Cold War Final Terms

Carter Doctrine

"An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the US and will ...be repelled by any means necessary, including military force" Proclaimed in 1980 State of the Union address Drawing the line as the Persian Gulf as central to American security. This is bc oil and protecting econ survival. Response to Soviet invasion in 1979 Written by Brzezinski also promises support for Saudi Arabia if threatened by Iran

Tet Offensive

"military victory, political defeat" North Vietnamese attack all major South Vietnamese cities on Tet holidays in 1968 Vietcong Military failure because South Vietnamese forces, backed by the Americans, were able to retake the cities, but the Western press produced political backlash. American public had believed that the North were almost defeated, clearly they were still strong. Public support for the war plumeted.

Six Day War

(June, 1967) war between Israel and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan; Israel's victory gave it control of areas with large Palestinian populations, including the West Bank and Gaza. What happened: Egyptian President Nasser demands that Israel leaves the Sinai desert, launches a preemptive mobilization at the border. Israel then launched preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields. Egypt was backed by the Soviets, Johnson encourages negotiations, won't give Israel a security guarantee because overcommitted in Vietnam. LBJ sees Israeli victory as CW victory.

Hungarian Revolt

1956 Hungarians rose up against the communist regime and its soviet-imposed policies. Government collapses, and the new government declares its commitment to election and intentions to leave the Warsaw Pact.Nagy brought to power during the uprising. Chaos died down in Oct, Soviets indicated that they were going to stay out of it. Soviets invade that month, over 2500 dead and 200,000 refugees. Soviets led by Khrushchev, Nagy executed. US takes immigrants despite legislation otherwise in 1950s. Continuation of Soviet power in eastern europe, willingness to crack down. The US never get to use the propoganda edge bc of the invasion of the Sinai in 1956

Bay of Pigs

1961 -- failed invasion of Bay of Pigs by trained Cuban exiles Perceived as Kennedy's greatest failure Inherited from Eisenhower Attempted to replicate 1954 overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala Kennedy endorsed the operation but was missing some of the details. CIA expected that the US would come in to support the trained exiles, but Kennedy was ultimately unwilling. Landing was also compromised. CIA sold the operation on the expectation that a popular uprising would follow. This underestimated Fidel's control and his popularity. Invasion failed almost instantly, prisoners taken, Kennedy humiliated. Popularity actually increased Deterioration of relations

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 Fidel Castro, Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Macnamara U2 images revealed cuban activity of cuban missile base in Cuba as supported by soviets (soviets wanted to protect Cuba, improve nuclear position in response to missiles in Turkey, improve negotiating position w respect to Berlin) Kennedy administration debates what policies to take. Kennedy and Macnamara advocate quarantine. Ultimately, US superiority obvious. Khrushchev willing to compromise, originally demanded only promise not to attack Cuba, second letter to Kennedy demanded removal of missiles from Turkey. Secret removal of the missiles. Both superpowers took all steps to avoid all out war. Kennedy appeared to have won the conflict.

JFK's "American University Speech"

1963 Commencement Address at AU Titled "a strategy of peace" outlined a plan to curb nuclear arms, announced agreement for negotiations for a comprehensive test ban treaty. this would result in the Nuclear Test Ban treat. Decision to suspend all US atmospheric testing of nucelar weapons if other nations would do the same. Peaceful outreach to Soviet Union in time of high Cold War tensions, conciliatory language. Khrushchev responded favorably to the speech Contrast to Reagan's language in the 80s--> evil power

Christmas Bombing

1972 following the Paris Peace Accords American bombers conduct B52 bombings in N Vietnam to demonstrate that Americans willing to step in if N Vietnam break the accords, as well as intimidate S Vietnam from opposing Nixon. theiu had said that he would not support the agreements if the North Vietnamese were allowed to stay in the South. Nixon was done with Vietnam, needed to be out. Ultimately, S Vietnam will collapse 75 and we don't do anything about it

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security guard foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, evidence mounted through 1973, Nixon resigned in 1974. Scandal refers to the Nixon admin's use of tricks such as bugging opposition and using federal agencies to his political advantage. Cripples Nixon domestically, weakens ability to conduct foreign policy.

Oil Crisis/ Embargo

1973-1974 under Nixon and Kissinger Saudi Oil embargo in response to US' support for Israel in the Yom Kippur war. Price of oil went up 400 percent, Western economies in recession Crisis within alliances. Japan and Western Europe move toward support of arab position to avoid the effects of the embargo, and US feels alienated. IMPACT: oil producing states gain power, rapid influx of capital. Kissinger develops relationship with Sadat--> Kissinger negotiated with Israel to pull back from Sinai peninsula, promise of negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria. Embargo lifted 1974

Cyprus Crisis

1974 Turkey invades Cyprus Kissinger accepted it bc of Turkey's status as a NATO ally, Greek Americans criticize American policy. US cuts off aid to Turkey, which was lifted under Carter Cyprus remains divided Kissinger's realpolitik-- allies.

