collective thoughts on the republic
tyranny
(ruled by appetites (necessary and unnecessary)) power (object of love)
Freedom Argument:
An unjust person is slave to appetite, just as an animal. Intrinsically bad., a good soul is a free soul.
Rise of the timocrat
Father is critical of public life, so he withdraws from public life Wife, and public criticize the father in front of the son Son is torn between the 2 forcees Becomes increasingly consumed with arrogance and ambition
3 kinds of good:
Intrinsically (good for its value as good, no ulterior motive, no consequences) Instrumentally (good for its consequences and what it can gain you - health) Both (good for its value as good, but does reward you - knowledge)
Glaucon and Adeimantus
Made the same argument Glaucon- the city isn't fit for pigs Adeimantus- his city isn't fit for guardians
Why does Plato examine the quality in society before considering the individual?
Makes for greater clarity
Education
Putting knowledge into the souls that lack it. Putting sight into blind eyes.
Plato was inspired by which philosopher?
Pythagoras
What is the situation in the cave?
People are bound facing forward seeing only shadows of statues from a fire and believing these shadows to be the most real They are at lowest stage on line - imagination
Who suggests punishment?
Prosecution and defense both suggest a punishment. Jury cannot add onto punishment.
full responses socrates gives to the three claims thrasymachus initially made about the superiority of the unjust man over the just man
T support of pleonexic life (unjust man is superior). educated person who nows good is virtuous (excellent) bc he is in control of himself . no inner conflcit .
What principle does Socrates first introduce into his city?
Specialization
The Guardians
Specialized class of warriors. Army. Maintains the territorial integrity of the city. Rulers. Elite
In The Meditations Descartes Used
Systematic Skeptical Doubt- organized way to doubt things to find the truth
Basic Hesiodic Conception
That justice means living up to your legal obligations and being honest.
What is Adeimantus's criticism to Socrates's Philosopher-King concept? How does Socrates respond?
That most philosophers he knows are either useless of viscous. He agrees but says that its a effect of the society they live in
What parameter is crucial to the city being governed correctly?
That they limit the size of the population
Cave Dwellers
The "Prisoners," the citizens. Need specific tasks assigned by the elites.
Myth of Metals is aka...
The Noble Lie
The Republic book 1 and 2
The Peloponnesian War, Athens/Spartans, 30 tyrants, Homer 12th century BC, Trojan War, epic poet
Piraue
The Port
In the myth of the metallic souls, Socrates says that the farmers and craftsmen of the city should be told that they have iron and bronze mixed at their birth
True; they will know that they are of the crafting class because they are born like that
The presence of many doctors and judges in a city is a sure sign of bad education
True; this shows that people are not knowledgable to take care of themselves (too many desires)
What is alethia?
Truth: to literally uncover something that has been covered or hidden
Socrates occupation
Trying to find the truth in the world
How many harmonic modes will the guardians learn in their musical education?
Two-courage and moderation
According to the noble lie at the end of Book 2, where are human beings fashioned?
Under the Earth.
The prisoner looks at sun and realizes it to be cause of everything representing the Form of Good, what stage is he at?
Understanding
Which condition of the soul is the highest form?
Understanding
F1
Understanding - Pure Forms, Understanding the essence of ideas, seeing them as their central, a true understanding of what a form is
Four Conditions of the soul
Understanding, thought, belief and imaging
Sieve (unsatisfied) Argument:
Unjust can never be fulfilled: always unsatisfied and seeking more. Just person can be fulfilled by being good friend, bro, sis...
Socrates vs. conventional views
What according to plato, is the just life? what does justice for the individual mean?
Pious qua Pious
What is in itself and through itself
Class that is an object of ignorance
What is no way
No citizen should have what belongs to another or to be deprived of what is his own
What is the aim in delivering judgements in the kallipolis?
When the philosophical souls who have passed all of the earlier tests reach age 50, they must be led to contemplate the good itself
True
Glaucon asks Socrates to explain dialectics to him, but Socrates says that Glaucoma is not able to proceed such a study
True, screw Glaucon
At the beginning of Book 4, Adeimantus accuses Socrates of providing legislation that will not make the guardians happy.
True; Socrates makes claims agains the guardians having material and desiring things in their lives
According to Socrates, the guardians should think that marriages are arranged properly through the casting of lots
True; however, guardians are placed with a top-notch companion so the children are awesome
According to Glaucon and Socrates, in founding a city in speech, it is not necessary to include laws about every detail
True; individuals should take care of themselves
The study of 3-dim objects such as cubes belongs to the arts that enable a soul to turn to what is
True; it helps understanding the forms
Socrates claims that the trouble w/ the study of astronomy as it is presently practiced is that it involves too much looking and not enough mathematical knowing
True; it involves too much of the world of sensation
Only in the best city would it be just to compel philosophers to rule
True; the city needs a just leader
the statesmen
the philosopher
what is justice in the city? in the soul and injustice in the city? and in the soul
the place appears to be hard going and steeped in shadows. it is what is at the start of the city .
Ethics
the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
what does the allegory of the cave represent
the process of education; not understanding leads us to realize things aren't as they seem which helps us figure out the world
what is the second type of good?
you enjoy both the act and the consequences
Socrates says that the city being founded should be neither too rich or too poor
True; it should be in the middle
Socrates likens the lives of the many to the lives of cattle
True; never fully looking up
things that are good in themselves (internally), things that are good for their consequences (externally), things that are both
the three goods
nuptial number
the time of mating; only so many people can mate; if you get it wrong you move down a regime the reason aristocracy eventually fails
What does the rational part of the soul lust after?
the truth
how does the medical analogy play out in each regime in both terms of city and terms of the soul?
this is the doctor analogy . a good doctor only cares about health . bad doctor keeps people sick so they keep needing him .
what is the role of music and gymnastics
this is the imporance of the education of the guardians . gym== physcial training music . includes poetry, plays, speeches, MUSIC first .
reason
this is the wisdom part of the soul
nobel lie
this lie tells people that they are born from the Earth. During this process, metals are put into everyone's soul. This determines what job they are going to work. - if you believe this story it is beneficial because you perceive those around you as family and you'll believe you're meant to do what your metal corresponds with -it is in your nature to be who you are and where you are and people should be okay with it
type of dynamic devolution is common to each of these regimes
this means change from one to another . how did each happen
Poemarchus
this person thinks that justice is helping your friends and harming your enemies.
Cephalus
this person thinks that justice is paying one's debts and telling the truth, following the rules and giving what is owed
Thrasymachus
this person thinks that justice is when the strongest person rules society. This person thinks that it is stupid to be just, it doesn't pay. For this person justice is a vice.
Pleonexia
the desire for more than one's share
why will the fighting class of the timocracy amass wealth secretly
because spirited part of soul rules, not rational
Stephanus numbers
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5. How does Thrasymachus define justice, and what is the complex meaning of this simple definition? What does this character do for a living? How does he behave in this dialogue? How are his profession and behavior both consistent with the worldview his definition encapsulates?
"Justice is what's advantageous for the stronger." Thrasymachus is sophist, during the discussion he loses his temper and becomes ashamed at his loss in the debate. -There is no universal truth. Actual the advantageous of the stronger.
Strawman
"attack the arguement"
Justice =
"right" "correct
what happens to rich as oligarchy progresses
become soft and unable to stand up to pleasure or pain
socrates claim to philosopher-kings
- claims that philosophers would make the best rulers - ruling is a skill/craft based on expertise. the relevant expertise is knowledge of the virtues/excellences. - philosophical knowledge is supposed to be directly applied in political activities
what does experience say about justice?
- criminals aren't always punished - nice guys always finish last - idolize monsters
Sensitivity of citizens
Minds of the citizens become so sensitive that the least vestige of restratint is resented as intolerable until complete breakdown of law
Types of In/Just Acts
Misadventure Mistakes Act of Injustice Unjust Person
Why is a democracy a good place for 'constitution hunting'?
-Contains every possible state because of wide freedom allowed -Anyone founding a state can visit democracy and choose a model from variety on display then proceed to make his own foundation.
How does the ideal society turn into a Timocracy?
-Change in any society starts with civil strife among the ruling class. -As long as the ruling class remains united, even if it is quite small, no change is possible
How is a humans soul effected?
-Choices effect it, not just stuck with it Bad situations can prevent you from soul improvement -Can be improved by: Having a good polis, being just
things valued for *outcome only*
*burdensome* things like exercise and labor
*polymarchus* theory of *justice*
*justice* is *helping* friends and *harming* enemies
*true* justice
*never harms*
*justice* to the *primitive* people meant
*no* more *victimizing,* becoming an *agreement* between people *TOO WEAK* to dominate others
Tyranny
Run by an unlawful man
aspects of the timocratic soul
-soul ruled by the spirited element -feels superior based on his abilities in warfare -harsh with inferiors, very obedient to superiors -proud and honor loving man who despises money as a young person but loves money more and more as gets older
Descartes system of skeptical doubt(2)
1)Foundation 2)And if something has the slightest doubt it is false
Book 8: Regime Types
1. aristocracy 2. timocracy 3. oligarchy 4. democracy 5. tyranny
what are the three arts for each thing?
1. user maker imitator of tools
Medieval Times
1000AD-1500AD
Renaissance Time Period
1500AD-1700AD
Early Modern Time Period
1600's-1800's
Modern time period
1900's-present
What is the second city Socrates creates?
City of fever with luxuries allowing non-necessary occupations to develop such as actor, Excess wealth lead to wars to warriors/auxiliaries needed
polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
Ideology
A collection of beliefs, values and traditions that everyone buys into, but only benefit the powerful
Each metal represents a ________ of the _______.
Class - Luxurious city
What kind of music should be heard in the city?
A mix of peaceful and fighting music
How does Plato prove philosophers are virtuous?
A philosopher loves truth more than anything else ("philosopher" means "lover of truth or wisdom"); his entire soul strives after truth. This means that the rational part of his soul must rule, which means that his soul is just.
Utility
Co workers, Classmates Help get work done Using people as long as they are useful Also accidental Middle to older aged people
Glucagon claims justice originates from
A social contract
What is an oligarchy?
A society in which it is wealth that counts and in which political power is in the hands of the rich and the poor have no share of it
Who is the most un-just man?
A tyrant who is ruled completely by his non-rational appetitives
specific types of political constitution Kingship, aristocracy
There are as many types of soul as there are..... For example, ideal one is _______ or ______
The Forms
Ideas created by individuals and society Ideas are a result of individual an social processes No such thing as an ultimate idea Forms exist, whether we are looking at them or not
Divine Command Theory
If God says something is good then it is good (NO ONE SAYS THIS BC IT IS FALSE) God gave us reason. God agrees because it is good. He does not choose whats good bc it is fixed.
Timocrat to Oligarch transformation
Father is convicted in court and loses all his possessions Son is left destitute, vows to build up his wealth Becomes greedy and the desiring part overtakes the spirited part Feels a conflict within between desires that are necessary for the accumulation of wealth, and those that are not
Soldiers
Fear not death, but slavery.
Modus Ponens
If P then Q P Therefore Q
what is this resurrected argument? what are the origins of injustice and justice?
Glaucon humans are naturall unjust-pleonexic . they find reward in practicing injustice however we recog that being the victim of injustice is really bad . benefit of doing injustice and suffering of being victim grows justice .
17. The Principle of Specialization is crucial to the whole dialogue. It is the foundation upon which Socrates builds his imaginary city; he also uses it to distinguish good from bad literature; he even calls it an "image" of justice. What is it, and what is the argument for it? Is this argument sound?
Doing your task to the best of your ability. This demands the most appropriate division of labor. The producing class must produce objects for use. If there wasn't specialization then people wouldn't do things to the best of their ability, which would breed the principle of degeneration.
Aristotle on Justice
Everybody knows what justice is it's the kind of thing that makes everyone act just
Lies
If deeds fulfill speech then there will be no lies Lying hurts the entire city Only politicians (occasionally dr.s) can lie
Socrates says the city should acquire its religion from the local bishops
False; one's religion should not be forced upon
Socrates says that philosophers should refuse to honor and obey their parents, they lawgivers and their teachers
False; respect
When the guardians tell stories, they will use more imitation than common people.
False; the guardians should not imitate common people.
Those citizens who become auxiliaries and rulers will receive salaries and fine houses as rewards.
False; they are not to indulge themselves in desiring material things.
Socrates says that philosophers are dreamers since they seek the ideal rather than the real
False; they seek the real
Who says injustice is a virtue?
Thrasymachus
What is eros?
Erotic
Justice
Everyone must practice one of the occupations in the city for which he is naturally suited. Doing one's work and not meddling with another or what's not their own.
How do laws operate in the just city?
Everything we think of as a matter of law can be left to the judgement of the properly educated rulers.
Business
Everything you do impacts the city positively
Epistemology
Knowledge - What is knowledge? How do I know?
Poiesis
Making
author
Plato
What is the diamon?
Spirit
Kallipolis
The ideal city
Formal Truth
Validity and soundness
The Virtues of Argument
Validity, Soundness, Inductive arguments
Intrinsic Value
Valuable for own sake (Happiness)
Good
Very rare Friends because of who each other are The good of one person s the same for the other Takes time but is permanent
The Luxurious city was to satisfy Glaucon's need for ______.
Vice.
What does Arete/Virtus mean?
Virtue, something does what it is supposed to. Vice is the opposite of virtue.
Imitation
Viscous behavior is narrated, not imitated slavish Behavior Gender Bad Men Skilled Worker Animal Apples to Guardians and Soldiers Imitators (poets, actors) are kicked out of the city but honored.
In the L city, people ______.
Want stuff.
if the offspring of guardian is inferior, must join citizens, if up to scratch, should join guardians.
What does Socrates say about the children of socrates?
Not to make one group outstandingly happy at the expense of others, but to make everyone as happy as their nature allows (You paint the eyes of a statue black, not purple, because you focus on making the whole statue beautiful)
What does socrates say the goal of the kallipolis is? (+ corresponding analogy)
Mastery over certain kinds of pleasures and desires
What is 'moderation'?
What is justice in the soul?
When each part (rational, spirited, and irrational) does its own thing
it makes no sense: there's only one self.
Why do we say 'moderation' rather than 'self-control'?
Children may be spirited but are not rational.
Why is spirit different from rationality?
Goal of life day after day =
Work on the 4 virtues
Most people live in ______? Especially those that are ______?
World of sense (visible, less than real) Appetitive
The main focus of argument in the Republic seeks to determine
a just life
socrates statue analogy
a statue is not made beautiful by painting the most beautiful *part*, rather each part is *treated as necessary* to *best serve the WHOLE*
Logic
a system consisting of 3 parts: syntax, semantics, and proof
what parts of soul rule in democracy and what is the result
all three parts, scattered and directionless
who brings the after life into the argument?
adeimantus
genesis of democracy of democracy and man . what are characteristics of both
among bad laws is those that make youth take out loans in order to get started in life . adults get rich off of the youth . youth becomes poor rich dont realize they are making MORE AND More drones . youths are soft and lazy but they do want to do whatever they want . masses begin to realize they could do things differently. realize that the rich are nothing without them . son is intereseted in exploring appetites and desires rather than money
glaucon *places justice*
as valued for *outcome only* because many people consider justice to be *burdensome,* doing justice only when they feel *obliged*
music
anything that can be spoken (poetry, literature, music)
unlawful pleasures
appetites
what is the gensis of the tyrannical man? and life of tyrant .
appetites rule here . became enslaved to himself . trpped by paranoia . tyrant is vicior, philosopher vitruous powerless, powerful wreteched, happy
part of soul related to merchants
appetitive
things valued for *themselves*
are harmless, pleasurable things
main characteristics of the philosopher
at best non-philosophers have opinions . philosophers on the other hand know truth and reality . "friend of truth, justice, courage, and moderation"
army
auxiliaries
silver blood
auxiliary
strongest and most spirited
auziliaries
what does plato think about too much freedom
bad results
Moderation: ruled by the...
best part.
Glaucos
blurry
Thrasos
boldnesss
dike
boundaries, not crossing lines
socrates responds to adeimantus
by introducing the *politcal metaphor of the CITY*
how are leaders selected in democracy
by lottery
dishonorable behavior
calls it womanly "its like a female dog that barks at the stone"
how does faction first arise in the aristocracy?
change either takes worst to better . or better to worst since aristocracy is the best than it must get worse from this . straying away from virtue .
why were sophists hated by socrates
charged money for knowledge (and not very good knowledge)
what are the official and unofficial charges against socrates
charges: corrupting the youth, impiety
In the guardian community, all _____ will be held in common
children
origins of a city
cities are founded because individuals are *not self-sufficient*, and need others to *flourish*
what is platos healthcare law
city and its rulers shall take care of those who are good in body and soul .
completely good wise corageous moderate just
city is _____, it's ____, ______, _____, ____
Justice thrasymachus
claims it is whatever is in the interest of the stronger believes it is an art or craft of ruling, thrasymachus lacks expertise and knowledge on this subject
empiricism
collect data from the ground up example=evolution, collect sample and then build up
why does glaucon want to start the city?
come together in fear
what is the basic structure or outline for socrates initial construction of the city
comes into being bc people are not self sufficient . one job for each person
Appetitive part =
comfort, pleasure/relief
What is the intelligible world?
comprised of the Forms—abstract, changeless absolutes such as Goodness, Beauty, Redness, and Sweetness that exist in permanent relation to the visible realm and make it possible.
morality
concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong
are the parts of the trip-partite soul in harmony or conflict
conflict
Glaucon
confused about everything Plato's brother in book II, brings up ring of Gyges
what is the story of leontius? what point is it intended to make
corpses lying by the public executioner. He desired to look, but at the same time he was disgusted and made himself turn away; and for a while he struggled and covered his face. But finally, overpowered by the desire, he opened his eyes wide, ran toward the corpses and said: 'Look, you damned wretches, take your fill of the fair sight...' This speech... certainly indicates that anger sometimes makes war against the desires as one thing against something else."
Eristics
form of dialogue that Socrates is against bc the goal is to win, not the truth
virtue of city represented by auxiliaries
courage
What qualities must the guardians have?
courage/ not fear death; obedience; no desire for gifts or money
What is analysis?
critical thinking and breaking things down. It goes critical thinking, then logic, then everything else.
how are guardians selected
deemed most philosophical through education but told it is in their blood through the noble lie
tyrant
defined by their unlawful desires the things that most people are only there to dream about but they never do in real life
Reason/Logitikon
deliberation about the good of the whole can think ahead
city is full of freedoms like speech and ways of life
democracy
city is full of toleration and appears to be the finest and most beautiful of consitutions
democracy
What is the nature of the philosopher?
desire of all wisdom; wants to know the truth about things; can only know about what is (exists)
What does the spirited part of the soul do?
desires honor and is responsible for our feelings of anger and indignation
thrasymachus *behavior*
disrespectful, obnoxious, *lacking self-restraint/moderation*
justice and the city state
each city has a psychology. lets look at a city's constitution - a simple city starts with necessities: food, housing, clothing, commerce. the city is corrupted as a result of luxuries: spices, sauces, arts and war
what is the training for medical doctors?q
doctor needs to quickly heal the sick and injured or they heal or their own or die . 1. study all known diseases . symptoms ect. 2. direct experience of all known but curable diseases
what is wrong with the people of democracy
drunk on the unmixed wine of freedom
dialectic method
elenchus: the dialectical or socratic method process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal
key, food, drink, sex
the early education becomes the -- to purge the young men of any strong physical desires for ---, --- or ---
meaning behind ring of gyges
even though invisible, used powers for unjust causes
Soundness
every assumption is True
platonic orientation?
every human has this orientation: -everyone acts in a way to pursue what we believe to be good once we have it we keep it we have no idea what it actually is . jsut opinions
relativism
every view is held as the same; Socrates wants a definition that's not relativisitc
function
everything that has a function is either better or worse - human soul is does the "living" function for the body so if it does not have virtue then it can't function well
What is Plato's strategy in defining justice?
explicate the primary notion of societal, or political, justice, and then to derive an analogous concept of individual justice.
Zeus
father of the gods
Leotinus...
fetishized pale young boys
how does socrates view a luxurious city?
feverish
Logic truth tables
p, q, and r are "atomic terms" & p & q v p v q ~ ~ p -> p -> q <-> p <-> q And Rule: pen and pencil (you have to have both) only time you get true is if you have both.
What does the appetitive part of the soul lust after?
food, drink, sex, and especially money
virtue
for Cephalus and Polemarchus justice is a _________
yourself
for Plato, the question is not WHY you should obey but WHO you should obey. The answer to this question is:
dreams
for normal people (not tyrant) when are lawless appetites seen?
Thrasymachus' goal of expertise:
for the good of oneself - profit, gain, pleasure
Socrates' goal of expertise:
for the good of others
poetry/music
forms of imitation. the educational value of these arts is their truth
what is true understanding and justice equal to in allegory
fourth stage
Plato believes in a just individual the entire soul aims at
fulfilling the desires of the rational part
Injustice =
general wrongdoing
What are conditional statements and arguments .
give us a form . a pattern of if and then Impiety: if something is hated by the gods, then that something is impious piety: if something is loved (not hated) by gods then that something is pious
what is the initial paradox that momentarily dumbfounds socrate about the nature of the guardians? how does he resolve this
glaucon says that the guardians need to be both warriors (spirited) and gentle?) problem put another way: who guards guardians who watches watchmen solution: dog analogy: • Dogs are friendly and gentle to the people with whom they are familiar, but unfriendly, even hostile, to strangers, to people with whom they have no experience.
gold blood
guardian
true
guardian's are the only happy people in the city because they're the only ones with harmonious souls.
head of society
guardians
most philsophical
guardians
to live simple lives not controlled by money
guardians
least
guardians will be the _____ numerous of the classes
topic of war function
guardians will guard the city's morality/order; everyone else will tend to its needs/wants. the formed do ethic: the latter do economics
What is the Myth of the Ring of Gyges?
gyges is about a guy who had a ring that made him invisible . he committed crimes bc he couldnt get caught . contrast other ring went to just man but he acted no different bc he wasnt bound by fear of being cuaght
Executive order
has the power of law, judicial opinion, congressional passage
adeimantus claims that the *rulers*
have a very *diffucult* life, and to *serve the city*, the must *give up pleasures*
men & women should
have the same education, fulfilling the same roles in society
Grumpy Old People
have trouble making friends because they are hard to be around
children
the female body as a bearer of --- cannot be disassociated from her phusis by Socrates
members of democracy that don't contribute society and make political decisions but aren't concerned with others
idlers
why was it important for guardians to be supported by taxation
if aren't supported, often go elsewhere which is bad
Styles of reasoning
informal vs. formal
the good/Agathon
illuminates the forms most important form
what are shadows equivalent to in the allegory
illusions/guesses (first stage)
what is imitation? how does it relate to education, knowledge, reality
imitation people dont know shit basically . lack of knowledge and reality: no cities or schools are named after homer . u cant do shit with a painting .
When is the trial
in just a few moments
The ultimate field of study for philosopher kings is
the form of the good
purely conventional justice
individuals want to do injustice, but know they could suffer injustice too hence individuals choose justice based on self-interested calculation
Ethics
indvidiual; behavior
where do we get everything for this city?
inevitably go to war
why does adeimantus interrupt socrates after glaucon claims to have finished the argument? what does adeimantus add?
int
Sophestry
intellectual movement in Athens. Trick used to make the weaker argument seem stronger
philosopher king
is a para-doxical figure because most dont know what a true statesman is.`
what is Socrates second claim about the gods?
the god doesn't change shape
public tyrant
is even worse off than the private tyrant
socrates *refuting polymarchus'* theory
judgement can be often *skewed,* and ultimately we will end up *harming the good* and *helping the bad*
This City of God is the most _______ city.
just
The other city is a ________ city. It's more _______.
just - complex
relationship between justice/injustice and virtue/vice
justice is a virtue(showing high moral standards) not a vice (immoral or wicked)
What is a citizen in Greece
land owning male and you must serve on the jury
res publica
latin name for politics
guardian education
lawfulness, reason in the soul
Polemarch
leader in war
We need to _______ to be just.
learn
what is the final decision about what is just and unjust
life of a just person (philosopher king) happiest and life of the tyrant is the most wretched
how can kallipolis be an ideal city if guardians are unhappy
limitations -well being of the whole takes precedence over well being of the part
what is the argument for the immortality of the soul
list heaps of things that corrupt souls but do not destory . if it cant be destroyed then it is immortal
Allegory
literary device, story that represents a deeper truth
If not ruled by the rational part will...
live an unjust life.
why the first claim about gods?
the god is the source of good, and if the god causes harm then it is not good
genesis and characteristics of tyranny
love of freedom grows . "too much freedom changes into nothing but too much slavery" too much private property limits people conflict between poor and rich comes back . then redistribution of wealth . from havoc of lawsuits and made oligarchs, a leader emerges who stands up against the rich . he needs protection and gets bodyguards needs to keep chaos in the city so that they still need him . keep people poor, buy and no questions . he must purge the city of good
what will cause the timocracy to develop into an oligarchy
love of money
philodoxer
lover of opinion
Those in the City of God only care about. _______. This city is like heaven.
loving one another
What does the appetitive part of the soul do?
lusts after all sorts of things, but money most of all (since money must be used to fulfill any other base desire)
justice is
not a craft, has a *unique character*
Hades
the god of the underworld
what does Socrates want to emphasize on in training?
the gods
what are the sexual practices of guardians
marriages must be arrnged to combat sexual appetites . rulers arragne marriages using whatever tools including lying to ensure best mate . newborns taken to the pen where they are reared . no one knows who belongs to who bc of favouritism
Pythagoras
mathematician, philosopher, mystic, cult figure, Pythagorean theorem
Socrates says that justice is
minding ones own business
all agreeing who should rule; classes working together in harmony
moderation
virtue of city represented by all doing what best made to do
moderation
There is a friendly relation between the parts of the soul
moderation is achieved in man when.....
why do oligarchies work
money allows you to get stuff done and can buy way into rule
why would philosophers rule best
most adequately trained and would prefer not to rule
relationship between virtue, (excellence) and material wealth
most rich and powerful people dont have virtue
what is censored by socrates in this just city? be sure to address both content and style
music and education are the main things censored . styles: 1. unfied and unchanging: it imitates only that which is best 2. divers and changing . imitates everything SECOND IS censored . music allowed: 1. war promoting 2. peace keeping
what does the allegory of the cave equal
nature of education
what did socrates say the luxurious city needed after deciding people will eat meat
need more doctors
what does it mean to have each focus on one art?
need more people
How bug should the city be?
not too bug bc it must remain stable; Auxiliaries can possess common wives
what makes the feverish city so feverish?
now theres more jobs like desserts and jewelry makers and shit like that . the city is now rapidly growing bc people take what they want brings injury and disease
the myth of Er tells
of death and reincarnation
ruling based on a property assessment allowing only the rich to rule
oligarchic state
the rule of the rich
oligarchy
wealth greatly valued and admired in this gov
oligarchy
judgement and legislation
on the top of the pyramid - ruler guardians - Socrates- type with full knowledge
warrior, necessary
once the luxurious state is developed the need for a -- class becomes --- a class that itself must be purged of all desires for deligts
What do S and T both agree on in justice/injustice debate?
one just man will not compete with another just man, but will compete with an unjust man
topic of war expertise
one must live justly to be a guardian; everyone else lack this qualification. the former have knowledge of justice, the latter have right beliefs
aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, tyranny
order that city decays into
what causes shift from oligarchy to democracy
ordinary people are exploited further and reduced to poverty causing them to revolt
Sophist:
paid teacher of oratory and virtue (goal was self improvement/gain)
Free soul =
parts of soul have their needs (four virtues)
first thing philosophers must do if they become rulers of any city in order to quickly and easily set up the kallipolis?
peopl older than ten will be sent to the country . taken far away from original dispositions .
