Combo with "A&P Ch. 4" and 27 others
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue -Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. -Connective tissue cells are nondividing. -Connective tissue does not contain cells. -"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue.
"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
Reticular Fibers
"Branch like", surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue organs. Continuous with collagen fibers. Located in basement membrane of epithelial tissues.
The brain is properly termed?
"Gray matter" although the interior is composed of "white matter"
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen. -(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining -(1) fixation, (2) staining, (3) sectioning -(1) sectioning, (2) staining, (3) fixation -(1) staining, (2) fixation, (3) sectioning (1) sectioning, (2) fixation, (3) staining specimen.
(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
(SLE) A disease that can affect many body systems and organs, including the skin, blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys. Afflicts mainly women, and causes are unknown
stratified cuboidal
(rare) found in lining of some ducts
Merocrine glands
1) Secrete product via exocytosis as they are produced 2) constantly releasing product; release as soon as it is produced ex: sweat glands
3 types of dense connective tissue?
1. Irregular 2. Regular 3. Elastic
Name 4 types of epithelial membranes and tell where each is found.
1. Mucous membranes--line cavities that open to exterior like GI tract 2. serous membrane--lines cavities that do not open to exterior and covers organs that lie within cavity. Pleura, pericardium and peritoneum 3. cutaneous membrane or skin--covers outside of body 4. synovial membranes--line joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths and don't contain epithelium.
Name 3 general features of glandular epithelium.
1. a gland is a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion. 2. Endocrine glands are ductless, secretory products (hormones) enter extracellular fluid and diffuse into blood. 3. Exocrine Glands (sweat, oil, digestive glands) secrete their products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium or directly onto a free surface.
Epithelia Classification
1.) Number of cell layers 2.) Shape of cells at apical surface
The adult hip bone consists of _____ regions.
3
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
4 main types of tissue
Nervous Tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. Composed of specialized tissues called neurons.
Connective tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
Osteocytes
A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
Cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
Autoimmune Disease
A disorder in which the immune system attacks the body's own Molecules
Circulating tissue?
A fluid consistancy, cells are suspended in a liquid matrix. ( blood or lymph)
Tissues
A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function
Gland
A group of cells that secrete fluids
Blood Plasma
A straw colored, sticky fluid which is 90% water and contains over 100 different dissolved solutes such as nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, ions and proteins
What is Collagen?
A strong flexible fibrous protein
Osteon
A structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric cylindrical lamellae of matrix.
Hyaline cartilage
A tough transluscent material (gristle) covers the long ends of the bone. (Tip of nose, front of throat)
Smooth Muscle Tissue
A type of muscle tissue that is under involuntary control, which means it cannot be consciously controlled. It is found in walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus.
Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity? A) cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord B) nervous tissue and smooth muscle C) cardiac and smooth muscle D) epithelial tissues, bones, and areolar connective tissue
A) cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. A) collagen fibers B) hydroxyapatite crystals C) reticular fibers D) elastic fibers
A) collagen fibers
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic? A) dense microvilli B) a rich vascular supply C) cilia D) fibroblasts
A) dense microvilli
Fibrosis
Abnormal condition (proliferation) of fibrous connective tissue; occurring in the lung as a side effect of radiation for lung cancer.
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?
Absorption
Apocrine Glands
Accumulate products beneath free surface. Apex of cell pinches off and releases secretory granules and small amount of cytoplasm
Holocrine Glands
Accumulate products until they rupture - Sebaceous Oil glands
Which region of the scapula does articulate with another bone?
Acromion process
Elastic Connective Tissue
Allows tissue to recoil after stretching (arteries); elastic fibers
Cutaneous Membrane
Also known as skin. Covers external surface of the body. Protects organs and prevents water loss
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
An involuntary muscle tissue that can only be found in the heart.
Apical Surface
An upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ
Trabeculae
Any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior of an organ; strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone
Structural connective tissue
Associated with the skelaton ( cartilage/bone tissue)
Structural connective tissue
Associated with the skelaton, strong and more solid.
