COM 2080 Midterm!

things that will help communicating in groups

-focus on goals -plan on assuming dual roles -center disagreements around issues -resist groupthink -adopt an effective leadership style -set goals -encourage active participation -use reflective thinkings

Working in groups steps:

1. Analyze the audience and set goals 2. establish information needs 3. assign roles and tasks 4. establish transitions between speakers 5. consider the presenters' strengths 6. coordinate the presentation aids 7. rehearse the presentation several times.

how to prepare for online presentations

1. apply your knowledge of face-to-face speaking 2. plan for the unique demands of online delivery -review the equipment -focus on goal variety -provide superior visual aids 3. plan for the delivery mode -will it be a real time presentation or a recorded presentation 4. choose an online presentation format -video -podcasts and vodcasts -webinars

oral citation requirements:

1. author or origin of author 2. type of source 3. title or description of the source 4. date of source

Other things to consider when delivering speech

1. context- anything that influences the speaker, audience, etc. (physical setting, the order and timing of speech, cultural orientations) 2. goals- what you want audience to learn or do as a result of speech.

Differences between presentational speaking and public speaking

1. degree of formality (presentational is less formal than public) 2. audience factors (public speaking audiences are self-selected or voluntary participants; usually one-time deal. Oral presentations are more audiences in the work place or class room. Part of "captive audiences" more info is shared about participant bc of the relationship) 3. Speaker expertise- (public speakers have an expertise in a subject while presentational speakers are more known as "first among equals"

After reading a case study students report on the following items:

1. description of the major issues involved in case 2. statement of the major problems and issues involved 3. identification of any relevant alternatives to the case 4. presentation of the best solutions to the case, with logic explained. 5. recommendations for implementing the solutions, along with acknowledging impediments.

six step process of reflective thinking

1. identify the problem 2. conduct research and analysis 3. establish guidelines and criteria 4. generate solutions 5. select the best solution 6. evaluate solution

listening goals

1. identify your listening needs 2. identify why listening will help you 3. make an action statement(goal) 4. assess of goal achievement

Many reports include:

1. preview/summary of reasons for the report; including its scope, methods, and limitations; and main conclusions and recommendations. 2. discussion of the findings/presentation of evidence. 3. Key conclusions drawn from evidence. 4. recommendations based on the evidence.

3 reports and proposals typically delivered in the workplace

1. sales proposal 2. staff report 3. progress report

A good speech is practiced at least ____ times

6

Rhetorical situation

All speeches are delivered in response to ___________, or a circumstance calling for a public response.

When citing others' ideas you can present it in these ways:

Direct quotes paraphrase summary (shortens the paraphrase)

What are panels, symposia, and forums?

Group discussions in which multiple speakers are their expertise with an audience; forums are convened specifically to discuss issues of public interest.

Why are progress reports valuable?

Help managers determine the value of employees and uncover hidden costs of doing business. pg. 222

moderator

In panel discussions, these people are used to direct the discussion, who begins by describing the purpose of the panel and introducing the panel members. They launch the discussion by directing a question. pg. 216.

Values

Our ethical conduct is a reflection of this; it is our most enduring judgements or standards of what's good and bad in life.

Call to action

Reiterating your recommendation persuasively. This is done in proposals.

Communication process

Source, receiver, the message, the channel, & shared meaning. Source- sender -encoding- creating, organizing and producing the message receiver- recipient of message -decoding- interpreting the message; audience members decode messages selectively based on their experiences and attitudes. Feedback- audience's response to message (verbally & nonverbally) channel- medium through which the speaker sends a message (air, telephone, televisions, internet). pg. 7

Canons of rhetoric

The process of preparing a speech: 1. invention(refer to discovering the types of evidence and arguments you will use) 2. arrangement- organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic and audience. 3. Style- way the speaker uses language to express speech tasks. 4. Memory- practice of speech 5. Delivery- vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking.

Motivated sequence (basic sales technique)

Used in sales pitches; focus on audience needs. 1. draw the potential buyer's attention to the product 2. isolate and clarify the buyer's need for the product. 3. describe how the product will satisfy the buyer's need. 4. invite the buyer to purchase the product.

town hall meeting

Well-known type of forum in which citizens deliberate on issues of importance in the community.

panel discussion

a group of people (at least 3, generally not more than nine) discuss a topic in the presence of an audience. Not formally prepared speeches. They use moderators! pg. 216.

Sales proposal (sales pitch)

a presentation that attempt to lead a potential buyer to purchase a service or product. Successful ones show how the product and service meets the needs of the potential buyer. pg. 220

Public-speaking anxiety (PSA)

a situation-specific social anxiety that arises form anticipating giving an oral presentations.

word association

a way to brainstorm; jot down one topic that might interest you and your listeners. Then the first thing that comes to mind related to it. Repeat 15-20 times, narrow the list to two or three times and then select a topic.

social news site

allows users to submit news stories, articles, and videos to share with other users of the site.