Crito
phi
FIVE constitution in both city and soul (how virtuous, how powerful, and how happy)
philosopher is 729 times happier than tyrant . happiest to least happy
falsehoods
philosophers hate ---
moderate
the healthy person is ____________, not overfeeding their appetites but even this person has lawless and horrible desires
Which of the following classes of society populates the first city?
producers
proposed punishments
proposed= death counter== free meals for life cant fine bc no money . prison? what would he do there exile is ludicrous . will always be on the run . verdict comes back overwhelmingly for death
What is piety?
quality of being religious
what is the trip partite soul
rational, appetitive, spirited
Book 4: The Tri-partite Soul
rational/reason: wisdom and temperance/moderation spirited: courage appetitive: temperance/moderation -rational and spirited part help control the appetitive part -rational part: developed by mathematics and dialogue -spirited part: developed by music and gymnastics -appetitive part: already developed
how does the marriage lottery work
randomly assigned spouses from same social classes for a year to produce kids and live together
the five regimes . how are they ranked from healthiest to sickest
ranked: 1. aristocracy (rule of the best) 2. timocracy (rule of honor loving) 3. oligarchy (rule of money loving) 4. democracy (rule of the freedom loving) 5. tyranny (rule fo the erotic, appetite entire)
destroyed
rather, she is --- as a women in order to participate
piety
religious devotion
The Analogy of the divided line
represents levels of intellect
beauty
the idea is the reality of beauty itself. without this idea/reality of beauty, no beautiful things could exist
The noble lie
the idea that people are all made of gold, bronze, or silver
how is the city of oligarchy divided
rich against poor
what causes the rise of beggars and thieves in oligarchies
rich take property from some but still allow them to live in the city
Ring of Gyges
ring lets people turn invisible - person in story seduces queen and kills king - shows that nature of people is to be unjust, we just don't do this because of consequences
how did glaucon react to the basic city
said they are feasting without luxury; founding a city for pigs (too simple) -wouldn't live in this type of society
philosopher, deception
saxonhouse suggests that the --- in the ideal state must rule by ---
what are socrates' criticisms of polemarchus' conception of justice. and how does he respond
says that this view of justice would be popular among the rich who think highly of themselves . to do harm to a human makes him more unjust not more just .
corresponds to the just or aristocratic soul
the ideal republic
Dialectic
seeking the truth
What does the rational part of the soul do?
seeks after truth and is responsible for our philosophical inclinations
significance of hemlock
sentenced to death by hemlock . vast majority who die from this suffer painful deaths .
what is a polis?
the individual political entities of the Greeks
philosopher, politics
she equates the --- to the female and indicates that neither wants to participate in ---
what are the four needs for a city to survive?
shelter, food, shoes, clothes
conditions posed upon socrates in proving that it is better to be just than unjust
show justice desirable apart from reputation and from fear of gods
ring of gyges
shows how people while behave unjustly when they are *aware* that there will be *no consequences*
What 3 metaphors does Socrates use to explain the Form of Good
the sun, the line, and the cave.
sun analogy
since sun is what makes all light ultimately possibe, the sun is what makes the visible posible sun makes sight possible but isnt light itself . SOOOOO sun is good . without it cannot see, cannot act . how we understand the visible world and helps our body\ the good also makes possible knowledge, truth but is not identical to them
Why does Socrates argue the happiness of the auxiliaries does not matter?
since the city represents the soul, happiness of the city as a whole matters, not the individual
What is techne?
skill/ ability (Artisan)
why does a tyrant stir up war
so people will continue to feel the need for a leader
justice in ethics
specialization of labor, justice means each part does the job for which it is most naturally suited. part of a city and part of a soul is better than doing anything
emotional/honor driven part of soul
spirited
part of soul related to auxiliary
spirited
If you have courage you...
stand up for what's right.
auxiliaries *should not* be exposed to
stories containing -*bad* gods -*falsehoods* -*hatred* -*plotting*
what are the characteristics of the best student?
strong souls, have courage . fully committted
Forms are
the thing you can rely on when talking about reality, truth, because they are always the same and pure.
what type of good does glaucon believe in?
the third type
Epistemology What is the difference between episteme and techne?
study of knowledge
Theologians
study of religions
Anxiology
study of value
how are the people treated in a tyranny
subjected to the harshest and most bitter slavery
Successful soul =
successful life
Successful life =
successful soul
Socrates compares the form of the good to the
sun
What is the analogy of the sun?
sun: what is seen :: good : intellect allows the soul to know things > everyone has an idea in their head as to what a chair is, for example, and so they do too about justice
rationalism
take apart from the top down
Book 3
teach guardians to not fear death . must prove claims of good people are unjust are false before u ban them . forbid things that are viscious, unrestrained, lavish, and graceless physical training of war
Socratic Method
teaching by questioning
Cephalus:
tell the truth, pay your debts (justice of the older generation) separated from is appetites
unison
temperance is when the three parts of your soul act in ______________
socrates resoltuion to the problem of the money-less army of the guardians and their ability to fight off a rich army?
the inshape and well trained boxer will be able to fight several out of sape and lazy people at the same time . so will the city's guardians also can bribe other armies to help by bribing them with that bad guys money
What is Thrasymachus's definition of justice?
the interest of the stronger
Why do producers not have family restrictions?
their patriotism does not matter The producers' only political task is to obey.
how does happiness relate to the activities of the guardians and auxiliaries?
they are hapiest bc unity produces the greatest happiness . and they are good at that
Plato says the rulers are________________
those who don't want to be rulers
what special nature was required of guardians
to be spirited (courageous/honorable) and philosophical (have knowledge)
less beneficial justice
to be unjust but appear just is the best situation. to be just but appear unjust is the worst
why do philosophers want to go back into the cae
to bring others out
what is the duty of the philosopher
to educate society
IN the same image of the soul, the many-coloredd, many-headed beast that has a ring of heads represents the desiring part of the soul
true
Socrates says that opinion is concerned with the world of becoming rather than the world of being
true
false
true are false. Guardians are NOT chosen from soldier groups and made into guardians.
true
true or false. Thrasymachus says that the unjust person always gets more out of life than the just person. Deep down we all want to be the tyrant so we can get away with injustice.
government in a state of constant war
tyranny
one person in charge
tyranny
what government comes out of failed democracy
tyranny
initially loved but becomes hated by the citizens
tyrant
man of people who will help rule against wealthy
tyrant
needs large bodyguard and most plot against those who are large minded knowledgeable or rich
tyrant
Ppl wanting things in the L city naturally causes us to be _________.
unjust
Glaucon argues that the perfectly ______ life is more desirable than the perfectly _____ life
unjust, just completely unjust gets riches, completely just gets f**ked. Adeimantus agrees
Health of Soul states that if parts of body are _____ or _____ (_____), intrinsically bad. (like 2 parts of the city/state). It's the same with the soul. If...
unwell - meddling - diseased If part of soul isn't doing its job eel, it's sick and diseased -> intrinsically and inherently bad.
Dialectics
use reason and logic/questioning- the goal is to obtain truth (Socratic method), form of discourse
what is the moral of the first ring in the story of the two rings?
used for their own benefit, loved by all
ancient greek ethics
very different, job of everyone is to obtain as much justice as they can in their own life
Justice: the city/state as a whole. The _____ of the whole city.
virtue
What are the realms the world is divided into?
visible (which we grasp with our senses) and the intelligible (which we only grasp with our mind)
what is the process of the four stages of enlightenment
visible to intelligable
socrates response to adeimantus' claim about rulers
we are not aiming to make a *group happy* rather the *whole city* happy/excellent
unconcealement
we know all these things but we're always forgetting them, unconcealing them
why does socrates want to start the city
we need to come together, we rely on each other because there's not enough time in a day to do it all
what is the principle of non-contradiction? why is it so importatn
we say that "a predicate p and a predicate ~p cannot both belong to the same subject, s, at the same time and in the same respect." E.g., a spinning top.
Plato believes that if we were ruled by the appetitive part...
we would be a slave to our biology, same as animals.
what is the downfall of the democracy
wealthy people organize to protect themselves, civil war breaks out, the common people call on a champion who wages war against the rich
body, philosopher, soul
while the female is brought into politics through a disregard for her -- the --- enters politics through a disregard for his ---
women guardians, no families, philosopher kings
what are the three waves to Socrates' wave metaphor?
craft, unity, function
what are the three ways that Socrates tries to refute Thrasymachus's argument?
censorship
what does Socrates think we need to have to control the stories in the city? - Gods must only be represented as good -no true lies
social disorder
what happens when you don't do your own job?
you're too harsh
what happens when you have too much physical training?
Potter who becomes wealthy will not pay attention to his craft. Will become idle and careless and worse at job. If poorer, will not be able to afford good tools, work will get worse. Guardians must guard against wealth and poverty
why does wealth corrupt? Why does poverty corrupt?
the just city
will asssign jobs to individuals according to their qualifications. these jobs are in 1. ruling 2. helping rule 3. providing for needs/wants
how will the fighting class behave in a timocracy
will not engage in farming or crafts and will continually eat communally, but will amass wealth secretly
relationship between soul, body, music, and gymnastics? what happens to both body and soul if music or gymansitc is negected in favor of the other?
without purpose soul becomes wretched and since its the soul that makes body good a bad sould will make a bad body .
Pleasure
witty people, accidental, easily replaced Young because they are more emotional Very quick
participating
women far from ---
what is the one single law to which all other laws serve in the just city?
• All things in the city must be arranged such that "friends have all things in common."
How does socrates show that justice is actually stronger than injustice?
• The prospect of success for a group of people doing wrong is greater if they don't wrong each other, must treat each other justly. • So function of injustice is to produce hatred, so makes men incapable of any joint undertaking. has same result in any setting: renders any common action impossible in groups and the individual suffers internal conflicts and a 'variance with himself and with all who are just'
Plato's ideal society
A cynic society where people live very simply
Why does Plato forbid homosexual intercourse?
Heterosexual intercourse must be tolerated because it is necessary for procreation, but homosexual intercourse, he believed, serves no end but the fulfillment of physical pleasure. Since homosexual intercourse is useless, it cannot be good or beautiful. Whatever is neither good nor beautiful should be avoided.
Guardians are the ________ class. These are the ________ metal.
Highest - Gold
Gold is the ________ class. These are the ________.
Highest - Guardians
What is the degredation?
Of an aristocracy, to timoracry, to oligarchy to democarcy and to tyranny
Xenophan
Wrote about Socrates - in this he is less of a know it all
Timocracy
Second best; combo of rational and spirited; values honor
Moderation
Self control. Kind of harmony. That which the better rules the worse.
what are physical things equal to in allegory
beliefs (second stage)
Ideas can be pure essence of a thing, Plato calls this
"The Forms"
what is to agathon?
"The Good"
What does Glaucon call the city?
"The city of pigs"
Tyrant and war
"must always be provoking war' -high level of war taxation enable him to reduce population to poverty and force them to attend to surviving instead of plotting against him -Suspects anyone of not submitting can hand them over to enemy
Ad Hominem
"to the man", attack the person
Logic literal definition
"valid reasoning"
Values of democrats to gain power
-make themselves masters by force of arms. -call shame silliness and drive it into disgrace and exile -call self-control cowardice and expel it with abuse -call on a lot of useless desires to help them banish economy and moderation which they maintain are mere 'provincial parsimony;
Moderation is
A harmony about who should rule and who should be ruled so that desires are mastered
What is ephemeras?
A human being which only lives for a day
What does Plato state about the health of a man's soul and the desires he aims to fulfill?
A just soul is a soul that pursues the right desires.
philosophers care about
ALL wisdom/essences while the *lovers of sights and sounds* look at *instances* of *manifestations* of these essences, never questioning what the *truly are*
if they don't then worse people will rule
According to Socrates, why do just people rule?
One good feature of Timocracy
Ambition and competitive spirit
What is socratic method
Asking questions about everything. Question everything.
Just state/indiv soul (auxiliary part)
Auxiliaries = spirited part -desires victory, competition, power -protects with courage and moderation
Thrasymarchus
B1 Doesn't like socrates Wouldn't give def, of justice without being paid- Glaucon ended up paying him Sophist def: (3rd) Advantaged people are more just Opp Socrates: Who do the laws benefit
Polemarchus
B1 Son of Cephalus Martyr for democracy def: (2nd) Telling the truth and giving to friends and enemies what they deserve Opp Socrates: A skill is required to help others
What's Socrates' opinion of justice? What kind of good?
Both intrinsic and instrumental
Book 1: 3 Inadequate definitions of Justice
Cephalus: tell the truth, pay your debts (justice of the older generation) Polemarchus: justice is giving each man his due; giving good to friends and bad to enemies (justice of the middle generation) Thrasymachus: interest of the stronger; might is right; justice of the sophists (justice of the younger generation)
Selection of Rulers
Children are looked at from a young age to see how they act they identify with the intrests of the people the ideal ruler identifies his/her own intrests with that of the city
5. Honouring the gods
Buying and cleaning temples, appropriate ceremonies
What are the three parts of the tripartite soul?
Calculating (rational), spirited, irrational
Care of oligarchs
Care for nothing but making money -Have no greater concern for excellence than poor
Meditations Dedication
Decartes did not want to use circular reasoning example- God--->Bible--->God
Meditation IV- Concerning the True and the False
Descartes believes if he uses his faculty of judgement correctly he can not be mistaken, error depends on the faculties of "knowing" and "willing", knowing by itself (although limited) can not be in error and willing is as infinite as god's, it is only the concurrence of these two that cause error,
Auxiliaries role
Enforce laws. They are the policing force.
What is fallacy?
Error in logic. Who i am has nothing to do with valid argument
Hubris
Greek for arrogance
What is Socrates's personality like?
He can be condescending. He does not care what he has to go through.
Virtue
Health. Well being of the soul
What poet does PLato love best?
Homer
How does justice in the individual measure to justice in society in comparing power?
In a just individual, the rational part of the soul rules, the spirited part of the soul supports this rule, and the appetitive part of the soul submits and follows wherever reason leads. rational = guardian spirited = auxiliaries appetitive = producers
2. Describe the opening scene of this dialogue, wherein Socrates and Glaucon are returning to the upper-city of Athens after having spent some time in its port, the Piraeus. What happens to them as they journey home, and what do this scene and its little events symbolize and foreshadow?
Introduces characters and their natures. Socrates goes down to Piraeus is a reference to the cave. Adeimantus - Lover of sight and sounds Socrates - Values knowledge, truth, discussion. This is depicted by his interest in the festival and the potential discussion. (Why don't you use wisdom to convince me instead of force). Glaucon - Highlights his relationship with Socrates. Polemarchus - It's a win / lose situation, threatens force. Foreshadows: The confrontation foreshadows the nature of their souls and how the conversation will go.
Polemarchus' Definition of Justice
It is just to give to each what is owed to him, unless harmfull
Of whom has it been said that Plato rationalized into existence three hundred years before his birth?
Jesus Christ
Juries are
Judge and jury No lawyers Not bound by precedence and no appeals
How does the just city/state relate to the soul.
Just like the city/state was tree parts, so does the soul.
Aristocracy
Just regime Best form
What is the ultimate form of study?
Mathematics
Definition of tyrannical man
One who either by birth or habit or both combines the characteristics of drunkenness, lust and madness.
What is the only thing that is by nature private?
One's body.
What is special about the Forms?
Only the Forms are objects of knowledge, because only they possess the eternal unchanging truth that the mind—not the senses—must apprehend.
What is doxa?
Opinion
What is in the middle of Knowledge and Ignorance?
Opnion
Response to Polemarchus
People can make mistakes and hurt their friends and help thei enemies
In the ideal city, who should the doctors deal with?
People who have single, curable, illnesses. Don't deal with chronic illness.
what is philosophia?
Philosophy- The love of wisdom. I do not have wisdom I seek it.
Types of training for a soldier
Physical- become strong Musical- literature, poetry-Focus on GODS because they represent an ideal
1st critique
Polemarchus died as part of the 30 tyrants trying to overthrow democracy (either fight us or join us)
Validity
Premisses imply conclussions
Oligarchy
Rule by the rich minority Dominated by a desire for wealth, not honor Emerges out of increasing greediness How much an individual own is seen as qualifier for ruling City of the rich vs. the city of the poor (constantly on the verge of civil war) Ineffective in war because the ruling elite are unwilling to arm the commoners or donate funds to the defense
What are guardians dominated by?
Rulers are dominated by their rational faculties and strive for wisdom.
Limits
Since guardians only get basic food and shelter it's only fair to limit tradesmen correct? Guardians Limit tradesmen income- not too wealthy or poor
Extreme of popular liberty
Slaves, male and female have same rights as owners and complete equality and liberty in relations between sexes
Auxiliaries
Soldiers
Medieval Christian Philosphers
St. Augustine-wrote about free will and destiny, original sin St. Anseim- uses rationalization to teach religion St. Thomas Aquinas- Italian, natural theology, you can learn through nature, Summa Theologica "The Five Ways", Contempory of Donte
Injustice
Strays from the three parts of the soul. A rebellion
One's Own
The Family (The city as whole)
What is the Form of Good?
The Form of the Good is responsible for all knowledge, truth, and for the knowing mind. It is the cause of the existence of the Forms in the intelligible realm, and the source for all that is good and beautiful in the visible realm. It is not surprising, then, that it is the ultimate aim of knowledge.
Eudaimonea
The Goal in winning life
Where does wisdom lie in the city?
The Guardians
What group does Plato have in mind when describing timocracy?
The Spartans
Thrasymachus' Definition of Justice
The advantage of the stronger
Thrasymarchus definition of justice
The advantage of the stronger
What is the Academy?
The first university founded by Plato
"The republic" is trying to get
The form of justice
Who are the characters in the Crito?
The guard, Crito, Socrates
What is the big idea of the Republic?
The just man is happier than the unjust man
What is an opinion?
The middle ground between what is and what isn't
What is kind of like modern Santa Clause? Why?
The myth of the metals. Because it is simply a ploy to make kids behave. People behave good (instead of naughty). Kids don't understand how to do good, they must be tricked.
What does Socrates see to be a vital component in education? What are the guidelines?
The relationship between a boy and a man. Don't let them have sex
Individual Justice is a result of _________
The structure of the soul
Why is it important for Plato to use the tripartite soul similar to the tripartite society?
The three-part division of the soul is crucial to Plato's overall project of offering the same sort of explication of justice whether applied to societies or individuals.
Why won't there be wealth or poverty in the city?
There is no money
How is currency in the just city?
There is no money. To which Admeimantus replies, a city with no money will be invaded. Socrates points out our warriors will protect us and we can bribe neighboring cities to help.
Describe guardian's relationship between a man and a boy
They can't have sex. Only a pure sort of love.
What should the guardian's physical training resemble?
This training should resemble the sort involved in training for war, rather than the sort that athletes engage in.
ruler(s)
Who acts as judges in city's courts?
It has good judgement
Why is the city described as 'wise'?
craft
a person tries to be better at their job then someone who doesn't know how to do their job - but, a tyrant thinks they should be better than everyone which means that they don't have wisdom/knowledge
The ladder of truth
all humans are in the process of climbing the ladder
socrates *places justice*
as something valued for *themselves and outcome*, saying it is *rewarding, and good alone*
what is Socrates first claim about the gods?
god doesn't cause harm
what is Socrates third claim about the gods?
god doesn't lie
purpose of glaucon's challenge to socrates at the beginning of the book
he is in a theoretical defense of thrasymachus . who said that is is only an instrumental good . socrates says that is is both .
how is money a necessary appetite
it is a means to purchase the necessary appetites
why is justice in the soul//city?
justice include all other virtures. justice is the proper ordering of the city's strat and the soul's elements - truth- rational element - dominant faculty for socrates-type - has an ethical purpose deciding between good and bad
major difference between plato democracy and modern
lottery participation
Describe philsophers
only class of men to possess knowledge and are also the most just men. Their souls, more than others, aim to fulfil the desires of the rational part.
What kind of property should the guardians have?
only what is commonly held
final class
people who are here to be ruled, to be guided, guarded and improved. this is the great mass of humankind - everyone else
difference between knowledge, opinion, ignorance
some can love food color or whatever . know nothing of real truth and beauty . K= is of what is and always is . unchanging . being ignorance . = what is not. nothing opinion=in betweens. becoming
Justice is...
something human
trained orators who didn't have clear philosophy
sophists
temperance, self control
sophrosune
the *pain of suffering* is *greater*
than the *pleasure* of *hurting*
*AMBIVILANCE* shows
that *parts* of the soul EXIST
women, guardian, de-sexed
the -- that wil be included in the --- class must be --- (almost without body, and more important without eros)
democracy
the regime that is built on freedom
timocracy
the regime that is built on honor
aristocracy
the regime that is built on justice (the just regime)
spirit
this is the courage part of the soul
why are guardians needed in Kallipolis
to rule and protect
you're too soft
what happens when you listen to too much music?
metaphysics
what is real or what exists
Philosophy
"Love of Wisdom"
What does Socrates call pseudo-intellectuals
"Lovers of sight and sound"
callipolis
"the beautiful city" - city is unified- parts are harmonized in the whole - city is ordered- the political "body" is a hierarchy. - The city is excellent- it aims at ethical flourishing - the city is happy- it produces lasting satisfactions - it is not created by human beings but is created by nature
final words of socrates . what do they mean .
"we owe a cock to asclepius (god of healing). plesae dont forget to pay a debt
For thrasymachus, justice is_____ ____ and injustice is _______ _____
'Supreme simplicity' common sense
healthy and unhealthy things are for the body
'just and unjust actions are no different for the soul than _______'
Nomos
(Law, convention) name convention
World of Sense: S1
(Opinion or Belief) - Phenomenon of the visible world Things we see Things made by humans NOT FORMS because only things we see
aristocratic
(ruled by the best) - ruled by rational part of sould truth and justice (object of love)
timocracy
(ruled by the courageous) harmony (object of love)
democracy
(ruled by the unnecessary appetites) freedom (object of love)
oligarchy
(ruled by the wealthy) - ruled by necessary appetites love (object of love)
Nietzsche
* Friedrich (Wilhelm) Nietzsche * October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900 19th Century Philosopher * (German) * Literary Figure * Philology= study of words * Social Criticism * Fiery Personality * Illnesses Ideas The Will to Power The Death of God Ubermensch Works Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883) Beyond Good and Evil (1886) On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)
an *individual,* like the city must have the following *elements*
*rational element* (truth) *spirited element* (honor) *appetites* (everything else)
Features of the Timocratic individual (will & ambition)
- Self-willed -Ready to listen but incapable of expressing himself. -His qualifications not the ability to speak but military achievements and soldierly qualities -fond of exercise and hunting
introduction to republic
- Socrates wanted to know if he had wisdom. he embarrassed alot of wise men in the process. he was eventually condemned to death - Socrates being put to death made Plato question Athenian democracy because Socrates was the most just person he had ever met
second class
- auxiliary guardians - glaucon- type with partial knowledge - have knowledge but didn't arrive at it themselves
what are the pros and cons of devoting to only one skill?
- become an expert - you don't have time or skill for others - rely on others
plato legacy
- claims that knowledge qualifies one for rule. his republic is an aristocracy of knowledge. - plato starts the blueprint model or architectonic tradition of political philosophy in the west
socrates, ethics and political power
- ethics has got to aim at politics somehow. ethics and politics are in the same order. use political power to craft people's souls. point of government is to improve people morally. socrates wants to use that power for the good. justice is the key to making politics more ethical
4 ethics
- justice - courage - wisdom - moderation
thrasymachus
- lack charater (ethos). he is a corrupter - argues for gain. he is celver, confident and charismatic; his technique- considered "useful"- is long speeches - loves money, power and winning and believes that the goal is to win - believes justice is just a word.
threshold of any "healthy" desires
- love of wisdom - love of winning- this love is still a passion, is not a cheap sentiment a true passion or a true love. a passion for distinction. when they want to be recognized as the best and truly excellent - love of profit of ordinary person- love sensuality, bodily pleasures and money
why expand the city?
- luxuries lead to this necessity - not a real city of people
sophists
- popular opinion confused philosophers with sophists:sophists give philosophers a bad name they know how to please a crowd
ruling guardians= philosopher-kings
- proposal is unlikely, but not impossible. it requires the least amount of change in current practices - philosophers should become kings or kinds/princes should become philosophers - the proposal is monarchical and aristocratic. it is also anti-oligarchic and anti-democratic
ship example
- ship=the state - the ship owner= the demos, big and strong, but short sighted; little knowledge of sailing - the crew=politicians. fight for control despite little knowledge of sailing;drug, steal from owner. - the(true) navigator= philosopher. a "useless stargazer", minds their business; knows their art/craft
socrates legacy
- socrates proposes that a critical philosophy is an interrogation of a society's values - socrates died because he was believed to have corrupted the youth - while dying socrates said in front of his disciples we should be thinking about why you should not be afraid of death.
why should non-philosophers trust the judgement of the philosopher regarding happiness
- the philosopher has experienced everything that lovers of honor and profit have experienced. - the philosopher knows the difference between pleasures/releases from pain - happiness comes from excellence: the highest pleasure comes from the highest excellence
reality
- two worlds, the material world, and the world of ideas and it exist only in ideas- in the world of ideas you have got the good, you have got an object and an eye is interacting with it.
what are the flaws to devoting themselves to satisfy each need?
- you don't need new each day - you don't have the skill for each - you don't always have the time to do all
Domestic animal analogy"
-"The dog comes to resemble its mistress" -They are in the habit of walking about the street with a grand freedom and bump into people they meet if they don't get out of their way. -Everything full of this spirit of liberty
education of an auxiliary
-*music and poetry* -physical *training* -*CENSORSHIP* of works promoting the *wrong values*, *FALSE STORIES* -fine, beautiful stories
*classes* in plato's republic
-*rulers/guardians* -*auxiliaries/army* -*craftsmen/working people*
*4 virtues* necessary in *THE CITY*
-*wisdom* (guardians) -*courage* (auxiliaries) -*moderation* (agreement among all) -*justice*
2nd proof as to why the tyrant is the unhappiest of individuals
-3 forms of pleasure that correspond to 3 different forms of desire/rule -Love for money is dangerous because money is finite/instrumental -Love for honor is dangerous because it's dependent upon others (love for money, love for honor, love for learning) -Each type of person claims pleasure in what gives them the greatest satisfaction -Only the philosopher has experienced all 3 types of pleasure with his unique knowledge, and can claim which is correct through his knowledge of the forms
What does Plato say is the best safeguard?
-A blend of reason and a properly trained imagination. -Only thing whose presence will preserve the excellence of its possessor intact through life.
Distinct characteristics of Timocracy
-A fear of admitting intelligent people to office because intelligence is no longer combined with simplicity and sincerity -Prefer simpler, hearty types who prefer war to peace -Admire the tricks and stratagems which are needed in war, which will be its constant occupation.
Worst defect of oligarchy
-A man can sell his all his property and live on as a member of society without any real function. -Not businessman, craftsman e.t.c -Merely one of 'indigent poor'
What are three proofs why justice is better than injustice?
-A tyrant has no friends or freedom -The tripartite soul- the lover of wisdom is the happiest -Pleasure vs. pain
How does Oligarchy originate from Timocracy?
-Accumulation of wealth in private hands destroys Timocracy. -Men and women find ways to become extravagant, pervert the law and disobey it. -Mutual observation and jealousy stamps the same character on the entire ruling class.
What are necessary desires also called?
-Acquisitive desires -For practical usefulness
Unnecessary desires
-All desires which can be got rid of with practice, if we start young -presence of desire does us no good or positive harm -e.g desire for a more varied and luxurious diet
Who are beggars drones in society?
-All except ruling class are beggars. -Plenty of stinging drones in the shape of criminals whom the government is careful to hold in restraint.
Democrat on pleasures
-All pleasures are equal and should have equal rights -live from day to day indulging pleasure of the moment -No order and restraint in his life and he reckons that his way of living is pleasant, free and happy, and sticks to it through thick and thin
Conclusion about democracy
-Anarchic form of society -Plenty of variety which treats all men as equal whether they are equal or not.
Part 2 of Timocratic analogy of father & man - THE BOY
-Boy sees how those who mind their own business are publicly called silly and not thought of much while those who do get honour and glory -He gears and sees this while also listening to his father and learns more about his way of life.
How will this inquiry into imperfect states help Plato's argument?
-Complete inquiry into the relative happiness and unhappiness which pure justice or injustice bring to the possessor. -Know whether to agree with Thrasymachus- pure injustice -or side with justice which they have been examining
Intro to tyranny
-Conflict of rich and poor in democracy -Tyrant's rise as popular champion; his private army and the growth of oppression
Effect of bad leaders. Democracy -- Tyranny
-Democratic society in thirst for liberty may fall under the influence of bad leaders who intoxicate it with excessive quantities of the neat spirit -unless the authorities are very mild and give it lot of liberty it will curse them and oligarchs will punish them
Necessary desires
-Desires we can't avoid, or whose satisfaction benefits us. -e.g desire to eat enough for health and fitness and the desire for the bread and meat requisite for the purpose.
What will the Timocratic man be like as he grows older?
-Despise money but gets keener about it the older he grows -His nature has a touch of avarice and there are flaws in his character because he has lost his best safeguard.
Democracy-dress analogy
-Diversity of characters like different colours in a patterned dress make it look very attractive -Many people e.g women and children would thus judge it as being the best society -see gaily coloured things
Why is it better to be just?
-Divine rewards -Humans will honor the just-Rewards in the afterlife
Types of people and corresponding desires
-Drone type will- swayed by a mass of unnecessary pleasures and desires. -Thrifty oligarchic type swayed by necessary ones
What is one major educational law in a Timocracy?
-Educated by force rather than persuasion -Neglect of the true principles of a rational philosophic education -An over-evaluation of physical at the expense of intellectual training.
myth of Er
-Er= a man who died and came back to say what happened to him -he says: there's two doors, one going to heaven and the other to hell -some souls couldn't reach heaven, such as the tyrannical souls -all souls get to choose a new soul, all responsibility lies with the soul chooser NOT Gods. The chooser can see all the souls and see all about their lives. Socrates says that at this stage it is essential to have all the knowledge to make the correct decision -philosophy=the art that allows the souls to choose and we need this art to choose our next soul well -interpretation of myth is that if people aren't just then there will be punishment in the afterlife
What wrong decision will the philosopher kings make triggering the breakdown of society?
-Even though trained rulers trained for the city are wise -Reason and observation will not always enable them to know/establish correctly the right times for breeding (hit vs miss) -When they miss them then children will be begotten amiss.
Oligarchic to democratic man process (2)
-Exiled desires are succeeded by others akin to them which are nursed in secret -Meet dangerous people again "Lotus-eaters" and is indoctrinated with pretentious fallacies and opinions and isolated by group from friends and family
What is a tyrant also known as?
-Faithless man -Worst type of man, behaves as badly in his waking life as some men do in their dreams.
the challenge of the republic
-Glaucon and adimantus believe that justice in its conventional sense is overrated - believe justice is purely conventional, involuntarily practiced, less beneficial than injustice
Sailor analogy- oligarchy
-If one chose ships' captains on grounds of wealth and never gave a poor man a command even if he was the better sailor -There would be bad navigation-Same for every form of authority including political authority
Security, assassination tyrant
-If unable to banish tyrant or set people against him and kill him, they form a secret conspiracy to assassinate him -lead to safety concerns and demand for a personal bodyguard to preserve their champion for the people. -overthrows all opposition and grasps the reins of the state and stands no longer as champion but as complete tyrant
Times of danger shifting perceptions
-In moments of danger, rich man no longer despises the poor. -Poor man fights next to rich man who has had sheltered life. -Conclude ruling class are rich because their subjects are cowards and that they should revolt
Societal chance to oligarchy vs individual change to oligarch
-In society, the change takes place when one party brought in sympathisers from outside to help it. -Change in young man occurs when one or other types of desires in him gets assistance from kindred and similar desires outside him
Where do you see an oligarch's criminal desires at work?
-In the handling of guardianship of orphans or of any matter where he has plenty of scope for dishonesty. -High reputation for honesty in business transactions is due merely to a certain respectable constraint which he exercises over his evil impulses for fear of their effect on his concerns as a whole -No moral conviction or taming of desire by reason but only the compulsion of fear.
What will the mixed metals result in?
-Inconsistent and uneven material produced. -Whose irregularities, wherever they occur must endanger war and hatred, -That is the pedigree of strife wherever it happens.
What are the classes Glaucon states goods can be broken up into
-Intrinsic -Instrumental -Mixed bag
The perfect number
-Just as for the divine creature there is a perfect number, for humans there is also one. -This whole geometric number controls the process of breeding and determines the quality of births.
Plato on seasons
-Just as there are natural cycles governing plants and animals -there are seasons of fertility and infertility of both mind and body
Why do people become drones?