Angolan Crisis

1975 Colonial empire ends when 1974 Portugual overthrows its dictator, oil crisis made imperial control too expensive, rapid decolonialization. Three factions emerged in Angola: MPLA (Soviet and Cuban), FNLA (US), UNITA (US, South Africa, china) Fidel sends troops to support MPLA South African intervention Angola becomes major issues, Congress cuts off support for anyone in Angola with the Clark Amendment after covert operations were exposed and Congress sees Angola as another Vietnam. Kissinger and Ford denounce this decision. Angola becomes dominated by the MPLA, thanks to the Cubans, Ford claims that the US is losing and the Soviets are defying detente Situation ended secret negotiations to restore relations with Cuba in 74/75. Americans are done with intervention, traumatized from Vietnam

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr

1975 Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of Western materialism; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago. Ford refused to meet with him at the advise of Kissinger, who thought it would be bad for relationship with Soviets. Actually increased domestic antagonism of conservatives who said Ford was selling out American values (like Scoop Jackson).

Iranian Revolution

79 Replaced the monarchy led by the US backed Shah with an anti-western autocratic theocracy led by Khomeini Loss of ally in the middle east Carter as president growing discontent with the Shah due to modernization, White Revolution that consisted of reforms to empower lower-class (produced independent owners and landless laborers that grew into political force), growth of urban proletariat, economic downturn 1978/79, Shah's sickness. Led to Iran Hostage Crisis

Iran Hostage Crisis

79-81 Carter Iran Continues to be foreign policy issue group of iranian college students held 52 american citizens for 444 days in US embassy in Tehran. In support of the iranian rev students demanded return of shah, who was in US for cancer treatment diplomatic negotiations failed and so did operation eagle claw-- attempt to rescue Carter used the Rose Garden strategy, popularity increasing, emphasis on diplomacy, save lives of hostages suspended arms sales, monitored student visas, froze iranian assets, later supported Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war in 1980 Carter loses to Reagan in 1980, hostages returned minutes after Reagan inaugurated IMPACT: Khomeini strengthened by the incident, American sanctions on Iran

1968 Democratic National Convention

A 1968 convention held in Chicago to pick Dem candidate in the wake of assassinations of Robert Kennedy and MLK Candidates were Humphrey and Muskie--> debate over Vietnam. 10,000 demonstrators against the war outside, riots, met with police presence. were tear-gassed and clubbed by police. Overall disillusion with the war and Democratic party

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam quickly which earned him the support of the Anti-war party--> "Come Home America". He lost however to Nixon-- only won Massachussets. McGovern spoke out against Kissinger's claim in 1972 that "peace is at hand"

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions Timeline: Idea initially supported by Churchill, wanted to push onto Eisenhower, but wasn't interested Beginnings of Detente with the NPT treaty with the soviets in 1968, restricting Germany, would not encourage nuclear programs in other countries. Detente really begins under Johnson, great legacy Develops further under Nixon, switch from ideology to focusing on national interest--> furthers detente Continued under Ford but it became very controversial during his time in office bc starting to appear less successful ie continued conflict in Angola Ideas of Detente: US-- in contrast to Cold war, type of regulated Peace, competition would go on but moral compromises; Soviet view-- detente did not preclude the advance of socialism, soviet could continue to help other nations, soviets thought history was moving their way Ford-- oversold the term as the end of the cold war, adopts "peace through strength" Americans are done with this, vote in Carter in 1976, outsider, peanut farmer, wanted to move away from imperial presidency Detente concludes with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, not helped by the NATO double track decision.

Sino-Soviet Split

A rift in the 1960s between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and China, fueled by China's opposition to Soviet moves toward peaceful coexistence with the US. Led by Chairman Mao Zedong who led China in the Great Leap Forward, needed mobilization against the enemy. Different views on Marxist ideology.

Salt II

Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 by Cater and Brezhnev in Vienna. placeD limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads. Faced initial issues when US pressed for more meaningful cuts and Soviets opposed. The passage was deferred after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan the same year, Carter removed the treaty from Senate consideration. US and USSR voluntarily observed. Detente hanging on by a thread, collapses after invasion.

Adlai Stevenson

Ambassador to UN 1961-1965 under presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Also ran for president 1952 and 1956 Advocated that "Peace was Non-Partisan" in the 56 election against Eisenhower, who ran on the image of being a peace maker. At the UN, denied that US was involved in Bay of Pigs because he was never informed by the Kennedy Administration that it was US orchestrated.