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".
Atlas - axis
Skeletal
Attaches to skeleton and provides voluntary body movement
Which of these is a part of a neuron?
Axon Dendrite Cell body
Which of these carries information electrically from one part of the body to another?
Axons
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers to viruses. B) Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. C) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another. D) Simple squamous epithelia consist of tall, narrow cells.
B) Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
Exocrine glands ________. A) secrete hormones B) secrete substances onto body surfaces C) secrete substances into blood D) are only unicellular in structure
B) secrete substances onto body surfaces
Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________. A) prevent chondrocytes from dividing and thereby reducing the relative amount of matrix that is present in the cartilage B) stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage C) stimulate calcification of cartilage D) All of the listed responses are correct.
B) stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage
Thin, extracellular layer with basal lamina:
Basement Membrane
Neuron is what? (nerve cell)
Basic unit of nervous system.
Because Transitional epithelial tissues consist of randomly shaped and sized cells in a stratified arrangement, they can stretch and then shrink back to original shape. What organ uses Transitional epithelial?
Bladder when filled with urine and then shrink back to its original shape when the bladder is emptied.
Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does NOT connect things or provide structural support?
Blood
______ circulates in blood vessels?
Blood
Red Blood Cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen to body cells and take away carbon dioxide
What is the central control agent?
Brain
Nervous Tissue
Brain, spinal cord, nerves; regulates and controls body functions
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A) Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. B) The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. C) The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium D) Serous membranes line body cavities and organs.
C) The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
Which tissue type is responsible for regulating and controlling body functions? A) connective tissue B) blood C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue
C) nervous tissue
what happens when areolar tissue begins to store lipids?
Can develope adipose tissue
Elastic cartilage
Can soring back into place after it is bent (Ear cartilage, larynx)
_________ are minute canals containing processes of ______________ that provide routes for nutrient and waste transport.
Canaliculi. Osteocytes.
oncogene
Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
Muscle tissue that is striated is either skeletal muscle or __________ muscle.
Cardiac
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate Locations: combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles Functions: moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs
Cardiac muscle tissue
Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs Location: Heart Functions: circulates blood; maintains blood pressure
The tissue lines the central canal of the spinal cord
Ciliated columnar epithelium
What do cells have to help trap bits of dust particles from reaching the lungs and other vital organs?
Cillia
Serous Membrane
Closed ventral body cavity; simple squamous epithelium on areolar tissue
Mast Cells
Cluster along blood vessels; initiate local inflammatory responses. Mediate inflammation in severe allergies Heparin - prevents blood clotting Histamine - makes capillaries leaky Proteases - protein-degrading enzymes
List the three types of fibers
Collagen, elastin, reticular
Regular dense connective tissue
Collagenous fibers in regular parrallel alignment. Strands of cable oulls in one direction. ( tendons and ligaments)
Irregular dense connective tissue
Collagenous fibers, are in randon arrangment. Strong fribers that cover organs ( kidney and liver)
An epithelium whose cells are taller than they are wide is known as a __________ epithelium.
Columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Columnar epithelium contains cells if varying heights giving a false impression of many layers
Columnar
Columns
Cutaneous membrane
Composed of an outer keratinized stratified epithelium
Glandular Epithelium
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids
Lamellae
Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix
Areolar Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue that contains all three types of fibers, usually arranged in a disorderly fashion (found in the subcutaneous layers of the skin)
Stroma
Connective and supporting tissue of an organ
Ground Substance is a compontent of what tissue
Connective tissue
Neuroglia
Connective tissue cells in nerve tissue
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
Connective tissue types(4)
Dense
Contains many fibers ( fibroblasts)
Function of Simple Squamous Epithelium in the lungs
Creates shorter distance for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Cuboidal
Cube shaped
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair? A) Restoration of blood supply B) Inflammation C) Regeneration and fibrosis. D) Formation of new stem cells
D) Formation of new stem cells
Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does not connect things or provide structural support? A) bone B) cartilage C) areolar connective tissue D) blood
D) blood
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) reticular B) muscle C) elastic D) collagen
D) collagen
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) dense regular B) reticular C) areolar D) embryonic
D) embryonic
Select the TRUE statement.
Dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue
_________ provide strength in many directions.
Dense irregular connective tissues
What type of tissue resists pulling forces at attachment
Dense regular connective tissue
Pleura
Double folded membrane surrounding each lung
Peritoneum
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
Name 3 ways that CT is classified.
EMBRYONIC CT- primarily in embryo or fetus. MESENCHYME -- found almost exclusively in the embryo. It is the tissue from which all other CT eventually arrises. MUCOUS CT.-- (Wharton's jelly) found in umbilical chord of the fetus.
Primary Germ Layers (Embryonic Development)
Ectoderm; Mesoderm; Endoderm (superficial to deep)
what type of cartilage is highly flexible and maintains its shape
Elastic
Elastic, Reticular, and Collagen are all:
Embedded in the matrix
Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue from which all tissues develop
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
Endocrine
_______ _______ secretes directly into the surrounding tissue. (Internally/blood/hormones)
Endocrine gland
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is innervated.
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? -Epithelial tissue is innervated. -Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. -Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels. -Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity.
Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity. Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
Epithelial tissue is innervated. Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative.
2 categories of glands?
Exocrine Endocrine
Compound Glands
Exocrine gland that has branched ducts
This gland secrets into ducts
Exocrine glands
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands that contain numerous cells and contain acini. Contain ducts. Partitioned into lobes and surrounded by fibrous capsule
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands that do not typically contain a duct and an example of the goblet cell
Merocrine Glands
Exocrine glands that package secretions into vesicles and release secretions by exocytosis
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
False
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle. T/F
False
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.
False
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
False
Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.
False
Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers T/F
False
Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers.
False
Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement.
False
T or F: The palpable hip bone projections in the front of the body felt when you put your hands on your hips are the posterior inferior iliac spines
False
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
True or False? Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
False
True or False? Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.
False
True or false? Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die.
False
True or false? Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
False
True or false? Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement.
False
True or false? Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
False
Reticular Fibers
Fibers found near blood vessels that add strength and support
fibrocytes
Found in all CT proper, maintains fibers, 2nd most abundant
fibroblasts
Found in all CT proper, secretes proteins & hyaluronan (cell cement), most abundant
Smooth
Found in walls of hollow organs
Elastic cartilage
Found where strength and extreme reachability are needed
Transitional (stratified)
Function: Stretches readily Location: bladder
Bone
Function: Supports and protects Location: Bones
Cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Function: Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock Location: discs of knee joints
An organ specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body is a _________?
Gland
Endocrine Glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
Glands that lact ducts and secrete hormone products into interstitial fluid and blood. They act as chemical messengers.
Found between cells and fibers:
Ground Substance
Tissue
Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related functions
Tissues
Groups of similar cells and extracellular material. Cells organized into complex units.
Cardiac muscle is found in the ________.
Heart
Muscle tissue
Highly cellular well vascularized 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscle
Highly vascularized; Skeletal - voluntary (striated) Cardiac - involuntary, walls of heart (striated) Smooth - involuntary; hollow organs (not striated)
Adipose tissue
Highly vascularized; nutrient storage, protection and insulation
One who studies tissues?
Histologist
The field of study that focuses on tissues is _____.
Histology
Exocrine gland that accumulates in cytosol:
Holocrine
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland?
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing.
Top layer
How do you name a group of cells?
How to classify exocrine glands:
How section is released
Name the type of connective tissue that provides smooth surfaces for movement of joints, as well as flexibility and support
Hyaline
The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.
Hyaline
3 forms of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
Polysaccharides found in ground substances:
Hyaluronic Acids
-blast
Immature cell that secretes ground substances and fibers
remission
Improvement or absence of signs of disease
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is ________. organization, inflammation, and regeneration inflammation, regeneration, and organization regeneration, organization, and inflammation inflammation, organization, and regeneration
In order, the basic steps of tissue repair are: inflammation, organization, and regeneration.
Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
Inferior articular processes
The body's first response to injury is __________.
Inflammation
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair -The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. -Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. -Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. -Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
Matrix is?
Intercellular background material that contains varying amounts of water, fiber, and hard minerals.
Endocrine Glands
Internally secreting; produce hormones - messenger chemicals that secrete by exocytosis directly into extracellular space. Structurally diverse and most are multicellular organs. Line and secrete
Absorptive Cells
Intestinal cells that line the villi; and participate in nutrient absorption.
Glands
Invidiual cells or multicellular organs that are composed of epithelial tissue that secrete substances
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
Its primary function is nutrient storage.
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. -It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. -Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. -Its primary function is nutrient storage. -Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.
Its primary function is nutrient storage.
Intercalated Discs
Join cardiocytes end to end. Provide electrical and mechanical connection. Appear as dark transverse lines
What additional component associated with outer skin epithelium is not seen in oral epithelium?
Keratin
Mucous Membrane (Mucosae)
Line all body cavities that open to outside of body. "Wet or moist". Absorption/secretion. Lamina propria - loose connective tissue supporting an epithelium
Mucous Membrane
Line body cavities open to exterior; secrete mucous
Endothelium
Lines blood vessels and the heart
Columnar cell is?
Long and narrow
Reticular Connective Tissue
Loose network of reticular fibers Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton and support other cell types including white blood cells; mast cells and macrophages Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why?
Macrophages phagocytose many foreign materials, as well as cell debris and dead cells. This cleans the wound, allowing granulation tissue to form.
Nervous tissue
Main component of nervous system
"Cyte" Cells
Mature form of cells; maintain matrix
-cyte
Mature, less active cell type
Perio sternum
Membrane around a bone
Peri chondrium
Membrane around cartilage
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
Mucous Membrane
Membrane that lines passages that communicate with air
Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion.
Merocrine
Which instrument is essential to the study of histology?
Microscope
Bone Tissue
Most rigid connective tissue, Internally supports body structures, very active tissue, heals much more rapidly than cartilage
________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells.
Mucin
__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells.
Mucins
Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?
Mucous
Mucosa refers to what?
Mucous membrane of an organ
Goblet cells secrete what?
Mucous(clear, sticky fluid), digestive juices, sweat.
Goblet Cells
Mucus secreting cells in mucous membranes, columnar epithelial cells that contain a large vacuole with mucus
Two of the four primary tissue types contain excitable cells, cells that receive stimuli and generate electrical signals. One of these is muscle tissue. Name the other.
Nervous
________ is the tissue that regulates and controls body functions.
Nervous tissue
All the following are examples of connective tissue EXCEPT __________.
Neurons
Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, __________ cells are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.
Neurons
________ are cells that make up the brain and spinal cord and transmit electrical signals from receptor to effectors.
Neurons
Viscera pericardium
On the surface of the heart and lungs are covered by visceral pleura.
Simple
One layer of cells
Glands
One or more cells that can make and secrete or excrete a particular product
who are the physicians who specialize in the laboratory studies of cells and tissues?
Pathologists
The tissue that covers cartilage is the __________.
Perichondrium
Stratified Columnar Epithelia
Pharynx, male urethra; only apical layer is columnar
Matrix in blood tissue is:
Plasma
Antibodies are produced by
Plasmocytes
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues
Polarity (apical and basal layer); tight junctions and desmosomes; supported by connective tissues (basement membrane); avascular, not innervated; can regenerate
Mucous membrane
Produce mucous. Lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems. (All meet outside the body)
Epithelial tissue general functions (4)
Protection, controls permeability, secretion (glands), sensation
Stratified Squamous Epithelia
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion; Nonkeratinized forms moist linings, keratinized forms epidermis
Matrix consists of:
Protein fibers
Reticular fibers do what for connective tissue?
Provide strength and elasticity
Stratified cubiodal
Rare but found on ducts of larger glands
Dendrites do what?