-Lack of education -Bad upbringing -Bad form of government
Groups in democracy
-Largest group with high amount of freedom- leaders from here and try to impose opinions -Group from the mass- the rich -Mass of people who take little interest in politics and aren't well off. Largest class. Once assembled are supremed
Democracy to tyrant
-Leaders rob the rich, keep as much f proceeds as they can for themselves and distribute the rest to the people. -Accused by rivals of plotting against people and being reactionaries and oligarchs -Impeachments and trials follow -People put forward a single popular leader who they 'nurse' to greatness
Features of the Timocratic individual (education)
-Less well educated (has some interest in the arts) -Harsh to slaves because imperfect education left him without proper sense of superiority over them -Polite to fellow-freemen and obey authorities readily
Characteristics of democracy
-Liberty and freedom of speech -Everyone arranges their life according to what pleases them the most -Leads to greatest variety of individual character
Ultimate downfall of democracy
-Liberty greatest merit of democratic society and what makes it suitable for a man of free spirit to live in -An excessive desire for liberty at the expense of everything else is what undermines democracy leading to demand of tyranny.
How does tyrannical man live?
-Life is a round of extravagant feasts and orgies and sex -Extra crop of desires growing each day and needing satisfaction -Spends all he has, borrows and squanders that, resorts to robbing others and exploiting family
Similar characteristics between Timocracy & oligarchy
-Love of money -Fierce and secret passion for gold and silver now it can be hidden in private property/houses and can be spent lavishly on wives or anything
Part 1 of Timocratic analogy of father & man - THE FATHER
-Man whose father is a good man lives in badly run state -Father is reserved and avoids politics
How will money be acquired in Timocracy?
-Many not be acquired openly -Ready enough to spend other people's money for their own satisfaction. -They will enjoy their pleasure in secret, avoiding the law like truant children
Meanness/miserliness of oligarch
-Mean and poor competitor for any success or ambitious achievement in public life. -unwilling to spend money in struggle for distinction - scared of stirring for distinction and scared of stirring up a lot of expensive desires to fight on the side of his ambition
How does the transformation of the oligarchic man to the democratic man begin?
-Mean oligarchic character may have a son whom he will bring up in his own ways. -He will forcibly restrain himself from those pleasures which lead to expense rather than profit, the unnecessary' pleasures.
Multiplication of drones/beggars
-Money makers focused on business don't notice them but continue to demand loans whenever they find victims and raise interest rates on initial investment -Drones & beggars multiply
Part 2 of Timocratic analogy of father & man - THE MOTHER
-Mother always complains that her husband isn't in office, avoids money politics and law - as she is looked down upon it for that reason -Doesn't neglect her but doesn't take her seriously. -She is annoyed & tells her son that her father is too easy going and not a real man.
no families
-NO marriage -people who breed will do so in the interest of the rulers, lies and deceptions to make this happen -babies taken away after birth so no family connections are made -reason to abolish private marriage and child/mother attachment is bc parents love their kids and want what is best for them, even if it puts other kids at a disadvantage and means their kids aren't acting right - this would not allow the city to be as much of a single body as possible
Neglect effects - REVOLUTION
-Neglect & encouragement of extravagance in oligarchy reduces people born for better things to poverty. -Debts, disenfranchisement, both and so these men settled down armed with stings and plot against those who have deprived them of their property and against the rest of society - REVOLUTION
Nature of oligarch
-Never at peace with himself -Has a kind of dual personality in which the better desires on the whole master the worse. -Has a certain degree of respectability but comes nowhere near the real goodness of an integrated and balanced character
Oligarch- education
-Never gave any attention to oligarch -Otherwise, wouldn't have promoted blind actor (avarice) to play a chief part. -Lack of education breeds desires in him, like the pauper and criminal drones which his general carefulness keeps under restraint
Criticism of democracy
-No compulsion to exercise authority if capable or submit to authority if you don't want to. Only works in short run -Doesn't mind what habits or backgrounds politicians are provided that they profess themselves the people's friends, they are duly honoured
Political Instutions
-No written constitutions -No laws because people know how to behave -Laws are a sign of sick polity -Relies on well trained appetitive to resolve problems
Note- society and individual vs people
-Not all individuals in each society can be of the type corresponding to it. -e.g there can only be one tyrant in a tyranny
What types of societies does Plato not want to consider and why?
-Not consider hereditary monarchies and states where kinship is bought -These are crosses between 4 types of states
What is Plato's overall point about Timocratic individual?
-Not really at heart a bad chap but has merely got into bad company -Social product
What will happen to original values of tyrant?
-Older beliefs about honour and dishonour which he was brought up to accept as right will be overcome by others -Once held in restraint but now freed to become the bodyguard of his master passion.
Characteristics of oligarch
-Overriding importance he gives to money. -Economical and hard working, satisfying only his necessary wants and indulging in no other expenses but repressing his other desires as pointless. -Squalid character- always on the make and putting something by.
Parents and tyrant
-Parents may oppose son as tyrant -When he grew up, they weren't supposed to enslave to serve his crew -He was supposed to be their champion and free them from oppression by the wealthy. -May use violence against parents if they don't submit
Tyrants & friendships
-Pass their lives without a friend in the world -They are always either master or slave and never taste true friendship or freedom.
What do passions do to tyrant?
-Passion tyrannises him -Drives him into any venture that will profit itself and its gang
philosopher kings
-Plato's idea that the most desirable form of political rule is not democracy but rule by an elite consisting of wise philosophers.
Flaws of oligarchy
-Principle which characterises it is unsound -Inevitably splits society into 2 factions- the rich and the poor who live in the same place and are always plotting against each other. -Same people engage in many different occupations. -Inability to wage war as oligarchs must either arm the people who they fear more than their enemy or if not have the thinness of their ranks shown up by the stress of battle and also thinking about wanting to pay the expenses of war.
What happens to the man's reason & ambition in the end?
-Reason & ambition squat in servitude at its feet. -Reason is forbidden to make any calculation or enquiry but how to make more money. -Ambition is forbidden to admire or value anything but the acquisition of wealth and whatever leads to it -"No transition quicker or more violent than that from ambition to avarice"
Similar characteristics between Timocracy & ideal state
-Respect for authority -Specialised soldier class
Second generation of inferior Guardians
-Rulers will be appointed who have lost the true Guardian's capacity to distinguish the metals from which members of the 3 classes are made. -Mixing of the three metals where iron and silver or bronze and gold are mixed. -There will be an inconsistent and uneven material produced.
Mob & Popular leader
-Same as story of Zeus -The mob will do anything he tells them and so he is tempted to shed another's blood/ be unjust. -He unjustly prosecutes others and has them executed. -Series of exiles, executions, cancellations of debts occur till the instigator is either fatally bound to or destroyed by enemies, or to change from a man to a wolf and make himself a tyrant
Part 2 of Timocratic analogy of father & man - THE SERVANTS & OUTSIDERS
-Servants repeat gossip about father to children behind master's back -If they see father not prosecute someone who owes them money - tell son when he grows up he must have more of his rights and be more of a man when he grows up -Same repeated by outsiders
Rebuttals made by Socrates to Crito
-Should we listen to majority opinion? We do not live in a majority rule country. -Hoi polloi can accomplish great evil says Crito but Socrates says they cannot do anything because he is in charge of his own death. -It is not living, it is living well that matters. If we are constantly questioning you cant get hurt. -Is it ever right to do wrong? No. You cannot make a wrong action right because of who you are or who you are using it against. We can only do right. -Is it ever right to break a promise? Is it right to preach a contract if it is in good faith? -Didn't you have opportunity to leave. Is the state higher than any individual? The state has control. -Persuade or obey. Fight against country when you disagree with it. It is a duty to your country.
Why does Plato say this about the number of societies & individuals?
-Societies aren't made of sticks and stones, but of men -Whose individual characters by turning the scale one way or another, determine the direction of the whole.
Father and son analogy (Democrat to Tyrant)
-Son drawn towards complete liberty -parents support moderation -master passion implanted in him to control idle desires that divide his time between them 0 great winged drone
Part 1 of Oligarchic analogy of father & man - THE SON
-Son frightened by loss of property and dethrones courage and ambition from hold over his heart. -After being reduced to poverty and forced to earn a living in painful economy and hard work -Boy succeeds in amassing a fortune -Elevates desire and profit-seeking to throne and lets it govern ( like an oriental despot with tiara)
What happens to the boy in the end? (Timocratic)
-Takes a middle course between the 2 -Resigns control of himself to middle element & its competitive spirit. -Becomes an arrogant & ambitious man.
How will these unworthy Guardians act as rulers?
-The best of these inferior guardians will be appointed to office by their elders. -They won't be worthy of it and so when they come to power will neglect other members of society.
What about people under tyrant?
-The bulk are law-abiding, may emigrate and take service of tyrant elsewhere -fight as mercenaries in ongoing wars -In times of complete peace, stay at home and have to commit petty crimes to survive -Number of criminals and followers increase leading to production of a complete and absolute tyrant
Which individual corresponds to Spartan form of society?
-The competitive and ambitious man
Process of accumulating wealth
-The further gone in this process, the more it is valued and the less value goodness. -We practice what we admire and neglect what we despise -Transition from the ambitious competitive type of man to money-loving businessman -Honour, administration and office reserved for the rich and the poor are despised.
Choice of tyrant about people surrounding him
-The happy choice -Choice between a life with companions most of whom are worthless and all of whom hate him and an inevitable death
What is the characteristic mark of an oligarchy?
-The introduction of legislation -It prescribes a certain minimum amount of property you need to possess in that oligarchy as a necessary qualification for office. -Measure enforced through armed violence if not already gotten this through terrorism
What tamale desires does Plato mean?
-The sort that wakes while we sleep -When reasonable, humane part of us is asleep and its control relaxed, fierce bestial nature tries to secure its own kind of satisfaction. -completely lost to all sense and shame -no folly nor shamelessness it will not commit.
Part 1 of Oligarchic analogy of father & man - THE FATHER
-The timarchic man has a son who at first admires father & follows in his footsteps. -Father gets wrecked in political disaster e.g devoted his life into military service, later reported unjustly by informers -Killed and stripped of property
What will occur once internal strife has started?
-The two elements pull in different directions -The iron and bronze towards private profit and property and land -The silver and gold who have true riches and hearts, towards excellence and the traditional order of things.
Number of individuals and societies
-There must be as many types of individuals as of society. -If there are five types of societies then there are also 5 types of characters.
The Spartans
-They were a military aristocracy living in a serf-population -Characteristics attributed to Timarchy are those that common opinion in Athens would have attributed to Sparta -Serf: an agricultural labourer bound by the feudal system who was tied to working on his lord's estate.
A drone
-Those who group up in their homes to be a plague to the community just as a drone grows in its cell to be a plague to the hive.
How will those of the different elements resolve their strife?
-Through compromise where they distribute land and houses to private ownership. -Subjects that were previously freemen and friends whom they should care for become serfs and menials -Rulers devote themselves to war and hold population in subjection
What are the 4 imperfect types of society?
-Timarchy -Oligarchy -Democracy -Tyranny
What does Plato call the 'ambitious society'?
-Timarchy or Timocracy
Overview of imperfect societies
-To each society, there corresponds a type of individual whose description follows immediately after that of the society. -The traits (ideals) in the individual will be those admired in the society to which he corresponds, he will be its ideal man.
Why is it worth describing the flaws in other states?
-To examine the different characters (qualities) found in all the states. -Agree on which characters are the best and which are the worst types of characters. -Consider whether the best was the happiest and the worst the most miserable or not.
How is the boy torn? (Timocratic)
-Torn in 2 directions -His father's fostering growth of his natural nature & that of his desires and ambition
1st proof as to why the tyrant is the unhappiest of individuals
-Tyranny and the just city are opposites; therefore, the tyrant's soul and the just soul must be opposites -Tyrannical soul looks fulfilled but is actually enslaved to its own appetites b/c it can never fulfill its desire. It's never satisfied. -Tyrant is filled with fear that he will be killed and so he must remain a prisoner in his own home
What is the final type of desire Plato talks about?
-Unnecessary pleasures and desires that are lawless and violent. -We are all born with them -They are disciplined by law and a combination of reason and the better desires till in some people they are gotten rid or altogether or rendered few and feeble.
How will tyrant maintain his security/bodyguards?
-Use treasures of state as long as they last, increase tax, seize property of enemies to appease guards -if all sources fail, seek out parents to maintain him and his crew
What does the sensible man do when he is going to bed?
-Wakes his reason -Does not starve or indulge his desire -calms spiritedness -goes to bed with reasoning element stimulated -in a state at rest to grasp truth undisturbed by lawless dreams and visions
Ultimate downfall of oligarchy
-Wealth -Fall due to excessive desire for wealth leading to the neglect of all other considerations for the sake of making money
Wealth and goodness relationship
-Wealth and goodness are related like 2 objects in balance so that when one rises the other must fall. -The higher the prestige of wealth and the wealthy, the lower that of goodness and good men will be.
Why do rulers not do anything to help spendthrifts?
-Wealthy, extravagant rulers unwilling to curtail by law extravagance of young and prevent them squandering their money and ruining themselves. -It is by loans to spendthrifts or by buying up their property that they hope to increase their own wealth and influence.
Unhealthy individual & society comparison
-When a person is unhealthy, it takes very little to upset him and make him ill. There could be internal cause of disease. -Also unhealthy society falls into sickness and dissension at slightest external provocation
Dreams becoming reality (tyrant)
-When he was still democratically minded and under the influence of the laws and his father, they only appeared in his dreams -Under tyranny of the master passion he becomes in his waking life what he was occasionally in his dreams
What happens when rulers don't obey the law of perfect number?
-When the guardians ignore this number and mate brides and bridegrooms inopportunely -children produced will not be gifted or lucky
Oligarchy power dynamic, rich & poor
-When the pauper was rich, he didn't perform any of the useful social functions mentioned by simply spending his money. -Appeared to be part of ruling class but was neither ruling nor serving society in any other way. -Merely a 'consumer of goods'.
How does democracy originate?
-When the poor win, kill or exile their opponents and give the rest equal rights and opportunities of office. -Appointment to office being as a rule by lot.
Types of drones
-Winged drones: created by God without stings -Two footed drones: vary, some have no stings while others are very formidable. -Stingless type end their days as beggars while stinging type end up as criminals
Oligarchic to democratic man process (1)
-Young man brought up in narrow economical way 'gets a taste of drones' honey' and gets involved with dangerous people allowing him with variety of pleasure. -Internal transformation to democratic man begins -Change countered by criticism from family members causing his desires to sometimes be driven out and constant conflict between democratic and oligarchic side
glaucon asks socrates to *examine*
-a *just* man perceived as *unjust* -an *unjust* man perceived as *just* and *PROVE* that the *just life* is still *better*
Every Human has needs
-all social animals -We need other people to be happy and live a good life
democracy
-as a regime this is the rule by the poor because to Plato the poor are the many -rulers are chosen by lottery so they all have an equal chance in participation -license to do whatever one wants -people have all sorts of different wants and passions -easygoing and tolerant city because it embraces equality and freedom -souls are driven by appetite -people lead a life of gratification -in this city there is neither order or necessity but it is called free and happy -there is injustice because there's an excess of appetite and no where to turn -democracy has an excessive love for freedom
women guardians
-both sexes should be educated the same way because both can be guardians -very uncommon view at the time -Socrates doesn't believe that phenotypic differences should equate to different jobs and abilities
socrates and dialectic
-claims it helps us figure out the answers to the most important questions - the way to dialectic is prepared by mathematics: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmonics. - dialectic establishes "first principles" while math cannot. if math does, it becomes philosophy of math. - the overall structure of the republic is dialectical
spirited part of the soul
-courage -rational and spirited part help control the appetitive part -developed by music and gymnastics
Tyrant in later days
-disposes of all foreign enemies and so has no fear from them. Continue to stir up war in order so people continue to need a leader
what are the rules of the guardians
-dont touch gold or silver -minimal private property -storerooms open to public inspection -supported by taxation -eat together in common
*noble lie* of origin
-each *child* will be told that they were *born from the soil* of the *earth*, so that they will treat the earth as their *mother* -people will see each other as brothers/sisters to *eliminate the conflict of interest* -will be told that *GOLD/SILVER/BRONZE* is in their veins, naturally sorting them into classes (while *inner nature* truly determines *classes*)
What is left in the oligarch after meeting democrats?
-garlanded procession of insolence, license, extravagance and shamelessness. -for the rest of his life, he spends as much money, time and trouble on the unecessary desires as on the necessary
character traits of a good *auxiliary*
-good *senses* -*strength* -*COURAGEOUS/SPIRITED* -*gentle* -*philosophical*
Tyrant in his early days
-has a smile and kind word for everyone claiming not a tyrant -makes large promises, public and private, frees debtors, distributes land to the people and to his own followers and puts on a generally mild and kindly air
Spread of tyranny
-hire actors to perform their works hailing tyranny and tyrant as 'Godlike' to audiences elsewhere -so sway others to tyranny or democracy
aspects of the oligarchic soul
-humbled by poverty, work hard, save, amass much property -satisfies only his necessary appetites which dominate both rational and spirited parts -more respected than many but holds evil appetites in check through fear, not reason
how is the democratic city divided
-idlers -organized industrious people who become relatively wealthy -people who work with their hands, play little role in politics and have few possessions
*thrasymachus'* theory of *justice*
-justice is the *advantage of the stronger* -everyone should *seek advantage* over what it rules over *later claiming* -a *just* person always gets *less* than an *unjust* person, because being *unjust* is more *advantageous*
how does socrates refute the major claims of book 1
-justice is wiser, since doesn't always try to surpass (doctor doesn't try to surpass other doctor better at method) -justice is stronger since fosters unity -justice is the primary virtue of the soul, when it is performing its function, which is living, and hence makes one happier
What does the education of the rulers include?
-leading them to the light -math, geometry, and solid geometry -Astronomy and music theory -dialectic
*rulers* of the city
-live in city-*provided housing* -*no wages/private property* -supported through *taxation*
What are some things that are censored in Socrates form of education?
-only mothers can tell false tales -civil war must not be taught -lies in Homer such as gods giving bad to humans through jars and gods that shapeshift
the *rulers* of the city
-picked from the *auxiliaries* -those who *love the city most* -*NO conflict of interests*
glaucon's *origin of justice*
-primitive people saw that: *DOING injustice* felt *good* *SUFFERING injustice* felt *bad* coming to the *conclusion* to make a *truce* among people to not do injustice
timocracy
-private ownership of what had been common lands, lots of war, enslavement of craftsmen -rulers have secret love of money so they are hard, brutal, and cruel -timocratic regime and timocratic soul function equally -this is like Glucagon, according to Ademantis -soul has a dominant spiritual element
aspects of the tyrannical soul
-ruled by unlawful pleasures, becomes enslaved by erotic madness and won't hold back from murder or any kind of food or act -will never have a taste of freedom or true friendship -the longer he remains a tyrant, the more like nightmare he becomes
aspects of the democratic soul
-ruled by unnecessary desires and values all pleasures equally -ridiculed by companions for his reverence and moderation so becomes insolent, anarchic, extravagant and shameless -yields day by day to the desires at hand -a complex man, fine and many colored, a life that many men and women might envy
the ship
-ship at sea, all people want to rule, but they do not know how so they get lost -only person fit to be captain is the person sitting and staring at the waves and sky -in best interest to have this person rule -but, other sailors mock this person -person is a philosopher and should be in charge BUT doesn't want to rule the foolish bc they can turn on him and he may have to do things he doesn't want to
the cave
-shows effect of education and lack thereof on soul -in cave, shadows are only thing we think is real -chains are broken and at first hard to see and understand everything, but eventually we understand everything -at this point, don't want anything to do with the people in the cave -if you take person back to cave, they will be laughed at -this is education for plato, turning a soul from darkness to light -everyone can learn, power inside everyone to learn -this is why people who are fit to rule least want to (philosopher kings) -others need philosopher kings more than philosopher kings need them
what is the fate of an actual tyrant
-surrounded by vigilant enemies -the only one in the whole city who cannot travel abroad or see the wights that other free people want to see -lives like a woman, mostly confined to his own house, an exhausted body without self control
Examples of ruler- subject anarchy
-teacher fearing and pandering to pupils, pupils despise teachers -father standing in awe of son, son asserting independence neither fearing or repecting parents 'no distinction between alien and foreigner'
appetitive part of the soul
-temperance/moderation -already developed
what are the political implications of the allegory of the cave
-the philosopher seems dim witted and could be killed -the philosopher doesn't want to return to the cave -but in idea society the philosopher could be compelled to return
the forms
-there is a blend of opposites in everything and the form is what the philosopher tries to know and understand
3 kind of *good*
-things valued for *themselves alone* -things valued for *themselves and outcome* -things valued for *outcome alone*
tyranny
-this is the worst city of them all -emerges from collapse of democracy, first a popular leader emerges and eventually moves to by the tyrant/sole leader -the tyrant turns on many and becomes the object of so much hatred that he has to hire body guards to protect him -at this point the only people he can trust are the very weak and the slaves
oligarchy
-when the rich rule, the poor don't participate, and focus is primarily on money making -person in this city is a money lover, devalues honor, thrifty (because focused on acquisition of money), cautious, and has two appetites of the soul (desire for more and for pleasure are at war with one another)
rational/reason part of the soul
-wisdom and temperance/moderation -rational and spirited part help control the appetitive part -developed by mathematics and dialogue
*3 WAVES*
-women equal to men -no conflict of interests -philosophers are leaders
what ages should specific courses study be taken up? (educational life of philospher king)
0-17: study music poetry physical training . 18-20: compulsory military training 20-30 move on to study geom astronomy and antistrophe 30-35: best of these students begin training in dialectic 35-50: 15 years back in cave as guardians in the city . managing city's affairs . 50+ retire as contemplation of the forms, of the good, and true and beut .
9. At the end of Book 1, Socrates makes two arguments that justice is preferable to injustice. What are they? Are they sound? If not, are they invalid or do they contain false premises? Even if they are sound, what are their shortcomings (by your lights or by Socrates')?
1) Allegory band of thieves - just to each other. Socrates reminds Thrasymachus that thieves have to practice justice amongst theieves or their state would degenerate. Otherwords, unjust men in practice of injustice practice justice to not fall into chaos. If they didn't they would degenerated from an assumed strength to a weakness. In the individual - Multiple parts in an individual - three parts to the soul (harmony of the parts). 2) Allegory of eyes and either - function argument Function = something that either only x alone does, or if other things do it x does it best (also tells us the nature of something) Function of the soul is to give life (it alone gives life) Specifically in human souls the soul deliberates on what's best. Human virtue is to live well and deliberate well. The appeal of this is to have what's best (to live well). The eye has an essential function or virtue which is seeing. Man's virtue is justice - enables man to live with others and be happy - only happiness brings happiness - injustice breeds chaos and unhappiness - therefor justice is more profitable than injustice. Not sound because there are times in which unjust people are happy. Blindness is not a vice.
Socrates introduced the three waves or outrageous ideas, they are:
1) Common education of males and females, 2) common communities of women and children, and 3) philosophers as kings
3 proofs that the tyrant is the unhappiest of individuals
1) Contrasts the tyrannical soul with the just soul. Tyrannical soul is enslaved to its own appetites and fear 2) Looks at the soul of the philosopher. Only the philosopher has experienced all 3 types of pleasure, and has the knowledge to distinguish what is the best form of pleasure 3) Looks at the soul of the philosopher. Everyone else sees pleasure as the absence of the pain, the philosopher knows the truer pleasure - the form
48. Socrates advances three arguments critical of art. What are they and how effective is each? What are the flaws of the first two, and how does the third remedy them? If it is sound, how does it affect our reading of the whole dialogue? Is it art? If so, is it therefore bad? Why not?
1) Original, Image, Image of Image - Original = Form / beauty / intelligible (philosophy) Image = Instance / Sensible / Science Image of Image = Imitation / Art / Instance 2) User, maker, imitator User = Knows what it is, knows what its function is Maker = Makes for function Imitator = Knows Least User is better equipped to know if object does its function *) Art is a rivalry between lovers of sights and sounds and philosophers 1) They pretend to know things but they don't 2) Imitate the worst parts of the soul 3) Art appeals to the irrational
6. After Thrasymachus defines justice, Socrates makes two objections that force him to clarify the terms of his definition. What are these objections, and how does Thrasymachus choose to clarify his definition? Might he have chosen different, less problematic, clarifications?
1) Pancratist objection: Stronger physically? Intellectually? 2) People make mistakes - Truly power don't make mistakes - real advantage. (Less problematic would be apparent because Socrates attacks the notion that people don't make mistakes).
What are the 3 parts of the souls (in relation to the just city/state).
1) The rational part (guardian)- rules with wisdom. 2) The spirited part (auxiliaries)- protect with courage and maintain values. 3) The appetitive part (producers, largest part of soul like largest part of pop) acquire with moderation.
Types of Good
1. Act is enjoyable, result is forgotten 2. Act is enjoyable and result is enjoyable (Socrates claims is just) 3. Act is not enjoyable but the result is (Glaucon claims is just)
Responsibility of Philosphers
1. Creating the Just Polis 2. Choosing the next guardians 3. Education 4. Creator and Guardian of Laws and Customs 5. Honouring the Gods 6. Warfare
Types of societies (ranked in order excluding Plato's perfectly just one)
1. Cretan or Spartan 2. Oligarchy 3. Democracy 4. Tyranny
Parts of the Soul
1. Desires 2. Calculating (3.) Spirited portion tips the scale
The Euthyphro Argument
1. Euthyphro initially thinks that X is good because God says so, Socrates then proves him wrong because that makes 'good' arbitrary. The right answer is that God says X is good because X is truly good. In this way 'good' is fixed. ex. killing babies Is something good because God says so, or does God say so because something is good?
Theme of each of the texts
1. Euthyphro= Piety. What is pious v impious. 2. Apology= 3. Crito= 4. Republic=
Things to know about the apology?
1. How does the court work? 2. Why did Socrates defend his life and philosophy? Because his life was dedicated to his method of questioning. The prosecution wanted to take his life and Socrates defended his philosophy over his life? 3. What is the setting? It is at the polis. Argument between Socrates and Meletus. There are old and new charges. Meletus wanted Socrates dead due to him corrupting the youth and undermining the system of Athens (Athens gave you everything). Socrates said why would I teach the youth wrong? 4. What did the oracle say about Socrates? That he was the wisest man in Athens. 5. What is the diamon? It is the spirit in his head that tells him no. 6. Importance of Socrates comparing himself to Achilles and Herakles? Because in Ancient Greece heroes were considered to be very famous and influential, to compare oneself to a hero in ancient greece is unheard of. 7. It is irrational to fear death because you cannot fear something unknown. 8. "The unexamined life is not worth living" What does this mean? YOU CANNOT BULLSHIT THIS ON THE TEST. The answer is... You have to question everything because if you don't then you really do not know anything. We look through a key hole our whole life and when you start to question it is like opening a door.
Kinds of Moderation
1. Internal- being polite to others (obeying Rulers) 2. External- keeping rulers in check
Apology 24d-26a: • Socrates cross-examines Meletus (the accuser) on the charge that Socrates corrupts the youth. Socrates refutes Meletus's charge in two ways. Summarize the two ways that Socrates refutes Meletus's charge (that Socrates corrupts the youth) FIRST REFUTE
1. Meletus says that the laws make the youth good. Everyone in Athens is beneficial to the youth except Socrates, it;s odd to think merely one person can corrupt the entire youth. Socrates uses grooming horse analogy only expert horse- trainers, specialized people, have a positive influence on horses, whereas most people would have a negative influence. Socrates suggests, if it takes such expertise to improve a horse, it would be odd to think that pretty much anyone can improve a person.
Types of Government
1. Monarchy- 1 ruler 2. Aristocracy- qualified individuals 3. Timocratic- and owners 4.Democracy- rule of a diverse group 5. Oligarchy- wealth based 6. Tyranny- Only the ruler benefits
Kinds of Storytelling
1. Narrative 3rd person 2.Imitation 1st person
What are the guardians rules to procreation
1. Only at designated times 2. If a baby is made outside these times, it is killed 3. Guardians must consider all children made 7-10 months after copulation as their own
What are the 3 parts of the soul
1. Reason/Logitikon 2. Spirit/Thumos 3. Appetite
Things about the Crito to know
1. Role of citizen v the state. Defend your country but fight against it when you do not agree with something. 2. Know the five arguments as to why socrates should flee with Crito. -What would people think of Crito if he left his friend there to die? He said he could bribe the guard to let them go. It looks bad on Crito if he does not help Socrates. -None of your friends would get you in trouble. Everyone wants Socrates to leave. -Suicide is unjust and your enemies win if you do this. -Unjust to leave your family. His kids need him to take care of them. - 3. Socrates responses for the arguments... 4. How are Socrates arguments consistent? 5. How are Socrates arguments inconsistent? 6. Why are his arguments not inconsistent with these examples.. Why Socrates has to die, yet with this does not necessarily contradict with civil disobedience 7. FAMOUS LINE- "Not living, but living well, is the most important."
Sequence of events in the Euthyphro
1. Servant and slave a. Servant works for Euthyphro b. Slave works for Euthyphro's dad Servant kills the slave in a drunken argument. Father binds the servant to keep him in place while he talks to the gods asking what is the pious thing to do. In the meantime the servant dies and E's dad technically killed him but there was no blood. There are laws to not go behind your father's back, that was a big no. 2. E is claiming to be pious but it is contradicting. He wants to convict his father to be pious yet going behind your father is also illegal. 3. First response--> Socrates says "What is dear to the gods is pious and what is not is impious" 4. Gods think different things are pious 5. Acting like the gods is a horrible idea
How to find the PK
1. Taught math, geometry, etc 2. Physical Training for 2-3 years 3. Those who excel inscribed in a list and chosen to continue (rest become auxiliaries) 4. Task is given that involves all their prior learning 5. Those who are best are pulled out when their 30 and tested again 6. Those who do well study dialectic for 5 years 7. They must use their skills now to rule and educate the next generation
Why don't we get our values from relativism?
1. The law of contradiction (the law of identity). The brain cannot possibly think two things are true that may clash. The law of contradiction states something is itself. It is the most necessary fundamental law. Everything fails if these laws aren't in place. A~A. A not equaling A cannot exist at the same time.
The Sun Metaphor
1. The sun is the source of light 2. Responsible for giving us light 3. Causes things to exist in the visible realm the good gives us the capacity for knowledge like the sun
Why does Socrates ban poets from the city?