Clark Amendment

Amended US Arms Export Control Act of 1976 Congress barred support for private groups engaged in military operations in Angola Repealed in 1985 Condemned by Kissinger and Ford, who wanted to stand up to the Soviets who were thought to have engaged in detente.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; repressive regime, Catholic in a predominantly buddhist country. conditions worsened in 1963 with the Buddhist Crisis of 1963. Diem and advisor Nhu crack down on Buddhist resistance, raid on pagodas, 20 killed, 200 wounded, 1400 monks arrested. US distances itself from the regime. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge visits a pagoda. US withdraws support for Nhu, told Diem would no longer support if kept Nhu (which knew he would), Diem killed in coup in 1963, US backed

March on the Pentagon

Antiwar activists organized in 1967 in opposition to Vietnam war Marched from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon where another rally was held in the parking lot, civil disobedience on the steps Jerry Rubin organized 50,000 marched to pentagon 650 arrested for civil disobedience

Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

Attack on US ships Aug 2 1964, connected to Desoto missions by South Vietnamese commandos. Johnson issues a warning, no action. Republic Pres Candidate Criticism: "Soft on Communism" Another speculated attack on the 4th-- turned out to be false radar images. LBJ ordered bombing, asks for congressional support for the retaliation against "unprovoked attack", received overwhelming support from the House and the Senate. Resolution granted LBJ the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by communist aggression. The resolution served as LBJ's legal justification for eventually deploying forces to Vietnam.

Missile Gap

Belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States, the US falling behind. Worsened after the successful launch of Sputnik in 1957. Reality, we were ahead from 11:1 ratio. contributed to the increase in American arsenal.

Ostpolitik

Brandt's Eastern policy beginning in 1969 refers to the normalization of relations between W Germany and E Europe esp E germany keeping ties with West but building bridges to East and Soviet Union. Negotiated treaties with Poland and Soviets in 1970. Frontier conceded at Oder-Neisse. Recognized GDR (German Democratic Republic/East Germany) and promoted closer economic ties with it and rest of Eastern Europe. Change from Adenaur's policies which took a more combative approach to the East Many in US govt concerned by this (felt its interests were neglected) but in long-term analysis, increased communication with successful Western states went a long way towards helping those behind the "Iron Curtain" realize the disadvantages of the Communist system.

Cyrus Vance

Carter brought on 2 foreign policy advisors, criticism of Ford for being dominated by a single advisor Secretary of State under Carter, 77-80 Vance prioritized European and Japanese relationships, wanted to downplay the CW and emphasize regional issues, Not interested in competing for the third world with the soviets. believed in negotiation over conflict, strongly affected by Vietnam, negotiated SALT II 1979 In office for signing of the Panama Canal Treaties, SALT II, Camp David Accords, Iranian Rev Resigned, conflicted with Brzezinski at NSC

Mujahedeen -- Taliban

Carter was deeply affected by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, first invasion of a non-satellite country. Put the invasion in terms of expansionism, was really more about defense. The Soviet Union brought forces into the country to aid the new government. The Mujahideen fought against Soviet and DRA troops during the Soviet-Afghan war (79-89). US funded-- "Operation Cyclone" Osama Bid Laden assisted the Mujahedeen Muahideen forces caused serious casualties to the Soviet forces, made the war costly for the Soviets, 89 soviets withdrew.

Malaise speech

Carter's speech in July 1979, lectured on what is wrong with American society, we don't know what we want Never used the word malaise, but came to be known due to negativity. Accompanied by the firing of members of his cabinet, led to a feeling of dissarry in gov popularity plummeted, contributed to massive defeat in 1980 election

Nikita Khrushchev

Chairman of the communist party from 53-64, emerged as Soviet leader in Geneva in 1955. Anti-Stalin, opposed the idea of a godlike figure. Responsible for the early development of the space program in Soviet Union. Leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 62. Succeeded by Brezhnev. Leader during the creation of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and the general Berlin Crisis.

Operation Mongoose

Commissioned under Eisenhower in 1960, continued under Kennedy until 1962. Kennedy wanted Fidel out of office. The operation was a mission to remove the Castros from power. Mongoose was executed officially after the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. US General Lansdale was in charge, spearheaded by Robert Kennedy. Operation included covert operations against Cuba, propaganda, psychological warfare, sabotage, possible assassination attempts, contemplated overthrow. Came to an end with the Cuban Missile Crisis when Kennedy suspended the operation.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. comes to the US in 1979, want to open to capitalistic enterprese. Generally-- campaign of economic modernization with US support. also attacked Vietnam in 1979 in response to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia (deposed Khmer Rouge, a Chinese Ally) with tacit US approval. The invasion of cambodia and China's following invasion represent rift in the Communist bloc.

Alliance for Progress

Created by Kennedy in 1961 Response to rise of Castro Increase economic cooperation between Latin America and US--> aid Modeled after the Marshall Plan, sought to promote economic growth, democracy, land reform $1.4 billion in aid per year until 1969, Aid dropped sharply in the late 1960s when Nixon was elected. Dictatorships took root during the era, undermined the program. Land reform not widespread, only half of the countries achieved the average of 2.5 percent economic growth rate. program perceived as a failure.

