Colonizing America
How much longer did John Winthrop serve as governor after the creation of the General Court, despite his deception?
19 years
How would the court intervene with bickering couples?
Sometimes elders would counsel the couple, but sometimes the couple may end up in the stocks.
Who went back to England to fetch supplies, but when he came back to Roanoke Island, everyone was gone?
Captain John White
When Columbus pushed further into Hispaniola and found a gold mine, what did he do to the Taino people?
Columbus enslaved the Taino people and forced them to mine and plant crops.
Balboa
in 1510, this planter from Hispaniola stowed away on a ship headed to the American mainland in trying to avoid his creditors. Along the way, he discovered Panama.
Ponce de Leon
in 1513, he discovered the "land of flowers," when he actually found Florida. The myth says he was searching for the fountain of youth.
What were sins counted as in the MA Bay Colony?
Crimes
What did Pizarro do to Atahualpa?
He kidnapped him in Cajamarca after he rejected Christianity by throwing a Bible to the ground. This is how Pizarro seized control of the Incans.
What did Pope do in 1680?
He organized a rebellion against the Spanish once the Spanish priests began to violently beat the Pueblo people in trying to get them to convert.
Why was King James I hostile towards VA?
He resented the House of Burgesses. (He also hated tobacco.)
What was wrong with Columbus's map?
He seriously underestimated the distance that each line of longitude represented. This made the world appear much smaller, making the prediction for the route between Spain and India a lot shorter than it actually was.
What did Pizarro do after he executed Atahualpa?
He set up figure-head emperors that obeyed only him.
What did Spain do by accident?
Spain accidentally gave up much of what is now Brazil to Portugal.
Why was Hernan Cortes sent on an expedition to the Yucatan Peninsula?
Velaquez asked him to do it because they were in need of workers for the Spanish because the Native Americans had been wiped out by smallpox.
What was the first English colony in America?
Virginia
What gave Cortes a leg up in his battle against the Aztecs in the spring of 1521, allowing him to defeat them?
Many Aztecs caught smallpox during the time of the battle.
Who was the captain of the Mayflower?
Myles Standish; he was non-separatist.
Were the Puritans tolerant of other religions?
No
Was Maryland started by a joint-stock company?
No!
When was the Mayflower Contract made?
November 11, 1620
Who was Chief Powhatan's daughter?
Pocohantas
Who did Spain and Portugal go to about who controlled the trade route?
Pope Alexander VI
When did Columbus leave for his second voyage, and what did he return with?
November, 1493. He returned with 17 ships and 1200 Spanish colonists.
What was the Puritan role of the woman?
She was expected to be a model of Christian virtue, and it was her job to raise the children. They were seen as very weak, because Puritans believed that they were more susceptible to temptation and sin. They "needed" the guidance of a father or a husband.
What happened to Hutchinson in 1638?
She was tried with heresy.
Who was a prominent Spanish critic of the ecomienda system?
Bartoleme de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapas, who was an advocate for the Native American people.
Who did Cortes try to enlist as allies in his fight against the Aztecs?
The Tlaxacalan people
Balboa had been searching for...
a "south sea" that was told to lead to an empire of gold.
Who governed the Incans?
Emperor Atahualpa
Balboa was the first...
European to reach the Pacific coast after he hacked his way through swamps and jungles.
Where was a colony attempted in 1587?
Roanoke Island
What did Bartholomew Columbus find on the southern coast of Hispaniola?
Santo Domingo
Who founded Maryland and how?
George Calvert, AKA Lord Baltimore. He was given a royal charter.
How many indentured servants lived to see the end of their contract in the 17th century?
Half of all of the indentured servants.
What did Bartoleme do about the ecomienda system, and what did it result in?
He began to publish books about how the Native Americans were abused, and pressured the Spanish to change their policies. Eventually, the Spanish government stopped granting ecomiendas and banned Native American slavery.
What did King Henry VIII do in the 1550s?
He broke with the Catholic Church and Elizabeth I established the Anglican Church, the Church of England.
What all did Rev. Thomas Hooker establish?