1. They pretend to know all sorts of things and really know nothing at all. 2. The images they portray don't represent the good parts of the soul 3. Deceives us into sympathizing with those who greve excessively
What are the four stages of the cave?
1. To the fire (top of physical) 2. Outside (top of intellectual) 3. Happy people outside 4. Person must return back inside the cave
Characteristics of the Polis
1. Urbanized/centred on city 2. Loyalty to place, not person 3. Head of polis probably agathos, but not necessarily related 4. Smallish 5. Self Contained - relatively self sufficient 6. thinking about the good life
What are the three classes Socrates uses to prove only Philosophers have knowledge
1. What is completely 2. What is no way 3. What both is and is not
What are the reasons Crito wants Socrates to leave with him?
1. What would people think of crito if he left his friend to die? He said they could easily bribe the guard. Crito tried telling him he wanted to save him for his own sake and honor. 2. None of your friends will get you in trouble, no guilt or trouble. Everyone wants him to leave. 3. Suicide is unjust and your enemies win if you do this. It is unjust. 4. Unjust to leave your family. His kids need him to take care of them. 5.
What are the three waves. wave and fetus connection. midwife metaphor
1. feminism: women receive same education and treatment as men something about midwife. wave can be translated to fetus 2. communism 3. philosopher king
Arguments in the euthyphro?
1. gives example (what he is doing) 2. piety is dear to the gods/ impious is not dear to gods 3. pious- what all the gods love 4. love because it is pious but it is not pious because it is being loved 5. care of the gods = pious 6. goes back to the beginning (we do not find out what it is but know what its not) There is a difference in what is dear to the gods versus what is dear to all the gods.
what are the types of medicine practiced? be sure to name the ends of each and those who are treated by each. which are pemitted by just city?
1. injuries from work or illness that strike the worker 2. disease from the laziness of being rich
controls in place to structure the lives of rulers
1. no private property except what is 100% needed 2. no private living quarters 3. fed by fellow citizens 4. eat from common messes 5. never have any gold or silver (money)
what are the three classes of people questioned by socrates? how did they fare with regard to wisdom
1. politicians: hold most power and responsibility . believed they knew the most and that they were the best 2. poets said many beautiful things, expressed many great ideals worth aspiring to . could not say what their wordsa d stories actually meant . 3. craftspeople: proved to know jsut what they need to know in order to succeed in craft . knew about carpetnry . but they also claimed to know more than they did .
three reasons that justice is better than injustice
1. the tyrant is unfree and enslaved to the worst of all desires because the best part of the soul rules the just person and the worst part rules the tyrant, because of this only the just soul is free 2. if you are led by the appetitive part of your soul this means your soul loves money, meaning that you enjoy game and consumption. If you're led by the spirited part then your soul loves honor and you enjoy game and victory. If you are led by the rational part of your soul that means your soul loves wisdom, meaning you enjoy learning. The philosopher, who has the most experience of the different elements, chooses to be led in life by the rational component to their soul. 3. absence of pleasure does not equate to pain and absence of pain does not equate to pleasure
_______ types of cities, according to Socrates.
2
Love of money & adequate self discipline
2 characteristics can't coexist in any society, one or the other must be neglected.
Law of contradiction
2 different ideas cannot be right at the same time. There must be a morally right answer.
Apology 24d-26a: • Socrates cross-examines Meletus (the accuser) on the charge that Socrates corrupts the youth. Socrates refutes Meletus's charge in two ways. Summarize the two ways that Socrates refutes Meletus's charge (that Socrates corrupts the youth) SECOND REFUTE
2. Meletud asserts that Socrates does not believe in the gods sanctioned by the state. Yet Socrates believes and teaches others to believe- in supernatural matters. It is impossible to believe in supernatural matters without super natural beings. The only kings of supernatural beings are gods.
judgement of the jury
265 guilty 235 not guilty
The Luxurious city needs ______ parts of state/city.
3
Socrates tries to prove there are ____ parts of the ______.
3 - soul
How many groups are there in democracy?
3 groups
Syllogism
3 part argument
Athens city size
300,000 people 100,000 are slaves 100,000 are foreginers 100,000 are free citizens
Sun metaphor
4 things you need to have in the universe: 1. Sun 2. Something to see 3. Light 4. Eye It is the source of all knowing and means. The sun is like "The Good" even though it is something you cannot look at.
A soul's needs
4 virtues
Just soul built on
4 virtues
Myth of Er Relevance
4th way of proving that justice is better than injustice -Shows that everyone has the choice to live a just or an unjust life, and it is their responsibility -Philosophy is the key to understanding which choices in a good life are the best -Unjust choices lead to punishment
At what age can the philosopher finally rule?
50
Takes till _______ to get to F1 -Do many get there?
50 No, terperament
Of the 100,000 that are "free"
50,000 chrildren are excluded, 25,000 are women, That leaves 25,000 in Athens who are involved with politics
Ancient time
600 BC-1000AD
What is Thrasymachus?
A Sophist, there is no moral truth to get at. Just cash money baby
Aporia
A deadlock, where no further progress is possible and the interlocutors feel less sure of their beliefs than they had at the start of the conversation. Admitted ignorance
Piraeus
A dock outside of Athens Geographically lower Seen as "going down to hell" Rule of 30 tyrants trained here
What is the Noble Lie?
A lie told for the good of the people
Explain the line metaphor to the good.
A line is broken into 4 segments. 2 are in visible realm and 2 are in intelligible realm. Bottom segment = imagination 2nd to bottom segment = belief 2nd to top segment = thought Top segment = understanding
What are forms about
About the essence of an object, the essentials of an Idea Can be manifested in physical world, but when we see it we are not seeing the form we are seeing the object
12. According to Glaucon, how do most people think justice originates between human beings? What is the assumption about human nature implicit in their account? How does the story of the Ring of (an ancestor of) Gyges defend this assumption? Is the story successful in this defense?
According to Glaucon, justice is a thing of weakness (too weak to do injustice). The ring describes the situation in which there are no consequences - in that scenario injustice prevails.
Ethics
Action - What I should do? How do I live?
What does the second city (soul) look like?
Add pleasures and things needed to get there; more people more land; more guardians-> education
Who says that being a guardian does not sound "fun"?
Adeimantus
all other cities are two cities fighting with each other
Adeimantus says that he doesn't think the guardians would be happy in the city Socrates is describing. Socrates disagrees and says that the guardians are happiest in this city because...
Socrates appeal on justice in book 1
Adherence to certain rules which enable a group to act towards a common interest. A completely unjust group would get nothing done.
How do guardians and auxiliaries split?
After education, the best are chosen to become ruler and carry the title "guardian" while the others become "auxiliaries" and help the rulers enforce their rule
16. What is the aim of the education of the guardians proposed in Books 2 and 3? What are the most important features of this education (its means, its content, and its style), and how does Socrates believe that these features would help it accomplish its aim? Is he correct in this belief?
Aim of education is to convince guardians that what is best for the city is best for them. Purge natural tendency towards luxury. Content: Music and poetry (soul) and Physical Training (body). Stories must be supervised because they shape children's souls. Two Censorship Laws. 1) Gods are omnibenevolent. 2) Gods cannot be represented as sorcerers and people who change themselves or law (importance of truth and honesty). ^ Principle of consistency. If gods are consistent then humans have to be consistent in their good behavior. Ties into people doing their task to the best of their ability, if people do their job with a good soul then the outcome should be consistently good.
Why does Plato claim that even his ideal state will fail?
All created things must decay even a social order of this kind cannot last for all time but will decline.
Myth of Metals
All humas have metal in thier souls the type of metal detemines what job they have gold - ruler silver - auxiliaier iron/ bronze - merchants, craftsmen, etc
Phaedo 70a-72d: Be familiar with Plato's argument from Opposites for the immortality of the soul
All things that have an opposite must come to be from their opposite. Between two opposites such as tall and short there are two processes of becoming tall to short and short to tall. If contrary processes always come in pairs, then the process of dying must invoke its contrary process: coming to life.
What does the first city (soul) look like?
Almost communist and bare; no pleasure and no harm
Cynics (Diagenes)
Also wrote about socrates -Question unqestionsed conventions -Live very simple lives
Just Acts
An Apology must be voluntary Action through someone else's power Action through ignorance
Arguments and proofs
An argument consists of assumptions (premises) and a conclusion.
Act of Injustice
An event when harm is within reasonable expectation. There is an intent to harm, but it isn't premeditated.
32. Although "the longer road" to the Good would give us knowledge of it, Socrates leads us instead along a shorter road, which gives us at best only true belief about it. Setting off down this shorter road, he compares the Good to the sun. Recount this analogy and its philosophical significance.
Analogy of the sun. The sun is to the visible realm what the good the good is to the intelligible realm. The sun is the source of light, hence the visibility in the intelligible realm. The sun is responsible for giving light. It is only by the sun that the eye is able to see. Similary the good gives us the capacity for knowledge. The sun is the cause of things existing in the visible realm. In the intelligible realm the good in turn is responsible for the existence of the forms. The coming to be causes things to exist. In the visible realm its flowers blooming and flowers giving birth. The good is responsible for the existence of forms.
Plato
Ancient time period, platonic love, mathematician, student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, founded the Academy in Athens, laid the foundations of western philosophy and science, Dialogues
Which part of the soul are animals?
Animals are purely appetitive
How should painting and architecture be in the just city?
Any characteristics besides those the guardians should emulate are excluded from painting and architecture.
What should be restricted from the media in the town?
Anything that the guardians shouldn't emulate
Divisions of the Soul
Appetite, spirited and rational
Pleasure Argument:
Appetite- has bodily pleasure (lowest part) Spirit- has pleasure from competition, victory (mid) Rational- has pleasure from truth, goodness (highest) --- Highest pleasures always better tan mer pleasures of the flesh. ----- If goal of life is to seek pleasure, better to seek highest form of pleasure.
Character of Reason vs Appetite
Appetite: childish, immature Reason: parental, mature
Define: Arete
Arete = virtue, excellence
Specious
Argument that looks convincing but is fallacious
What is the proof there are separate parts of the soul?
Arguments from opposites. Psychic conflict. Conflicts between parts of the soul.
Out of the five cities, which is the just city?
Aristocracy
Which city do philosophers rule?
Aristocracy
Which soul is dominated by necessary desires?
Aristocracy/Democracy
The Appetitive
Artisans/Farmers Most people Enjoy producing and consuming Need to live a more luxe life than soldiers or philosopher Own and enjoy owning own stuff GIVE UP ABILITY TO RULE
Epistemological Argument about poets not being allowed in the just city
Artists work are just a double imitation of the true form -picture, of a representation of the form
In what pursuit does oligarchy change to democracy?
As a result of the lack of restraint in the pursuit of the objective of getting as rich as possible
Where was Socrates when Crito found him?
Asleep in his cell. Socrates is unconcerned with death.
The last two of the liberating arts are :
Astronomy and harmonics/music
What context was "The republic" written in
Athen's problems
A sure way to be unhappy? (Nature Construction)
Attempting to overturn your inner-self is a sure way to be unhappy. It leads you away from the good life Need to be who you truly are, don't let political system lead you away from that
Who mourns
Bad men and non serious women
Cephaslous defintion of justice
Bankers def Justice is telling the truth and paying back what one owes
Timocracy
Based off of love of victory/honor Between aristocracy and oligarchy Born of conflict High value on the military / constantly at war Choose generals as leaders Individuals are greedy (intro to private property)
Rules of Arguments and proofs
Basic Rules: & Out (& In) V In (V Out) Modus Ponens [(A -> B) + A = B)] Modus Tollens [(A -> B) + ~B = ~A)] Double Negation (~~A = A) Contradiction (Ex. A & ~A) Indirect Proof (IP)
Why will the degradation happen?
Because of a mistake that will be made by a guardian
Why people come together Glaucon
Because of fear
Why is only the guardian being educated and not the producer class?
Because of the way our city is set up, with the producing class excluded from political life, their education is not as important to the good of the city as the education of the guardians. Producers education should relate to their skill for specialization, nothing more.
Why can philosophers only have knowledge?
Because they have access to the forms
Why People come together Socrates
Because they need each other
Justice is a virtue
Being fair and keeping the law One of the most important virtues What is the motivation behind it? that determines the viciousness v. virtuousness They are the same but have different essences
46. To answer Glaucon's challenge, finally, Socrates adduces an argument that he touts as his most important offering. Like its immediate predecessor, it compares the pleasures of each life, but instead of relying on subjective comparison it uses objective criteria. How? Soundly?
Best for everyone to be ruled by divine reason. Ideally the reason would already be within oneself. Second best scenario would be Purpose of laws is not to harm people. (Opposite of Thrasymachus) Laws impose reason on those who's rational part is not strong enough to rule the soul.
Aristocracy
Best kind of city; the rational part of the soul is ruling
Politics
Better for the state
Medieval Math and Science
Biaise Pascal- Pascals wager, you should believe in God just to be on the safe side Galileo Galilei- telescope, planets have elliptical orbits, not allowed to publish what he believed, put under house arrest Frances Bacon and Robert Boyle- empiricists, scientific method
What is the DSM?
Bible of psychology, diagnosable problems
How is a law made?
Bill until it is a law Can be written in House or Senate Checked by each other then sent to president to sign or veto Sent back to congress who can eventually override the veto
trained, destroy
Bloom argues first that men need women and that unless the women are also properly --- they will --- the man whom the city has so carefully educated
Rights of Woman
Book 1: The Rights and Involved Duties of Mankind Considered (Rousseau and the State of Nature) Book 2: The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed (General view of women in her time) Book 3: The Same Subject Continued (Examples where Wollstonecraft believes in a difference between the sexes) Book 4: Observations on the State of Degradation to Which Woman is Reduced by Various Causes (Main reason why women are considered inferior AND reason Wollstonecraft believes women are subjugated) Book 5: Animadversions on Some of the Writers Who Have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt (Rationality vs. Sensibility) Book 6: The Effect Which an Early Association of Ideas Has Upon the Character Book 7: Modesty - Comprehensively Covered, and Not as a Sexual Virtue Book 8: Morality Undermined by Sexual Notions of the Importance of a Good Reputation Book 9: Of the Pernicious Effects Which Arise from the Unnatural Distinctions Established in Society Book 10: Parental Affection Book 11: Duty to Parents Book 12: On National Education (co-education) Book 13: Some Instances of the Folly Which the Ignorance of Women Generates, with Concluding Reflections on the Moral Improvement that a Revolution in Female Manners Might Naturally be Expected to Produce
On The Social Contract
Book I: Discussion 1.Does might make right? (Ch. 3) 2.Is "majority rules" a legitimate form of government? (Ch. 5) 3.What is the reason for the Social Contract? (Ch. 6) Book II: Discussion 1) Explain what Rousseau means by the term "sovereignty". (Ch.s 1 - 2) the people in charge 2) Does Rousseau believe the General Will can be wrong? (Ch. 3) 3) What is one thing Rousseau thinks is a limit on Sovereign Power? (Ch. 4) Rousseau's Influence on the US Constitution Role of government Believes inequality began with private property.
Courage at birth & the good life
Born to be soldiers, They love it -weapons -training -time -NO PRIVATE PROPERTY -NO FAMILY
Mary Wollstonecraft
British April 27, 1759 - September 10, 1797 Revolutionary and Enlightenment time period Writer and Philosopher One of the founders of Feminist Philosophy Daughter Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein
relationship between calculation, geometry, study of spatial depth, astronomy, antistrophe and dialectic
Calc: counting and being able to add and subtract are just beginning of math . one dimensional geo: moves in two directions . left to right up and down (2D). extension of calc depth: is undeveloped so it passes quickly 4d: astronomy has to do with visible . 3d objects moving through space time antistropher . advanced musical study person who "grasps reason for the being of each thing is dialectical"
Whos house does The Republic take place in
Cephalus
3. How does Cephalus define justice? What is Socrates' objection to this definition? Does it amount to a refutation? Even if it does, how does the definition nonetheless contain some truth, which becomes evident only once Socrates defines justice himself at the end of Book 4?
Cephalus Justice: Telling the truth and paying your debts. Refutes: Giving the sword back to the crazy guy. Is telling the truth and paying your debts always good out of principle? In Socrates' definition of justice, people do their role to the best of their ability. Thus, Cephalus' definition of justice can be in a role. Performing the your actions to the best of your ability means either giving the sword back or not.
11. Using Socrates' own account of the soul, and drawing on evidence from their behavior, describe the souls of the following characters: Cephalus, Thrasymachus, and Glaucon. How does your description (or diagnosis) explain the succession of interlocutors Plato has chosen for Socrates?
Cephalus has the appetitive part of the soul - owns a shield making factory. The ultimate good is wealth and money. The discussion shows that the truth is not his goal. Thrasymachus - Spirited, Honor Victory. He is a sophist, his mannerisms display his ultimate goal of victory. Glaucon - Reason. Ultimate truth (end of book 4 = working definition of justice). Demands reason as to why justice in and of itself is worth pursuing (ultimate goal is truth).
What is the relationship between bodily appetites and reason
Cephalus says that he finds himself free to reason without the distractions of bodily desire
Plato's Attack on Homer and the Arts
Children shouldn't be thought myths and fables as it teaches them to be afraid of the others, kill thier dads He also doesnt like that the God's often take human forms as they are divine and don't need to the state must regulate what myths are allowed
Voluntary Rectifying Justice
Chose to fix something
50. After so much argumentation, Plato finishes his great philosophical dialogue with a story, the Myth of Er, which can be understood by children. What are the highlights of this story? Does it fulfill or betray the ideal of mature rationality celebrated throughout Republic?
Chose your next form Fools chose opposite of previous life Wise chose not drink river of lethe The life they chose will determine if they are rewarded or punished in the next life. Only those who are philosophical while alive learn how to chose just lives, others chose between happiness and misery. Only those that go through curriculum and education and cave and learn the trick of chosing a just life, therefor they
Democracy
City full of negative freedom (people can do/say whatever they please) No obligation to follow the law or collective responsibility All you have to do is say that you're a friend of the people to gain favor Primary focus is maximizing individual pleasure
The first city is the _________.
City of God
The Fundamentals of Good Philosophical Writing
Clarity Organization Cohesion Evidence Persuasion
I think therefore I am
Cogito ergo sum
Ancient Chinese Philosopher
Confucius
22. Socrates argues that the soul has three parts. He begins with the Principle of Consistency. What is it, and is it true? Generally, how does he then proceed? Specifically, how does he first distinguish a rational from an appetitive part? How, next, does he distinguish a spirited part from both?
Consistency - Faced with something you approach it in the same way. Ordered in the soul, therefor you are just consistency. Justice is a result of the structure of the soul. Person who's soul is rightly structured will behave intuitively just. Appetite and spirit focus on what seems good while reason is real good. Wisdom is knowing what's best for the city - Guardians Courage is preserving the belief of the guardians about what is to be feared - Auxiliaries Temperance is obeying despite temptations. - Workers
Paradox v contradiction
Contradictions are statements that clash due to an error in logic. Paradox is a problem in logic. It is deeper than contradiction. Tells us everything we think could be wrong.
Humans are the most.....form
Corrupt form Because we can choose, reason, and we choose bad things
What are the two virus that Socrates emphasizes must be developed in the souls of the guardians?
Courage and moderation
Auxiliaries must be/have _______ and _______.
Courage and moderation.
How is courage in the just city?
Courage lies with the auxiliaries. It is only their courage that counts as a virtue of the city because they are the ones who must fight for the city. A courageous farmer, or even ruler, would do the city no good.
Auxiliaries arete
Courage/bravery - must be brave to protect the citizens.
Socrates' Definition of Virtue
Crafts
what is the divided line, objects of the divided line? and psychological operations on the divided line
DIvide the visible from the intellegible 2 unequal sigments 1 visible and the other intellible . divide each segment to the ratio by which the first division was made visible: images: shadows and reflections in water and mirrors and other shiny objects things: -animals, plants, and other artifacts -these THINGs produce the shadows and reflections intelligible: (auxillaries) math objects . - geometry (use of sketches of shapes, and the work of thought. not creating real images of math object only imitates . Forms: (guardians) highest realm reverses course away from ends to beginnings lowe realm become stepping stones to the FORMS images: imagination (poets) produce copys . things: trust (artisans) object: thought intellection: forms
How does socrates deal with Thrasymachus' argument that self interest/injustice pays better than justice
Deals with it thus: No two craftsmen/professionals disagree about the standards of correctness in their own particular craft/profession. In this sense not in competition with each other. Since just men don't compete with each other, they're like skilled craftsmen, so the just man is 'wise and good'
What does apologia mean? (greek)
Defense
What is DACA?
Deferred action for childhood arrivals. A person cannot be illegal because illegal comes with a verb.
From which city does tyranny emerge?
Democracy
Which city loves equality and freedom above all else?
Democracy
Transition to Tyranny
Democracy is undermined by its freedom, and all order/systems of authority collapse Excessive freedom because excessive slavery Masses set up one individual (friend of the people/promises) as their champion
Why is the first amendment first?
Democracy means the people rule by voting but it only works with informed citizens. We trust our representatives because of what we see on the news. Our media must be objective, free, and independent.
2nd critique
Democracy only works when everyone listens to each other
Which of the unjust souls is characterized by living in accord with an equality of both unnecessary and necessary pleasures?
Democratic soul
Meditations V-
Descartes describes to salvage what he can from his skeptical doubts about the outside world, he first checks for which ideas of the external world are "clear and distinct" verses "confused", he believes that certain rational truths are "objective" and did not come from him (math, geometry), he believes his "clear and distinct" understanding of God is like a mathematical truth, example mountain and valley
Meditation II-
Descartes doubts sense perception and memory, he also questions thoughts. "evil demon" is responsible for my thoughts, the mind and the body exist independently=dualism, Descartes says he thinks and therefore it is proof that he exists, uses the example of the wax to show that physical things are not distinctively known
What is pious?
Devoutly religious However god loved and pious can be different things.
36. Socrates thinks it is dangerous for someone to be exposed to dialectic too soon. Why? How did Plato see this danger realized in his own times, and how did his curriculum guard against it? Might the same danger be realized in our own times? Has it been realized here in our course?
Dialect - Abstract thought to train the mind. It should not be taught to the wrong people or not even to the right people age the right age. Those who are not prepared for the dialect will treat it as a game of contradictions. They will argue for the sake of arguing. They will all sense of truth instead of striving towards it. Adequate age, adequate training. Auxilarries stop right before the dialectic. Those who continue to study it become the philosopher kings. Dialectic rids oneself of sense perception and uses only abstract reasoning to reach the good itself. They see it as an argument for arguments sake as opposed to a process for finding a truth.
HIghest Level of intellect
Dialectic
Which of the following is not considered an important aspect of the warriors' education?
Dialectic
What is the study which Socrates calls the song itself, to which the liberating mathematical arts are a prelude?
Dialectics
Vice
Disease, weakness, shameful condition
Oligarchy to Democracy
Division between the rich and the poor Preoccupation to become as rich as possible Rich don't control their young, go out of control and only focus on money Class of disenfranchised, poor individuals who sit around and complain Poor see the lack of control, laziness, weakness among the rich and decide to rebel against them Poor/masses forcibly take control
How is tyrant reverse of a medicinal purge?
Doctor removes poison and leaves healthy elements in the body while tyrant does opposite
How is healthcare in the just city?
Doctors should be trained to treat the healthy, who suffer from a single, curable ailment. They should not be trained to deal with the chronically ill. Those suffering from an incurable physical disease should be left to die naturally. Those suffering from an incurable mental disease should actively be put to death.
6. Warfare
Doesn't think polity will have to go to war often, Wont start war and have strong military, United Polis
Praxis
Doing
Oligarch-drone desires
Drone desires present when a man of this kind spends the money of others.
7. After Thrasymachus has clarified his definition—justice is the advantage of the stronger, specifically political rulers, and thus those truly strong rulers, craftsmen of rule, who make no mistakes about what is to their own advantage—Socrates argues against it. How? Soundly?
Each craftsman does what is advantageous for what is dealing/doing. (Horse breeder advatangageous for the horses). He inverts the argument and declares rulers to do what is advantageous for their subjects or the weaker. He makes the assumption that the captain acts to save the crew and not himself.
For justice to ensure, what must happen between the 3 classes?
Each group must perform its appropriate function, and only that function, and each must be in the right position of power in relation to the others. Rulers must rule, auxiliaries must uphold rulers' convictions, and producers must limit themselves to exercising whatever skills nature granted them
How are the three classes of society and three parts of the soul even more interconnected?
Each of the three classes of society, in fact, is dominated by one of the three parts of the soul.
2 parts of the just city (ensures its justice)
Each part of the city must do their craft well (must do it with their arete). Each part of the city must not meddle in other factions (producers mustn't try to be guardians, etc.).
24. Ancient Greek physicians typically assumed that health was a balance of the body's humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile), and that illness occurred whenever these humors became imbalanced. Socrates argues analogously that justice is health of the soul. How?
Each part of the soul isn't doing its part you are not just.
Rene Descartes
Early Modern, French, Cartesian Plane, mathematician, philosopher, scientist, rationalism, Father of modern philosophy
What is Key for producing good nature in Kallipolis
Education and upbringing. Censorship of stories
Describe education of guardians.
Education of guardians is the most important aspect of the city. It is the process of purification through which the unhealthy, luxurious city can be purged and purified. The education of guardians will involve physical training for the body, and music and poetry for the soul.
The Myth of Metals
Ensures theres no controversy about rulers. All citizens were born out of earth Every citizen has a certain sort of metal mixed in their soul. Rulers = gold Auxiliaries = silver Producers = bronze
33. Perhaps the biggest step on the shorter road—the Divided Line—is the one that exposes this road's inadequacy. Show how it does so by drawing this line, dividing it epistemologically on one side and ontologically on the other, then explaining the intimate relationship between both.
Epistemology - thought and reason Ontology - reality Ep is how you access on. You access reality through knowledge and reason. One of both of those don't have to be what reality is.
Women and men are
Equalish -women are lesser sex -sometimes he puts women and slaves or women and children listed together
25. Recalling the question from Books 1 and 2 about the value of justice—whether it is preferable to injustice—Glaucon exclaims "that question seems to me, at least, to have become ridiculous." Why does he say this? Has Socrates really proven that justice is preferable to injustice?
Equate the body to justice
Summary of Myth of Er
Er glimpses death. At first, people are separated to go up or down based on how they lived their lives. The unjust face strong punishment. Then they all come back and cast lots to see the order in which they will pick their next lives. Some people pick good lives, and some people pick bad lives. Then they all have their memories lost and are sent back into the world
What is the myth of Er
Er is killed in battle but does not die, his soul is taken to heaven, he must come back and report what he has seen God doesn't pick for you, every soul is responsible for themselves and must take full responsibility to be just or unjust
What are forms?
Eternal, unchanging, and universal ideas i.e. good, beauty, equal Anything beautiful is only so because it exists in the form of beauty
What is the second argument in book 5 against the city? What is Socrates's response?
Eugenics: only the best procreate; It is for the greatest good in the city- no privacy
Characters in euthyphro?
Euthyphro Slave Servant Euthyphro's father Socrates
Euthyphro 5d-6e: summarize Euthyphro's definition of piety in this passage and why it fails to be a good definition
Euthyphro defines pious in this passage as the ability to prosecute the wrongdoer no matter the crime or who performed it. It fails because it doesn't give us the universal definition we can apply to different cases.
What are each of the readings about?
Euthyphro- What is piety? Apology- Court case with Meletus v Socrates. Crito- Citizen v State. About law. Crito wants Socrates to escape.
Priciple of the divison of Labor
Every man has a part to play that is assigned to him as he grows up Its good for society as everyone does what he is good at Good for the individual becayse everybody does what he likes
44. To answer Glaucon's challenge, Socrates finally draws together the results of his psychology and compares the soul of the perfectly just person with the soul of the perfectly unjust person. Recount this comparison. Why does he think the former is preferable to the latter? Rightly?
Everyone has lawless desires, come out in their dreams. Time when reason is off guard. The tyrannical person is the only person that lets theses come out while their awake. Allegory of drug addict - spends so much money, he borrows, nobody will lend, degenerates to crime. Can't trust anyone, has no friend. Soul is full of disorder. Philopsher's soul - outwardly looks weak but peace of mind - Homunculus < Lion/Snake < Hyrda Tyrannical - outwardly looks strong but chaotic mind - Hyrda > Lion/snake > Homunculus If man behaves unjustly he feeds the beast and weakens the human being (in the mind). Just person human has most control, takes care of the beasts, feeding and domesticating. Prevents savage heads from growing. Lion becomes his ally, three parts coexist and collaborate with each other. Ties into reality vs. appearance. Free vs. enslaved.
Where does moderation and justice lie in the city?
Everywhere
Most humans can get to _____ but still not as good as _____
F2, F1
socrates *refuting thrasymachus'* theory
FIRSTLY: thrasymachus is promoting *injustice* when he says you should be as *advantageous to yourself as possible*, suggesting *more success=more virtue* SECONDLY: because injustice is the *opposite* of wisdom, *injustice cannot be a virtue* THIRDLY: to reach *desirable goals*, one must be *just* to some degree, and *justice* is *more desirable* because it promotes the *health of the soul*
In the myth related to the end of Book 3, Socrates argues that gold-souled people produce only gold-souled offspring.
False
Socrates likens the great lawless erotic desire or passion that stings the future tyrant to the great-winged horse, Pegasus
False
Socrates says that one should be 17 years old when leaving the liberating arts and being introduced to the study of dialectic
False
Socrates says that the greatest threat to the stability of the city that has been founded in speech is innovations in gymnastics
False
The image of the changeling child is used by Glaucon to show Socrates why Adeimantus is not a worthy father
False
The story of the child exchanged @ birth (changeling child) demonstrates why philosophy should be not be taught to those who are too old to appreciate it
False
Socrates argues that the guardians should imitate Achilles and practice flute playing whenever possible.
False; frick the flutes
Socrates says that 2-dim geometry is never useful for the turning around of the soul b/c it relies too much on sensation
False; geometry is one of the things that enables a soul to turn around
According to Socrates, the guardians should fear death more than they fear slavery.
False; guardians should face death with courage.