Public discourse

an important measure of ethical speaking is whether it contributes something positive to ________ speech involving issues of importance to the larger community like marijuana.

performance anxiety

anxiety is heightened just as speech begins. usually in the introduction.

Forum

assembly for the discussion of issues of public interest. These are often formed to help policy-makers and voters alike deliberate about key policy issues. May feature a panel or symposium, followed by an extensive question and answer period with an audience.

attitudes, beliefs, values

attitude: general evaluation of people, ideas, objects, or events. based on beliefs! beliefs- the ways in which people perceive reality values- most enduring judgements about whats good in life, shaped by culture.

topic (mind) mapping

brainstorming technique in which you lay out words in diagram form to show categorical relationships among them.

source qualifier

brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic

anecdotes

brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life

frequency

count of the number of times something occurs

two ways to optimize decision making in groups

devil's advocacy" arguing for the sake of raising issues or concerns about the idea under discussion dialectical inquiry: devils advocacy that goes a step further by proposing a counter solution to the idea

types of leadership style

directive: leader controls group communication by conveying specific instruction to members supportive: leader a ttends to group members emotional needs, stressing positive relationships. achievement- oriented: leader sets challenging goals and high standards. participative: leader views members as equals, welcoming their opinions, summarizing points, and identifying problems that must be solved rather than dictating solutions.

when leading a group, these are the steps to encourage group participation

directly ask members to contribute set a positive tone make use of devils advocacy and dialectal inquiry

facts

documented occurrences including actual events, dates, times, people, palces

Case study

documents a real situation, relating to business, law, medicine, science, or other discipline, which poses difficult dilemmas or problems requiring solutions. Common for students in schools.

heckler's veto

drowning out a speaker's message with which you disagree; demonstrates disrespect both to the speaker and to fellow listeners.

Common knowledge

exception to sources needing citation. This information is likely known by many people.

fair use

exception to the prohibitions of copyright. permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comments, news reporting, etc.

Speaking outlines

far briefer and use either short phrases or key words.

pre-preparation anxiety

feeling anxious from the moment you know you will be delivering a speech. Can be a problem when we delay planning for the speech, or when it so preoccupies us that we miss the vital information necessary to fulfill the speech.

export testimony

findings, eyewitness accounts, opinions from professionals

anti group roles that do not further the groups goals

floor hogger: not allowing others to speak blocker: being overly negative about group ideas; raises issues that have been settled recognition seeker: calling attention to ones self rather than to group tasks

working out-lines

generally contain points stated in close-to-complete sentences.

tendency to to minimize conflict by refusing to examine ideas critically or test solutions. When forming a cohesive unit with a common goal groups need to avoid this:

groupthink

Dyadic communication

happens between 2 people in conversation

Recognizing propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation

information- data, raw data. propaganda- information represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response. The purpose of propaganda is to instill a particular attitude or emotion. misinformation- always refers to something that is not true. While propaganda may have factual info, misinformation does not. disinformation- deliberate falsification of info. doctored photos, etc.

Staff Report

informs managers and other employers of new developments that affect them and their work, or reports on the completion of a project or task. pg. 222

noise

interference with the message. Can be physical (phone ringing) or psychological (heated emotions, or presence of unexpected people)

Small group communication

involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with another.

Seasoned public speakers

know how to make their nervousness work for them rather than against them. By using specific anxiety-reducing techniques.

copyright

legal protection afforded the creators of original literary and artistic works. When using these in speeches you must determine when and if you need permission to use such works.

Symposium

meeting or conference at which several speakers deliver prepared remarks on different aspects of the same topic. These provide in depth and varied perspectives on a topic. pg. 217

Brainstorming

method of spontaneously generating ideas through word association, topic mapping, or internet browsing using search engines and directories

Source credibility

modern research on this reveals that people place their greatest trust in speakers who: 1. Have a solid grasp of the subject 2. display sound reasoning skills 3. are honest and straightforward 4. are genuinely interested in the welfare of their listeners.

shared meaning

mutual understanding of message, lowest level= when the speaker has merely caught the attention of audience.

lay testimony

non experts such as eyewitnesses!

Mass communication

occurs between a speaker and large audience of unknown people. (public speaking)

hate speech

offensive communication- verbal or nonverbal- directed against race, ethnicity, gender, etc.