He founded Hartford and established a new General Court. A Constitution for CT: The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut--the first written constitution in the Americas. All males were allowed to vote.
What military advantages did Cortes have over the natives?
He had very intimidating armor, the natives had never seen a horse before, and he also had cannons with him.
What was the government of MA Bay Colony like?
Supported churches through taxation, enforced laws requiring church attendance, and regulated private behavior. Civil officials were members of the church, and church members had to be among the Elect. Freedom of Worship did not exist.
What did Hernando Desoto's expedition lead him through?
Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas.
Which capital city did Montezuma fear he may have to let Cortes enter peacefully?
Tenochitlan
How were Puritan children raised?
With a lot of discipline. They believed in breaking the child's spirit. Women were advised against hugging and kissing their kids.
What was John Winthrop's sermon titled?
"A Model of Christian Charity,"
What was tobacco's nickname?
"Brown gold"
What did John Smith say about people working for the benefit of the colony?
"He who would not work, would not eat."
What was Rhode Island known as by the Puritans?
"The Sewer." It was seen as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters--it was more liberal than any other colony.
What was a Seminary of Sedition?
(What James I called the House of Burgesses.) It means undermining the authority your government.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas confirm?
1)Spain's right to control the route around Africa to Asia. 2) Spain's claim to new land in America.
How many pounds of tobacco were shipped from Virginia to England per year?
1.5 million pounds
How much silver and gold found was the King entitled to?
1/5
How many English men and women lived in VA in 1644?
10,000
What did the Enclosure Movement result in?
1000s of poor, homeless people.
When was St. Augustine established?
1565
When was the royal charter given to Lord Baltimore/George Calvert to start Maryland?
1613
When was the headright system introduced?
1618
How and when was the Massachusetts Bay Colony created?
1629, a group of Puritans (not separatists) got a royal charter to form it. They wanted to escape attacks from Conservatives in the Church of England and create a Puritan haven in America.
When was Maryland established?
1634
What happened soon after John Winthrop and his people landed?
17 ships with another 1,000 people landed.
How many warriors destroyed most missionaries in New Mexico?
17,000 warriors
How many of the indentured servants actually obtained land or freedom?
30% gained freedom, but never acquired land. Only 20% gained freedom and became freeholders.
Ptolemy's map also included...
360 lines of longitude
By winter of 1608, how many of the 200 colonists were left in Jamestown?
38
How much of the silver and gold found were all joint-stock holders entitled to?
4/5s
Who signed the Mayflower contract?
41 Male Pilgrim adults
How many Pilgrims were left after the plague hit in the first winter of the Plymouth colony?
44 of 102 survived.
How many years did Columbus spend trying to convince King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain for money?
6 years
How many of the 600 colonists lived after the Starving Time?
60
How long was the Mayflower's voyage?
65 days
What portion of the colonists in America, before the Revolution, served some form of indenture?
80%
Verrazano
A French explorer who mapped the coastline from North Carolina to Newfoundland.
Who was King Philip?
A Native American chief who was actually named Metacom. (He had been given the nickname by white settlers.) He spent some time creating alliances with Native Americans.
Roanoke
A colonial effort in Virginia.
What did John Winthrop believe in?
A community that worked towards common goals. He did NOT believe in democracy or social equality. "God has declared that some must be rich, some must be poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, and others common and in subjugation."
What is a theocracy?
A government in which a state is governed by officials with divine guidance. (Guidance by religious beliefs.) Example: MA Bay Colony
When the VA colony was allowed to elect its own assembly and make its own law, what was its government made up of?
A governor, a House of Burgesses, and 20 members.
What did VA still have after their charter was revoked?
A governor--but he only represented the king.
What did Lord Baltimore want Maryland to be?
A haven for Catholics.
Who was Squanto?
A local native of the Plymouth colony who taught the Pilgrims to fish, plant corn, etc. as well as negotiate peace with the nearby Wompanoag.
Sir John Walter Raleigh
A man who explored Virginia.
What is a conquistador?
A man who led expeditions to conquer the rest of the region of New Spain.
