College History chapter 24-28
What prevented President Harry Truman from implementing a second act for the New Deal after World War II?
A re energized Republican Party prevented further action. There was no second act for the New Deal after World War II as high-level espionage scandals and concerns about the expansion of communism in Eastern Europe and China reenergized the Republican Party and forced Truman and the Democrats to occupy what historian Arthur Schlesinger called the "vital center" of American politics.
What prevented President Harry Truman from implementing a second act for the New Deal after World War II?
A reenergized Republican Party prevented further action. There was no second act for the New Deal after World War II as high-level espionage scandals and concerns about the expansion of communism in Eastern Europe and China reenergized the Republican Party and forced Truman and the Democrats to occupy what historian Arthur Schlesinger called the "vital center" of American politics.
Which statement describes the significance of the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), established in 1941
A weak agency but a sign that white leaders could be swayed by black activism The FEPC was a weak organization, but it did demonstrate that white leaders and institutions could be swayed by organized black action. It created a precedent that the civil rights movement could use as it formulated strategies for the postwar period.
What was the result of the policy changes in the Soviet Union that occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s?
A more tolerant attitude toward the West, but no relaxation of control in Eastern Europe Khrushchev sought warmer relations with the West, but his government also maintained its control over Eastern Europe, readily subduing a nationalist uprising in Hungary. The polarization of the East and West would continue unabated for a number of decades.
What did many mainstream Protestant denominations and their leaders emphasize during the 1950s and 1960s?
Civil rights and social reform Many mainstream Protestants and church leaders in this period embraced the reform spirit of the age, condemning racism, opposing the Vietnam War, and promoting social reform. Religious leaders were particularly important in the early civil rights movement.
How did McCarthyism and the hunt for subversives at home hold back the civil rights movement?
Civil rights opponents charged that racial integration was "communistic." Civil rights critics charged that racial integration was "communistic," and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was banned in many southern states as an "anti-American" organization.
The "Watergate babies" in Congress in the late 1970s sought to reform politics by reducing the power of which officials?
Committee chairs Democrats elected to Congress in the wake of the Watergate scandal dismantled the existing committee structure in both houses, which had entrenched power in the hands of a few elite committee chairs
How did African American activists influenced by the Black Power movement respond to President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty?
Joining it Many Black Power activists joined Johnson's War on Poverty. They set up day care centers, ran community job training programs, and worked to improve housing and health care in inner-city neighborhoods all over the United States. Black Power activists' demands for strengthening the black community meshed well with Johnson's vision for antipoverty and community action programs.
After World War II, Vietnam/Indochina was divided by two Allied powers, one communist and one capitalist, with the expectation of a later determination about future status. In this way, Vietnam/Indochina was similar to which region?
Korea Like Indochina, Korea was also divided between communist and capitalist powers with an expectation of eventual unification.
What was one of the most popular recreational hallucinogenic drugs used by the countercultural movement during the 1960s?
LSD or "acid" One of the most popular recreational hallucinogenic drugs used by the countercultural movement during the 1960s was LSD or "acid."
The United States made a series of collective security treaties with various nations in the world after World War II. Which region was tied to the United States first?
Latin America Per the 1947 Rio Treaty, also known as the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, the United States signed a mutual defense pact with many Latin American nations. It was the first such treaty the United States signed on this map.
Which feature characterized the first Levittown developments in the late 1940s?
Mass-production construction methods Small, mass-produced houses available at very cheap rates and largely uniform in appearance were the hallmark of the Levittown housing developments.
Which factor at least partially accounted for the rise of the Sunbelt starting in the 1950s?
Mild climate Suburban living, although a nationwide phenomenon, was most at home in the Sunbelt (the southern and southwestern states), where taxes were low, the climate was mild, and open space allowed for sprawling subdivisions.
How did the 68th report from the National Security Council, popularly known as NSC-68, alter America's Cold War policy?
Military power became an emphasis of U.S. policy. Many historians see the report as having "militarized" the American approach to the Cold War, which had to that point relied largely on economic measures such as aid to Greece and the Marshall Plan.
What did Joseph Stalin hope to gain from Germany at the end of World War II?
Reparations in the form of industrial machines and products One of Stalin's primary goals was to gain reparations from Germany at the end of the war. In particular, he wanted access to Germany's industrial machines and goods as recompense for Soviet losses during the war.
Which Mexican American organization lobbied in Washington D.C. to end discrimination against Mexican Americans?
Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund MALDEF carried the fight against discrimination to Washington, D.C.
Which group opposed the Marshall Plan when it was first proposed in 1947 because they saw it as an "international WPA"?
Republicans Republicans opposed the Marshall Plan because they saw it as an "international WPA."