Socrates says that having common communities of women and children is a bad idea because it will lead to faction and division in the city
False; having families would lead to division
in the view of Socrates, the list of arts with the "power to release" the soul includes rhetoric and eristic
False; it includes arithmetic (1), geometry (2), study of cubes (3), astronomy (4), music (5)
Socrates places geometry at the top of the liberating studies, like a "coping stone" pr the very top of the building
False; it is philosophy
Socrates says that his image of the cave is meant to explain why we should study geology.
False; its about the world of sensation and the world of understanding (education)
Socrates argues that the musical education of the females should be identical to that of the males, but the female gymnastic education should be different
False; its all the same
In the same image of the soul, the rationale part of the soul is represented by Glaucus, the fabled fisherman who has become a god
False; its represented by a little person
The provisions he sets down for women and children are good, because they will cause the city to develop strong nuclear families
False; nuclear families are not wanted
Socrates says that the training of the guardians should be identical to the training of athletes.
False; the training of athletes is solely focused on the physical part of the body, whereas guardian training is for the mind, body and soul (music and gymnastics)
The prisoners in the cave are seated so that they can look to their left but not to their right
False; they are to only look straight ahead
Socrates suggests that philosophers should not rule in cities because they are not good at war and lack courage
False; they got all that
Socrates says that philosophers are ruled by reason and hence they do not experience love of any kind
False; they love wisdom
If a prisoner escaped from the cave and returned to tell others about life outside, the others would listen attentively to his stories and try to imitate that person
False; they would become angry at the person, not understanding, and even try to kill them
A prisoner who manages to make it out of the cave into the light would want to return to the cave and to tell others about life outside
False; they would not want to go back into the realm of not understanding
If a prisoner attempted to escape from the cave, the other prisoners would call the police
False; they wouldn't do shit
Socrates says that the city should be very large because large size will enable it to defend itself against enemies
False; too large=lots of chaos
According to Socrates, wisdom belongs to a part of the soul, namely the desiring part
False; wisdom belongs to the rationale part of the soul
Cephalus
Father of Polemarchus "illegal alien" Likes being too old to care Def: (1st) Telling the truth and giving back what's owed Opp Socrates: Wrong state of mind
What does each character in the Timocratic analogy of the father & man represent?
Father- philosopher king Man- Timocrat Badly run state- Timocracy Servants/gossipers- members of society
What is the instance in Leotinus an ex of? Fight between...
Fight between appetite (wants bodily pleasure) and spirit (wants honor/victory over shameful).
True oligarchs
Fight with only part of themselves and though he loses battle, he saves money
Luxrious City (Athens)
First city unravels a the population grows you have contact with other people as trade grows Here is where you see the origin of war as people want more of things and they start to overreach into others people's thing
What is a sophist?
First teachers/lawyers. They taught kids how to argue but charged families for their knowledge. People got pissed about the sophists for corrupting the youth.
What claims does Plato's tripartite soul put up?
First, there are psychological agents of desire that possess the forces that act upon the body. Second, the multitudes of desires that an individual possesses can be reduced to three main categories, corresponding to three such psychological agents of desire that control human behavior. Third, the fundamental description of human psychology—that of the "structure of the soul"—has ethical implications and is necessary to an understanding of justice.
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Focus on education (Plato, Rousseau) Passionate writer and human being Middle class Equal in a spiritual and intellectual way
Producers role
Follow laws. Make all material goods. Provide luxurious city with luxuries.
Basic needs of a city
Food Shelter Clothes Shoes
What does Plato discuss the relationship between a man and a boy?
For Plato, all action must be motivated by some desire or emotion. The emotional motivation that sends us looking for the Forms, then, is erotic love. Eros is the bridge between the physical world and the intelligible, the motivation for the philosopher's quest.
1-1 discussions
For Socrates, what is the best way to engage in philosophy?
How does procreation work in the just city?
For guardians, sexual intercourse will only take place during certain fixed times of year, designated as festivals. Males and females will be made husband and wife at these festivals for roughly the duration of sexual intercourse. The pairings will be determined by lot. Some of these people, those who are most admirable and thus whom we most wish to reproduce, might have up to four or five spouses in a single one of these festivals. All the children produced by these mating festivals will be taken from their parents and reared together, so that no one knows which children descend from which adults. At no other time in the year is sex permitted. If guardians have sex at an undesignated time and a child results, the understanding is that this child must be killed.
Why does Socrates go to trial?
For not recognizing the gods and corrupting the youth
Involuntary Rectifying Justice
Forced to fix something
What is the most important form for philosopher kings?
Form of the good
What is Eidos/Idea?
Form. Becomes the way we talk about knowledge. Plato gave us a way to express our knowledge.
What are Forms?
Forms, we learn in other Platonic dialogues, are eternal, unchanging, universal absolute ideas, such as the Good, the Beautiful, and the Equal. Though Forms cannot be seen—but only grasped with the mind—they are responsible for making the things we sense around us into the sorts of things they are. Anything red we see, for instance, is only red because it participates in the Form of the Red
Metaphysics
Frist principle of reality
23. With his account of the political virtues already established, Socrates examines the tripartite soul in order to find the individual analogues of these virtues, especially justice. How does he proceed? Discuss the function of each soul-part and show how its function determines its virtue.
Function of reason - to know what's really good or good for soul (wisdom) Spirit - Persererving the belief of reason and obeying (courage) obeying it, Appetite - Function is obeying despite temptation (temperance)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
General Person French; 1712 - 1778 Citizen of Geneva various arts (Romanticism, Modernism) Historical Context Social Contract Theorist Revolutionary Era / The Enlightenment Notable Ideas State of Nature vs. "progress" virtue and vice within organized society community (general will)
Plato's radical revelation
Give powers to philosophers
What is the counterexample disproving the Basic Hesiodic Conception
Giving the weapon back to a mad man. You technically should under this conception, but should you really?
Sick City
Glaucon People are conditioned to need new things Teachers and DR.s are now needed Now need a sizable army, to attack foe and help friends
Socrates thought of this city because ________ thought the CoG a city for ______.
Glaucon - pigs
Republic Bk. 2: What is the origin of justice according to Glaucon? How does he define justice? How does he argue for the claim that performing acts of justice are burdensome?
Glaucon says justice is an intermediate between two extremes of suffering injustice without revenge and doing injustice without impunity. Laws created origin of justice.
anti-political message
Glaucon says that the just man won't take a role in politics in real life, only in the city that they're talking about. He says there may be a model of it in the heavens, but not in real life. Socrates response is that there is still a reason to strive for justice, elaborated on in the Myth of Er
Characters of plato's republic
Glaucon==platos brother adeimantus=another brother polemarchus=young noblman convinces them to come to his house cephalus= old aging father
Men sentenced to death in democracy
Go about among their fellows, with no more notice taken of their comings and goings than if they were invisible spirits.
What must someone who escapes from the cave be obligated to do?
Go back into the cave
the ontological argument
God is by definition that than which nothing greater can be imagined, if god existed only i the mind there would be something than which something greater could be imagined ( a god that existed in the mind and in reality), Therefore, god exists in both the mind and in reality,
According to the noble lie, what are the three metals (elements of human beings)?
Gold, silver, bronze.
Producers work for the _______ of society.
Good
Who invented democracy?
Greeks
What happened with Leotinus?
Group of young boys were caught spying for Sparta Hung upside down with throats cut Bunch of naked, pale bodies piled Leotinus gets in. to. it. He knows it's shameful/disgusting Covers eyes (too shameful) But he finally can't take it and just lets himself look and enjoy it
People/Virtue/Soul
Guardian- Wisdom- Calculating Auxillary- Courage- Spirited Wage earner- Moderation- Desiring
Just state/indiv soul (guardian part)
Guardians = rational part. -desires truth and good -rules with wisdom, courage, and moderation
Which factions mustn't own anything?
Guardians and Auxiliaries
What happens after guardians and auxiliaries split?
Guardians began to be educated on how to rule. Auxiliaries cease education.
27. How does Socrates arrange the sexual relations of his guardians? Why? What methods of birth control does he recommend, and why? How does he envision that the children permitted to mature will be raised? Why in this way rather than the alternatives, such as the nuclear family?
Guardians specifically. Not having personal possessions. He mentions abortions and infanticide. If the guardians have sex at an undesignated time and a child is born than the understanding is that this child must be terminated. Sex will only happen at the festivals. Pairing will be determined by lottery (fixed). Communal raising. All considered as a whole, your child and other children are fit to be your own. In most cities the city's loyalty is divided, they care about the city as a whole but they also care about their own family.
The parts of the L city include...
Guardians, auxiliaries, and producers.
Unnecessary Desires
Harmful to the body, and our ability for self-control
Into what three parts is song divided by Socrates as he describes the musical education of the guardians?
Harmonic mode, rhythm and speech
Unjust Person
Has an intent to harm, reasonable expectation to harm. Premeditated
Ideal State - The Republic
Has to be post-luxurious city Ideal state or polis would be a purging Socrates - you have to turn to the youth Class of guardians that protect the state from internal and external threats
How does Plato respond to Adeimantus stating all the philosophers he's met are either useless of vicious?
He agrees. Men born with the philosophical nature—courageous, high-minded, quick learners, with faculties of memory—are quickly preyed upon by family and friends, who hope to benefit from their natural gifts. They are encouraged to enter politics in order to win money and power by their parasitic family and friends. So they are inevitably led away from the philosophical life. In place of the natural philosophers who are diverted away from philosophy and corrupted, other people who lack the right philosophical nature, rush in to fill the gap and become philosophers when they have no right to be. These people are vicious.
Can Socrates be harmed?
He cannot by you because all you can do is kill him. He does not fear death because no one knows what happens. He had nothing to lose so he gave the state no choice other than to execute him.
How does Plato connect the societal justice to individual justice?
He claims that the soul of every individual has a three part structure analagous to the three classes of a society.
How does Socrates back his claim that only philosophers have knowledge?
He divides all of existence up into three classes: what is completely, what is in no way, and what both is and is not. Only "what is completely" is completely knowable. Only the Forms count as "what is completely." Only philosophers have access to the Forms. Only the philosophers have knowledge.
How does Plato begin to argue for the tripartite soul?
He establishes there is an appetitive part of the soul by stating a man who wishes to drink and drinks and a reason part of the soul exampled by one who wants to drink but won't because it's unhealthy. He shows spirit is reason's henchman by showing it sometimes acts in its place. Children and animals have desires with same result as reason without having developed reason, this is spirit.
Why is the philosopher king most fit to rule the city?
He has the knowledge and does not want to rule
Thraymachus
He is a realist; he only thinks about justice in the human world; argues that justice is the advantage of the stronger
Why does Socrates conclude that the tyrannical man is not only the worst but the most unhappy person?
He is a slave to his own desires, he always wants more
What stage is the prisoner at when he is unbound and able to see the fire and statue?
He is at belief. He believes the fire and statue are the most real thing
Why did Socrates suggest such a positive elaborate punishment?
He knew whatever he said, in the future he would be condemned for either quitting his work or continuing it and getting caught again. He would come full circle soon if he didn't just allow them to kill him this time. Also, to get out would have been a huge fine.
Phaedo 72e-77a: Be familiar with Plato's argument for the immortality of soul from the Nature of Recollection.
He makes the argument that learning is recollection, everything you know is an account for what you have already learned. He argues we acquired this knowledge before birth, then lost it, and later regained our knowledge. In addition, he further supports this by saying that when our senses detect something we recognize it brings a flood of memories or recounts what something is, and that's knowledge we obtain before birth.
How does Socrates refute Polemarchus' argument?
He points out that, because our judgment concerning friends and enemies is fallible, this credo will lead us to harm the good and help the bad. We are not always friends with the most virtuous individuals, nor are our enemies always the scum of society. Socrates points out that there is some incoherence in the idea of harming people through justice.
After asked to defend justice as desirable and define it, what does Socrates do?
He sets out to create a perfectly just city and then make an analogy of such to a just individual
How does Socrates wish to train young guardians in regards to war?
He states that children training to become guardians should be taken to war so they can watch and learn the art as any young apprentice does. He recommends that they be put on horseback so that they can escape in the case of defeat. He also explains that anyone who behaves cowardly in war will be stripped of their role as a guardian.
What is Plato setting out to do?
He wants to define justice, and to define it in such a way as to show that justice is worthwhile in and of itself. He meets these two challenges with a single solution: a definition of justice that appeals to human psychology, rather than to perceived behavior. What is justice? Why should we be just?
What do we know about Crito?
He was Plato's uncle, a very wealthy man, Socrates old friend (best friend)
6 problems with an unjust soul (proof why a just soul is better)
Health of soul, freedom argument, pleasure argument, immortal goods argument, sieve (unsatisfied) argument, friendless argument.
What is Socrates' first just city?
Healthy City - governed only by necessary desires populated only by producers producing only what is necessary
Immortal Goods Argument:
Healthy fam- last a generation Dysfunctional fam- also last a gen --- Good from higher part better than appetitive goods.
Heaven & Tartartus
Heaven: The just go there Tartarus: Hell, this is where you are punished from you bad actions -Not permanent
Spirited
Helper of rational (obey). Loves honor, loves to win. Anger
Polematchus defintion of justice
Helping friend and harming enemies
Modern Philosophers
Henry David Thoreau- "Civil Disobedience" Ayn Rand- "the fountain head", psychological egoism, "objectivism", selfishness Alan Turing- artificial intelligence, AI "can machines think"
Describe the just individual and his relation with vice.
His strong love of truth weakens urges that might lead to vice.
Friendship structure
Holds states together where it is promoted over justice keeps us safe keeps us from making mistakes removes the need for justice
Spirited part =
Honor/victory
punishment and stories
How do we learn to be just and moral?
Look at what is left over after moderation, courage, and wisdom have been found
How does Plato find justice in the city in the end?
the same thing can't undergo opposites in the same part of itself. e.g. if thirst is drawn back by something, can't be drawn back by thirst. Must be, for example, rational part So parts of soul so far: irrational appetitive and rational part
How does Plato show that there are at least two parts of the soul?
The spirited part is the third part that helps the rational part so long as it hasn't been corrupted by a bad upbringing.
How does Plato understand the third, spirited, part of the soul?
those with knowledge should rule
How does Socrates work reject Wolff's question "how do we balance authority and autonomy"?
When things are called by the same name, it's because they're alike. So justice in in individual will be where parts of soul don't mix. (moderate, courageous, and wise)
How does justice in the city translate to justice in individual?
the knowledge of a carpenter doesn't assist justice. Must be other kinds of knowledge doesn't judge particular matters but city as a whole and maintains good relations.
How does the knowledge of GUARDIANSHIP differ from other knowledge in the city?
In the Republic, what does the Allegory of the Cave demonstrate?
How ignorance can be brought to knowledge
Virtue ethics
How to learn to be a good person. Socratic wisdom+socratic paradox.
Distributive Justice
How we give out punishments and reward
Appetite
Hunger, thirst, sex
Mens rea
I had the thing in my mind/ motive. Criminal intent is possible. An example is murder v manslaughter.
What is socratic wisdom
I know that I know nothing.
Medieval Islamic Philosphers
Ibn Sina- Polymath, "Jack of all trades", Physician by trade Ibn Rushd- heavy influence on the Renaisance
Crito- State and/vs Individual
Idea of what point do you stand up against your nation. Two greatest patriotisms to your country are to die for it and fight against it when you do not believe in something/agree with it.
What are Plato's punishment in regards to enemies
If Greek, do not do permanent harm as they are brothers and peace will soon prevail. If not Greek/barbarians, anything goes.
Modus Tollens
If P then Q Not Q Therefore not P
What is right?
If everything is right then right has no meaning. It is stripped of its meaning.
What does Socrates think will happen if he leaves?
If he leaves his friends and family become the enemies of Athens. If he leaves he confirms the verdict against you. If he continues elsewhere the same thing will happen. if he doesn't continue then his whole life becomes hypocritical.
49. What is Socrates' argument that our souls are immortal? Is it flawed? Socrates occasionally presents a flawed argument followed by one much stronger. In this case, he turns to the image of the sea god Glaucus. What is its implicit argument about our soul, i.e., our self? Who are you?
If something is desctrubable it is destroyed by its nature vice Natural vice injustice. Reason is the form and humans are the insance. Use reason to discover knowledge outside space and time. In the body youre clouded by spirit and appetite. Glaucus In the end it is an argument for what humans truly are. Justice is living and understanding what yo truly are. Ultimate justice is that looking in a mirror (that's me) Ultimate injustice is perceiving others by their outside.
Soundness
If the argument is valid, and premises are true, then the argument is sound
How can a guardian get stripped of their title?
If they act cowardly in war
How does Plato claim guardians can live in the manner that they do?
If they are philosophers, leading to philosopher-kings
Why will the just city be limited in size?
If too large, it can no longer be governed well under the current system.
Not Being a Busybody
If you aren't doing your job, you are distracting others
According to Socrates, what is the lowest grade of cognitive activity
Imagination
S2
Imagination -The visible world is not what is seen clearly -Things created ti imitae sometinh else, like a shadow or mirror image -EVEN FURTHER FROM FORMS
What condition of the soul is the fourth form
Imaging
Early Modern German/Idealists
Immanuel Kant- worked in every field of philosophy, categorical imperative Friedrich Nietzche- "will to power" Karl Marx- "the communist manifesto" Gottlob Frege- father of analytic philosophy
What is the groucho marx paradox?
Impossible for everything to be relative. Nihilist is you believe nothing. Its a contradiction in terms. I would never join a club that would let me in.
How does Plato argue justice is desirable?
In Book IX he presents three arguments for the conclusion that it is desirable to be just. By sketching a psychological portrait of the tyrant, he attempts to prove that injustice tortures a man's psyche, whereas a just soul is a healthy, happy one, untroubled and calm. Next he argues that, though each of the three main character types—money-loving, honor-loving, and truth-loving—have their own conceptions of pleasure and of the corresponding good life—each choosing his own life as the most pleasant—only the philosopher can judge because only he has experienced all three types of pleasure. The others should accept the philosopher's judgement and conclude that the pleasures associated with the philosophical are most pleasant and thus that the just life is also most pleasant. He tries to demonstrate that only philosophical pleasure is really pleasure at all; all other pleasure is nothing more than cessation of pain.
Allegory of the Cave
In a cave. Bound looking forward. People manipulate statues and when the prisoners talk about anything they are talking about the shadows they see from these statues. IMAGINATION Prisoner is freed from his bonds and looks at the fire and statues. He realizes what they are and accepts those are the realist things in his life. BELIEF Prisoner is now dragged out and sees flowers and trees. THOUGHT When his eyes have adjusted he looks at the sun, realizes its the source of the light that allows him to see. UNDERSTANDING
How is the just city more unified?
In most cities the citizens' loyalty is divided. They care about the good of the whole, but they care even more about their own family. In the just city, everyone is considered as family and treated as such. There are no divided loyalties.
Democrat
Incapable of distinguishing between necessary/unnecessary desires Drifts from one activity to the next with no long-term goals
Being treated unjust
Incontinent- not in the right mindset Accept an injust act on themself because it is a perceived good
Particular Justice
Individual Acts
Which is pp.'s opinions of justice? What kind of good?
Instrumental good
Which of the the classes of good is justice, does Glaucon say the general population believes?
Instrumental- Things we desire only for their consequences A necessary evil
Extrinsic Value
Instrumental. Valuable for something else. Money, exchanging goods. Materialistic Materials.
Forms
Intelligible. Not visible
Oligarch
Internal conflict between desires Must retain some self-control in order to appear good for business (better desires with the upper hand)
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
Introduction: Thesis Part One: State of Nature (natural vs. moral) Part Two: Civilization (and the Origin of Inequality) State of Nature: amorality (vs. Hobbes) Private property and civilization (social)
What is the Ring of Gyges?
Invisibility ring, everybody given the chance would act unjustly
Realm of the Forms
Invisible, Real
Is v Ought
Is is descriptive. Ought is normative.
What is Thrasymachus's definitions/thoughts of justice?
Is nothing more than the advantage of the stronger. This is supposed to delegitimize the idea of justice all together. Just behavior benefit the unjust.
Euthyphro Dilemma . arguement
Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods? first attempt: says that he is prosecuting his father bc it is pious to do so . and zeus did this to his own father which everyone was cool with . Socrates first question however was "what is pious?" not "what are some examples of pious second attempt: Impiety: if something is hated by the gods, then that something is impious piety: if something is loved (not hated) by gods then that something is pious socrates gets him to admit that the gods are at war with eachother . different gods consider different things good and holy if something is dear to the gods then it is pious . but if it is also hated by some gods then it is also impious . third attempt: now: is the pious being loved by the gods bc it is pious . or is it pious bc it is loved by the gods must just be pious bc different gods love different things . so we are back to it relying on being pious or not is pious just pleasing to the gods but not beneficial right . bc we decided that gods cant benefit from human activity . E says: its all things most dear to the gods . he said that in his second attempt question: is justice apart of piety . or is piety a part of justice . why:
What is the third argument in book 5 against the city? What is Socrates's response?
Is this city even possible??; irrelevent
Creation of a Timocracy
Issues with breeding system (love can't be controlled) will lead to decrease in quality of rulers Civil war: Group that seeks material desires vs. Group that seeks virtue and order Introduction of private property Artisan class is enslaved
Why doesn't biology give you values?
It gives you what you ought to do. Must decide life v death. You could choose not to breathe but you ought to so you stay alive.
Why does socrates claim injustice is not a source of strength?
It is a source of disunity and therefore weakness - thieves must cooperate to achieve anything
What is Socrates's attitude toward democracy?
It is an anarchic and disordered and second only to tyranny
Why can't injustice be a virtue?
It is contrary to wisdom
14. In order to discover the nature or essence of justice, not simply its value, Socrates begins constructing an imaginary city, one that would be as good and happy as it is possible to be. Why does he do this? Upon what principle does he do it? Is his reasoning here sound?
It is easier to identify the proposed idea when it is enlarged. Principles: Interdependence - Because everyone is the master of one craft, they depend on each and specialization - do the thing to the best of their ability
What is the cave describing?
It is essentially describing Socrates. He supposedly corrupted the youth and was impious. Powerful people didn't realize they were stuck and ordered death to socrates. Once you understand The Good you understand it forever. Everything is tied to The Good.
What is something looked for in guardians to determine who is fit to rule?
It is in understanding the Form of the Good, in fact, that someone gains the highest level knowledge and thus becomes fit to be a philosopher king.
13. With some help from his brother, Glaucon presents a contrast between the perfectly unjust life and the perfectly just life. He then challenges Socrates to show that the latter is preferable to the former. Describe this contrast as he does. Does Socrates meet this challenge? How? Soundly?
It is more rewarding for the unjust man to appear to be just. The just man only reaps the appearance of unjustice, therefore his life outwardly appears to be torturous. Tyrant v. Martyr. Socrates: First let's look at this at by the allegory of the city. (Things are easier to perceive in something tangible like a city).
What advantage does the Ring of Gyges confer on its wearers?
It makes them invisble
How a city sees itself
It needs to be united by moderation
preserves
Justice _____ all other characteristics of ideal city
Name two forms
Justice and Beauty
Justice comes _________. Without ________.
Justice comes naturally. Without learning.
Ring of Gyges
Justice is a balance between Personal satisfaction and safety Just man gets killed Unjust man rules the city as a hero
What is Plato's definition of justice?
Justice is a political arrangement in which each person plays the appropriate role
What is Plato's view on specialization?
Justice is a principle of specialization: a principle that requires that each person fulfill the societal role to which nature fitted him and not interfere in any other business.
What is Thrasymachus argument for justice?
Justice is nothing more than the advantage of the stronger. He is saying that it does not pay to be just. Just behavior works to the advantage of other people, not to the person who behaves justly. Thrasymachus assumes here that justice is the unnatural restraint on our natural desire to have more. Justice is a convention imposed on us, and it does not benefit us to adhere to it. The rational thing to do is ignore justice entirely.
Virtuous Man taking less than his fair share
Keep in mind There is a different percieved good What are the motivations behind it
What is (an)hosion?
Knowledge of proper ritual in prayer and sacrifice
29. Socrates distinguishes powers according to their proper objects, and so distinguishes the three powers of knowledge, opinion, and ignorance according to their three respective objects. What are these objects, and what principle judges those of knowledge superior? Why?
Knowledge the object is the form, they can only be completely knowable Ignorance is what is not in any form at all Belief is what is and what is not. There are people who love learning either about how things seem (belief /opinion) or about how things are (knowledge). Principle of Consistency - something cannot both be and not be (contradiction in belief/optimism). If consistency is a measure of whats real than knowledge (what is) is superior. Knowledge, belief, ignorance - epistemology - account of knowledge What is, what is not, what is and is not - Ontology -account of reality of being
Wisdom
Knowledge. Good Judgement
What is real virtue based on? How does this undermine the warriors?
Later in the book, he indicates that real virtue must be founded upon knowledge, suggesting that virtue based on habit or belief and not knowledge will fail when the going gets very tough. Since only the guardians possess knowledge, only the guardians can be truly virtuous or courageous. The warriors were said to have the virtue of courage, but they do not possess the knowledge. Warriors have second-rate courage called "civic courage"
Inherent
Laws adhere to the human body
Glaucon's Definition of Justice
Laws and Covenants. It is best to be unjust (screw others over) and not suffer consequences. Worst to suffer injustice (getting screwed) without any recourse (revenge)
42. The USA now hovers ambiguously—many would say uneasily—between the constitutions of democracy and oligarchy. Using Plato's abstract description, show how our present culture shares features characteristic of each. If Plato's political theory is accurate, what should we expect next?
Laws are getting more oligarchic Culture democratic Founding fathers wanted this HOR - Democratic Senate - Oligarchic
Setting for Euthyphro?
Leaving courts where he was told he was going to be killed
first in characters, then ways of life private contracts laws governments overthrows everything.
List how lawlessness in stories ruins whole city
Persuasive Argumentation
Literary: Eloquence, style, flow Rhetorical: Questions, Etc. Logical: premises and conclusions
Guardians
Lose all of their luxuries because they are needed to be strong They guard the fancy city, but aren't able to reap any of the benefits of it
Love and Friendship
Love is an emotion Friendship is a state of character
Philosophy
Love of Wisdom (all wisdom). The domain of reason
Timocratic Individual
Loves the arts but isn't properly educated Deferential to authority above him, but enslaves those below Believes he's best qualified to rule b/c of his warlike achievements Despises money as a child but grows to covet it
everlasting
Loving justice is best because it is _________ whereas honor and money are not ____________.
4 Grades of Knowledge
Lowest 1. Imagination 2. Belief 3. Thought -uses crutches of aids and relies on hypothesis 4. Understanding Highest
Producers are the ________ class. These are the _______ metal.
Lowest - Iron/Bronze
Iron/Bronze is the ________ class. These are the ________.
Lowest - Producers
2. Choosing the next guardians
MOST IMPORTANT -looking for a child in good health, good at gymnastics, good at self control, must exhibit love for truth and justice
Rectifying Justice
Making things Right
What is Hoi Polloi
Many (never used in a good way)
The Genealogy of Morals
Master Morality- positive value system Slave Morality- negative value system Ressentiment- a reaction
38. Describe the timocratic city and soul. Who rules in the city, what rules in the soul? How does the ruling element preserve its rule? What are its values? What is the order of the whole city and soul? Why is this order unstable? How does it become unstable and produce an oligarchic order?
Masters rule the slaves (spirit rule the appetitive and reasoned). Through force and slavery. Apperance vs reality, honor pursuit is empty and love of wealth grows until system becomes oligarchic. Ruled by rich
Why must we have the best (just) soul?
Meaningful life = best life possible If your life = your soul... --- best (just) soul = best (meaningful) soul
Daemon
Means a spirit or unknown entity. Socrates claims he has voices in his head that told him the word "no."
Ethics
Meant to Be Pragmatic, they solve problems
Anselm
Medieval time period, theologian, school of thought is theology, Scholasticism, "the ontological argument for the existence of god" Scholasticism is based on Aristotelian logic and Church fathers Gaunilo's reply "on behalf of the fool"
Characters in the Apology?
Meletus(young man, poet, political figure), Anytus (powerful and wealthy selfm ade businessman, has new money, his kids ran his business to the ground because he sent them to the sophists), Lycon (we know nothing about him)
Explain the Divided Line
Metaphysics, intelligible (thought), visible, Epistemology, knowledge, opinion
Silver is the ________ class. These are the ________.
Middle - Auxiliaries
Auxiliaries are the ________ class. These are the ________ metal.
Middle - Silver
What is scholasticism?
Middle ground logic + reason
Socrates Def of Justice
Minding one's own business and not being a busybody
Phaedo 89d-91c: Be able to identify misology and explain why Socrates finds it to be the "greatest evil."
Misology is defined as the hatred of reasoning. To argue without knowledge or skill requires that the person places trust in the other person and believes them to be truthful and sound. The danger of this is that they soon find their friends to become unreliable and they place blame upon them and continuously argue and come to hate all men because they believe no one is sound. I agree that it is not wise to argue without knowledge, because it is pointless to argue over that which you don't know, it gives you an inflated sense of self.
Which of the the classes of good is justice does Socrates say?
Mixed Bag- Desired for its own sake and it's consequences
Producers arete
Moderation - else they would hoard the luxuries, surpass with wealth, and only produce what makes them rich.
How is moderation and justice in the just city?
Moderation and justice, in contrast to wisdom and courage, are spread out over the whole city. Moderation is identified with the agreement over who should rule the city, and justice, finally, is its complement—the principle of specialization, the law that all do the job to which they are best suited.
three pleasures of the soul . how do they relate to eachother to eachother in controlling the soul .
Money honor: people recognize that some certain people are recognized wisom: knowledge of the good itself . THE GOOD must have moey and recognition to become wise dont need knowledge to make money or be recognizd
Spirit/Thumos(emotion)
Moral emotion half-cognitive/ part impulse - can listen to reason
4. Creator and Guardians of laws and customs
More about maintenance of the laws and customs that do exist Guard against corruption and innovation
The philosopher king
Most people want to rule for benefits which leads to fighting the ruler should not want to rule, but because they must for the betterment of the whole city
City Laws
Music and Gymnastics- Be cautious introducing new stuff Play and Education- regulate play to keep safe Clothing and treatment of elderly- Education of family keeps us from this law
How is Lawfulness achieved in the Kallipolis
Music and poetry and physical training
The Noble Lie is also known as...
Myth of Metals
One part of should lie to a lower part for sake of whole:
Myth of Metals, The Noble Lie.
Did people actually want Socrates to die?