What were the religious views of the settlers of Maryland
A mix of Protestants and Catholics. Because of this, friction would plague the colony for years.
Who was Pope?
A native American religious leader.
What happened in the first winter of the Plymouth colony, 1620-1621?
A plague hits the Pilgrims.
Marquette and Joliet
A priest and a fur trader who followed the Mississippi River as south as the Arkansas River.
The Enclosure Movement
A time period when English lords began to kick peasants and tenets off their land so that they would have more room to raise sheep. They had to do this because sheep wool had become a very profitable export.
Who were the Pequots?
A very powerful Indian tribe in the Connecticut river valley.
Who was Anne Hutchinson?
A very well-read, female Puritan who held Bible readings in her home and created a strong following. (It was forbidden for women to preach at the time.)
Who was Roger Williams?
A young popular minister in Salem and later in Plymouth (also a devout Puritanwho was critical of the MA Bay Charter. He argued that no one had right to land unless the Natives were paid for it. He also didn't like that the civil government had authority over religious behavior.
What city did Pizarro invite Atahualpa to meet him in?
Cajamarca
Vespucci's book was so extremely popular, it lead a German scholar to propose that the new continent be named...
America
What happened in Virginia on May 24, 1607?
About 100 colonists (all men) land on a small peninsula on what they named the James River.
What was the Restoration?
After Cromwell died, Parliament decided to have Charles II, Charles I's son, to take the throne. This made the English government start to promote colonization. The English leaders finally saw the colonies as sources of raw materials and as markets for manufactured goods.
Al-Idrisi
An Arab geographer who traveled extensively and drew a map of the known world.
Ptolemy, 200 AD
An Egyptian cartographer who drew maps of a round world.
Aerigo Vespucci
An Italian explorer who did extensive exploration of South America; he wrote about his experiences.
What would someone gain for every servant they brought over to the colony?
An additional 50 acres.
Headright System
Anyone who bought a share in the company or paid their passage to the colony would be granted 50 acres of land. It was used to lure people to Virginia so that more tobacco could be produced.
Why did the King of Portugal turn down Columbus's request? (2 Reasons)
Because experts thought Columbus was wrong and Dia rounding the tip of Africa cooled interest in his plan.
Why did Columbus call the Taino "Indians"?
Because he believed he had reached the Indies.
Why did Montezuma believe that Cortes was the god who was prophesized to defeat the Aztecs?
Because the prophesy said the god was fair skinned, had a beard, and despised human sacrifice.
What was the name of the capital of the colony that John Winthrop and the 900 people established?
Boston--although it was originally called Shawmot.
When did Rhode Island colonies start to take shape and spread West?
By the 1650s.
Why did French exploration stop?
Catholics and Protestants tore apart France with their fighting.
When Columbus went to Cuba and Hispaniola, what did he mistake them for?
China and Japan
What did Hutchinson do to Puritan leaders for four days?
Confounded them with her knowledge of theology.
What was founded in 1636 by Reverend Thomas Hooker?
Connecticut, CT
Who is Malinche?
Cortes met her on his expedition, and became a translator for him because she understood the language of the people who lived farther up the coast.
Cartier
Discovered the St. Lawrence River
Magellan
Discovered the strait named for him at the southernmost tip of South America in 1520.
How did the ecomienda system work?
Each Spaniard deserving a reward was given control over some of the towns in the Aztec Empire. Each Spaniard deserving a reward was made an "ecomendero," a commissioner. Each commissioner was given control of a group of Native American villages. They were also given a portion of the products that were harvested.
Portugal would control everything to the...
East
When was the first Thanksgiving?
Fall of 1621 in the Plymouth Colony
What forced the Native Americans to surrender?
Food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties.
What were counted as crimes in the MA Bay Colony?
Gambling, blasphemy, adultery, theft, swearing, idleness, etc.
Who landed in Peru in 1526?
Francisco Pizarro
What were people called who earned stock in the company?
Freemen
Columbus was born in...
Genoa, Italy
What commodity did French traders seek due to its popularity in Europe?