In 1947, President Harry Truman pushed Congress to provide foreign aid to what two countries in the first step toward implementing the containment policy?
Greece and Turkey Truman worried that a communist victory in Greece would lead to Soviet domination of the eastern Mediterranean and embolden communist parties in France and Italy. In response, he announced what became known as the Truman Doctrine, asserting an American responsibility "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures," and proposed large-scale assistance for Greece and Turkey
Which of these developments did defense-related companies in the United States experience after World War II?
Entering into long-term, profitable relationships with the Pentagon Defense-related companies entered into a long-term partnership with the federal government in the name of national security following World War II. Some companies did so much business with the government that they became dependent on Defense Department orders.
How did the struggle for civil rights, especially among the African American community, change in the 1970s?
Equal access to employment and education became the emphasis. In the 1970s, despite the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, many African Americans fought to entrench the idea of equal opportunity through affirmative action.
Which U.S. senator held televised hearings in 1954 about the morality of American comic books?
Estes Kefauver Concerned that excessive crime, violence, and sex in comic books were encouraging juvenile delinquency, the U.S. Senate held nationally televised hearings in 1954. The Senate's final report was written largely by the Tennessee Democrat Estes Kefauver.
Which type of church benefitted most from the rise in religiosity in 1950s America?
Evangelical Protestantism In the 1950s, people flocked to the evangelical Protestant denominations, beneficiaries of a remarkable new crop of preachers such as Billy Graham.
What made William J. Levitt's homes affordable for so many families in the postwar years?
FHA and VA loans made mortgages more affordable. The Federal Housing Administration and the Veterans Administration made the home mortgage market serve a broader range of Americans than ever before. With generous rates and fixed terms for thirty years, they revolutionized access to home ownership.
What did Ray Kroc, the Chicago-born son of Czech immigrants, introduce into American life in the 1950s?
Fast food Ray Kroc introduced fast food into American life in the 1950s when he acquired a single franchise of the McDonald's Restaurant and then opened many more restaurants over the next few years. Within a decade, McDonald's was a multimillion-dollar company that changed the way Americans ate food.
Abortion rights advocates succeeded in their efforts by framing abortion rights as a matter of
Following the logic articulated in Griswold, the Court gradually expanded the right of privacy in a series of cases in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the landmark Roe v. Wade decision (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that abortions performed during the first trimester were protected by the right of privacy.
In 1960, presidential candidate John Kennedy faced which Republican presidential nominee in a televised debate?
Richard Nixon In 1960, presidential candidate Kennedy met Nixon in the country's first televised presidential debates. Nixon, less photogenic than Kennedy, looked sallow and unshaven under the intense studio lights. Voters who heard the first debate on the radio concluded that Nixon had won, but those who viewed it on television favored Kennedy.
What occurred in the immediate aftermath of Martin Luther King's assassination on April 4, 1968?
Rioting in the streets of more than one hundred cities After King's assassination, riots erupted in more than one hundred cities. The worst of them occurred in Baltimore, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., where dozens died and property worth hundreds of millions of dollars was destroyed.
How did Malcolm X's views shift after he broke with the Nation of Islam in 1964?
He began to emphasize interracial class struggle. After a 1964 trip to the Middle East where he saw Muslims of all races worshiping together, Malcolm X began to talk about the need for a class struggle that united poor whites and blacks, shifting away from his earlier militant black nationalism.
Why was Martin Luther King Jr. jailed in Birmingham in 1963?
He had led a peaceful march in the city. King had led a march in Birmingham, which landed him in jail. There, he scribbled in pencil on any paper he could find and composed what would become a classic document of nonviolent disobedience.
Which statement describes President Harry Truman's experience with international affairs before April 1945?
He had little foreign policy experience before 1945. Truman came to the presidency with little or no experience in international affairs.
Who was Richard Nixon's national security advisor who negotiated the end of the Vietnam War in the early 1970s?
Henry Kissinger Heavily influenced by his national security advisor, the Harvard professor Henry Kissinger, Nixon believed that he could break the Cold War impasse that had kept the United States from productive dialogue with the Soviet Union.
What prompted Martin Luther King Jr.'s rise to national prominence?
His leadership in the Montgomery bus boycott The Montgomery bus boycott catapulted King to national prominence.
What was the name given to the group of film writers and directors jailed in 1947 for contempt of Congress by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)?
Hollywood Ten The Hollywood Ten was the name given to the group of film writers and directors jailed for contempt of Congress by HUAC.
How did President Truman's conduct in the Korean War set ground rules for future Cold War conflicts?
How did President Truman's conduct in the Korean War set ground rules for future Cold War conflicts?
How did the United States overthrow elected regimes in Iran and Guatemala in the 1950s?
How did the United States overthrow elected regimes in Iran and Guatemala in the 1950s?