Peace Corps

Created under President Kennedy Founded in 1961 Volunteer program led by government to provide social and economic development abroad, using technical assistance and building mutual understanding between Americans and populations served. Emphasis on building American superiority in the Third World which had risen to Cold War importance

Berlin Crisis/ Wall

Crisis: 58-62 Khrushchev threatened that if there wasn't a formal treaty for reunification of Berlin in 6 months, he would sign a separate treaty with East Germany and turn over West Berlin to E Germany. Wall went up in 1961 under Walter Ulbricht, head of state in E Germany, and Khrushchev. East Germany worried about the emigration from E to W. Wall was generally successful in addressing the conflict. Confrontation at Checkpoint Charlie, US and Soviet tanks over the Russian stopping of American personell at the border, eventually Kennedy and Khrushev agreed to withdraw.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927). Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis.

NATO Double-Track Decision

Dec 12 1979 Soviet SS20 deployments in Warsaw Pact countries were threatening Western Europe NATO decision to deploy US Pershing missiles and cruise missiles in Western Europe and offer negotiations for agrement to eliminate both sets of missiles US action urged heavily by West German Chancellor Helmus Schmidt US sees its security as linked to that of W Europe Fueled by Peace movement in W Europe

Buddhist Crisis of 1963

Diem was pro-Catholic, nation was around 80 percent Buddhist. Civil unrest, Catholics received preferential treatment. 1963, Buddhist resistance and government cracks down, military raids on Pogodas, unrest widespread. 30 killed, 200 wounded, 1400 monks arrested. Led by Diem and brother/advisor Nhu US distances itself from the regime, Ambassador Lodge goes to Pagoda US withdraws support, tells Diem no longer supportive of Nhu and will break back Diem if sticks with Nhu--> knew he would. 1963 coup by the army, Diem killed. US supported the coup, could no longer support the aggressive government.

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

"New Look" Policy

Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles President Eisenhower's new foreign defense strategy. Emphasized spending cuts and increased emphasis on covert operations and nuclear weapons. Covert operations were a cheaper way to fight the war and were politically deniable. Nuclear weapons became the ultimate deterrent, accompanied by idea of massive retaliation. New Look included the idea of roll back, which was a marked change from the idea of containment which was not going anywhere in the ideas of Americans. American arsenal grew substantially, nuclear overkill to outpace the Soviets. High defense spending.

Brinksmanship

Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles The principle developed under the Eisenhower administrative of building up American nuclear technology in order to respond to threats. Due to the idea of massive retaliation, or willingness to threaten the use of nuclear weapons as the deterrent to Soviet threats because this was the most affordable option. Idea based in "No More Koreas." Khrushchev also played into the idea of brinksmanship, willing to threaten nuclear war, especially over Berlin 1950s Term coined in a 1952 speech by Dulles.

Gorbechev

Emerges as leader of the USSR in 1985, wake of economic weakening in 70s and 80s Young, savvy, education, slowly consolidated power Perestroika, Glastnost Welcoming of economic and technological changes "Everyone can do communism their way"--> Sinatra Doctrine. Would lead to the fall of communism in the satelites overthrown 1991 coup by Soviet hardliners

Yuri Andropov

General Sec from 82- 84 when Brezhnev died, and then he died in 1984. Peace offensive, court American opposition, appeal to the Western anti-nuclear movement

Curtis LeMay

George Wallace's running mate in the 1968 presidential election, independent ticket US Air force Chief of Staff under Kennedy and Johnson. Supported invasion not blockade in Cuban Missile Crisis Supported strategic bombing in North Korea Interventionist approach

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency defeating Hubert Humphrey. Was attorney General under Kennedy and Johnson from 61-63 important role in Berlin Crisis, expanding civil rights, Cuban Missile Crisis (advocated blockade).

Nguyen Van Thieu

He was president of South Vietnam from 65 to 75. Was military general ,then became head of a military junta, then elected president in the schedule election in 65. He led the military coup against Diem in 63. corrupt. resigned and left the nation a few days before the fall of Saigon and North Vietnamese victory.

Walter Ulbricht

He was selected by the Soviet Union to be the leader of the German Communist Party. 1950-1971. Supported creation of Berlin Wall. Brezhnev forced him to resign due to increased demands for autonomy

Khumer Rouge

Heads up, this is all taken from Wikipedia because I have no idea what this term is. Communist Party of Kampuchea and by extension to the regime through which the CPK ruled in Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. supported by the North Vietnamese army, the Viet Cong and the Pathet Lao. The Khmer Rouge won the Cambodian Civil War when in 1975 they captured the Cambodian capital and overthrew the government of the Khmer Republic The regime would go on to murder hundreds of thousands of their perceived political opponents. Ultimately, the Cambodian genocide would lead to the deaths of 1.5 to 3 million people, around 25% of Cambodia's population. The regime was removed from power in 1979 when Vietnam invaded Cambodia (78) and quickly destroyed most of the Khmer Rouge's army. IMPACT from class: Vietnam is a Soviet ally, attacking Cambodia, a Chinese ally. Showing the breakdown of the socialist block. China invades Vietnam in retaliation in 1979 in a one month campaign with Tacit US support.