Fur--particularly beaver fur. The French traded it with Native Americans, so they started to make colonies in North America.
What were the Taino wearing when Columbus met them, and where did they say they found them?
Gold pendants, and they said the king had large vessels of it.
What did Chief Powhatan do after 600 additional colonists arrived by 1609 and he realized that the Powhatan could not care for all of them?
He waged sabotage against the colonists by destroying all the livestock and crops. The colonists had no food when winter came.
Who was William Penn, and what did he man by calling Pennsylvania a "holy experiment"?
He was a Quaker who founded Pennsylvania. There would be complete political and religious freedom, and Penn was going to try to establish a friendship with the NAs in PA.
Who was William Bradford?
He was a self-taught scholar who was chosen for governor of Plymouth 50 times in yearly elections.
What happened to Roger Williams in 1635?
He was tried in preaching "new and dangerous thoughts" and banished form the colony.
What did Roger Williams do after he was banished?
He went South and purchased land from the Narragansett.
De Champlain
Helped establish a French colony in Acadia and founded Quebec, which became the colony of New France.
What were those who challenged Puritan beliefs charged with?
Heresy: a belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine.
Who began an expedition in Northern Florida?
Hernando Desoto
What were most conquistadors?
Hidalgos
What ruined Lord Baltimore's political career?
His convert to Catholicism. (Although he remained on good terms with the king.)
Where did the Separatists go first after they fled England to escape religious persecution?
Holland; but life proved difficult there.
What is antinomianism?
Hostility to the laws; moral law is not binding upon Christians who are under the law of Grace.
When did Columbus go on his first voyage, and what three ships were used?
In August of 1492, and the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
Joint Stock Company
Investors pooled their wealth to fund a colony, after obtaining a charter (an official permit). The company was responsible for maintaining the colony and reaped the profits. A stock owner was entitled to a share of profits.
What did the first colonists name the land they claimed in Virginia, 1607?
Jamestown
What was the General Court?
It made laws and elected the governor.
How was the Plymouth Colony doing by 1691?
It stayed small and economically unimportant. It only had a population of 7,000 people and they merged with the Massachusetts Bay colony.
What was the Mayflower Contract?
It was an agreement to form a civil government and submit to majority rule. It was NOT a constitution! It led to adult male setters meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings. *The document is a land mark of American democratic government.
What made the land of Virginia bad?
It was swampy, and there were diseases from the water and the mosquitoes surrounding it.
What was the Puritan family like?
It was the core unit of Puritan society. They were expected to be model Christians.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
It was the name for the complex interactions of people and ecosystems set in motion by the arrival of Europeans in America. It is also the name for the exchange of animals and plant life between the new and the old worlds, as it revolutionized agriculture and led to a population explosion.
Who landed in Nova Scotia in 1497?
John Cabot
Who did Pocohantas marry in 1614?
John Rolfe
Who discovered the use of tobacco?
John Rolfe, Pocohantas's husband.
Who took charge and turned Jamestown around after its first devastating winter?
John Smith, a soldier of fortune, sent by the VA company.
What happened to the bankrupt VA company in 1624?
King James I revoked their charter. Thus, VA became a royal colony, totally under his control.
What did John Winthrop do?
Led 11 well-stocked ships with about 900 people in them to America in 1650.
What were at the end of some contracts for indentured servants?
Land and money were given to some servants at the end of their contract.
10 years later Columbus settled in...
Lisbon, Portugal. Here, he and his brother, Bartholomew, began a mapmaking buisess.
What is a Hidalgo?
Low-ranking nobles or working-class trade people. They came to America for wealth and prestige.
What was Malinche's new name after she was baptized?
Marina, the "gift."
What was not allowed between the settlers and the natives?
Marriage
Where were the first colonies started by Joint-Stock companies founded?
Maryland
What is a proprietary?
Maryland: a colony that has a governor/ruler. The proprietor, or owner, could govern the colony as he wished.
What was the capital of New Spain?
Mexico
Who was the leader of the Aztecs?
Montezuma
Were Puritans tolerant of other religious beliefs?