Which state never ratified the Equal Rights Amendment?
South Carolina South Carolina, like most of the South, never ratified the amendmen
Martin Luther King Jr. joined dozens of other black ministers from the across the South to found which organization in 1957?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) King and dozens of other black ministers, including Ralph Abernathy, formed the SCLC in 1957. The organization lent the moral and organizational strength of the black churches to the civil rights movement.
What did the Soviet Union launch in 1957?
Sputnik
What did Harry Truman call his domestic program during his second term in office?
The Fair Deal Truman's domestic program was known as the Fair Deal.
In what way did the Freedom Riders differ from other methods of nonviolent direct action, such as the Greensboro Sit-ins and SNCC, that occurred concurrently in the civil rights arena during the mid-1950s?
The Freedom Riders included white members. The other methods were overwhelmingly carried out by African Americans, but the Freedom Riders were both black and white.
Why was the 1947 creation of the federal government's Loyalty-Security Program and subsequent state-level programs designed to ferret out "subversives" in public service so worrisome?
The definition of "subversive" was so vague as to allow widespread persecution. Truman intended the order to apply principally to actions designed to harm the United States. However, it was broad enough to allow anyone to be accused of subversion for the slightest reason, such as marching in a communist-led demonstration. Along with suspected political subversives, more than a thousand gay men and lesbians were dismissed from federal employment in the 1950s.
What factor motivated American women in the 1950s and 1960s to join the paid workforce?
The desire to lift their families into the middle class Many of the women who went out to work in the 1950s and 1960s did so because their husbands could not pay for all of the things that middle-class life demanded, such as cars, houses, vacations, and college education for children.
Feminists' critique of the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s focused on what issue?
The double standard Many feminists stressed that the freer attitudes toward sex that came with the sexual revolution benefitted men and not women. They were particularly critical of the fact that greater sexual freedom for men seemed to encourage sexual harassment and the treatment of women like sex objects.
How did the 1957 launch of Sputnik affect American politics?
The federal government invested more in science and research. Alarmed that the United States was falling behind in science and technology, President Eisenhower persuaded Congress to appropriate additional money for college scholarships and university research.
Why did the federal budget deficit grow in the late 1960s?
The government spent large sums on the Great Society and the Vietnam War. Government spending on the Vietnam War and the Great Society made for a growing federal deficit and spiraling inflation.
What conclusion can be drawn from this map of states ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) between 1972 and 1977?
The ratifying process for the ERA went smoothly before 1974 but made very little progress in that year or later. The map clearly shows that, in general, states that were going to pass the ERA (30 of them) did so in 1972 and 1973, and few (only 5) did so in 1974 or later.
How did black and Chicana women activists respond to the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s?
They embraced the need for women's rights within their own groups and movements. Black and Chicana women generally criticized sexism but were reluctant to break completely with the groups that were struggling for racial and ethnic equality. They embraced feminism, but carried on their work to challenge racism and poverty.
Which statement describes Mexican American civil rights activists in the 1960s?
They faced significant challenges in the United States due to language barriers, poverty, and uncertain legal status. Although Mexican American activists drew extensively from the black civil rights model, their struggle for racial equality created divisions within their ranks between assimilationists and separatists. The Mexican American community faced particular problems, though, because of poverty, a language barrier with mainstream America, and the legalities involved with immigration.
What lesson did civil rights protesters learn when Attorney General Robert Kennedy dispatched federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders?
Violent white resistance would force the government to take action. Civil rights activists learned the value of nonviolent protests that provoked violent white resistance since it forced the federal government to take a stand on behalf of law and order—and civil rights.
Partially in response to the founding of NATO in 1949, the Soviet Union created its own military alliance in 1955 known as the
Warsaw Pact. In 1955, the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe largely mimicking NATO, was created.
Which lists early Cold War events in the correct chronological order, from first to last?
Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO's founding, NSC-68 The Truman Doctrine was announced in 1947; the Marshall Plan was in 1948; NATO was founded in 1949; and NSC-68 was written in 1950.
Based on the conclusions in the report "To Secure These Rights," President Harry Truman used an executive order in 1948 to desegregate
U.S. military forces. In 1948, Truman issued an executive order desegregating employment in federal agencies and, under pressure from Randolph's Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service, desegregated the armed forces. This was one of the first major victories in post-World War civil rights.
Nixon's "southern strategy" included courting which voters?
White Nixon's "southern strategy" included courting southern white voters still smarting over the civil rights gains by African Americans.
Why were there "hate strikes" in Baltimore, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Chicago during World War II?
White workers refused to labor with black workers. White workers engaged in "hate strikes" in these cities during the war because they refused to work with black workers, an example of the resistance to black equality in northern cities.