NO ONE wanted him to die. He was the wisest man in the world. Even the prison guard left his cell open so he could leave. Crito wanted Socrates to leave and offered to pay anything that stood in the way. Many things prove that no one really wants him to die.
auxiliary
Name for the guardians
Why does Plato want to replace mimesis with narration?
Narration is better because it is one role, like everybody has one role in society no laments bans powts
Socrates
Narrator def: (4th) Minding One's on business and not being a busybody Socrates was Platos teacher
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) religion
Natural theology
Phusis
Nature Essence or nature of things
39. Describe the oligarchic city and soul. Who rules in the city, what rules in the soul? How does the ruling element preserve its rule? What are its values? What is the order of the whole city and soul? Why is this order unstable? How does it become unstable and produce democratic disorder?
Necessary appetitive rule the spirit and reason. Values are money. Unstable because the poor constitute the majority of the population. The appearance of wealth and power vs the reality of being weak + using brute force. Poor revolt
43. Socrates distinguishes between three types of appetite: necessary, unnecessary (but lawful), and lawless. Name an example of each type of appetite. What are the criteria that underwrite these distinctions? Are they solid? How do they function in his psychological and political theory?
Nescessary appetite - food water shelter Unnescessary - chips earbuds, highlighters, elephant necklances Lawless - Crack Tyranical = lawless appetite Democracy = Unnescessary appetites
Renaissance Politics
Niccolo Machiavelli- Machiavellianism, "The Prince" John Locke and Thomas Hobbes- British Social Contract Theorists, Enlightenment Locke=ideas for the US Constitution Hobbes= reason why we have the government we do
According to Glaucon is Justice intrinsically valuable?
No
Is democracy the proper way to a achieve a good life according to plato?
No
Why do cities form?
No individual is self-sufficient
For philosophers, a good life is
No luxuries, Healthy food Education Communal ownership Supported by the community
What is socratic paradox?
No one can willingly and knowingly do wrong. What this means= In your mind when you are doing something wrong, you believe it is the right thing to do. With people robbing stores, people do not want to be a bad bank robber and get caught. Even if it is against the law the robber wants to do the best they can. People that do wrong things are doing so due to ignorance.
What does Socrates think about right and wrong?
No one does wrong willingly and knowingly. Punishment makes us feel good. Punishment is not just. If someone is having a seizure and its you on accident you would not hit them later for it because they unknowingly wronged you. He said "Why would I teach these kids how to hurt me?" You only do things because you will them. We cannot choose something bad for us.
What is the first argument in book 5 against the city? What is Socrates's response?
No private property would rise objections; educate women- some women are better than some men at some things
Moral Skepticism
No such thing as morality
"Dialectic" is another name for "eristic"
No, dialectic is conversation for truth, and eristic is for domination of opponent
Can everyone grasp the Forms?
No. Only those whose minds are trained to grasp the Forms—the philosophers—can know anything at all.
Facts about Socrates
Not affected by the elements. His wife's name was Xanthippe. She taught him how to argue. Not affected by alcohol. Wisest man.
Where do we get our values?
Not from religion, family, education, culture, law, society, race, language, tradition, or relativism
Does Athens have all the characteristics of an ideal polity according to plato?
Not very self contained or self sufficient
Noble Lie pt 1
Nothing you own is real. You were born of the Earth and belong to the city. But everyone in the city is your family, it eliminates factions
What evidence does Plato have to restrict it to three?
Nothing.
Techne
Notion of craft, art, skill
Ergon
Notion of function
Meson
Notion of the mean or intermediate
Arete
Notion of virtue Characteristic excellence
Line metaphor
ON PAPER
Forms include
Objects and Ideas -Courage, Justice
Myth of Origins (Noble Lie)
Old Greek Custom We are all kids of Mother Earth therrfore we are all brothers and sisters Plato ends the nuclear family - all children are raised by the community
Cephalus
Old rich dude; introduces the idea that justice is giving to each what is owed
From which of the unjust souls does the democratic soul emerge?
Oligarchy
In which of the unjust cities do drones first appear?
Oligarchy
Of the four unjust cities, which one is discussed second?
Oligarchy
Which city especially loves unnecessary desires?
Oligarchy
Opinions
Opinions can't be right or wrong because they're opinions because it's about how you feel or believe. One's connection to the thing
Republic Bk. 6: Explain the Sun Analogy
Out of all the five senses, vision is the only one that depends on a third variable to work which is light. We have our eyes which gives us the ability to see and be seen, without light this wouldn't be possible. In the absence of light our vision is useless and we are blind to the world around us. In comparison our souls require truth which provides illumination to the things that are good. from visible to intelligible eye-intellect, sight-intellect ion, light-truth, phenomenon- idea form, sun-good
Family Relationships
Parent/Child- monarchy Equal Partners- aristocracy Siblings- timocratic
Ethics/Poltics
Part of justice
Athenian Democracy
Participate in military - navy is important Participate in public service Offices by lottery Local neighbourhood councils Participate in public assembly & juries
Types of Justice
Particular Justice Distributive Justice Rectifying Justice Voluntary Rectifying Justice Involuntary Rectifying Justice
What do the classes of society correlate to in the individual?
Parts of the soul, sources of desire Rational Spirited Appetitive
Equality
People are not equal so equality of actions must happen
What does Adeimantus claim?
People are only just for the rewards
How is Plato's just city very much authoritarian?
Personal freedom is not valued. The good of the state overrides all other considerations. Social classes are rigid, and people are sorted into these classes with no thought to their preferences. Of course, Plato would object to this latter claim by saying that each person will find their class most pleasing to them since it is best suited to their nature. Nonetheless, they are given no input when the state determines what life they will lead. A citizen's fate—producer, warrior, or ruler—is decided at an early age, and no provisions are made for individuals to shift classes as they mature. Those labelling the ideal city authoritan can also point to state-controlled propaganda in the form of the myth of the metals. The irony is that for someone who claimed to value truth so highly, Plato has little trouble justifying wide-scale deception. The good of the state overrides all else, including the importance of truth.
47. Socrates draws an image in words of human nature. According to this image, this nature appears wholly human (because it is covered with human skin), but in reality it is a hybrid of a human part (a homunculus) with two baser parts (a lion and a hydra). Explain its significance.
Philopsher's soul - outwardly looks weak but peace of mind - Homunculus < Lion/Snake < Hyrda Tyrannical - outwardly looks strong but chaotic mind - Hyrda > Lion/snake > Homunculus If man behaves unjustly he feeds the beast and weakens the human being (in the mind). Just person human has most control, takes care of the beasts, feeding and domesticating. Prevents savage heads from growing. Lion becomes his ally, three parts coexist and collaborate with each other. Ties into reality vs. appearance. Free vs. enslaved.
3rd proof as to why the tyrant is the unhappiest
Philosopher soul Most people only see pleasure as the absence of pain and don't actually know what it is Seeing pleasure as the absence of pain leaves you in an endless cycle of desire/respite Tyrant is most distant from true pleasure because it is the most extreme of one part of the soul gaining control over all the others Philosopher demonstrates the mastery of all the pleasures. Only he understands the poor pleasure that comes from this, and becoming one with the forms.
28. "Cities will have no rest from evils," says Socrates, unless philosophers become kings or kings become philosophers. Why does he believe this? What are philosophers, and how does Socrates argue that they alone can secure good government? Is his argument sound?
Philosophers love reality, all of reality. Lovers of wisdom. Differentiates between philosophers and lovers of sights and sounds (the most extreme of which being sophists). Philosophers happen to get ill and read instead of getting into politics. Philosophers = memory, learning, high-minded (not petty), graceful and virtuous. The lovers of sights and sounds are satisfied with this realm and pursue it whereas philosophers pursue the forms (eternal unchanging absolute ideas - outside time and space). Only philosophers should be kings because they have the correct definition of the truth. Other cities pursue things like money and power. Breed envy strife and war.
Phaedo 61c-70a: explain Socrates's claim that the philosopher is one who practices dying and death (e.g., "the one aim of those who practice philosophy in the proper manner is to practice for dying and death" 64a).
Philosophers practice dying and death because dying is the separation of soul from body and philosophers practice separation of soul from body. In the face of a death a true philosopher leaves behind bodily pleasures and can pursue purification of his soul because his body is detached
Euthyphro 7a-9a: summarize Euthyphro's definition of piety in this passage and why it fails to be a good definition
Piety is what is loved by (dear to ) the gods.Fails because the gods are like us in that they are not in accord with their beliefs of the beautiful, good, true, and just.
What is the pythia?
Place you could go and ask questions about the gods, usually yes or no answers. Claimed there was no one wiser than Socrates. This news spread around Greece. Socrates denied ever knowing anything. He saw this allegation as the gods testing him.
What is Plato asserting with philosophers?
Plato asserts in this section that the philosopher is not only the sole possesor of knowledge, he is also the most virtuous of men.
How does Plato describe the Form of the Good?
Plato cannot describe this Form directly, but he claims that it is to the intelligible realm what the sun is to the visible realm.
How does Plato perceive knowledge?
Plato is adamant that knowledge does not change. Knowledge for Plato, as for Aristotle and many thinkers since, consists in eternal, unchanging, absolute truths, the kind that he would count as scientific.
Nature Construction
Plato is further to side of nature creating us -Born in a certain way, with certain qualities and these qualities are our destiny -May become worse because of Society
those in change must ensure education isn't corrupted without their noticing. 'they must guard as carefully as they can against any innovation in music and poetry or in physical training that is counter to the established order'
Plato on the importance of education in the city
Plato says the main purpose in propagating the myth of the metals among the citizens of the just city is
Plato says these are the characteristics that mark the lifestyle of the guardians
Republic Bk. 7: explain and unpack the components of the Cave Analogy/Image
Plato uses imagery of human beings living underground in a cave that are restrained in bonds so they can only see in front of them. They have light given off by a fire above and behind them and in front of them is a wall with images that projects above them and they can see artifacts such as statues of people and animals. When it echoes in the cave from a carrier passing by the prisoners believed the shadows were talking. We are like the prisoners in Plato's analogy in that without knowledge we are shackled and allowed to only see what is in front of us with our eyes we lack true sight. In contrast, with knowledge our bonds are released and we're permitted to see the sunlight of the visible realm. With knowledge we develop an understanding of the world of why things are and how they work. Once we have this understanding we could never go back to the dim cave the same way because we have knowledge of the outside.
The Republic
Plato wrote it, central question of justice, ring of gyges, theory of forms, allegory of the cave, parts of the soul
Adeimantus
Plato's Brother Believed people were afraid of "godly" consequences and only acted just because of that
Glaucon
Plato's Brother Helped create the city (wanted sick city) Types of good Ring of Gyges
Glaucon
Plato's brother
we aren't content with less
Plato's first city of pigs solves the problem of political authority for Wolff. Why doesn't this first city work in Republic?
Adeimantus
Plato's other brother In Book II also, wants to know whether it is better to be just or unjust even without consequences
Types of friendship
Pleasure Utility Pleasure
31. To the many, the Good appears to be pleasure; to the few, knowledge. Who are these two groups of people, and what are the errors of their respective appearances? Why is it so important to people, whoever they are, and whatever they believe, that the Good appear to be as it is?
Pleasure = Lovers of sights and sounds Knowledge = Lovers of wisdom + forms Error in appearances - realm of sights and sounds is not what is real Error of philosophers - apparent appearance come across as stargazers and dreamers and find no importance in the lovers of sights and sounds. Fear and chaos would ensue if what you thought was real was not actually real. Analogy of the sun. The sun is to the visible realm what the good the good is to the intelligible realm. The sun is the source of light, hence the visibility in the intelligible realm. The sun is responsible for giving light. It is only by the sun that the eye is able to see. Similary the good gives us the capacity for knowledge. The sun is the cause of things existing in the visible realm. In the intelligible realm the good in turn is responsible for the existence of the forms. The coming to be causes things to exist. In the visible realm its flowers blooming and flowers giving birth. The good is responsible for the existence of forms. The form of the good is beyond being, it is the cause of all existence. Each strata in the cave considers their object as the most real element. Four stages of the cave. Sensible particulars. To reach the fourth section people use the fourth section towards the form of the good. Once you understand the form of the good you understand all other forms as well.
soldiers
Poemarchus's definition of justice holds true for which group in the city of speech?
Why does Plato banish poets?
Poets, he claims, appeal to the basest part of the soul by imitating unjust inclinations. By encouraging us to indulge ignoble emotions in sympathy with the characters we hear about, poetry encourages us to indulge these emotions in life. Poetry, in sum, makes us unjust.
Who's house to they go to in the first book
Polemarchus
4. How does Polemarchus define justice? What are Socrates' arguments against this definition? These arguments all appear flawed upon inspection. What are their flaws? Although he does not acknowledge these flaws, how does Socrates' own treatment of justice implicitly remedy them?
Polemarchus Justice: Returning what is owed appropriately. Harming your enemies and helping your friends. Socrates Objection: 1) Justice needs a training in character. 2) Power for Contraries If justice is the art of safekeeping, then justice is the art of stealing. You would hope the process of learning your craft would regulate against misusing your craft. 3) Appearance is different than reality. People are not machines, they make errors and they could potentially harm friends and help enemies. 4) Rendering harm to enemies is not just. Justice should spread and promote justice. Flaws: The nature of human of beings. Arguments are flawed because human can't know what is real, they act upon what they feel is real. Justice needs a training in character. (Guardian theory). Assumes justice is atechne. (Guardians). Can that can be learned and perfected.
Two types of justice in the city
Political Justice, Individual Justice
What two things must coincide of Kings and Rulers in Kallipolis
Political power and Philosophy
Cephalus
Polymarchus's father Rich, well respected Spokesman for greek tradition, Argues for hesiodic conception
Relationship with God
Praying harder than someone else is blasphemous because prayer is personal If we didn't give glory to God would he still be glorious? Don't have transactional relationship with diety God's need us because they are weak, you need a weak person to feel strong.
The Process of Good Philosophical Writing
Pre-Writing: organization and cohesion (outline) Draft: evidence and persuasion (quotations and citations) Revision: clarity Proofreading: errors Final Copy: submission
Arguments are comprised of..
Premises and Confusion
Argument
Premises and conclusion using logic to prove a point. This is rational discourse. Example Premise: Socrates is human. Humans are mortal Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. True no matter what. If premises are true then the conclusion cannot be false.
Courage
Preservation. Power to preserve. Not abandoning out of pain, pleasures, desires or fears.
Socrates defines courage as
Preserving the opinion instilled by law and education about which things are terrible
upon what principle does socrates construct the city? what is the justification for this principle
Principle of one man one job . constrcuts the city to prove that justice can also be found in the soul .
Just state/indiv soul (producer part)
Producers = appetitive part -desires food, sex, pleasure, material goods, $ -acquires materials, pleasure.. with moderation
What are producers dominated by?
Producers are dominated by their appetites—their urges for money, luxury, and pleasure.
Crafts of the Kallipolis
Producing, ruling or guarding
Logos
Proper account or defintion
Guardians role
Protect the city (war). Lead. Create laws.
Visible Realm
Provides truth and understanding
Theory of Forms
Pseudo Intellectuals -Have opinions on forms but no knowledge Uses to prove that philosophers only have knowledge
Types of War
Psychological Warfare Physical Warfare Guardian is still the best fighter regardless of what type of war
Who said "friends have all things in common"?
Pythagoras
Where do we get our values?
REASON
Pythagoras
Radical vegetarian -People believed he could speak to animals -Obsessed with numbers and relationships
Which part of the soul must rule?
Rational part
Will live an unjust life if not ruled by...
Rational part.
What part rules a just soul?
Rational portion. Follow knowledge loving desires that reason produces.
What are the three parts of the soul?
Rational, spirited, appetitive
Renaissance
Re-birth
Metaphysicas
Reality - What exists? What is real?
What rules a just soul? What does that mean?
Reason In a just soul, the soul is geared entirely toward fulfilling whatever knowledge-loving desires reason produces.
What is the guiding part of a human's soul?
Reason The difference between us is how we choose to use our reason and which side is the most prominent
Rational
Reason (rule)
The Human Soul's three parts
Reason, Courage (Spirited/honour seeking) Appetitive (Productive)
According to Plato what are the 3 parts of the soul?
Reason, the spirit, and desire or appetite
3 parts thoughts on fighting (brother instance?)
Reason: avoid unnecessary fighting Appetite: want to fight Spirit want honor/victory
F2
Reasoning - Can define what the form is Can understand a math formula, knowledge is something different
What is franchise?
Refers to your right to vote
caring
Relationship between rulers and ruled does not equate to a relationship of domination and power but of a ___________ relationship for those that they rule.
Myth of the metals, proposed as a false ______.
Religion
Early Modern European Philosophers
Rene Descates-father of modern philosophy Baruch Spinoza- influenced the enlightenment, biblical criticism, nature is god Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz- developed calculus along side Newton
Oligarchy
Resembles and is ruled by a man driven by his necessary appetites
Democracy
Resembles and is ruled by a man driven by his unnecessary appetites
Democracy
Rich keep getting richer and poor poorer; Freedom is the ability to do whatever you want; irrational part of the soul goes wild, soul just wants pleasure
Rational part =
Right cause
The Tyrant according to Socrates
Ruled by lawless desires and appetites Soul is constantly in turmoil, lives life in fear Does not live a good life (according to Socrates)
Transformation from Oligarchy to Timocracy
Rulers bend laws to accommodate their desires, which leads to competition Greed is more valued than goodness Rich are praised Wealth qualification imposed for holding office. Force will be used.
Homeric Solution regarding sword swingers?
Run the place (Empire, polity, etc) Let it be an honour society
How does socrates show that the just man is happier than the unjust
S uses the idea of 'function' to argue man needs justice to enable him to perform his own particular function and therefore achieve happiness • Function of eye is to see and ear is to hear not least because these actions can't be performed without them. 37 Define function generally as 'that which only it can do or that which it does best' • S: Could eyes properly perform their function if instead they had corresponding defect? • T: Blindness? No. • S: So deprived of their own peculiar excellence perform function badly. Assume argument applies in all cases. • Is there any function that it is impossible to perform without the mind? Paying attention, controlling, deliberating, but also life generally is a function of the mind. 38. The mind has its peculiar excellence. • So a good mind will perform functions of control and attention well, and a bad mind badly. • So the just mind and the just man will have a good life, and the unjust a bad life. Prosperous+happy vs not prosperous and unhappy. • It never pays to be miserable. • Therefore injustice never pays better than justice.
30. Socrates uses two images in Book 6 to explain the situation of a true philosopher (such as himself) in a democracy (such as Athens). The first imagines the city as a ship, the second as a wild beast. How do these images clarify the difference between a philosopher and a sophist?
Sailors are the public, shipowner is the philosopher. Philosopher is called a stargazer, going for truth. Sophist plays to the crowd and uses his oration to woo them. Sophist don't know there is a necessary craft to ruling. The sophist treat the public like a beast that need to be fed flatteries.
weakening
Saxonhouse discusses the rearing of guardian offspring as a --- of the female phusis
arete, nurturing
Saxonhouse does not mention that --- is only possible with the proper ---
de-sex, politics
Saxonhouse returns to her claim that Socrates must --- women in order that they might participate in ---
philosophy, body
Saxonhouse supports this notion by pointing out that all crafts with the exception of --- can't be accomplished without the ---
3. Education
Second Most Important Supervise the education that everyone in the polis is going to receive, education is key for just citizens
Allegory of the cave
Seeing is not always true; Plato uses this to say that we only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know; philosophers go out into the would and find true intellect
10. At the beginning of Book 2, Plato's two brothers express their dissatisfaction with Socrates' defense of justice in Book 1, even though they accept his conclusion. Why, then, are they dissatisfied? What would they like him to do instead? What is their challenge to him?
Show me justice that is good for its own sake. Up until this point he has argued for instances and consequences of justice. Those argument aside they want to know about truth - Thrasymachus wanted to know about honor. They are not satisfied because they don't know that justice in itself is better than injustice.
Injustice Justice
Since meddling of classes is the worst thing for a city, this must be ______ . And everyone staying in their lane is _______ .
Counterargument to Polemarchus
Since we can make mistakes (fallible) we can misjudge who are friend and enemies are. Our friends are not always the best people, conversely our enemies are not always horrible for society.
Four steps to forming a city
Social dependence, specialization of labor, trade and commerce and merchants, traders, etc.
15. Socrates constructs a simple city, but Plato's aristocratic brothers disparage it. Socrates recognizes that the introduction of luxuries will require a new class of people in the city: guardians. What new problem do they introduce, though, and how does Socrates try to solve it?
Social divisions. Also the dynamic between the different tiers (how would they be regulated)? Another problem is the new positions. Now that you have wealth and possesions it is not only going to be craftsmen but you will have merchants and people practicing the arts, and since wealth leads to conflict and conflict leads to war, guardians need to keep the peace. The first tier is locked into specialization and thus cannot be the warriors. Education is the solution. Noble lie is given to the lower tiers so they can enjoy the luxuries, and thus they are okay with being policed and ruled by the guardians.
Who tries to prove there are 3 parts of the soul?
Socrates
Healthy City
Socrates Everyone has 1 job Dr.s weren't needed because no one made poor choices
Characters
Socrates - Plato speaks through him Glaucon - Socrates' friend Adeimantus - Glaucon's brother Polemarchus - nobleman Cephalus - Polemarchus's aging father Thrasymachus - the Sophist
Characters in the republic?
Socrates and Glacoun and Ademientus
45. To answer Glaucon's challenge, Socrates also adduces two arguments about the characteristic pleasures of each life (just and unjust). The first relies on the testimony of those who favor one pleasure over the other. What is this argument, and what is its principal weakness?
Socrates argues that the pleasure of the philosopher is the only real pleasure, all other pleasures are actually relief of pain. Other pleasures aren't real cuz their desires cant be entirely satisfied. Philoposher knows best, experiences all three, equipped to make.
How does Socrates defeat Cephalus' argument?
Socrates defeats this formulation with a counterexample: returning a weapon to a madman. You owe the madman his weapon in some sense if it belongs to him legally, and yet this would be an unjust act, since it would jeopardize the lives of others.
equal
Socrates is hesitant to introduce the female as the --- to the male of all species
Socratic ignorance
Socrates knows that he knows nothing. When you admit you dont know the answer then you are open to learn. We assume we know the important things. If you admit you are ignorant then you learn. You do not know things are true and right until you question them.
Why is Meletus mad at Socrates?
Socrates looks like a sophist. Socrates does not claim he is knowledgable though. Socrates does not charge students, he is just followed by young people living his everyday life of being a genius.
why is justice greater than injustice
Socrates meets G&A's challenge directly- justice produces tangible benefits for the individual - to show that justice is inherently superior to injustice
'we must leave it to nature to provide each group with his own share of happiness'
Socrates on nature and happiness
How does Socrates responds to Adeimantus's statement that Guardians life is miserable because no wealth, mistress, or property?
Socrates responds by reminding his friends that their goal in building this city is not to make any one group happy at the expense of any other group, but to make the city as a whole as happy as it can be.
Prytaneum
Socrates suggested he should live in a mansion with endless food and servants. Forcing them to choose death. This case was huge and calling for death.
Apology of Socrates
Socrates' defense speech at his trial
Ancient Greek Philosophers
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Main Characters in Republic
Socrates-protagonist Adeimantus and Glaucon Thrasymachus- antagonist
The Elenchos
Socratic method of cross examonation asking questions and answering them
Meditation III- Concerning God - that he exists
Solipsism=the idea that nothing besides I exists, Clear and distinct ideas lead to truth, organizes the different types of thought and tries to find which ones originate within him and which ones originate from without, Types of thoughts= ideas (images of things), willing (volition's), fearing (affects), Affirming/denying (judgments) can be right or wrong, thoughts might be from the outside, feeling heat from the fire, upon farther reflection even these could be from inside..ex sun, God is the cause of all ideas and must also exist, if he can comprehend the infinite it must also exist
What do people think the highest form of good is?
Some think that the highest good is pleasure, while the more sophisticated think that it is knowledge. It is actually neither.
Why relativism collapses on itself?
Something cannot be and not be at the same time. Right has no meaning, if everything is right then right means nothing. Right does not distinguish anything from another. "I wouldn't join a club that would have me as a member"... If you label yourself as a relativist, you make yourself superior. But relativists think there is no superior.
Ignorance
Sometimes people do not realize they are doing wrong. Only way someone can be bad is if they are ignorant, you must teach people.
Polemarchus
Son of Cephalus; argues that justice is doing good to your friends and bad to your enimies
Transition from a democrat to a tyrant
Son of the democrat doesn't feel any conflict between his necessary and unnecessary desires Will let his unnecessary desires take over Will run out of money from pursuing all these desires, and will have to resort to a life of crime Loses all traces of human decency Becomes a slave to his own desires
Transition from oligarch to democrat
Son of the oligarch, grows up conflicted between desires For the most part he controls his unnecessary desires. At one point, he falls in line with the wrong group, but eventually will mellow out with age Sees all of his pleasures as equal and is at the mercy of his whims
What best describes Thrasymachus?
Sophist
40. Describe the democratic city and soul. Who rules in the city, what rules in the soul? What are the values of this ruling element? Do these values maintain a democratic order, or do they undermine it? How does this constitution, however long it may last, ultimately produce a tyrannical order?
Soul is ruled by unnescessary lawful appetites. Freedom (soul = freedom for unnescary lawful appetites). Rules by poor or many. Freedom and chaos. Somebody grabs power and convinces them that they will be safe with him.
Oligarchy
Soul is split between spirited and irrational; rich rule and poor have no part in the ruling office
Humans have a ________, it is?
Soul, Something that exists beyond the physical, the soul is immortal Some have a well ordered soul, and others disordered
According to Socrates, what is the fundamental principle on which all human society should be based?
Specialization
The myth of Er
Story by Plato that ends his Republic. A soldier named Er sees the afterlife and reincarnates. Introduced the idea that moral people are rewarded and immoral people punished after death.
Myth of Er, platos purpose in using it . what is sig of choices new lives made by the many souls discussed . how does this story connect to platos metaphyscis, epistemolgy, anxiology .
Story by Plato that ends his Republic. A soldier named Er sees the afterlife and reincarnates. Introduced the idea that moral people are rewarded and immoral people punished after death. teach them just how important it is to take care of their own souls
Allegory of the Cave (Plato) experiences of the freed prisoner at each stage of escape from the cave
Story of prisoners in a cave who mistake appearance for reality(the forms) and wrongly believe the shadows they see on the cave wall are real. some people have only experienced shadows of justice . NOT THE REAL THING
Analogy of the divided line
String divided into unqualified parts: imaginary, visible, truths (like geometry), and the forms
Aristotle
Student of Plato, biologist,
Plato
Student of Socrates, wrote about Socrates, from the upper class, mathmatition
What additional training produces a Philosopher King
Study in the mathematical and philosophical dialect
Aesthetic
Study of Beauty
Ontology
Study of being
Epistemology
Study of knowledge/science Theoretical reason
Objective v Subjective
Sub: Someone must believe in it for it to be true. For example life on mars is objectively false but potentially subjectively true. Ob: True without belief. You believe doesn't mean something is. There is a puppy= Objective There is a god= objective but does not mean it is true. There is no way to prove, that is faith. Faith is believing in something without seeing it. Correct science with data is objective. Subjective is anything involving belief.
Which soul loves gymnastics?
TImocracy
Socrates says that for most people, the lawless desires are experienced only as dreams when asleep
TRue
What are pleasures?
Temporary releases from pain
Where does courage lie in the city?
The Auxiliaries
What is the aim of education?
The aim of education is not to put knowledge into the soul, but to put the right desires into the soul—to fill the soul with a lust for truth, so that it desires to move past the visible world, into the intelligible, ultimately to the Form of the Good.
1. Present the Allegory of the Cave (514a1-517a7) and interpret this "strange image." What are the meanings of its specific elements? Generally, what are its lessons about reality, knowledge, our souls, our cities, our lives, and our selves? Are these lessons credible? Why or why not?
The allegory of the cave describes the education of children. The children are fettered and chained forced to look at projections on the wall, shadows or images of real things. They perceive this as reality. -Shadow Section: The cave is the sensible realm. (Sensible realm = Lovers of Sights and Sounds). Not reality / apparent reality. Use of imagination. -Puppeteer Section Puppeteers hold up the original items which are then projected onto the wall - light provided by the fire. The fire is the sun of sorts, it helps the children see the items so it is a "good" of sort. Use of belief. -Into Sunlight - Reflection in Water Intelligible realm (realm two). Thinking or reason realm. Here there are not images or originals, here are laws theories and concepts. -Item reflected onto Water The item itself is a representation of the forms. Forms are understood through philosophy (as originals are understood through belief, and images understood by imagination). Use of reason. -Sunlight Represents the good. Plato believes that education turns our souls sensible to the intelligible.
How do three parts of soul correlate to the three classes in society?
The appetite, or money-loving part, is the aspect of the soul most prominent among the producing class; the spirit or honor-loving part is most prominent among the auxiliaries; and reason, or the knowledge-loving part, is dominant in the guardians. Just relations between the three parts of the soul mirror just relations among the classes of society. In a just person the rational part of the soul rules the other parts, with the spirited part acting as helper to keep the appetitive in line. Compare this to the city where the truth-loving guardians rule, with the honor-loving auxiliaries acting as their helpers to keep the money-loving producers in line.
Statue Analogy
The best color in the world is purple, however, you wouldn't paint the statues eyes purple because it would detract from the beauty of the statue as a whole. Proving that we cannot give the guardians pleasures that are un-gaurdian like pleasures. Response to Adeimantus
19. As their education progresses, and they are tested more and more, what will distinguish complete guardians from incomplete ones, namely, their auxiliaries? Remember Socrates' assertion that no one is voluntarily deprived of good things. How does this assertion help make the distinction?
The best of the guardians are chosen to be rulers. Through their education they distringuish what is real v appearant and what is to be feared and avoided. Guardians cannot be deprieved of their beliefs. Auxillaries are susceptible to deprivations. Involuntary deprivation of beliefs Theft - Overpursasion (deceive) and forgetting. Sorcery - Pleasure or fear. Compulsion - Pain or suffering.
Ship Analogy
The captain of the ship is ill and the sailors quarrel over who should be the new captain. They use brute force and trickery to get the captain to choose them, regardless of navigation skill. The man who actually knows the craft of navigation would be called a useless stargazer.
What is the tyrannical character essentially similar to?