NO! They were just as intolerant towards other beliefs as Anglicans had been towards them.
What was the new colony called after Cortes defeated the Aztecs?
New Spain
Magellan named the ocean he discovered...
Pacific: because it was so calm.
What are the Separatists commonly referred to today?
Pilgrims
What did the Virginia colonists decide they needed more of after discovering tobacco?
People to grow more tobacco.
Why couldn't Spain control the trade route?
Portugal had claimed the right to control the Atlantuc route to Asia.
What did Puritans see disciplining their children as?
Readying the child for later conversion. "Preparing the path of your heart for receiving grace." (Although this contradicted Predestination.)
What town did Roger William found?
Providence
Columbus based his calculations on the map which cartographer?
Ptolemy
What was Holy Watching?
Puritan neighbors would keep an eye out for each other for misdemeanors.
Who were the Separatists?
Puritans who believed reform of the Anglican Church was not possible. They wanted to separate from it. They formed their own congregation.
Where did Hutchinson and her family go after she was banished, and what eventually happened to them?
Rhode Island, but eventually ended up in New York. She and all but one of her family members were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.
Where did a lot of people go to when they left or were banished from MA?
Rhode Island; it was less rigid and had a lot of freedom.
What was indentured servitude replaced by around 1670?
Slavery--including perpetual slavery (slavery with no contract, no end to it).
What was the first permanent town established in the U.S.?
St. Augustine in Florida.
What did owning land mean for the colonists?
Status and voting rights. (So by moving to the colony--with the headrights system at hand--you could gain the 50 acres and CHANGE your status.)
What did the Virginia charter state?
That all colonists in Virginia have the same rights as all Englishmen. This was different from the Spanish colonies, which were run by the King instead of individuals.
What did John Winthrop say about Hutchinson and her family's demise?
That he "saw God's hand in this!"
What did John Winthrop mean by 'a city on a hill'?
That he would be an example to everyone else, like a city on a hill that is watched by everyone.
What did the Natives believe about the land?
That it was communal, that NO ONE had any real right to it.
What did Anne Hutchinson claim?
That many church elders were not among the Elect. *This was a big deal because they were the source of all Puritan authority.
What did Anne Hutchinson mean by saying that "The Holy Spirit illuminates the heart of every true believer,"?
That no one needed the church or ministers to guide or interpret the Bible or counsel their moral behavior for them because the Holy Spirit would. *This was serious because she was a woman and it was direct challenge of the Puritan leaders' beliefs.
What did John Smith claim about Pocohantas?
That she begged her father to spare his life when he was about to be killed.
What was Bartoleme's argument against the ecomienda system?
That the Pope and the King had a duty to protect the Native Americans. The Pope supported his idea.
What did Puritans believe about their ministers and elders?
That they should all be elected by the congregation.
Ptolemy's book became very influential in this time period.
The 1400s.
When did French exploration start again?
The 1600s
What was different about the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church?
The Anglican Church kept most of the organizations and rituals, but the King was in control instead of the Pope.
Where did Columbus land on his first voyage, and which people did he meet?
The Bahamas, and the Taino people of the Arawak.
What institution became the primary force of colonizing what is today the southwestern U.S.?
The Catholic Church
Why did Spanish exploration cease for a while?
The English were lacking money and they feared hurting the Spanish Alliance.
What did freemen comprise?
The General Court
What did Francisco Pizarro discover in Peru?
The Inca Empire
Who did Columbus ask for financial banking for a voyage across the Atlantic in 1484?
The King of Portugal
What was Winthrop's deception as governor of the colony?
The Massachusetts Bay Charter defined that the government had a general court of individuals who made laws, but Winthrop locked the charter away and told people that only the governor and his assistants made laws.
What was the name of the ship that the pilgrims sailed to America in?
The Mayflower
Who were the local Natives that John Smith reached out to and began trading with?
The Powhatan
Which group of English people come over to America to practice religious freedom (and economic reasons)?
The Puritans
What was a reason that the MA Bay Colony was economically prosperous?
The Puritans were a hardworking, industrious group of people who believed it was their duty to God to work hard. Their work ethic contributed to the Colony's growth and success.