William J. Levitt and Henry J. Kaiser were similar in their business practices in the 1940s and 1950s in that they
incorporated mass-production techniques in their respective industries. Both men built their respective products—Kaiser's ships and Levitt's houses—using mass-production techniques, which gave them a significant leg up on their competitors.
Americans reacted to the 1973 OPEC oil embargo by
conserving oil. Congress imposed a nationwide speed limit and Americans began purchasing smaller cars, all in the name of lowering fuel consumption.
Bebop and Beats, two artistic movements in the 1950s, were similar in that both
expressed discontent with the dominant culture. Bebop was cerebral, intimate, and individualistic. As such, it stood in stark contrast to the commercialized, dance-oriented "swing" bands of the 1930s and 1940s. The Beats wrote poems disdaining middle-class materialism.
Harry Truman surprisingly won reelection in 1948 by
holding enough of Roosevelt's New Deal coalition together. In 1948, Truman performed a delicate balancing act, largely retaining the support of Jewish and Catholic voters in the big cities, black voters in the North, and union voters across the country.
When did the Cold War begin and end?
1945 and 1991 The Cold War began in 1945 with the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. During that time, the Soviet Union and its satellite states faced the West in a standoff reinforced by nuclear weapons that threatened world annihilation.
In what year was the birth control pill first made available in the United States?
1960 First made available in the United States in 1960, the birth control pill gave women an unprecedented degree of control over reproduction. By 1965, more than 6 million American women were taking advantage of this pharmaceutical advance.
What describes the social order in the Southwest for Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans after World War II?
A "caste" system The social order in the Southwest from Texas to California for Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans after World War II could best be described as a "caste" system not unlike Jim Crow segregation in the South.
Who drafted the democratic constitution of postwar Japan?
American occupation forces American occupation forces under General Douglas MacArthur drafted a democratic constitution and paved the way for the restoration of Japanese sovereignty in 1951.
Why had the U.S. steel industry failed to replace outdated plants and equipment in the postwar years?
American steel producers enjoyed a world market without serious competition. Unscathed by World War II, U.S. steel producers had enjoyed an open, hugely profitable market. But lack of serious competition left them without incentives to replace outdated plants and equipment. When the West German and Japanese steel industries rebuilt, they incorporated the latest technology, with the result that foreign steel flooded into the United States at cheaper prices.
Which of the following traits did Richard Nixon share with the conservative Republican Barry Goldwater, who lost the presidential election to Lyndon Johnson in 1964?
Anticommunism Like Goldwater, Nixon was an ardent anticommunist.
In what way did World War II help spur the movement for civil rights after the war?
Antiracist ideology of the fight against the Nazis was carried over to fighting segregation. In the war against fascism, the Allies sought to discredit racist Nazi ideology. Committed to fighting racism abroad, Americans increasingly condemned racism at home.
During the post-World War II years, Americans came to view consumption in what way?
As a social responsibility Buying things, once a sign of personal indulgence, now meant participating fully in American society and, moreover, fulfilling a social responsibility. What suburban families consumed helped to ensure the full employment and rising living standards of the rest of the nation.
By the late 1960s, as the national Democratic Party endorsed black civil rights, how did southern Democrats respond?
Becoming Republicans Many southern Democrats followed Strom Thurmond, the segregationist senator from South Carolina, when he renounced the Democrats and became a Republican. The Democratic Party's embrace of civil rights ended the broad-based New Deal coalition of the 1930s and 1940s.
What trend threatened manufacturing workers in the 1950s and 1960s?
Being replaced by mechanized processes Over the course of the postwar decades, American factories replaced manpower with machines, substituting cheap fossil energy for human muscle. As industries mechanized, they could turn out products more efficiently and at lower cost. At the same time, millions of high-wage manufacturing jobs were lost as machines replaced workers, affecting entire cities and regions.
Which member of the House was one of the prominent congresswomen who championed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) during the 1970s?
Bella Abzug Abzug (D-NY) was a vocal congresswoman who championed the ERA, which Congress adopted in 1972. However, not enough states ratified the amendment, despite a congressional extension for ratification until 1982.
Which individual revolutionized ideas about child rearing during the postwar baby boom?
Benjamin Spock Dr. Spock helped to revolutionize the ways parents raised and cared for their children after World War II.
What was a major difference between the Nation of Islam and the Black Power movement?
Black Power was secular, while the Nation of Islam was religious. The critical difference between these two approaches to black nationalism related to religion. The Nation of Islam rejected Christianity in favor of an apocalyptic brand of Islam in which Allah would banish white "devils" and give the black nation justice. Black Power was a secular movement focused on building African Americans' political and economic power.
Why was environmental legislation, like the National Environmental Policy Act (1970) and the Clean Air Act (1970), able to be passed?