Group presentations

oral presentation prepared and delivered by a group of three or more individuals. Effective communication is key*

creative commons

organization that allows creators of works to decide how they want others to use their works. it offers creators six types of licenses, three of which are perhaps most relevant to students int he classroom: attribution- lets you use work if you credit it the way authors wants noncommercial- lets you use work for non-commercial uses only no derivative works- lets you use only verbatim-exact- versions of work.

Rhetoric (oratory)

originally practice of giving speeches were known as this.

source credibility

our level of trust in source's credentials

groups prone to groupthink exhibit these behaviors

participants reach a consensus and avoid conflict in order not to hurt the feelings of others, but without genuinely agreeing. members who do not agree with the majority feel pressured to conform disagreement, tough questions, and counterproposals are discouraged more effort is spend justifying the decision than testing it

preparation anxiety

people with this might be overwhelmed by the time and planning required or hit a roadblock that puts them behind schedule. this produces a cycle of stress, procrastination, and outright avoidance. in order to get past this you must immerse yourself in the speech's prep but calm your nerves by taking short breaks.

general speech purpose:

persuasive, informative, or special occasion

Primary and Secondary sources

primary- provide first hand accounts or direct evidence of event secondary- provide analysis or commentary to an event... * having BOTH is more reliable than having one!

group members clarify questions, challenge ideas, present counter examples, consider worst case scenarios, and reformulate proposals. Centers disagreements around issues rather than personalities.

productive conflict

Proposals

propose a product, procedure, or policy to a client or company and typically seek to persuade the audience to accept the speaker's recommendations. These typically advocate for a specific solution. Careful adaption to audience is critical during these. pg. 219

First amendment

protects racist, ageist slurs, gay-bashing, and other forms of negative or hate speech.

fighting words

provokes people to violence

statistics

quantified evidence that summarizes, compared, and predicts things

percentage

quantified portion of a whole.

presentational speaking

rather than being formal public speeches, business and professional presentations are this.... Oral presentations delivered by individuals or teams addressing people in the classroom, workplace, or other group settings.

connect the presenter and audience live, in synchronous communication

real-time presentations

Webinars

real-time seminars, meeting, training sessions, or other presentations that connect presenters and audiences from their computers or mobile devices. typically include video capture and screen casting, and interactive chat and polling functions.

transmission and reception occur at different times, in asynchronous communication

recorded presentation

what can help participants stay on track by identifying items to be accomplished during a meeting; often it will specify time limited for each item

setting an agenda

Progress report

similar to staff report, with the exception that the audience can include people outside the organization as well within it; it updates clients or principals on developments in an ongoing project. For long term projects: these may be given a designated intervals or a time of specific task completion. Short term projects- reports can occur daily.

ethical speeches are based on ___________ & not _____________

sound information; NOT misinfo, propaganda, or falsification info

Slander

speech proved to be defamatory, potentially harmful to an individual's rep at work or in community.

Ethics/ ethos

study of moral conduct; character

in a work group what are the two roles you might assume

task roles- hands on roles that directly relate to the groups accomplishment of its objectives -ex. recording secretary and moderator social role- help facilitate effective group interaction, such as the harmonizer and the gatekeeper (keeps discussion going and gets everyones input)

deep web

the large portion of the web that the general search engines cannot access bc the info is licensed and/or fee-based.

visualization

the practice of summoning feelings and actions consistent with successful performance- highly effective method of reducing anxiety. close your eyes and visualize a series or positive feelings and actions that will occur on the day of your speech.

Pillars of character

trustworthiness respect responsibility fairness be civic minded.

Report

type of business professional presentations; a systematic and objective description of facts and observations related to business or professional interests. Strictly informative- ones without recommendations. informative & persuasive- with recommendations.

invective

verbal attacks! Try to target the issue not the person(ad hominem attack)

alterations in volume, pitch, speaking rat, pauses and pronunciation and articulation to hop audience interest.

vocal variety

specific speech purpose

what you want your audience to take away from the presentation.

pre-performance anxiety

when you get nervous when you begin to rehearse your speech. they think the audience will be watching and listening to only them, feel that their ideas aren't expressed as well as they should be, etc. if this is strong enough some even may decide to stop rehearsing. if you experience anxiety at this put use the anxiety stop-time technique

Audience-centered perspectives

you keep the needs, values, and wants of your listened firmly in focus.

reckless disregard for truth

you know what you said was false but you said it anyway.

Fight-or-flight response

you may experience rapid heart rate, dry mouth, faintness, freezing, etc right before a speech. this is the body's automatic response to threatening or fear-inducing events. You can counteract these by activating a relaxation response (meditation, controlled breathing)

anxiety stop time technique

you use this for pre-performance anxiety; allow your anxiety to present itself for a few mins until you declare time for confidence to step in.