What did King James I grant a charter to in 1606?
The Virginia company, which was a joint-stock company.
What happened by the end of the 1500s?
The alliance with Spain and Britain is over and the English are more established.
Qhat had the Spanish done by the 1500s?
They had flocked to the Americas, established colonies in the Caribbean and had begun exploring the American mainland.
What role did civic leaders play in the Puritan family?
They kept a strict watch on families.
How did Hernando Desoto and his men behave on the expedition?
They killed, raided, and pillaged.
What may happen if a child of Puritan parents was disobedient?
The child may be taken away and placed in another home.
Where did Columbus land on his third voyage?
The coast of South America, a previously unknown continent.
What did Columbus map on his fourth voyage in 1502?
The coastline from Guatemala to Panama.
Where did the homeless go after they were kicked off the land of the lords?
The colonies
Why did Jamestown have a rough start?
The colonists had no survival skills, and they only wanted to mine for gold instead of do manual labor.
When the population increased in VA after it made it was granted its own government, what had to happen?
The colonists had to clash with the natives for more land.
What problems did Columbus have with the Spanish colonists?
The colonists were only interested in getting rich, they wouldn't do manual labor, and accused Columbus of misleading them. Some returned home to complain.
What were the ecomenderos supposed to do for the Native Americans, but rarely did?
The ecomenderos were supposed to protect the Native Americans and convert them to the church, but that often did not happen.
Lord La Salle
The first European to follow the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed the entire region for France, and named the whole territory Louisiana.
What was Santo Domingo to become?
The first capital of Spain's empire in America.
How did conditions worsen for the colonies?
The fur trade declined. The Native Americans were forced to work for the colonists just to feed themselves, and the English made them obey English laws and customs. The Natives began to feel as if their culture was being destroyed.
What was the government of Providence like?
The government was separate from the church.
Count Frontenac
The governor of New France. He decided to ship furs along the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, but that proved to be very difficult.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
The leader of Parliament's army during the English Civil War who would later seize control of England and declare himself Lord Protector of England.
What did Pope Alexander VI draw?
The line of demarcation running north to south through the Atlantic.
Portugal wanted...
The line of demarcation to moved a little more towards the West, which was granted in 1494.
What were the requirements between an indentured servant and their master when crossing over to the colonies?
The master would have to pay for the passage, feed, clothe, and shelter the servant. In return, the servant would work for about 7 to 15 years. (Most of the servants were from the lower class of England and had nothing to lose.)
What marked the end of Native American resistance in New England?
The white settlers won, but they paid a heavy price because 1/10 of their male population decreased. *From 1620-1675 the white population increased and the Native American population decreased.
What was carved into a tree on Roanoke Island when John White came back?
The word "Croatoan"
What did Aztec priests do in 1520?
They launched a rebellion against the Spanish because Montezuma had agreed to stop human sacrifice and replace the statues of their idols with crosses. They were enraged by the loss of their power.
What did a group of 102 people (half of them Separatists) do in 1620?
They negotiated with the VA company to settle in its jurisdiction and set sail to America.
How did the English make the natives pay tribute after they caused the Starving Time?
The natives paid for their hostility in corn and labor, and sometimes violence was used to enforce it. Also, the colonists would sometimes kidnap the natives and set fire to villages. What
What did a woman's salvation depend on?
The observable goodness of her children.
Starving Time
The time period when the Jamestown colonists had no food when winter came after the Powhatan sabotaged their food supply.
What problems did the Pilgrims face on the voyage of the Mayflower?
Their food supply ran out, many became ill, and a storm blew the ship off course to off the coast of Massachusetts instead of Virginia.
What happened after the Powhatan attacked in 1622?
There was a retaliation from the colonists, and VA became a royal colony completely under the king's control.
What was the Great Migration of the 1650s?
There was political and economic people in England as about 20,000 settlers arrived in New England by 1645.
What was the behavior of the Jamestown council like?
There was strife among them: they could never agree on anything.
What kind of freedoms did Rhode Island have?