Both Democrats and Republics supported it. The Democratic majority in Congress and the Republican president generally found common ground on these issues, and Time magazine wondered if the environment was "the gut issue that can unify a polarized nation."
What made Vietnam more burdensome of a problem for Lyndon B. Johnson to inherit than for John F. Kennedy to inherit?
By 1964, South Vietnam was so unstable that it required massive American intervention. Johnson's Vietnam was a more burdensome inheritance from the Kennedy administration than it had been for his predecessor who inherited it from Eisenhower because by 1964 only massive American intervention could prevent the collapse of South Vietnam.
How did Senator Joseph McCarthy achieve prominence in the anticommunist crusade?
By announcing that he had a list of communists in the State Department McCarthy did not reveal any new evidence of communist subversion or discover subversives himself, and he was not involved with the trial of Alger Hiss. His fame came from his public announcement that he had a list of communists in the State Department.
How did homophile activists challenge the scorn and prejudice with which most Americans regarded gay men and lesbians in the 1950s?
By avoiding gay bars and nightclubs and dressing in modest, conservative clothing Homophile activists tried to challenge antigay prejudices and fear by projecting a respectable, middle-class image. Men wore shirts and ties, while women donned modest skirts and blouses, aiming to show that they were just like everyone else. They also found professional psychologists who would attest to their "normalcy."
Which Sunbelt state experienced the most dramatic growth between 1940 and 1970?
California California experienced the most dramatic growth in this period. The growth was spurred by the state's booming defense-related aircraft and electronics industries.
Chapter 25
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 27
In which region was a new communist regime formally installed on October 1, 1949?
China The People's Republic of China was formally established under Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949.
How did conditions in the nation's central cities compare to conditions in its emerging suburbs in the postwar decades?
Cities attracted more minority and working-class migration than suburbs. Cities attracted more minority and working-class migrants. Wealthier residents left the cities for the suburbs in large numbers, while American cities experienced economic decline.
What prewar business trend continued in the postwar boom that lasted from 1945 into the 1960s?
Concentration of production and power in fewer companies For over half a century, the consolidation of economic power into large corporate firms had characterized American capitalism. In the postwar decades, that tendency accelerated. By 1970, the top four U.S. automakers produced 91 percent of all motor vehicles sold in the country; the top four firms in tires produced 72 percent; those in cigarettes, 84 percent; and those in detergents, 70 percent.
The Watergate scandal proved to be a long-term boon to which group?
Conservative Republicans Watergate damaged short-term Republican prospects but shifted the party's balance to the right. Despite mastering the populist appeal to the "silent majority," Nixon was never beloved by conservatives. His disgraceful exit proved a boon to conservative Republicans, who reshaped the party in their image.
Where was President John F. Kennedy assassinated?
Dallas, Texas On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas, while on a political trip. Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president before Air Force One left Dallas.
Which of the following was part of President Jimmy Carter's attempts to combat stagflation during his administration (1977-1981)?
Deregulation Carter toyed with the idea of an "industrial policy" to bail out the ailing manufacturing sector, but he moved instead in a free-market direction by lifting the New Deal-era regulation of the airline, trucking, and railroad industries. Deregulation stimulated competition and cut prices, but it also drove firms out of business and hurt unionized workers.
Which president coined the phrase "military-industrial complex"?
Dwight Eisenhower In his final address to the nation in 1961, President Eisenhower spoke about the power of the private sector defense industry and its close connection to the American political system. The "military-industrial complex" had its roots in the close partnership between business and government created during World War II. After 1945, although the country was nominally at peace, the economy and the government operated in a state of perpetual readiness for war.
Phyllis Schlafly was best known in the 1970s as a(n)
ERA opponent. In the 1970s, Schlafly campaigned and defeated the ratification of the ERA.
Which group gained media attention in 1969 by occupying the deserted federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay?
Indians of All Tribes This organization embraced the concept of Red Power and staged escalating protests to draw attention to Indian concerns. It gained a great deal of attention when it occupied the deserted penitentiary on Alcatraz Island and proclaimed that it would purchase the island for "twenty-four dollars in glass beads and red cloth."
What new Middle Eastern nation, settled by Jews, did President Truman recognize in 1948, alienating the Arab world?
Israel On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly voted to partition Palestine between Jewish and Arab sectors. President Truman recognized the new state of Israel immediately, which won him crucial support from Jewish voters in the 1948 election but alienated the Arab world.
How did the economic decline of the 1970s affect organized labor in the United States?
It decreased the number of union jobs, which hurt union membership and power. The decline in union jobs reduced membership and the power of the labor unions. Management became less willing to cooperate over wages and benefits, thus limiting workers' abilities to negotiate higher wages.
Which statement identifies the historical significance of this World War II-era photograph?