New Frontier

JFK's domestic and foreign policy initiatives. expanded social programs, established Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1961. Coined the term at 1960 DNC. Popular and achieved a lot

Eisenhower Doctrine

January 1957 the US will protect any Middle Eastern Nation "against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism" Context: nationalization of Suez Canal in 1956. Israel/British/French invade Sinai peninsula to seize canal in 1956 without US input. Khrushchev threaten nuclear attack. US forces them to pull back from the Sinai, Eisenhower respond's with doctrine to reassert control over European powers in the Middle East. Impact: we get involved in the Middle East, send forces to Lebanon

Camp David Accords

Jimmy Carter 78, Vance, Brzezinski Carter heightened the importance of the middle east and focused on finding a comprehensive solution to peace with Israel and Arab nations. Wanted Israel and Egypt to end the threat of full scale nuclear war Replaced Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy used after Yom Kippur War with a more comprehensive approach. 12 days of negotiations at Camp David. Accords signed by Sadat, Begin Signed at the White House Increased peace in the middle east, reduced risk of nuclear war, political victory for Carter-- Carter's attention to detail, improved relationship with Sadat

Limited War

Johnson attempted to engage in limited war in vietnam-- though "just enough not more" was the answer, as decided in 1965. Didn't want prolonged conflict but didn't think could survive politically the fall of Vietnam. LBJ sent 75,000 forces, then more. Avoids full mobilization to avoid political outcry. Claimed that this was a moderate policy, avoiding dangerous escalation or risking war with China, Vietnam. Played into limited idea of winning: avoiding defeat, seeking stalemate. George Ball opposed the mobilization, McNamara pushed for full scale operation. Conflict stayed between extremes, not wartime but not withdrawing. Gamble-- didn't pay off.

Easter Offensive

March and April of 1972, North Vietnam against South Vietnam Conventional attack instead of guerilla warfare, departure from previous North Vietnamese offensives designed to gain as much territory and be as destrictuve as possible, improve North's position going into the Paris Peace Accords. N Vietnamese used Soviet tanks and armaments US Response: B52 bombings in the North, Mining Haiphon harbor to prevent the materials and supplies from getting to N Vietnamese. nixon announced in may 8 speech, announcement right before planned summit with the Soviets, still ends up happening. Paris Peace Accords confirm that N Vietnamese troops can stay in S Vietnam

U2 Crisis

May 1 1960 Eisenhower permitted three more U2 flights previous to the Parris Summit. Soviets picked off, US tried to say it was a weather plane, Francis Gary Powers revealed to have been photographic missiles. Khrushchev demands apology, Eisenhower takes responsibility but refuses to apologize. Paris Summit collapses, renewed period of tensions.

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. Sandinistas supported by Cubans who helped train soldiers. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras formed in 1981. Daniel Ortega led Sandinista Party-- FSLN. They lost national elections in 1990. Focused on social reforms, Cuban assistance pervasive. Leftist government in Latin America

Nuclear Freeze

Movement during 80s that called for the freezing of arsenals, large protest in 1982 that gathered over a million people. largest political dem in US history

Silent Majority

Nixon 1969 referred to Americans which did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War Middle Americans as being overshadowed. Midwest and South Mobilization sentiment against the antiwar movement, sense of polarization

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's VP from 69-73 Investigated for corruption in 1973, pleaded guilty to tax evasion in 1973 and resigned in office. Ford replaced as VP under 25th Amendment Increased sense of political crisis under the Nixon Administration

Realpolitik

Nixon's foreign policy that attempted "realistic politics" along with Kissinger. Terms like national interest instead of ideological goals. Perceived the current international system as anarchic, states should be the dominant actors, statesman should promote national interest to maximize power. Contrasts Kennedy's ideologically driven policies. Weaknesses in policy revealed in the 1971 conflict between India and Pakistan when US backs Pakistan, despite it being a repressive regime (Soviets were aligned with india). Ultimately, India succeeds in breaking up Pakistan, marking US defeat. Difficulty in promoting realist agenda. Realpolitik also challenged under Ford, Carter from the left and Scoop Jackson from the right for neglect of human rights due to focus on detente

War Powers Act

November 1973 Congress passed President must obtain congressional approval within 60 days of deployment, must notify Congress within 48 hours of committing forces. Goes after the idea that the president is in charge of foreign policy. Democratic congress taming Republican Nixon.

