COM 101 CH 11-14

Speaking outline

(aka delivery outline)- is your actual outline you will use when you are practicing and presenting your speech. Speaking outlines contain your ideas in a condensed and brief form. Speaking outlines should contain phrases or key words.

A speech is composed of 3 general parts

Introduction, Body, & Conclusion

Types of Speaking Outlines:

Phrase outline Key-word outline

Why do you need to prepare the body section of your speech before your introduction and conclusion sections

This way you know your MPs you need to PREVIEW in the Intro. A good speech Introduction invites listeners to give their attention to your speech, and a good Conclusion helps the audience remember the message and react the way the speaker wants them to. An audience usually decides within the first few minutes whether they want to continue to listen to a speech or not... that's why making a good speech introduction is important An Introduction should be brief, not dragged out so the audience doesn't get bored.

When Creating the Speaking Outline:

Use either large notecards or regular 8.5x11 sheets of paper and use large enough print to see words easily during delivery. Include any delivery cues that may help you deliver your speech more effectively. -i.e., Show yourself on the outline when to transition, when to pause or slow down, and when to point to your diagram or model. Practice your speech using your speaking outline. ** A speaking outline encourages the speaker to become familiar with the speech points and to use the key words or phrases as only a reminder of what you want to say.**

3) Causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement

a speech arrangement where the main points represent a cause and effect relationship. **(good for informative speeches)** With this pattern, each main point represents one cause or effect. You can can list many causes and one effect or one cause and many effects (each represented by a main point). i.e. causes for gas prices rising - there may be a few causes that are each represented by a MP and one effect (gas price rising). You can also place the effect(s) first and then list the causes next (each represented by its own main point).

Coherence

a speech exhibits coherence when it is organized clearly and logically. This means to place the coordinate and subordinate points in their correct order regarding their importance in comparison to each other and their logical flow (chronologically- first, second, third steps).

Unity

a speech exhibits unity when it contains only those points implied by the purpose and thesis statement. In other words, every single main point directly supports the Thesis statement and every supporting point provides evidence for the main points.

1) Chronological pattern of arrangement

an arrangement of the main points according to their natural time-ordered, chronological occurrence. With this pattern, place the main points/events in the order they occurred.

Phrase outline

contains partial constructions of sentences to form each point.

Introduction

establishes the purpose of the speech and shows its relevance to the audience.

Main Points (aka MPs)

express the key ideas of the speech and should function as major ideas or claims being made in support of the speech thesis. MPs should flow directly from the speech goal and purpose... The number of MPs should be restricted to somewhere between 2-5. If you feel that more main points are necessary, you should look into narrowing your thesis (so you have a more specific point to prove).

A conclusion

gives you the opportunity to leave an impression on your audience that will accomplish the goal(s) of your speech.

Outlines

help you organize your speech while revealing any logical missing points you may need, and they are also a guideline for your presentation. There are two outlines one should create during the speechmaking process

Working outline

(aka preparation outline)- its purpose is to organize and back up your main points using the evidence you've collected to formulate your supporting points. Your working outline will contain your ENTIRE speech (word for word), supporting points, and all when completed. A working outline usually contains full sentences (aka sentence outline) expressed in the way the speaker would like to convey his/her ideas during the actual presentation.

When Creating the Working Outline:

**Prepare the body section of the speech before the introduction and conclusion sections,** keeping them separate from each other. Mark which speech points need source credit. Prepare a bibliography. Formulate and assign a Speech Title to your speech which informs the audience of the subject in a way that encourages them to want to listen or read it. ** After one completes his/her working outline, s/he should transfer the ideas from there to a speaking outline. A speaking outline should only contain phrases or key words.** Why should someone transfer his/her ideas from a working outline into a speaking outline? **A working outline (which contains full sentences) is more likely to cause the speaker to read the outline verbatim(word for word), preventing the speaker from enforcing eye contact with audience, having natural gestures, or notice and adjust to audience feedback.**

A good introduction section should:

1) Gain the audience's attention... how? use a compelling quote tell a story pose a question relate unusual/interesting info. humor refer to the audience- identify and find common ground with audience by expressing shared interests/goals you both have. refer to the occasion- reference/acknowledge the speaking occasion. 2) Preview the topic & purpose- make sure to let the audience know your main speech topic/goal which is your thesis. 3) Preview the Main Points- after revealing your thesis, briefly preview the MPs of your speech (by using Preview Statements such as, "I will be discussing three main points..."). 4) Motivate the audience to accept your goals- make the audience care about your topic and convey to them why they should believe what you say about it. How? Make the topic relevant to them- tell them why they should care about your topic, what they will gain by listening to you, and demonstrate how your speech goal is consistent with their motives and values. Establish your credibility as a speaker- make a simple statement of your qualifications for speaking about a topic. Do so by pointing out your knowledge, experience, or perspective that is different or more extensive than your audience.