It illustrates an early civil rights victory that came during World War II. This image documents the civil rights victory that gave African Americans increased access to jobs in defense industries during World War II. For African American women, this was the first time they could find factory jobs that paid a decent wage and move out of the low-paid menial agricultural or domestic occupations in which they had previously been trapped.
The case of Mendez v. Westminster School District was important for what reason?
It laid the groundwork for broader challenges to racial inequality. In 1947, five Mexican American fathers in California sued a local school district for placing their children in separate Mexican schools. The case, Mendez v. Westminster School District, never made it to the Supreme Court, but the Ninth Circuit Court ruled such segregation unconstitutional, thus paving the legal groundwork for future inequality cases.
Who formed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)?
James Farmer, Jr. In Chicago in 1943, James Farmer and three other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), a nonviolent peace organization, founded the Congress of Racial Equality. It projected a philosophy of nonviolent disobedience espoused by Mahatma Gandhi.
What hot-button issue(s) raised by Alabama governor George C. Wallace in the 1968 presidential campaign became hallmarks of mainstream conservatism?
Liberal elitism, welfare policies, and law and order As a third-party presidential candidate, Wallace gained only 13.5 percent of the popular vote, but his campaign defined liberal elitism, welfare policies, and law and order as enduring hot-button issues for mainstream conservatives.
Which Sunbelt city grew the most between 1950 and 1980?
Los Angeles Los Angeles grew massively between 1950 and 1980.
States like California, Florida, Arizona, and Nevada gained additional representatives in the House of Representatives in this period. With such high rates of population growth, these states would gain members in the House, where representation is based on population.
Low mortgage rates The government role in fostering home ownership focused on providing low mortgage rates instead of federal funding for new developments.
Which group of married women had the highest rates of labor-force participation in the 1950s?
Lower-middle-class women Women at the lower end of the middle class had the highest rates of labor-force participation in the United States in the 1950s. These were the women who worked to acquire the things that would make their families more firmly middle class—cars, houses, and college educations for the children.
This figure, which illustrates America's involvement in Vietnam from 1960 to 1973, supports which conclusion?
Lyndon Johnson's administration was responsible for escalating U.S. involvement in Vietnam. The graph shows clearly that, during the Johnson administration, the number of American troops in Vietnam increased from about 25,000 to about 525,000. Once Nixon took office in 1969, he began a gradual reduction in the number of Americans serving in Vietnam.
Why did Mao Zedong align himself with the Soviet Union in 1949?
Mao feared that the United States would rearm the Nationalists and invade the mainland. Mao Zedong aligned himself with the Soviet Union partly out of fear that the United States would rearm the Nationalists and invade the mainland. This came as a surprise both to the United States and to the Soviet Union.
Why did President Harry Truman relieve General Douglas MacArthur from his command in Korea in 1951?
MacArthur challenged Truman's decision to pursue a negotiated peace. Truman and his advisors had decided to work for a negotiated peace after a stalemate had set in at the 38th parallel. MacArthur disagreed and wrote an inflammatory letter to Congress denouncing the stalemate. Truman had no choice but to relieve MacArthur of his command. Even though he likely saved the nation from years of costly warfare with China, his decision was highly unpopular.
Which activist inspired Martin Luther King's commitment to a nonviolent approach to social change?
Mahatma Gandhi Martin Luther King embraced the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, who led India's independence movement and advocated nonviolence. He also worked with Bayard Rustin, who had used nonviolence in the Fellowship of Reconciliation in the 1940s.
Which of the following men led the victorious Communist faction in China in 1949?
Mao Zedong The victorious Communist faction in China was under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
Which development of the 1960s or 1970s did the United States consider a blow to its national pride?
Nine Western European countries surpassed the United States in GDP per capita by 1980. In a blow to national pride, nine Western European countries surpassed the United States in per capita gross domestic product by 1980. This was the result of an American drop in world trade and the more robust competition from countries like West Germany and Japan.
Which statement characterizes the historical development of OPEC?
OPEC was ineffective until the mid-1970s, when Arab states issued an oil embargo. The organization was ineffective during the 1960s until the Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Syria on one side and Israel on the other. Resentful of U.S. support for Israel, the Arab states in OPEC declared an oil embargo in October 1973.
In the 1970s, a member of which faith was most likely to describe himself or herself as "born again"?
Pentecostal To seek answers and find order, more and more people turned to evangelical denominations, especially Southern Baptist, Pentecostal, and Assemblies of God churches. These churches emphasized intimate and personal salvation, which was also called being "born again."
Why was President Harry Truman (1945-1953) known more as a Cold Warrior than a New Dealer, setting the stage for American political discourse for almost fifty years?