Yom Kippur War

Oct 1973 Egypt an Syria (Soviet client states) attempted to gain back territory from Israel. Struck first on Yom Kippur to catch Israel off-guard. Israel was backed by the US. Egyptians pushing across the Suez canal. Ultimately, Israeli forces able to stop them and counter-attack, Israeli victory. eventually, Kissinger negotiates for Israel to pull back. IMPACT: led to oil crisis Conflict paved the way for subsequent peace process and the Camp David Accords 78. Accords returned the Sinai to Egypt, normalized relations. Feat for Carter, Egypt drifting away from soviet sphere, contributed to peace in the middle east between arab nation and israel.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Once a country moved into the socialist camp, there was no going back Delusion of the Soviets, there is no going back Justified Soviet intervention to defend the 1978 coup that brought Marxist regime to power in Afghanistan imposed this on Czechoslovakia in crackdown against Prague Spring Their own domino theory

Taiwan Straits Crises

Overall, the crises involve the US commitment to the ROC, hostility to PRC in the early cold war climate. The First Crisis from 1954-1955. PRC started shelling ROC islands (Quemoy and Matsu) off the coast, seizes an island, ROC evacuates. Ultimately, PRC diffuses crisis. Led to the creation of SEATO, Promise to protect ROC and respond to Chinese aggression in the Formosa Resolution. PRC diffuses with promises to negotiate in Warsaw The Second Crisis was in 1958 PRC shelled ROC islands off coast of mainland China again, claim to "liberate" Taiwan from ROC. US formed treaty with ROC, attempt to restrain Chiang. Mao's "every other day shelling" which Mao used to mobilize his own people. Eisenhower willing to get involved to avoid "Western Pacific Munich." Crisis ends in 1958, Dulles urges Chiang to withdraw some forces and agree to not attack the mainland. Islands become partisan issues in the US in 1960 campaign, Nixon made a big deal about supporting Chiang, Kennedy and the Dems urging restraint. Overall, intensifies Cold War in Asia, alienates US from PRC

Voting Rights Act

Part of Johnson's Great Society which was Johnson's slate of social issues that he focused on in 64-65 to complete the New Deal. Prohibits Racial discrimination in Voting Landmark legislation

War on Poverty

Part of Johnson's Great Society, legislation introduced in the State of the Union Address in 1964, led to passage of the Economic Opportunity Act which established the office of economic opportunity to administer local application of federal funds to target poverty. Based on idea that the fed gov should expand role in health care and education to help eradicate poverty.

Zbigniew Brzezinski

Polish background, anticommunist sensibility, national sec advisor under carter from 77-81. Believed that the CW wasn't over, soviet aggression in the third world proves that they can't be trusted Pushed normalization of relations with PRC (came in 79), China as new quiet ally Also in office for Panama Canal in 77, Salt II inn 79, Camp David Accords in 78, Iranian Rev in 79 believed in the arc of crisis in the middle east, horn of africa, persian gulf frustrated when US didn't go into the Horn of Africa, Somalia invaded by Ethiopia who was supported by Cubans and Soviets Carter began to side with him over Vance.

Massive Retaliation

President Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles As part of "New Look" policy of 1950s, threaten use of nuclear weapons in response to aggression. Emphasis on creating maximum deterrent at most bearable cost, nuclear overkill to outpace the Soviets. Included massive growth of American nuclear arsenal of the Triad (bombers, land based missiles, and subs). Shaped foreign policy of the 1950s, indicative of hostile environment between superpowers and the respective nuclear build ups.

Great Society

President Johnson 1964, unveiled the term at speech at Ohio University ambitious program to complete the New Deal, included the War on Poverty, Medicare, civil rights, voting rights, fair housing Supported by Johnson's abilities in Congress and the 1964 democratic landslide victory. Some of its programs like Medicare and Medicaid still exist.

"The Best and Brightest"

President Kennedy's cabinet, served from 61-63 MacGeorge Bundy as National Security Advisor, Robert McNamara as Sec of Defense, Dean Rusk as Sec of State Cabinet of technocrats but never dealt with public office, out of touch, would lead to blunders

Nixon Doctrine

President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. announced 1969 "US would assist in the defense and developments of allies and friends" but it would not "undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world" Would act as nuclear umbrella Basically, the doctrine stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars. implied Nixon's intentions of "Vietnamization" of the Vitenam War--> turning over control of Vietnam to get the US out.

Anwar Sadat

President in Egypt from 1970-1981, Leader during the 6 Day War, Yom Kippur War, Camp David Accords

Salvador Allende

President of Chile 70-73, elected democratically, socialist Ousted in coup supported by CIA. Committed suicide when coup occured. Chile then ruled by military junta led by Pinochet. Recieved Soviet aid, near Cuba, made US very nervous US tries to undermined, worked with the coup plotters, idea of a cool policy, squeezing the economy and funding the opposition Controversial decision to support the coup, violated American principles by overthrowing a democratically elected leader. "His policies overthrew him."

Charles de Gaulle

President of France from 59-69 De Gaulle, determined to defy US, leads France to withdraw from NATO in 1966 when he tells the organization's HQ in Paris, France to withdraw the troops stationed there. LBJ respects the decision, instructs the transport to Brussels. Ultimately, France only leaves the military part of NATO, and de Gaulle's decision was more of a political statement. Eventually, France comes back in. Led France to launch a nuclear program.