The criminal type
Republic Bk. 6: summarize the components of the Divided Line image.
The divided line includes two components the intelligible (knowable) and the visible (opinion). the intelligible includes things that make sense as images in thought, mathematical entities are used because they show sensible things concerned with measuring. Whereas, the visible includes all phenomena that are available to sense perception. You trust your eyes that what you're seeing exists. All replicas of an original shadow/reflections are imagination and can refer to the power of a soul to present an image to itself.
Form
The essence of things. The essential properties of things. They are not material.
35. Socrates articulates a special curriculum for philosophers that begins with arithmetic, advances to geometry, climbs higher with astronomy and harmonics, then concludes with dialectic. What is the goal of this curriculum, and how does Socrates suppose it will achieve it?
The goal is to achieve the good. Voluntary persuasion vs involuntary persuasion. If the person experiences all of these things then they wont know of it, but they've actually been to this realm and have had first hand experiences with it. But because they have experience in the intelligible realm they don't become part of the visible realm. Math and philosophical dialectic are the two subjects that draw the soul from the visible realm to the intelligible realm, math is the prep stage and dialectic is the ultimate form of study. From most simple to the most complex. Ultimately to understand the form of goodness itself.
What is the goal of education?
The goal of education is to drag every man as far out of the cave as possible. Education should not aim at putting knowledge into the soul, but at turning the soul toward right desires.
Auxiliaries
The guardians who are not chosen as rulers and remain warriors, they are now auxiliaries
Describe guardian/rulers living and real estate.
The guardians, we are told, all live together in housing provided for them by the city. Guardians receive no wages and can hold no private wealth or property. They are supported entirely by the city through the taxation of the producing class. For guardians, it is unlawful for them to even handle gold or silver—that it is impious for them to mix earthly gold and silver with the divine silver and gold in their souls. Socrates's reasoning is clear: if the rulers are permitted to acquire private property, they will inevitably abuse their power and begin to rule for their own gain, rather than the good of the entire city.
Timocracy
The honor-driven man who resembles and rules that sort of government
What are the three forms of couches and their creator?
The idea of the couch (gods), a particular couch (couch maker), and the picture of a couch (a painter)
The Beloved vs. The Loved
The loved is an adult male in a relationship The beloved is a young male that starts out in a mentorship but it turns into a toxic relationship where his only value is his body
Who does Plato seek to differentiate philosophers from?
The lovers of sight and sound
Point of story of Zeus Lykaeus of Arcadia
The man who tastes a single piece of human flesh mixed in with the rest of the sacrifice is fated to become a wolf
What does Plato say must be if his state the right kind?
The other states (existing states in Ancient Greece) must be the wrong kind.
Will the people inside the cave believe the people who have left the cave?
The people will not believe them. People seemed to be attacking the community when they claimed it false. Prison is of your mind. They will be laughed at for trying to say the truth. The people from the outside are trying to harmonize the city.
What makes the philsopher the best to rule?
The philosopher is the only type of person who could ever be in this position, because only he has subordinated lower drives toward honor and wealth to reason and the desire for truth.
Why does Socrates think the philosopher must go back down into the cave?
The philosopher must return to the cave because he/she understands that he/she is most qualified to govern. Those who have yet to see the light of truth will not understand what is truly good for the city, therefore the philosopher returns out of a sense of duty to do what is best for the city.
Who is the best person to run the state?
The philsospher
What is the analogy of the ship and the state?
The pilot of a ship may just stare at stars all day and look useless, but he then uses the stars to align the ship--comparison to the philosopher
Principle of Specialization
The principle of specialization states that each person must perform the role for which he is naturally best suited and that he must not meddle in any other business natural aristocracy
The prisoner is removed from the cave. What stage is he at now?
The prisoner experiences the world and take flowers, air, etc. to the be the most real in the stage of thought
Ring of Gyges
The ring makes the man invisible, the man can then act with no fear of consequences. He would then indulge in all of his erotically lustful urges.
Rings of Gyges Myth
The ring of invisibility. Justice is useless in private.
Socrates argument to Thrasymarchus
The ruling party can make mistakes and help it's subjects
What does Thrasymachus' argument against justice lead to?
The shift from defining justice to proving justice to be worthwhile
Idea that the soul is variegated?
The soul is simple, perfect The idea of it being variegated can't be reconciled with the idea of it being immortal, perfect However, we are only capable of viewing it as composite
What is the upward journey out of the Cave referred to?
The soul to the intelligible realm
Describe the stories involved in the Guardian's education.
The stories told to the young guardians-in-training must be censored. He rules out all poetry, with the exception of hymns to the gods and eulogies for the famous, and places restraints on painting and architecture. Gods must always be represented as wholly good and as responsible only for what is good in the world. Otherwise if presented as bad, guardians will believe that behavior is permissible Gods cannot be represented as sorcerers who change themselves into different forms or as liars. If not, children will not respect honesty and the truth Stories of heroes must be presented as not fearful of death. Heroes should never engage in violent laughter since violent emotions in one direction usually lead to violent emotions in the other. Like the gods, they must always be portrayed as honest.
Explain the sun compared to the good
The sun, Socrates tells us, is to the visible realm what the Good is to the intelligible realm (the realm of Forms) in three respects. First, while the sun is the source of light, and hence, visibility in the visible realm, the Good is the source of intelligibility. Second, the sun is responsible for giving us sight, because it is only by incorporation of sun-like stuff into it that the eye is enabled to see. Similarly, the Good gives us the capacity for knowledge. Finally, the sun is responsible for causing things to exist (to "come to be") in the visible realm. The sun regulates the seasons, it allows flowers to bloom, and it makes animals give birth. The Good, in turn, is responsible for the existence of Forms, for the "coming to be" in the intelligible realm. The Form of the Good, Socrates says, is "beyond being"—it is the cause of all existence.
Republic Bk. 4: What are the three parts of the tripartite soul and what are their proper functions/roles within the soul? What it's the proper order among the parts?
The three parts of the soul in order include the appetite, rational, and spirited. appetite part of our soul makes up the largest portion of us creating our desires and necessity to be satiated. Next the rational part is intelligent and exercises control over the whole soul, and the spirited part is its supporter and obeys the rational part
Thrasymuarchus argues
The unjust are the happiest and the just the unhappiest
What example is used to prove injustice ISN'T a virtue
The wise man, the man who is skilled in some art, never seeks to beat out those who possess the same art.
Who are the most important people in democracy?
The youth
8. In his debate with Thrasymachus, Socrates suggests that a cowherd is typically a craftsman of two crafts: cow-herding and money-making. But can there be a craft of money-making? Why or why not? If there were, how would it succeed? That is, what would it have to know well?
There can't be a craft of money making. Money making is the power of persuasion because money and wealth is about perception. If there were, it would have to understand perception and the human psychology. A craft is something you learn and become and expert of and have finite finishing point - never complete in the pursuit
Argument that the soul is immortal
There's a good and bad for everything The bad of the soul is injustice However, injustice never actually destroys the soul. It just corrupts it. Therefore, if an object is unable to be killed by its evil, then it is immortal
Appetite
These are insatiable - someone can keep eating Blind, they are basic cravings for their natural objects.
How are guardians chosen?
They are educated warriors that develop the right balance between gentleness and toughness.
18. As he censors stories about the gods, Socrates insists that gods never be portrayed as lying, changing, or causing anything bad in the world. Why not? First, what effect would such stories—even if true—have on children? Second, why are the stories false? Third, what are the gods like?
They are role models, perfect humans. The problem is the stories that the poets are writing - because they are writing the gods as being lying and murderous and such, they are saying things like the unjust succeed and the just are wretched. The poets declares that it is good to be unjust if you can get away with it. The gods have to be omnibenevolent. Stories are false because God's have no reason to lie and are perfect (have no enemies).
How are women treated in the just city?
They hold the same positions and education if guardian as a man. However, they are regarded as inferior within whichever class they are to the men of that class
What must people do once they reach the Form of Good?
They must return periodically into the cave and rule there. They need periodically to turn away from the Forms to return to the shadows to help other prisoners.
What is the role of women?
They occupy all the same roles as men
Philosophers and leadership
They think that being a ruler is less significant that being a philosopher
How will unworthy Guardians impact next generation?
They will undervalue train of the mind and body resulting in young men being worse educated.
Cave metaphor
This is how life is today. We get our education system from this. People are chained not able to move constantly looking at the wall of shadows and reflections. There is a fire behind the people and it is their source of light. Past the fire is more cave and then the sun at the end of the cave along with the rest of the world. People that made it to the outside pity the people on the inside because they are ignorant.
What is the five dialogues?
This is not a novel or play. There is no author. Plato is a philosopher.
34. The goal of education is knowing. Throughout Republic, Socrates compares knowing to seeing. Education does not give sight to a blind eye. Why not? Instead, it turns the seeing eye in the right direction. What is turned, where is it turned, and what does this redirection mean for education?
This is the difference between false education (sight to the blind eye) Turning one's orientation from sights and sounds to the intelligible realm would be the redirection.
Apology: explain Socrates's claim that "the unexamined life is not worth living for man."
This is what examining our life is; taking what we do not know and instead of explaining it as something supernatural or religious we take the initiative to understand what these things really are and mean.
37. What is the Principle of Degeneration? How is it a political application of the Principle of Consistency? How does Socrates use it to explain the degeneration of each constitution? Why, in short, are all these constitutions unstable? Hint: appearance versus reality.
This means that if each part doesn't do their part cities will crumble (ie if in the aristocratic city a non-reason oriented person take rule Because rulers of just cities rely on their sense perception and make errors. Inevitible mistakes will be made over time.
What is the allegory of the cave intended to do?
This metaphor is meant to illustrate the effects of education on the human soul. Education moves the philosopher through the stages on the divided line, and ultimately brings him to the Form of the Good.
Plato on sword swingers running the place
This was not good with Plato, Too much of a warrior society
What are the few good philosophers viewed as?
Those few good philosophers who turn their sights toward the Forms and truly know things are deemed useless as they are not competing for the limelight in a political position using dirty tricks like others.
Necessary Desires
Those that we can't ignore, because they are necessary to our functioning
Unjust Individuals
Those who disobey the law Those who try to get too much or not enough of what is deserved.
The Elite Guardians
Those whom reach the highest height and see the sun (the good).
Plato says the difference between thought and understanding
Thought makes use of images and hypotheses as crutches, whereas understanding does not
What believes that Ideology is Justice?
Thrasymachus
who does glaucon not want to believe?
Thrasymachus
In the story of the dissolution of the cities into greater injustice, which city first permits private property?
Timocracy
Of the 4 unjust cities, which one is discussed in book 8?
Timocracy
Which of the unjust cities is best @ war?
Timocracy
Order of degeneration
Timocracy --> Oligarchy --> Democracy --> Tyranny
How does Plato prevent incest?
To avoid rampant unintentional incest, guardians must consider every child born between seven and ten months after their copulation as their own. These children, in turn, must consider that same group of adults as their parents, and each other as brothers and sisters. Sexual relations between these groups is forbidden.
What is Plato's aim in this book?
To define what justice and prove that it is worthwhile to pursue for its own sake
Why does Cephalus leave?
To see some executions
Aim of warriors education
To strike the delicate balance between brutishness and gentle qualities
Why is the balance between physical training and music and poetry so important?
Too much physical training will make the guardians savage, while too much music and poetry will make them soft.
Aesthetics
Touch, senses, study of questions of taste
1.Creating the Just Polis
Training 10 year olds or convincing kings to become philosophers
A philosopher doesn't discriminate any one part of learning. True or False?
True
According to Socrates, philosophy has earned a bad reputation because those who practice it are not truly worthy of her
True
According to Socrates, the best judge of pleasure is a philosopher, for only they have experienced all the kinds of pleasure
True
Among the studies that comprise "the art of turning around" is the study of harmonic motion, which is a kind of study in music.
True
By the end of Book 4, Glaucon agrees with Socrates that justice is good for the person who possesses it
True
By the end of Book 9, Glaucon admits that the city that he, Socrates and Adeimantus have constructed could exist nowhere except in speeches, in heaven and in the soul
True
Dialectic is argumentative conversation that seeks the truth, whereas eristic seeks to dominate the other arguer
True
Socrates says that "the many" call the cessation of pain "pleasure"
True
Socrates says that ht only person more unfortunate than a person with a tyrannical soul is a person who has a tyrannical soul and actually becomes a tyrant
True
Socrates says that it is a small group of people who spend their lives pursuing pleasures that are accompanied by pains
True
Socrates says that one should take up the "liberating" arts involving mathematics at age 20
True
Socrates says that the life of the philosopher is more pleasant than the life of the tyrant
True
Socrates says that there is another, much longer road for understanding the soul, but he does not go down that road in BOOK 4
True
Socrates says that unmixed pleasures are superior to mixed ones
True
Socrates suggests that the breeding of dogs is a suitable analogy for describing the generation of human children
True
The first three of the liberating mathematical arts are arithmetic, geometry, and the study of cubes?
True
The prisoners in the cave are meant to represent human beings generally
True
Upon returning to the cave, an escaped prisoner would appear ridiculous b/c his eyes would have a hard time adjusting to the light
True
socrates suggests that the Greeks should not be so harsh toward each other in waging war
True
20. What is the difference, according to Socrates, between a "true" (or real) lie and a lie in words? Why does he oppose the former, but countenance the latter? What is the lie in words that he recommends for his utopia? Why is this merely a lie in words, rather than a real lie?
True lie is something that changes your soul for evil. Lie in words is the noble lie.
The guardians, Socrates says, must be tested, and those who test highest should become rulers
True; the top philosophers/guardians should rule the cities.
Socrates says that children in the city being founded in speech should not know their natural parents
True; they should be clueless to whom gave birth to them
Progression of a tyranny
Tyrant will get rid of all those closest to him and get bodyguards Will have to continue to create foreign wars to create a common enemy. Populace will get tired. Will kill all critics, and anyone who might be considered useful to the state because he seems them as a threat Will continue to need protection as he gets more hated (foreign mercenaries) People will eventually realize that they're slaves Son of the tyrant will kill him in order to survive
Friendless Argument:
Tyrant, unjust can never have meaningful relationships b/c just use ppl for pleasures. True friends must know and care for each other. Unjust must hide true self so they will be truly friendless.
Humans can access ____________?
Ultimate truths, -Making us almost godlike -We can see deeper reality and a deeper truth -We have to go beneath surface to see the essence of things -Truth is much more important
41. Describe the tyrannical city and soul. Who rules in the city, what rules in the soul? How does the ruling element preserve its rule? Does it have values? What is the order of the whole city and soul? Is this order unstable? Once a city or soul sinks to this level, can it ever change? How?
Unnescessary unlawful appetites. Through fear that people will usurp him people are enslaved. Order is valued. Lawless appetite forces itself on everything. Reason in the revolt creates room for rising in ranks.
Socrates' saga
Used to annoy people -Suspected of being an elitist or monarch -Charged with corrupting youth -Death sentence recommended and socrates chose FREEE LUNCHES
What is dialectic?
Uses only pure abstract reasoning to reach the good itself
How does Plato decide who will rule in the just city?
Using "the myth of the metals." The myth contends that all citizens of the city were born out of the earth. This fiction persuades people to be patriotic. They have reason to swear loyalty to their particular plot of ground and their fellow citizens. That plot of ground is their mother, and their fellow citizens are their brothers and sisters. The myth holds that each citizen has a certain sort of metal mixed in with his soul. In the souls of those most fit to rule there is gold, in those suited to be auxiliaries there is silver, and in those suited to be producers there is either bronze or iron. The city must never be ruled by someone whose soul is mixed with the wrong metal; according to an oracle, the city will be ruined if that ever happens.
How can we as humans access this reality
Using our reason and asking some good questions. For this you also need courage, you also need to be temperate, you need to reason and you need to take time
What is a form of humanity?
Using reason
What should guards in training attend like apprentices?
War-field battles, but they should be on horseback
What are auxiliaries dominated by?
Warriors are dominated by their spirits, which make them courageous
What are unnecessary desires also called?
Wasteful
Book 5: the 3 waves
Wave 1: men and women are equal wave 2: women and children are held in common wave 3: philosophers are kings
What is a moral agent/agency?
We all have it so we are all responsible for our actions
What do we have that is free willed? Why are we as humans not machines?
We change. Change is possible. We change our bias, minds, morals, and much more. We take responsibility for our actions. Our worst days define us more than our best days. We grow and change.
Use the allegory of the cave to explain the 3 classes
We each begin our lives deep within the cave, with our head and legs bound, and education is the struggle to move as far out of the cave as possible. Not everyone can make it all the way out, which is why some people are producers, some warriors, and some philosopher-kings.
appetitive, spirited, rational Producers, guardians, rulers
What are the three parts of the soul mentioned? How do they correspond to the three major classes in the kallipolis?
Class that is a object of a opinion
What both is and is not
He is worried that, given their austere lifestyle, guardians won't be happy
What is Adeimantus worried about for the guardians?
What is in the middle of Being and Nothingness
What is and what is not
Class that Is completely knowledgeable
What is completely
engenders harmony between spirited and rational part of soul
What is the purpose in the education in physical training and music and poetry?
How do philosophers and lovers of sights and sounds differ?
What makes philosophers different from lovers of sights and sounds is that they apprehend these Forms. The lovers of sights and sounds claim to know all about beautiful things but cannot claim to have any knowledge of the Form of the Beautiful—nor do they even recognize that there is such a thing. Because the lovers of sights and sounds do not deal with Forms, Socrates claims, but only with sensible particulars—that is, the particular things we sense around us—they can have opinions but never knowledge. Only philosophers can have knowledge, the objects of which are the Forms.
Explain the Allegory of the cave
What you think you see is your reality even if it is false or only a small piece of what is really real
Analogy of the mythical creature with many parts
When all the parts are allowed free reign, the human portion is dragged along and suffers When each part is tamed, and does it's appropriate function, then they are most productive
What is Plato's defintion of justice?
When all three parts of the soul live together in harmony It exists when everybody is doing what they enjoy
Plato realizes that (Socrates)
When plato sees democracy he sees factualism, self interest inconstant public and poor leadership
When does principle of liberty go to extremes?
When rulers who behave like subjects and vice versa 'permeates private life and infects domestic animals with anarchy"
Misadventure
When there is an injury contrary to all reasonable expectation
Mistake
When there is unintentional injury within reasonable expectation
Noble Lie pt 2
When you are in the Earth, metals absorb into your soul. Those metals dictate your passion and allow you to do it Gold, Silver, Bronze, Iron
just as you find wool which is naturally purple before dyeing it, soldiers will always have the correct law-inculcated beliefs
Why are the soldiers educated in music and physical training?
Not always: not much harm in carpenter trying to do work of cobbler BUT if craftsman attempts to enter real of soldiers/guardians, can ruin city.
Why is intermingling of the classes bad?
in civil war it aligns itself with the rational part
Why is the spirited soul separate to the appetitive soul?
Because in the city it was most just when each part/class was doing its own work.
Why should rational part rule in soul, and spirited part obey?
In addition to courage, moderation and justice, what is the fourth virtue that Socrates and the other interlocutors seek to discover?
Wisdom
21. Assuming that his utopia has been well founded, Socrates invites his interlocutors to help him find political justice within it. How do they proceed? What are political wisdom, political courage, and political temperance? What, finally, is political justice? Has it been soundly found?
Wisdom is knowing what's best for the city - Guardians Courage is preserving the belief of the guardians about what is to be feared - Auxiliaries Temperance is obeying despite temptations. - Workers Same as justice is soul, each part doing function well.
How is wisdom in the just city?
Wisdom lies with the guardians because of their knowledge of how the city should be run. If the guardians were not ruling, if it were a democracy, say, their virtue would not translate into the virtue of the city. But since they are in charge, their wisdom becomes the city's virtue.
What are the four virtues?
Wisdom, Courage, Moderation, and Justice
Four virtues
Wisdom, Courage, Moderation, and Justive
Guardians must be/have _______, ______, and ________.
Wisdom, courage, and moderation.
Virtues of Kallipolis
Wisdom, courage, moderation and justice
What are the three parts of the human soul?
Wisdom, spiritedness, and desire
Define: wisdom
Wisdom- know the good, only want to do good, implement the good, and love the good (for all).
Guardians arete
Wisdom- they must know what's best so they can lead the city.
What virtues are found in the city and where?
Wisdom: rulers Courage: education system and auxiliaries Moderation: strong and weak functioning together Justice: Minding your own business and not being too busy
what is justice
With regard to individual pts, fairness is expressed as the notion that equal persons should be treated equally
Some Points to Consider as You Read A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Wollstonecraft's objections to Rousseau The view of women in Wollstonecraft's time The bases upon which Wollstonecraft says women are deemed inferior The bases upon which Wollstonecraft argues about the true status of women
26. Socrates permits women to become guardians in his utopia. What is his argument? Does it entitle him, or Plato, to be known as a feminist? A full answer should consider the status of women in classical Athens, but also Socrates' comments about women elsewhere in this dialogue.
Women don't have differences in their nature that matter to the discussion. Natures v Pursuits. Men and Women have different natures, but in relative respects, the differences in people (appetitive, spirited, rational) people fall along similar lines. The city will make use of them as such. People do the job that best suits them. This is true of women as it is of men. Thus the women should be educated in the same way. They should be considered for ruling and auxiliary positions. Shared possession of women and children.
What is impious?
Wrongdoing of the gods.
What happens after a period of reward or punishment?
You are reincarnated as another human, therefore you choose you own destiny
There has to be 3 parts of the soul because...
You can want and not want something at the same time.
How can one jump society's classes?
You have to be born into it. Typically a producer will produce future producers, but sometimes the kid has qualities of guardian and is whisked away to be raised with guardian kids.
What does polemarchus say justice is?
You owe your friends help, enemies harm. Everyone gets whats coming to them
Saturday night paradox
You willingly do what is right at the time
Plato response to Cephalous
You wouldn't give back a knife to your crazy friend
In his image of the soul, Socrates likeliness the spirited part of the soul to a liojn
Yup
Who suggests that the polis succeed the warrior clans for specific reasons?
Zimmern
'the desires of the inferior many are controlled by the wisdom and desires of the superior few' When ruler and ruled agree, moderation spreads throughout whole
[QUOTE] How does the city have moderation?
' three limiting notes in a musical scale - high, low and middle'
[QUOTE] Plato compares the three parts of soul to......
'meddling and exchange between these three classes is the greatest harm that can happen to the city and would rightly be called the worst thing someone could do to it'
[QUOTE] Plato on intermingling of classes
'the musical modes are never changed without change in the most important of a city's laws'
[QUOTE] Plato on music's effects on government
three classes of the city? what are their origins
`1. guardians rule 2. auxiliaries war 3. craftspeople craft
socrates proposes a *healthy* city
a *simple* city -*specialization* -sufficient means of *trade* -*market systems* -*basic needs* of people met
socrates proposes a *luxurious* city
a city with plentiful goods to meet the needs of its people, requiring an *army* to protect it
Syllogism
a group of (3) statements that are logically connected (middle statement) All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
How does Plato argue justice is desirable?
a just soul is a soul with its parts arranged appropriately, and is thus a healthy soul. An unjust soul, by contrast, is an unhealthy soul. Given this fact, we are now in a position to at least suspect that it pays to be just. After all, we already admitted that health is something desirable in itself, so if justice is the health of the soul then it too should be desirable.
desires
a many headed beast, socrates last repetition of this three art soul. image that within each of us there are three parts of the should and everyone has got these three parts. - rational part is what makes us human - you cant suppress the desires you cant cut the head off and you cant satisfy the desires, the tyrant is feeding the beast - you are enslaved to your desires
journey of dialectic? connection to divided line and cave allegory
a real dialectic student can endure the turning of the soul away from the shadows to the sun . far more difficult than anything done with the body . be it gymnastics or war . work of soul cultivating itself .
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
a set of qualifications, somewhat like a checklist. (SuN) shame and fear (2 possibilites) 1. if someone is fearful then that person is shameful (false bc shameful people are afraid of getting a bad rep where many people are rightly afraid to be shameful ) 2. if someone is shameful then person is fearful (correct)
What is an example of psychic conflict? a)
a) drinking sea water (instant relief but eventual death)- reason vs. appetite. b) Leonitis; facebook. c) Brothers trying to fight in Nebraska.
how can someone be at justice internally
able to harmonize tri partite soul
*essences/forms*
abstract, outside of space/time
what is socrates apology for structuring the city as he has?
adeimantus demands that the money makers should not have to live such simple lives s says that we are trying to make city with most overall happiness . not just concentrated foolish to judge things based on little parts . if guardian becomes corrupted city falls
what is the slander against philosophy
adeimantus: there are bad philosophers too . says that there are some (if not a lot of philosophers) that he knows of that have become useles and viscious. S: "yup sounds right" really responds with the ship and captain analogy people see him as useless stargazer but that just shows how little they know
What is Socrate's argument of justice?
adherence to certain rules which enable a group to act in common he argues that since it was agreed that justice is a virtue of the soul, and virtue of the soul means health of the soul, justice is desirable because it means health of the soul.
what role does the study of mathematics have in the education of the philosopher? how does mathematics relate to music and gymnastics
all arts require basic maths . ability to calc a number . humans are set apart as they have ability to reason . capacity to reason must be excercised like in gymanstics
what was the noble lie
all born from earth and some have gold, silver or iron/broze blood and decides place
What will the family structure look like in the ideal society?
all wives and children will be in common
Book I
among friends and enemies what is justice? C=justice is living up to your legal obligations and being honest .(old businessman) S=return weapon to madman P= u owe your friends help, and owe your enemies harm (young politician) S= friends and enemies is subjective . also why would u harm people in the name of justice . T= the sophist . advantage of the stronger . does not pay to be just . S=(3) 1. admit that T promotes injustice as a virtue . whoever has most moeny has most virtue 2. must not be virtue becuse it is contrary to wisdom which is virtue (mathematician is never in comp with other math) 3. because justice is a virtue and virtue means health of the soul then justice is desirable because it means health of the soul
cephalus
an aged businessman, lives justly but he doesnt know why. he has right opinions but his view is conventional; he leaves to make sacrifices - comes down to giving people back whats theres - if you friend gave you a knife and a week later he went out of control it wouldnt be justice to give your friend the knife
what do cities need when there's war?
an army
eating, working out
an example of a thing that is good for both
studying
an example of a thing that is good for its consequences
happiness
an example of a thing that is good in themselves
socrates ethics
are character based and have to do with what kind of person you are and what type of life you want to live. - socrates claims that ethics claims at virtues or excellences are the standards by which one judges one self
the excellence of a thing
arete
what is the instrument of learning and judgement
arguement is this instrument . not a shouting match . should be dialectic out of opinion and into knowledge
Health of Soul is an _______ of why a ______ soul is _______.
argument - just - better
Ring of Gyges
argument that people are unjust by nature; ring of invisibility; the man with the ring kills the king and steals his wife
What are the types of government
aristocracy=few people, chosen by intellect or wisdom timocracy=military oligarchy=money democracy=freedom tyranny=anarchy
characteristics of justice
as an arrangement of arts are harmony, beauty and unity
what is thrasymachus' conception of justice?
at first he tries to get socrates to answer, but he said he doesnt have any ansers . so he lets T say just is the advantage of the stronger . s response: So if someone is stronger than I am and he does something that gives him that advantage, like eating beef, then it would be just for me to eat beef too so I'd get that same advantage. s says that what is advantageous is subjective and u can make these mistakes . t says that if a ruler is making a mistake then he aint a good ruler . he needs to be doing it for him] s says thats not the same for medicine
Why does Socrates say justice cannot harm?
because justice is a virtue and virtues cannot harm
Naturalistic fallacy
been known since Aristotle. "is" descriptive and "ought" normative. Can tell us what it is but not what we ought to do.
moderation
being a moderate person is not about suppressing your appetites, everyone's soul has got an appetite of element we call these desires. controlling your desires makes you moderate
wisdom
being oriented towards ethics, knowing the purpose of life is to pursue ethics. wisdom means you can deserve right from wrong. wisdom to see aht is right from what is wrong
socrates claims that *great wealth & great poverty*
can *corrupt* people, and there is no reason to be *too rich/poor*
why do people think philosophers are crazy
can't see the true/other truth
Cardinal virutes? how are they discovered in the city? discuss both the procedure used as well as what is found and where is if found. how are they discovered in the soul?
cardinal: hinge or principle, directions, virtues, caridnals in church hierachy wisdom: found in a few people in the city courage: the preservation of what is terrbile as learned through education moderation: discovered but not in the same way as the first two cardinal . justice: the place really appears to be hard going and stepped in shadows if u find the first 3 then justice will be what is left over
What is the soul's purpose and virtue?
cares, rules, plans, virtue is justice
what does Socrates want to do to help eliminate following the gods unjust actions?
censor the poets
polymarchus
cephalus son, is more philosophical. but his view is equally conventional. Socrates counters that justice is an art/craft: an art/craft only does good. - get him to admit that justice is an art or a craft. is a kind of skill or expertise.
what is the meaning of the example of the madman and his weapons
cephalus' view of justice: is telling the truth and giving back what u take socrates disproves this by saying would u give a madmen back his weapons
examples of decaying power dynamics in democracy
children feel neither shame nor fear in front of their parents who often behave like children, teachers are afraid of their students and flatter them, the old stoop to the level of the young who show no respect for then for fear of appearing authoritarian, slaves are as free as citizens, there is legal equality between men and women and freedom in the relations among them
what are the practices of warfare by the guardians? how are they distinct from traditional warfare?
children learn by seeing how its done . parents will fight in front of children . if people run away then they are demoted to craftspeople . if someone captured then not even bothered to be resuced . they spare prisoners and correct them . no plundering of corpses or burning land .
a good man who has knoweldge will not try to compete with his like, but with his opposite. Bad will....... Socrates uses this to show
compete with both the unjust man who competes with both his like and his unlike (which would seem to make him bad despite T saying being unjust is good) So we have demonstrated that the just man is wise and good and the unjust man is bad and ignorant
socio-political philosophy
concerned with structure, organization, and guiding principles (values) of cities, states, nations
refutaion to charges
corrupting the youth: 1. want young to be as good as possible 2. expertise is what is beneficial 3. experitise is not the opinion of the many but the knowledge of one or the few 4. opinion of many tends to corrupt 5. nobody wishes to do harm on himself hes just one man u need to make those people around u worse but that would in turn make u worse why would i want to do that now if he accidentally corrupted the youth . then meletus should have told socrates the error of his ways . since he didnt then he is in the wrong not socrates impiety charge: meletus charges with athiems . socrates beleives in spirits bc he is a spiritual person . therefore he must believe in some gods .