Postwar crises in Asia and Europe as well as anticommunism at home controlled the narrative. As president, Harry Truman cast himself in the mold of his predecessor, Franklin Roosevelt, and hoped to seize the possibilities afforded by victory in World War II to expand the New Deal at home. But the crises in postwar Europe and Asia, combined with the swift rise of anticommunism in the United States, forced him to take a different path. In the end, Truman went down in history as a Cold Warrior rather than a New Dealer.
Why was Elvis Presley so popular with white teenagers in the 1950s?
Presley, a white man, sung popular African American songs. "If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars," a record company owner is quoted as saying. The performer who fit that bill was Elvis Presley, who rocketed into instant celebrity in 1956 with his hit records "Hound Dog" and "Heartbreak Hotel," covers of songs originally recorded by black artists such as Big Mama Thornton.
What sparked inflation in the United States during the 1970s?
Rapidly rising oil prices The rise in oil prices caused a ripple effect throughout the economy, leading to inflation in all sectors.
What was the chief tactic of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) when it first formed in 1960?
Sit-ins Ella Baker, an administrator with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in Atlanta, helped organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to facilitate student sit-ins. The sit-ins drew African American college students into the movement in significant numbers for the first time.
What accounted for the fact that, by the 1970s, schools in northern cities were more racially segregated than schools in the South?
Suburbanization Suburban residential patterns in northern cities made busing a less effective solution for school desegregation. The Supreme Court ruled in 1974 that busing plans had to remain within the boundaries of a single school district. In cities where whites lived in suburbs and blacks in inner-city neighborhoods, busing did not work to integrate the schools.
Congress overrode Truman's veto of which act in 1947?
Taft-Hartley Congress overrode Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947.
This image of a woman's response to the publication of Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) was intended to convey what message?
That Americans were surprised and intrigued by the content of the Kinsey report The image and caption are intended to convey the fact that Americans were surprised, intrigued, and perhaps a bit titillated by the content of Kinsey's book.
Which of institution produced a new generation of leaders among Mexican Americans in the 1940s?
The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Some CIO unions had large numbers of Mexican American members. Participation in the union plus improved wages and better working conditions in some industries produced a new generation of Chicano leaders.
Andrew Hacker wrote which influential book published in 1964?
The Corporation Take-Over In The Corporation Take-Over, Hacker warned that a small handful of such organization men "can draw up an investment program calling for the expenditure of several billions of dollars" and thereby "determine the quality of life for substantial segments of society."
At the Yalta Conference of 1945, the Big Three agreed to establish what international body?
The United Nations The Big Three agreed to establish an international body at the Yalta Conference in 1945 called the United Nations.
Why did America's share of world trade drop from 32 percent in 1955 to 18 percent in 1970?
The United States faced more industrial competition from Germany and Japan. The United States was facing a more robust competition from West Germany and Japan in the industrial sector. America's share of world trade dropped as a result from 32 percent in 1955 to 18 percent in 1970 and was headed further downward.
Why did the United States witness a baby boom in the postwar years?
The average marriage age was going down, and people married earlier and earlier. Men married at an average age of twenty-two, and women married at the average age of twenty. Younger parents meant a bumper crop of children. By the 1950s, women who came of age in the 1950s averaged 3.2 children.
Which of the following developments made a critical contribution to the emergence of the sexual revolution of the 1960
The birth control pill The birth control pill, which became available in 1960, gave women an unprecedented degree of control over reproduction, and by 1965, more than 6 million women were using it. The pill allowed a greater separation between sexuality and reproduction and facilitated a more casual approach to sex outside of marriage.
Why did retail businesses move from urban downtowns to the suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s?
The interstate system bypassed small towns and their retail establishments. Through World War II, downtowns had remained the center of retail sales and restaurant dining, with their grand department stores, elegant eateries, and low-cost diners. As suburbanites abandoned big-city centers in the 1950s, ambitious entrepreneurs invented two new commercial forms that would profoundly shape the rest of the century: the shopping mall and the fast-food restaurant.
The Sunbelt suburbs in California were distinguished by their relationship to what industry?
The military-industrial complex The military-industrial complex fueled the growth of Sunbelt suburbs in various locations, but especially in California. New military bases and defense industries were built in areas like Orange County, California, and suburbs grew simultaneously to house the migrants who came to the area for jobs. Sunbelt politicians supported vigorous defense spending by the federal government.
Between 1973 and the early 1990s, every major income group except the top 10 percent saw their earnings stagnate or decline. At the same time, the proportion of women working for pay increased from 37 to 75 percent. What story do these numbers tell?
The need for women to work both to make ends meet and to make up for the declining earning power of men Much of the increase in women working for pay occurred in the 1970s, indicating how Americans were becoming dependent on the two-income household.
Why did the United States form the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954?