Jacobo Arbenz

President of Guatemala, elected in 1950. Implemented a Land Reform Policy, targeted the United Fruit Company by taking "uncultivated land" which lobbied in the US to have him overthrown. Also, bought arms from Czechoslovakia. US saw him as a communist threat. Thought to have ties with the Soviet Union. CIA and State Dept Launches coup in 1954 to eject him from Presidency. under Eisenhower. Operation PBSUCCESS, psychological warfare. Americans would attempt to repeat in Cuba

Star Wars/ Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan 1983 introduced a harder line on the Soviet Union, which had been more moderate since Kennedy (think American University Speech). Brought end to the orthodox policy of Mutually Assured Destruction, proposed creation of SDI to allow Americans to be defended from MAD Feared the Soviets, destabilizing Reagan as a nuclear abolitionist--> wanted to end nuclear weapons, made significant progress

Eugene McCarthy

Rep and Senator from Minnesota Against LBJ, to the left of the Dem Party Sought nomination in 1968 pres election Anti-Vietnam platform, Thought americans are tired of war. Humprhey won the nomination, following Robert Kennedy's death

Barry Goldwater

Republican candidate for president in the 1964 election against LBJ Landslide victory in LBJ's favor, political victory of liberal democrats. Full scale majorities to liberals in the legislative body. Criticized Johnson in Gulf of Tonkin incident for being soft on communism. Nixon sits out of 1964 election bc loyal to him

Robert McNamara

Sec of Defense 61-68 under Kennedy and Johnson Played significant role in escalation in Vietnam, increased troops in Gulf of Tonkin incident, feared losing S Vietnam Advocated the use of a blockade during Cuban Missile Crisis Him and Kennedy created strategy of flexible response, advocated creating Cold War responses short of massive retaliation

Henry Kissinger

Secretary of State from 73-77 National Sec Advisor 69-75 Centralized foreign policy in the white house, draws power away from State. Creation of "back channel" direct line to Moscow without involvement of State Under Presidents Nixon and Ford supported realpolitik--> accepted Soviet sphere, need to determine how to deal with them. engaged shuttle diplomacy in the middle east, policy of negotiating as intermediary

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State under Eisenhower, served from 53-59 Lead the creation of Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SATO) which was an anti-communist defense alliance between the United States and several nations in and near southeast Asia. Supported Massive Retaliation as a response to Soviet aggression, which he coined in a 1952 speech. Led the implementation of "New Look Policy." Advocated for the support of their French for their war in Vietnam, rejected the Geneva Accords and supported South Vietnam after Geneva Convention in 1954. Impact: contributed to escalation in Vietnam, arsenal build up

KAL-007

September 1 1983, a South Korean airliner that veered off course and flew over USSR. Shot down because Soviets thought it was a spy plane, all 269 people on board died. Tried to lie and blame US. Made Moscow look bad and Reagan labeled as crime against humanity, used it as justification for his arms buildup

Ayatollah Khomeini/ Shah of Iran

Shah was deposed in 79 in the Iranian revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini who was the Supreme Leader from 1979-1989 Shah was in power from 41-79 Shah was an American ally, we put him in power with promise to protect, slowly started to lose support though, especially due to modernization and the White Revolution (Attempt of land reform to win over peasantry, created more political dissent and isolated elite), creation of an urban proletariat After revolution, Shah allowed into US for treatment under Carter, Kissinger supported letting him in. Khomeini demanded Shah during the Iranian Hostage Crisis, we refused. Died in exile in Egypt after receiving asylum from Sadat.

Sputnik

Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it on 4 October 1957. Stalin, Eisenhower Impression that Americans were falling behind in the challenge of tech competition Caused significant reaction in the US, angered by Eisenhower's masked reaction, encouraged views of missile gap Publicized failure of Vanguard I made things worse Led to the Natural Defense of Edu act in 1958--> i bil in funding for math, science edu, inclusion of loyalty led to the Interstate Highway Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and defense highways--> need to evacuate if impending Soviet attack Creation of NASA

Decent Interval

Strategy for getting out of Vietnam. Negotiate peace to allow it to withdraw and not be blamed for letting Saigon fall. Kissinger's foreign policy. Enough time between getting out and the following invasion of Vietnam--> Paris Peace Accords.

Strategic Hamlet Program

This Southern Vietnamese policy intended to combat the growing popularity and presence of an anti-government group in the South's countryside, communists among the rural population. Supported by the US. 1962 implementation. Hope to increase loyalty of peasants to South Vietnam, promised them protection, economic support, and gov aid. growing involement of American advisors under Kennedy. Beginnings of American involvement in Vietnam.

Nixon's Trip to China

This historic event was when President Richard Nixon made a trip to Communist China in February 1972 and ended thirty years of Sino-American hostility. He met with China's leader, Mao Zedong, and both agreed the the Russians should not be able to expand in Asia. Visit Stunned the US, huge policy reversal as he was previously seen as the most staunchly anti-com president Successful visit, increased popularity for Nixon and Kissinger Preceded by Kissinger's secret visit to China in 1971 to negotiate the visit.

Salt I

Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. (Nixon) and the USSR (Brezhnev). This agreement limited the number of missiles (ABMs and ICBMs) in each nation. led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries. Real stride toward detente.