*false* literature promotes
cowardice, viciousness
the allegory of the cave
describes a philosophers journey from inside the cave to outside the cave. eventually after years the philosopher is able to venture out of the cave and experience the real world, the sun and all. once the philosophers eyes adjusted he realized how amazing the world was. he went back into the cave and realized how hard it was to convince the others in the cave about the outside world because inside the cave was all they had ever seen. - is a metaphor for dialectical reasoning
what can a tyranny be compared to in modern society
dictatorship like nazis
what is meant by toleration in democracy
different ways to live different lives
what does plato feel eventually happens as democracy progresses
diminishing value of power dynamics
why the third claim about gods?
doesn't need to lie because they don't have these things (people lie to protect themselves and others, need to hide the truth, want an advantage because of unequal power distribution)
how does the declined member of the democratic soul behave
drinks heavily, goes on diet, idle, engages in physical training, politics, money making, philosophy, no order or necessity to his life
final definition of justice from city
each part doing what it is best designed to do
First City
early stage when humans come together
Slaves are not _______
equal -Can be a choice -The guardians think everyone is a slave, manipulated by the elite or lack freedom to be whatever they wish
wisdom (guardians have this), courage (soldiers have this), temperance/moderation (exists within the three classes), justice (what is left over after the three are differentiated)
four cardinal virtues
difference between intrinsic and instrumental good
glaucon wants socrates to say that justice is good in itself and for its own sake (intrinsic) rather than just something that works in practice and actions . (for the sake of working)
What kind of literature should there be to create a good disposition?
good speech, good harmony, good grace, and good rhythm
why's war good?
good to get resources and be able to survive
*cephalus'* theory
goodness and wealth allow for an easier life, *wealth* making it easier to *avoid lying, cheating, stealing, legal debts*
According to Glaucon, to which of the following classes do the majority of people relegate justice
goods that are only desired for their consequences
Mimesis
grammatical recitation, taking on chracter of annother
character based
greek ethical life aims at the achievement of virture/excellence e.g. moderation. education draws out and crafts of virtues
the *flaw* in *thrasymachus'* argument
he *contradicts* himself, first saying *justice is advantage of the stronger*, later stating it is *better to be unjust*
when *glaucon* presents the *3 kinds of GOOD*
he asks socrates where he would *place JUSTICE*
Meditations VI- Concerning the existence of material things and the real distinction between mind and body
he compares the imagination to the intellect, the intellect is essential to him while the imagination is not, the 2 are distinct, this leads him to reconsider if bodies exist, the body and the mind are distinct, the body is divisible and the mind is indivisible, image is inside imagination
why does glaucon interrupt socrates while he is deciding what does into the city?
he doesn't have enough to intrigue people. people want more, need the luxuries. the rustic lifestyle is fit for pigs.
what does socrates have to say about the good, specifically its relationship to the other virtues and to popular opinions about what the good is?
he hasnt yet stated anything about it . not prudence (anyone who says this will talk in circles like EUTHYPHO) most believe that the good is pleasure, many believe there are good and bad pleasures
what does socrates say in response to these decisions, (especially with nature of philosophy, the examined life, and meaning of death)
he is unfazed and about tod die anyway . not difficult to avoid . much more difficult to avoid weakness . he gives a warning that they havent done anything to stop philosophy bc the youth were being held back . now they will be much more aggressive he also relied on his spirit to stop him at any point to guide him .
How does Socrates defeat Thrasymachus' argument?
he makes Thrasymachus admit that the view he is advancing promotes injustice as a virtue of wanting more and more of something. Socrates then launches into a long and complex chain of reasoning which leads him to conclude that injustice cannot be a virtue because it is contrary to wisdom, which is a virtue. Injustice is contrary to wisdom because the wise man, the man who is skilled in some art, never seeks to beat out those who possess the same art.
de-sex, attraction, function
he must -- the female make her void of any special erotic --- of ---
meaning of the gadfly metaphor
he says that he is like a gadfly that will stir up a hrose . with his irritating presence and constant buzzing he awakens the state to the wider truth surrounding them
what is the strategy glaucon propose to socrates to contrast the just and the unjust
he uses the ring of gyges to back up his notion that we would all be doing injustice but we remind ourselves regularly that suffering injustice is far worse
how does socrates respond to adeimantus' argument?
he's proud and doesn't want to fight it because he's provided good reasoning to why the unjust > just
Kephale
head; Cephalus is the idea of a disembodied head
A just soul is a ______ soul
healthy
how does socrates view a rustic city?
healthy
What are the terms applied to the first city Socrates describes?
healthy city, city of pigs, city of necessary desires
socrates daimon
his divine sign that only speaks when he is about to do something foolish and wrong has gone silent .
Areas of study
history, epistemology, logic, language, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, mind, science, religion
What does the spirited part of the soul lust after?
honor
what are the principle virtues of the timocracy
honor and love of victory
music, physical activity
how are soldiers/guardians trained?
adeimantus asks socrates to examine
how justice *ALONE* will make someone *HAPPY* how injustice *ALONE* will make someone *MISERABLE*
unity
if a body is going to act there needs to be cohesion so if a group of tyrants want to rule than at minimum they must be just to each other - but to be just to each other, then they are just, because what happens to a group is what happens to a group as well
Justice according to Socrates
if each part of the soul minds its own business and acts in harmony, it will be just
Crito's Arguments
if i dont try to save u then people will think ill of me . his reputation is on the line .
involuntarily practiced justice
if one could get away with it, one would preform all sort of injustices. this is the moral of ring of gyges store
Socrates idea is law supplements character
if people have virtuous characters , legal norms will be superfluous
what is the only way we can get to kallipolis
if philosophers become kings or kings become philosophers
what is the problem with Europa and the bull?
if the gods can do it, so can i
Myth of Er
if you are unjust you will be tortured in the afterlife consequences after death for injustice
Socrates argument against Cephalus's justice
if you have a friend whose weapon you borrowed and they're angry and want the weapon back to kill someone, it is not right to give it to them.
how does the divided line fit into this analysis of poetry
imitation pulls soul away from the on . change . away from controlling oneself. poetry is bad bc it brings about change in charactter education cultivates ones character vice corrupts a soul does not destroy it . just make it rotten soul operates well than it is virtuous .
*instances*
imperical, less real
How does a just individual operate with the rational part similarly to how the ruler operations in a just society?
in a just individual, the entire soul aims at fulfilling the desires of the rational part, much as in the just society the entire community aims at fulfilling whatever the rulers will.
what are the major claims of justice and injustice in book 1
injustice on a large enough scale is stronger, freer, and more masterful than justice and justice is high minded simplicity
Civil war between the three parts.
injustice on an individual level is:
Thrasymachus:
interest of the stronger; might is right; justice of the sophists (justice of the younger generation/Sophists) represents the tyrant, compared to a wolf
is justice in the person defined internally or externally
internally
democracy
is characterized by three principles that Socrates does not value - freedom- individuals do what they please-even animals are more free - equality- the dilettante indulges every whim in an amateurish way. expertise is not recognized. - diversity- the democratic city is "beautiful", it is a disorderly meta-regime
private tyrant
is miserable enough
socrates suggest that observing *nature of justice* in a *city*
is much like observing *justice in the SOUL*, just on a larger scale
the most *important* thing for a city
is that every perform their *function well*
dialectic
is the Q&A method - nobody is allowed to argue from authority;everyone is compelled by reason. dialectic is the primary activity of the philosopher; it is also the primary expertise of the philosopher
justice
is the art/craft of living; the full attainment of justice requires knowledge of justice - an art or a craft does good not harm.
what is the problem with defining a soldier?
it aligns with our second definition of justice - good to friends, and harm to enemies (which we proved was wrong)
Why is imitative art so bad?
it does not get to truth
Socrates argument against Poemarchus's justice
it doesn't capture what justice is because you don't always know who your friends and enemies are.
Argument is true if
it is both valid and sound
Why is literature bad?
it is imitative art so it does not get at real truth that we should try to model; it could potentially corrupt something that is already good.
what are polemarchus' conceptions of justice?
it is just to give to each what is owed doing good to friends and doing harm to enemies socrates says that this is soemthing that the rich would love to believe to be true
rebuttal to definition that justice is helping just people and harming unjust ones
it is never just to harm someone since harming people makes them worse
What is Thrasymachus' first definition of justice and what is socrates' response
it is whatever is to the advantage of the stronger; justice is obeying the law but what is rulers make laws that are not to their advantage?
How does Glaucaon justify believing justice is only desired for its consequences?
justice as a necessary evil, which we allow ourselves to suffer in order to avoid the greater evil that would befall us if we did away with it. Since we can all suffer from each other's injustices, we make a social contract agreeing to be just to one another. Justice is not something practiced for its own sake but something one engages in out of fear and weakness. Case made with ring of Gyges which lets man be invisible which no doubt, man would fulfill unjust wishes thereby proving man is only just because of fear of punishment, not b/c justice is desirable Also claims it's rational to be unjust b/c The completely unjust man, who indulges all his urges, is honored and rewarded with wealth. The completely just man, on the other hand, is scorned and wretched.
What is the main/actual reason justice is desirable?
justice is always accompanied by true pleasure the desirability of justice is likely connected to the intimate relationship between the just life and the Forms. The just life is good in and of itself because it involves grasping these ultimate goods, and imitating their order and harmony, thus incorporating them into one's own life. Justice is good, in other words, because it is connected to the greatest good, the Form of the Good.
Polemarchus
justice is giving each man his due; giving good to friends and bad to enemies (justice of the middle generation) Cephalus' son
glaucon's conclusion of the *origin of justice*
justice is something *settled for*, the *second-best* option, what people do *unwillingly* because they recognize their *weakness*
thrasymachus' response to socrates saying not all rulers only better themselves and S's rebuttal
justice is to obey rulers when they are really rulers acting in their own interests; justice is a craft and no craft looks out for the interests of the practitioner (doctor)
What is Cephalus's definition of justice?
justice means living up to your legal obligations and being honest
What is Polemarchus' definition of justice?
justice means that you owe friends help, and you owe enemies harm.
what are the 4 virtues of the state
justice, temprance, courage, wisdom
how was the noble lie effective
know place in society because born into it
courage
knowing what you should be afraid of and what you should be afraid of - how you faced your death shows how you lived your life, moral quality kind of courage
things valued for *themselves and outcome*
knowing, seeing, being healthy
people in democracy who work with their hands and play little role in politics and have few possessions
laborers
private life
life of the house, life of landowning, producing food, patriarchy in the house
What is considered the deepest most fundamental field of study
mathematics
What does the jury refer to?
men of Athens
In the ideal city ____ and ____ are equal
men, woman
iron./bronze blood
merchant
produced things
merchants
Book 7: The Allegory of the Cave
metaphor for existence characters: prisoners (are not enlightened) and puppeteers, puppeteers move the 'shadows/cutouts' perceptions and reality- reality vs. appearance only the philosopher is able to see reality and the forms we all already have the knowledge, it's just the act of getting there and realizing we have it
wave metaphor
metaphor of waves of argument that may beat Socrates down but he must explain his views and hold onto his views (the shore) and not get washed away
Socrates
middle class family, stone cutter, put on trial for corruption of the youth and impiety to the gods, executed by Hemlock poison
Guardians should have balanced exposure to _____ and _____
music and poetry, physical training
what is the second type of education/training? why?
music, be able to communicate. be able to think critically and deceive
What are the kinds of education that Socrates specifies?
music/ literary; physical; music for the soul
in response to socrates' *censorship*, creators of such works
must be *obedient to philosophers,* promoting only *true* stories to promote *virtue & patriotism*
what is their ideal soldier?
muzzled dog
Book 3: The Noble lie
myth of the metals, metal mixed in souls, promotes brotherliness Socrates wants to censor everything bc he argues that some things corrupt us gold souls: rule silver souls: warriors iron/brass: everyone else
what is the moral of the second ring in the story of the two rings?
never used the ring, tortured to death
in the city, socrates truly wants
no abuse of power, no conflict of interest
what are the problems that face the pracitce of philosophy in socrates' day
no city exists where philosophers can really grow and improve like that idea of it is the KALLIPOLIS "painter of regimes . and concludes his sketch of the nature of the PK"
Is the soul mortal?
no, bad things don't kill/ destroy the soul (like the body), they just make it more unjust.
what is socrates' biography
not a sophist . not a teacher . doesnt have a real job . trained as stonesman seeks to find a wiser man . but finds inverse relationship between reputation of wisdom and ignorance . Men who think they know the most acutally know the least
socrates attitude toward death
not afraid of it at all . says he almost welcomes it .
What is the principal condition of the tripartite soul?
one part of the soul will never contradict itself
arete, phusis
one's excellence or potential for --- is defined by one's --- one's natural capabilities
what happens to people born iwth a philosophic nature but who do not practice philosophy
only the people who shouldnt be in it become this way . says that u have to treat a philosopher youngling like a plant . nuture, plant ect. the people who are bron with the nature but dont practice become viciour and those who do not have it try to pratice it become useless
what are the origins of class warfare and civil war? what does this matter of the city have to do with the soul?
originate with wealth inequalty . among the rich there are richer and poorer among poor there are richer and poorer
what are the origins of war in the feverish city? what are the implications of war for socrates construction of the city
origins of war: people require more resources, more land . bc growing
norm-based
our ethical life aims at the conformity with norms/rules, e.g. dont steal. moral education is the internalization and application of rules
Why are philsopher kings forced back into cave?
our goal is not to make any one group especially happy, but rather to make the city as a whole as happy as possible. Second, he points out that the philosopher-kings are only able to enjoy the freedom above ground that they do because they were enabled by the education the city afforded them. They were molded to be philosopher-kings so that they could return to the cave and rule. They owe the city this form of gratitude and service. Finally, he adds that the philosophers will actually want to rule—in a backhanded way—because they will know that the city would be less just if they refrained from rule. Socrates ends by remarking that the reluctance of the philosopher to rule is one of his best qualifications for ruling. The only good ruler rules out of a sense of duty and obligation, rather than out of a desire for power and personal gain.
How does Glaucon poke a hole in Socrates' Healthy City?
people have unnecessary desires as well as these necessary ones. They yearn for rich food, luxurious surroundings, and art.
what's adeimantus' perspective on justice?
people praise justice not for itself but it's reputation
*adeimantus'* theory of justice
people praising justice are only praising its *reputation* an *unjust* man perceived as *just* will live a *better life*
3 parts of the city
philosopher kings/guardians auxilaries (warriors, defend city) producers, workers, etc.
what does the man chained in cave represent
philosophers
What should the rulers of town be?
philosophers (philosopher-king concept)
Which Form is most important?
philosophers must know in order to become able rulers is the Form of the Good—the source of all other Forms, and of knowledge, truth, and beauty.
what is so shocking and paradoxical about the third wave?
philosophers will rule as kings . politcial power and philosophy existing at once is paradoxical .
nature
phusis
what is the first type of education/training? why?
physical, want them to be able to protect us
what role does education have in this second tripartite
pleasure and pain are opposites . there is one and the other . when pain is over u feel RELIEF . top and bottom: go from bottom to "top" u feel high and stuff . but u are really in the middle . neveer realize u are in the middle . "could be more to see"-cave3
Why is a user better than a poet?
poets don't ever get to the thing, the truth.
What are 3 classes for political justice?
producers (craftsmen, farmers, artisans, etc.), auxiliaries (warriors), and guardians (rulers)
non-philosopher
product of mind- belief order of reality- changeable
philosopher
product of mind- knowledge order of reality-unchanging
part of soul related to guardians
rational
concerned with wisdom and thinking
rational part of soul
What is a treatise?
reads like a textbook
what happens with the poor as the oligarchy progresses
realize the rich are weak and that there are more poor than rich so can revolt
what is the structure of the soul? how does socrates determine it?
reason, spirit and appetite reason rules spirit wars . harmony reached through education
what are the two rules the founders of city set up to regulate all musical activity? what is justification
regulating speech (censorship) =should promote ideal citizens are friends . no infighting so no stories about regular fights between heroes . no ambious or double meaning stories . 1. the god must alwasy be presented as he truly is (good and perfect) 2. the gods since they are good and perfect . must never deceive
Why is Socrates (Plato) in favoring of banning certain verses of poetry?
so the guardians only hear and see things that are good
socrates and gender
socrates does not dialogue with women. women were not suppose to take part in public affairs - socrates in some ways a traditional greek male, although in other ways he is a radical feminist - socrates feels women and men should be educated in the same way we will allow women adn men to become soldiers if they are capable of becoming soldiers - socrates is more concerned with a city's unity than women's equality - women are capable but "weaker"
Book II
socrates is trhough with discussion but others want more . G: 3 classes . 1. things we desire for consequences 2. desire for own sake (joy) 3. both (knowledge sight and health Justice is worse of two evils only just bc afraid of punishment . ring of gyges S= prefer to be jsut but that it is also rational to do so . A= says that again no one wants justice for its own sake . they want it bc of rewards here and in afterlife . So G says that he needs to show that justice is disreable in its own sake .
relationship between education, philosophy, and political office or power
some educated people will spend much time in court defending himself against people who have only experienced the shadows of justice . power=sight of education . instrument of which someone learns .
useful drugs
some lies are __________. These lies make people better than if they would be told the truth.
rebuttal to definition that justice is helping friends and harming enemies
some of ones friends aren't really that; can mistake who real friends are
how is property divided in the democratic state
some of the rich killed and expelled and property is divided equally among the rest
what is the argument against the first wave? what anolgy does socrates defeat it with
some people think it would be proposterous to have women excercising naked alongside men. s says that there was a time when gymnastics itself was considered shameful
geneis of timocracy? what are its characteristics
something about number 216 S talks about people having sex at the wrong time . the errors of the guardians will build and build . born from compromised aristocracy person . loves high pleasures of reason . incapable of performing so he just listens . loves to have money but never spends his own son sees father without wealth but who is smart and doesnt get honor . youth spend time around people who do not mind their business but feed apetites . desire to be recognized by others . Characteristics: no guardian class . everybody has private property . fight wars and go to court . they protect their honor so they go and fight wars which costs money. those who value this honor more than money will have less money
What is a monster?
something outside of yourself
genesis of oligarchy . what are characteristics . oligarchic man and characterisitcs .
son sees his honor loving father lose everything for the sake of honor . fight wars and go to court . they protect their honor so they go and fight wars which costs money. those who value this honor more than money will have less money this causes some people (less honorable) to have way more money than timocrats change laws to favor money making . to hold political office must have money and property DIVIDES RICH AND POOR poor become DRONES . begging for handouts bc they are incapable of doing anything to ge ahead . rich also turn into drones with stingers to keep everyone down . nobody does useful work . live off honey of others .
small scale
soul
what is socrates proposed strategy for meeting glaucon's challenge? what does it mean to see the polis as the soul writ large?
soul writ large: its easier to look at larger analogues or models of things than smaller things . since individual soul is hard to examine what other things are also just that are larger than a soul CITIES ARE LARGER so figure out how city comes to be and where justice is in its constitution then we might find justice in soul .
body, guardians, warfare
the --- is also important for one of the main duties of the --- participation in ---
reductio ad absurdum
the Latin for "to reduce to the absurd." This is a technique useful in creating a comic effect and is also an argumentative technique. It is considered a rhetorical fallacy because it reduces an argument to an either/or choice
What does our ability to learn about the forms say?
the ability of the philosophers to view the forms suggests that there is something immortal within us
Validity
the assumptions necessarily lead to the conclusion (it is impossible for all the assumptions to be True and the conclusion to be False)
who are the rulers of the timocracy
the best military personnel, not the wisest men
Metaphysics/Ontology
the branch of philosophy that considers what we know
Where does the tyrannical soul come from?
the democratic father
What does Socrates mean to illustrate with the allegory of the cave
the effect that education has on the soul
politics
the female doesn't engage in -- in order to satisfy the female eros and phusis
why the second claim about gods?
the god has the ideal form. changing form lessens the value
Book 6: The Idea of the Agathon
the good allows our reason to see the forms; forms are the ideas that good allow us to see (eternal and unchanging- Plato's idea)
*justice* is
the health of the soul
socrates *refuting cephalus'* theory
the issue with *legal debts* is that you wouldn't give a murderous person back a knife you were *legally obligated* to return, because if you are *just*, you would consider the harm he could do with it
relationship between justice/injustice and happiness
the just man is the happiest
Nobel lie? what is the nobel lie and what is purpose
the nobel lie is making up the myths of the metals that can persuade everyone to buy into one person one job .
will set people up to be good in society
the noble lie
useful drug
the noble lie is an example of the _____________. because it helps people accept what they wouldn't otherwise
implications of this theory of immortality for the number of souls, lives they live, what happens in death .
the number of souls is fixed . can never be reduced and can never increase bc that would require mortal things to become immortal .
politeia
the original name of the Republic
tyranny
the regime that is built on power
oligarchy
the regime that is built on wealth
Book 2: The City in Speech/The ring of Gyges
the ring of Gyges: thought experiment; when you wore it, you were invisible and could get away with anything (no consequence) just man would not commit injustice even with it on because his soul would then be disordered
what type of good does Socrates believe in?
the second type
What does Glaucon and Adeimantus present?
the social contract theory of justice and the idea of justice as a currency that buys rewards in the afterlife
According to Socrates, justice is when
the soul is ruled by it's rational part
why is glaucon disappointed with what socrates calls the "true city"
the structure socrates builds is the healthy city . glaucon doesnt like it bc it is boring iwth no treats or luxuries of any sort . opposite is feverish city
aesthetics
the study of beauty
ontology
the study of being
epistemology
the study of knowledge
epistemology
the study of knowledge; how do we know what we know
division of labor
the theory of phusis (nature) and arete (the excellence of a thing) leads directly to the theory of specialization we call the -- -- ---
seems most free but actually least free
the tyrannical soul
What is the visible world?
the universe we see around us
what is nature of gymnasitcs for the guardians? be sure to contrast it with the physcial training of athletes
they are naturals bc of selective breeding . they are natural warriors athletes are spoiled by highly controlled condiitons of training .
What is Socrates's opinion about the role of women in society?
they can do anything men can do and should be educated the same, they are only weaker physically
where do guardians and auxilaries live? what sort of life do they live? be sure to address matters like wages, money, food, private property,
they live outside military camp simple living quarters all meals together no private property no private lives no secrets
what is socrates' critique of the educational practices of the sophists?
they miseducat the young by appealing to OPINIONS of the masses . put on a public shows that entices theyouth who then go on IMITATING them . (SOPHISTS are easily persusaded)
what is the meaning of the delphic oracle as socrates saw it
they said that he is the wisest . which is meaningful bc he says that he doesnt know anything . which must mean that everyone else thinks they know something . \ goes seraching for the wisest man . more power someone has the more ignorant they are .
what project do they want to create to identify justice?
they want to start a city to identify why the soul craves justice
what does socrates think of the intelligible realm
things that it has one true element; ideas of what things really are (one true chair and one true color red)
What are the 3 divisions of goods Glaucon declares? Which does he say justice belongs to?
things that we desire only for their consequences, such as physical training and medical treatment; things that we desire only for their own sake, such as joy; and, the highest class, things we desire both for their own sake and for what we get from them, such as knowledge, sight, and health. Justice is in the first class
true lies
things that we say that are actually false and have no redeeming value. Gods hate these and there are no place for them in the city of speech.
what are math and geometry equal to in allegory
third stage
soldiers
this group of people in the city have to be courageous, like good guard dogs, are able to help their friends and harm their enemies, good intuition about who is friend and who is foe.
music
this is a type of training. it is important because it is the stories we are told.
sophist who challenges socrates in book one
thrasymachus
what happens in book 2
thrasymachus' challenge taken up by glaucon and adiemantus
reason, appetite, spirit
three parts of the soul
military rule
timocracy
what government comes out of kallipolis' aristocracy
timocracy
auxiliaries must be immune
to *death*, be *emotionless*
an *army* is required for the *luxurious* city
to consist of a *specialized class* of people, who exhibit *specific characteristics*, and who will *guard* the city
the *luxurious* city can be examined
to show not only *justice*, but *injustice* as well
doctors would be trained
to treat minor ailments of the healthy let the unhealthy die
soldier
trained to attack and identify the enemy or threats and respond quickly. be kind and gentle to allies and our citizens
platos theory of the forms . what does it have to do with poetry and painting
u need to have one singular guiding idea and truth in life . couch maker goes to make a couch and has an IDEA of what to make . feature::: regardless the couchmaker uses idea of the couch to guide his making of it . first idea of couhc . then actual artifact itsefl then painting . this is not by having an idea of couch this is just a copy (plagirised) poet uses specific couch . where mker uses the FORM (general idea) of couches .
what does plato mean with the expression "shadow maker" or phantom maker
user has knowledge maker has experience imitator only knows its own brushes . nothing else THERE CAN ONLY BE SHADOWS imiation aligns with imagination and the appetites . dangers: unleashing emotional upheaval giving in to desire loss of self control
what are the sources of corruption among the money-making craftspeople
wealth: makes person lazy and less likely to work or to do well . prodcution decreases poverty: corrupts bc it prevents a person from having resources necessary for doing his job well .
who should rule?
what is Plato's fundamental question (according to TA)?
paying your debts
what is an example of how Cephalus's justice?
doing one's work
what is justice, according to Socrates?
The republic questions
what is justice? why should we be just?
Euthyphro 9d-e: summarize Euthyphro's definition of piety in this passage and why it fails to be a good definition
what is loved by all gods. It fails because who's to say is it pious because it is loved by the gods or loved by the gods because it it pious
insatiable desires, he can never get enough
what is the main reason that the tyrant is so unhappy?
the Form
what is x? another example of platomic form?
things that are good for both (in themselves, and for their consequences)
what kind of good is justice according to Socrates?
analogy between excersing naked and clothing the soul in virtue
what matters is whether the persons soul is the soul of a carpenter, farmer, or doctor
holiness
what pleases the gods. Socrates then says it is holy because the gods like it or do the gods like it because its holy
Reason wants: Spirit wants: Appetite wants:
what's good what's honorable what's pleasurable
when the ruling class breeds outside of season
when does a faction occur in the ruling class resulting in one regime emerging from the prior?
what is the first type of good?
when doing an act you're pleasured but miserable from consequences
relationship between body and soul
when socrates dies his soul leaves his body . body becomes a course which he does not need or use anymore
driven to madness
when the tyrant can't get what they want, what happens?
reasoning by analogy
when you compare two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other
appetite
when you have _______ for something, reason can overcome you actually acting
What is Polis?
where we get our word politics. It is an ancient greek word for city state or city center. Each greek polis was individual.
glaucon and socrates *disagree*
whether justice *valuable* in *itself*/alone
Spirited AND rational
which parts of the soul should govern the appetitive part?
socrates and callipolis corruption
while everything in the intelligible world is eternal, nothing in the visible world is eternal. nothing in the visible world lasts forever. 1. unity gives rise to factions 2. order turns into disorder 3. rulers lose excellence 4. pleasures degenerate into perversions
Glucagon
who says that people only do good things to boost their reputation?
to instill morals and beliefs (as a kid we don't know stories are false so these are our first morals)
why do we tell false stories?
socrates intial address main concern and critos main concerns then
why woud we care what majority think . the most reasonable people will beleive that thkngs were done as they were done 1. should opinion of majority be taken seriousl? 2. should death be a factor to consider in ones actions 3. is escaping just or unjust? it is wrong to do wrong so never do wrong if u are wronged u should not wrong back . if he escapes then he breaks agreement with people . 2. he breaks his word .
the guardian's household
will be communal e.g. marriages, mating, child-rearing, kinship = city (polis)- guardians will share the city's pleasure/pains - the city must one, not two:ruling should be based on excellence's. not wealth (or a lack thereof)
education
will sort out who is qualified and develop the character of the qualified - to educate is to "bring out" the qualities of one's soul; it is also to shape one's character. - hence its importance for guardians, e.g. ideas about death or ideas about the gods
relationship between justice/injustice and power
wince injustice prohibts getting anything done, and just makes things possible, than just is mighteir and more POWERFUL than injustice .
virtue of city represented by guardians
wisdom
what is the distinction between wisdom and knowledge
wisdom is more of an applied experience . while knowledge is more information geared
what are the virtues of the city
wisdom, courage, moderation
Upon completion of city and declaring it possesses all the virtues, which 4 does Socrates identify
wisdom, courage, moderation, justice
glaucon responds to the idea of the *healthy* city
with the idea of the *luxurious* city, because according to him, people need more things to be truly *happy*
what is the watchdog analogy
won't leave female home with puppies of guardian of city so shouldn't keep females at home if destined to do something greater
What is ergon?
work/job. Thing something is supposed to do.
Tyranny
worst government; Freedom gone wild (slavery); few people make money
rebuttal to definition that justice is speaking the truth and paying ones debts
wouldn't five a weapon to a friend who has become a madman
did women have equal opportunity to be guardians auxiliaries and merchants
yes
do women strip to exercise and live together
yes
will women fight with men
yes
do men and women have different natures
yes; there is natural superiority of male in everything but differences are not relevant
are wives and children in common and why
yes; to maintain unity
Meditation I- Concerning those things that can be called into doubt
you can doubt everything, Cartesian physics, Decartes realizes that sometimes he is in error, He decides to apply his system of skeptical doubt to getting rid of everything he might be wrong about, although god may be all powerful and good Descartes supposes that an evil demon can thoroughly deceive you, evil demon=skeptical tool, levels= 1 sense perceptions, 2 consciousness, 3 natural world, 4 rational truths
3-part soul
you can't have justice/live rightly unless you have the _________ acting in the right order
what is the third type of good?
you don't care for the act, but consequences are what matter
what is the issue in wanting to do the unjust?
you don't want to suffer from the unjust
What is on point Socrates makes to show that public office is not for personal benefit?
you have to pay people to do the job
Clarify how the Form of Good illuminates all understanding once it's grasped
you work your way up to the Form of the Good through thought until you grasp the Form of Good. Then, everything is illuminated.
Apology 41d: Explain Socrates's claim that "a good man cannot be harmed either in life or in death"
your ideals and beliefs cannot perish after death they are passed on just like socrates was after his death.