To establish a defensive alliance in the Pacific world After World War II, the United States attempted to draw emerging new nations into security organizations, using the NATO alliance in Europe as a model. To contain the expansion of communism in Southeast Asia and increase global security and political power abroad, the United States in 1954 created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, linking Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, and the Philippines with major U.S. European allies as well. Ultimately, the defensive alliance brought the United States together with more than forty other countries.
Why did the federal government adopt a system of affirmative action in the 1960s and 1970s?
To expand employment access to minorities and women Affirmative action programs were designed to give women and minorities greater access to jobs. Opponents, however, accused the programs of establishing quotas, forcing companies to hire women and minorities, and creating a system of reverse discrimination against white men.
Why did President Eisenhower persuade Congress to appropriate additional money for college scholarships and university research in 1958?
To overcome a perceived gap in science and technology with the Soviet Union When the Soviet Union launched the world's first satellite in 1957, the startled United States went into high gear to catch up in the Cold War space competition. Alarmed that the United States was falling behind in science and technology, Eisenhower persuaded Congress to appropriate additional money for college scholarships and university research.
What was the main purpose of the new institutions and policies formulated by the Bretton Woods agreement, which included the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?
To promote economic development and free trade Together, the Bretton Woods system and GATT served America's conception of an open-market global economy and complemented the nation's ambitious diplomatic aims in the Cold War. The chief idea of the Bretton Woods system was to make American capital available, on cheap terms, to nations that adopted free-trade capitalist economies.
What was the purpose of Operation Rolling Thunder during the Vietnam War?
To use air power to weaken North Vietnam's ability to fight The massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam called Operation Rolling Thunder was aimed at destroying the ability of the Vietcong and North Vietnam to wage war in the South. It had little effect, however. The North Vietnamese quickly rebuilt roads and bridges and moved munitions plants underground, and the bombing strengthened the resolve of the Vietcong and North Vietnamese.
Why did people, even women, oppose the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1970s?
With the distinction between men and women ended, women would lose many privileges. Women like Phyllis Schlafly, for instance, worried that the ERA would create an unnatural "unisex society," with women drafted into the army and forced to use single-sex restrooms.
In which area did the Burger Court of the 1970s and early 1980s disappoint the conservative agenda?
Women's rights The Burger Court, despite its conservative makeup, generally supported women's rights. Roe v. Wade (1973) stands out as the most prominent case, but other decisions advanced women's rights further. In 1976, the Court ruled that arbitrary distinctions based on sex in the workplace and other arenas were unconstitutional, and in 1986 that sexual harassment violated the Civil Rights Act.
Which organization provided loans for the development of Third World nations in the postwar world?
World Bank The World Bank provided loans for the development of Third World nations.
What group was the largest student organization formed in the 1960s?
Young Americans for Freedom The New Left was not the only political force on college campuses. Conservative students were less noisy but more numerous. For them, the 1960s was not about protesting the war, staging student strikes, and idolizing Black Power. Many conservative students joined the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), the largest student political organization in the country, which defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.
Which group of 1960s activists sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans?
Young Lords The Young Lords Organization (YLO), later renamed the Young Lords Party, sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans.
The gains of the women's movement in the 1970s included
abortion rights. During the 1970s, women achieved a number of advances, including abortion rights and increased access to previously all-male institutions and high-level roles in the government.
In March 1946, Winston Churchill exacerbated tensions between the West and the Soviet Union when he
accused Stalin of raising an "iron curtain" over Eastern Europe. While visiting Truman in Missouri, Churchill accused Stalin of raising an "iron curtain" around Eastern Europe and allowing "police government" to rule its people. He went further, claiming that "a fraternal association of English-speaking peoples," and not Russians, ought to set the terms of the postwar world.
In the so-called Third World, the Cold War was centrally defined by a muddling of the two political ideologies of
communism and anticolonialism. In the Third World, two ideologies held sway—anticolonialism (sometimes termed nationalism) and communism—as many nations had to navigate their new independence carefully within the context of the global Cold War.
chapter 28
chapter 28
Which statement assesses the state of racial segregation on the eve of the postwar civil rights movement?
it was a nationwide problem
The 1965 Voting Rights Act aided African American voter registration by
outlawing literacy tests. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, which was signed by President Johnson on August 6, outlawed the literacy tests and other devices that prevented African Americans from registering to vote, and authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register voters in any county where registration was less than 50 percent.
Abortion rights opponents fought back most successfully against the landmark Roe v. Wade (1973) decision by
restricting the right legally. Opponents pursued legislation that would strictly limit the conditions under which abortions could be performed. In 1976, for instance, they convinced Congress to deny Medicaid funds for abortions, an opening round in a campaign against Roe v. Wade that continues today.