There was universal male suffrage (although this was later restricted by a property qualification.) And Roger Williams opposed to privilege of any kind, so there was freedom of opportunity for all. There was also a separation of church and state in the charter.
Who were the first Africans in Virginia?
There were about 20 of them who came off of a Dutch ship. They were treated as indentured servants.
What were the Mestizos' colonial tasks like?
There were many of them, so their social status varied greatly. Some were at the top, some were merchants, but most of them were poor.
What did the Powhatan do in 1622?
They attacked the English, killing 340 settlers. (This was after the VA colony began expanding.)
Who were the Puritans?
They believed that every worshipper should experience God through faith, prayer, and study of the Bible. They objected to the authority of the Anglican bishops.
What did the colonists do when they demanded to see the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
They created a representative assembly called the General Court. Freeman would elect its representatives (deputies).
What kind of language did the Natives have, who Columbus met on his first voyage?
They did not have an established language.
Why were the first Jamestown colonists in trouble?
They did not prepare for the first coming winter. They did not plant crops or set aside storage.
What were the peasants' colonial tasks like?
They provided labor for most of New Spain's farms and ranches.
What did the Puritans want to do to the Church of England?
They wanted to stay in the Church of England, but purify it of all its Catholic elements.
What was the origin of the peasants?
They were Native Americans, Africans, and people of mixed Spanish and African or Native American and African ancestry.
What were the Peninsulares' colonial tasks like?
They were appointed to higher government and church positions.
What was the origin of the Criollas?
They were born in the colonies of Spanish parents.
What were a couple reasons that people in New England lived longer?
They were harder so they were in good shape, and believed in moderation.
What had happened to the men Columbus had left behind?
They were killed.
What was the origin of the Mestizos?
They were of mixed Spanish and Native American parentage.
What was the origin of the Peninsulares?
They were people who had been born in Spain.
What were the Criollas' colonial tasks like?
They were wealthy, but high colonial positions were not reserved for them.
Why was St. Augustine established?
To protect the European's claim to their region in North America after the French had to settle in the Carolinas.
Columbus decided that the easiest way to Asia was...
To sail West across the Atlantc.
What would be Maryland's main crop?
Tobacco (They had learned from VA's trial and error.)
After Jamestown revived itself by moving to a more hospitable location and more people came along, what way did they find to make money?
Tobacco production
What were women not allowed in?
Town meetings or the making of church decisions.
What law did MA pass in 1647?
Towns required a schoolmaster to teach writing to children.
What did King Philip/Metacom do in 1675?
United with other Native Americans and coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England. Some Frontier settlements were forced to retreat to Boston.
Where was Plymouth Bay?
Way outside the domain of the Virginia company. This means the colonial charter would not be valid.
What did Columbus tell Isabella and Ferdinand that his voyage would bring them?
Wealth, empire, and converts to Catholicism.
Spain would control everything to the....
West
What was the VA House of Burgesses?
What James I called a seminary of sedition, which means undermining the authority of the government.
How did Hutchinson become tried with another act of heresy and get banished?
When asked how she knew that not all counsel men were among the Elect, she said something to the effect of "Because God told me." This was referencing immediate revelation, which the Puritans did not believe in.
What made the Natives' belief about the land problematic for them in the future when settlers came?
When settlers bought land for them (in food or supplies), they thought it was temporary purchase of the land while the Europeans saw it as a permanent one. This was mostly a cultural misunderstanding. The Natives didn't know they were giving their land away forever.
Who was among the Separatists/Pilgrim leaders on board with the 102 people?
William Bradford
What were the Pequot wars? 1636-1637
Whites, allied with Narragansett Indians, attacked Pequot villages. They set fire to homes and shot fleeing survivors. Over 400 were killed (women and children included) in one Pequot village alone. Many survivors were captured and sold into slavery. The tribe was virtually annihilated, and an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.
Magellan's crew came back to Spain from the voyage that he died on, being the first people to...
circumnavigate the globe.
Columbus developed his theory while...
he was on several Port. Voyages to Africa.
What did Spain want to claim in 1493?
the trade route