Paris Peace Accords of 1973

Treaty to end the Vietnam War, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and US all represented. removed US forces in exchange for Hanoi's American POWs. North Vietnam troops allowed to remain in the South. Theiu remains in power. Agreement not ratified by Senate. Main negotiators: Kissinger and Tho from N Vietnam. Nixon's secret reassurances to Thieu that he would continue to support him. Immediately broken, no response from US. Fighting broke out in 1973, 1975 South Vietnam falls.

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia, Mozambique and Afghanistan. Centerpiece of US foreign policy from early 80s through end of Cold War aid to anti-communism guerillas and resistance movements to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, Latin America. goal to diminish soviet influence in these regions as part of strategy to end cold war.

Rollback

Under Eisenhower, Dulles idea that we should roll back our foreign commitments that we had made under the containment policy. Eisenhower does not want to intervene, would rather use threats of nuclear force and propaganda, as part of "New Look" policy. Covert operations allowed US to pursue rollback and limit confrontation. Willing to undertake morally questionable actions-- ends justify the means. Comes to an end in 1957, Hungary as an example of the dangers of this policy. IMPACT: Marked drastic change in US foreign policy--> containment to rollback (Covert operations, nonintervention)

Nelson Rockefeller

Vice President under Gerald Ford from 1974-1977, from NY Appointed under the 25th amendment Ford wanted to appoint a liberal republican, strengthened him politically Rockefeller was close with Kissinger Lighting rod and eventually kicked off the ticket, replaced with Robert Dole

Triangular diplomacy

came to fruition under Nixon and Kissinger following Nixon's 1972 visit to China. Idea that the US will engage with both China and USSR and play them off of each other, exploit rivalry. Led to increased detente with Soviet Union, Nixon would visit Moscow later 1972 and negotiate SALT 1.

Geneva Conference (1954)

intended to settle remaining issues from Vietnam War between French and Viet Cong. French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem. the final declaration provided for a general election by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Movement between N and S also protected. Elections never took place. Not effective, would lead to continued tensions in Vietnam. Dulles opposed. Khruschev emerges as obvious leader.

Zero Option

originally proposed in 1981 as a disarmament proposal for the total removal of certain types of weapons on both sides-- intermediate range missiles from both sides. Part of negotiations with Soviets for the removal of SS20 deployments (NATO Double Track) Zero Option basis for Intermedia Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 eventually came to mean all kinds of nuclear weapons, Reagan wanted to eliminate all nuclear weapons

Henry Cabot Lodge

republican Senator from MA, but also ambassador to South Vietnam from 63 to 64 and 65 to 67 under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Ambassador during Buddhist Crisis of 1963 and the coup that followed. contributed American distancing in S Vietnam, visited Pagoda. After Kennedy tries to go back on agreement to coup against Diem, Lodge does his own thing and supports the coup.

Kitchen Debate

series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between VP Nixon and Soviet First Secretary Khrushcev in Moscow. in 1959. For the exhibition, entire house was built that American exhibitioners claimed anyone in America could afford. Latest American technologies on the consumer market. Increased Nixon's popularity

Anastasio Somoza

the dictator of Nicaragua and a US ally. His government was overthrown by leftist revolutionaries (Sandinistas) in 1979. Extremely unpopular, corrupt, Carter withdrew support as corruption became more pervasive, especially bad in the wake of the earthquake, Somoza regime funneled humanitarian donations to personal gain. Carter refused Somoza entry into Paraguay. IMPACT: American loses ally in Central America, another leftist movement, cold war to central america

Patrice Lumumba

the first prime minister of the Congo and helped the Congo gain independence from Belgium. influenced by Ghana. Preached pan African solidarity against colonialism. The riots of 1959 led to independence in 1960. Faces separatists in the Katanga province, central authority collapses. Seeks aid from the UN, and when the UN refuses aid, turns to Moscow. Moscow provides aid to uphold the leader, US sees him as a communist as a result. late 1960, Mobutu, supported by Belgium, leads coup. Belgians murder Lumumba, likely with US support. Congo becomes a dictatorship under Mobutu. IMPACT: The cold war competition had come to Africa.

Helsinki Agreement/ Human Rights

three human rights things Helsinki Agreement-- signed in 1975 by 35 countries, attempt to reconcile relationship between W and communist E, considered a high point of detente, soviet agreement on human rights questions in exchange for recognition of European borders, many western leaders initially viewed as selling out Europe Jackson: opposed Kissinger's tactics and the issue of Soviet Jews that were neglected at Helsinki (soviets made clear that Jews did not qualify for freedom of travel part of Helsinki) Jackson Amendment: trade agreement based on allowing jews to emigrate Ford refused to meet with Solzhenitsyn, Soviet author and advocate against communist government. Kissinger believed meeting would go against detente, caused a lot of controversy among conservatives, said Ford was selling out American values IMPACT: overall, increased communication between E and W, cooperation between NATO and Warsaw Pact