Types of Transitions

1) Restate-forecast form- these types of transitions restate the point just spoken about and preview the next point about to be covered. (i.e., Now that we've established ___________, let's take a look at ___________). 2) Preview statements as transitions- they briefly introduce the upcoming Main Point in the speech. (i.e., Now, we are going to take a look at what the causes for the rising gas prices are). 3) Internal summaries- these types of transitions sum up and highlight the important ideas which the speaker had just discussed before moving on to the next speech point.

A good conclusion should:

1) Signal to the audience that your speech is coming to an end and provide closure. Signal closure by using a transition statement (i.e., in closing). Signal closure subtly by varying your tone, pitch, rate of speech, or rhythm (i.e., slowing down).Finish soon after signaling the end of your speech 2) Restate your Thesis - reiterate your topic/main idea. 3) Restate your Main Points - summarize the key points (i.e.- I have just explained how...). 4) Challenge the audience to respond- different ways for different speeches. Informative speech- challenge the audience to use the information they've learned to benefit them. Persuasive speech- CALL TO ACTION (is unique to persuasive speeches)- is when the speaker challenges the audience to see a problem in a new way, to change their beliefs about the problem, or to change both their actions and beliefs about the problem. 5) Make the speech memorable so the message is more likely to linger with the audience after the speech. How? Use the same devices as the introduction- quotes, short stories, questions, humor, startling statements, and references to the audience and occasion.

There are 6 commonly used speech organizational patterns

Chronological pattern of arrangement Spatial pattern of arrangement Causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement Problem-solution pattern of arrangement Topical/categorical pattern of arrangement Narrative organizational pattern of arrangement

2) Spatial pattern of arrangement

an arrangement of the main points in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another. Use this style in order to describe the physical arrangement of a place, scene, or object. Use this style if you are giving the audience a "tour" of a particular place (i.e. your trip to the museum, in order of what you encounter as you walk through and progress to each room). This pattern is also good to use when describing a particular phenomenon across regions of the country (i.e. growth of marketing sales among each region of the country- Western, Eastern, and Central).

Transitions

are words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together, enabling the speaker to move smoothly from one point to the next. Transitions help the speech flow & CUE the audience that you will be moving onto your next point. Use transitions BETWEEN each speech SECTION as well as between Main Points & between Supporting Points. One can use transitional words & phrases (to compare- similarly, likewise; to contrasts idea- however, in contrast; time sequence- first, second: to explain- for example, furthermore: to summarize- in conclusion, finally). Transitions help listeners review and evaluate the key theme (and flow) of the speech so far.

Balance

balance suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and the theme. The body of the speech should always be the longest part, and the introduction and conclusion should be roughly the same length and shorter in comparison to the body.

Conclusion

brings closure to the speech by restating the thesis, summarizing the main points, and restating why the thesis/speech is relevant to the audience.

6) Narrative organizational pattern of arrangement

having the speech consist of a story or series of short stories, incorporating character(s), plot, setting(s), and vivid imagery. Generally when using this pattern, one **should incorporate another pattern of arrangement with it** such as cause-effect in order to give it structure. When using this pattern for a speech, you must STRUCTURE it with a thesis, MPs, transitions, etc.

A well-organized speech

is characterized by 1) unity, 2) coherence, & 3) balance.

Supporting Points

organize the evidence you have gathered to explain or justify the main points. They should further help your main points prove your thesis. Use INDENTATION and numbers/letters/or roman numerals to arrange your supporting points and sub-supporting points.

4) Problem-solution pattern of arrangement

organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance (effects) of a problem and to provide justification for a proposed solution. **(good for persuasive speeches)** With this pattern, you can have a simple set up with one main point describing the problem and the next main point offering a solution. A better option with this pattern is to have one main point describing the problem, another MP explaining the effects the problem has on who/what & why, and the following MPs telling why certain already attempted solutions did not work. Lastly, one can then offer potential good/effective solutions to the problem.

Body

presents the main points that are intended to support and fulfill the speech thesis as well as the supporting points which justify the main points.

Use Transitions

to Give Direction to the Speech

Key-word outline

uses the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the main and supporting points. (This encourages increased eye contact with the audience and more freedom to move around during delivery).

5) Topical/categorical pattern of arrangement

when each main point is a category of the speech topic and all the main points (aka MPs) are of relatively equal importance. i.e.- You want to offer three reasons why Hawaii is a nice State to visit.

After first preparing the Body section of the speech

work on your Introduction & Conclusion sections.

After choosing the organizational pattern for your main points

you should outline the speech.