoslovakia, poland solidarity movements
Patrice Lumumba
the first prime minister of the Congo and also helped the Congo gain independence from Belgium; he was liked by the Congolese but not by the U.S. and the government and he was quickly imprisoned and murdered
brezhnev doctrine
the right of soviets and the warsaw pact to forcibly restrain any member country attempting to abandon their alliance with SU backfire and led to downfall bc tight restrictions showed the people what they were missing out on in capitalist societies; just made them want more freedom
Decolonization
undoing of colonialism where a nation establishes and maintains its domination of foreign territories; people rediscovered culture that was colonized
Partition of India
violent division of British India in 1947 which led to the creation of two independent dominions, Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan
East Germany revolt
workers unhappy about shortages, rising production quotas, etc --> political decay; Khrushchev started reforms