Recieve impulses
Wandering Macrophages
Roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation
Goblet Cells
Secrete glycoprotein called mucin. Form mucus when mixed with water .Found in simple columnar epithelium
Merocrine Glands
Secrete products by exocytosis, not altered in any way. - Pancreas, most sweat glands, and salivary glands
Pseudostratified Epithelia
Secrete substance, propels mucus; single layer of cells at differing heights
Many types of epithelial cells perform the function of __________.
Secretion
Which of the following membrane types lines the ventral cavity of the body?
Serous
Simple columnar
Single layer of column shaped cells
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cube shaped cells
Simple squamous
Single layer of fish scale shaped cells
The simple epithelial layer is?
Single layer that allows mateials to oass from one system to another.
___________ snydrome causes inflammation and destruction of exocrine glands
Sjogren's syndrome
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
Smooth
__________ Muscle tissue lack(s) microscopic striations.
Smooth
what are the two involuntary muscle tissues?
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
This tissue type contracts and relaxes
Smooth muscle
Gooseflesh
Smooth muscle attached to the base of each body hair, when it is contracted. ( makes hair stand up)
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
Soma
Neuroepithelium
Specialized epithelium that houses cells responsible for sight, taste, smell, hearing and equillibrium
Cells that are flat and thin are classified as
Squamous
Which type of epithelial cell is flat and irregularly shaped and typically functions in protection, secretion, or diffusion?
Squamous
Fat Cells
Store nutrients
What type of epithelia lines the mouth, esophagus, anus and vagina
Stratified Squamous
Forms the most superficial layer of skin:
Stratified Squamous Epithelial
While observing a tissue under the microscope, you notice a few layers of column-shaped cells. The nuclei located within the cells are fairly evenly dispersed in the middle of the cell or closer to the basal surface. How would you classify this tissue?
Stratified columnar epithelium
While observing a tissue under the microscope, you notice two layers of cells that are more square shaped than round. How would you classify this tissue?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. -Simple squamous epithelia consist of tall, narrow cells. -Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers to viruses. -Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. -Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another
Stratified squamous epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
Which type of tissue provides a physical barrier that functions to protect against abrasion and attacks by pathogens and chemicals?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Histology
Study of tissue
Which of the following membrane types lines joint capsules?
Synovial
________ membranes line joints and contain connective tissue
Synovial membranes
____________ is a chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue.
Systemic lupus
Epithelial membrane is?
The outer surface is made of epithelium. - made of closely packed active cells that manufacture lubricants and protect deeper tissue from invasion of micros.
Mesothelium
The thin epithelium of serous membranes is smooth and glistening.
What is not true of epithelial cells?
They are richly vascularized.
cardiac muscle tissue.
They are richly vascularized.
Which of the following is not a property of neuroglia?
They conduct electrical impulses.
Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false?
They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.
Fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers Function: Tensile strength; absorbs compressive shock Location: Intervertebral discs; discs of knee joints
Collagen Fibers
Thick/strong. Extremely tough and provide high tensile strength
Nervous Tissue
Tissue located within the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Consists of neurons, glial cells, dendrites.
______________ is the process that replaces worn out, damaged or dead cells.
Tissue repair
White Blood Cells
Tissue response to injury (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Tissue that Protects against abrasion and friction and has multiple cell layers.
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the
Tongue Anus Esophagus Vagina
Axons do what?
Transmits inpulses
Blood
Transport respiratory gases; nutrients; wastes; and other substances
what is the function of blood?
Transportation
All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme.
True
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function.
True
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. T/F
True
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
True
The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients.
True
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. T/F
True
True or False? Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
True
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. True False
True All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.
True or false? All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function.
True All epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical surface and a basal surface that differ in both structure and function.
Ground Substance
Unstructured material that fills space between cells; made up of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans (protein core and large polysaccharides)
Fibroblasts produce ________?
Various fibers in all tissues.
Which survival need shortage would most affect articular cartilage's ability to rebound after joint compression, and why does it have this effect?
Water, since it makes up to 80% of cartilage's content and helps cushion articular bone surfaces.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
What are the four types of tissue?
What function do transitional epithelia have?
What function do transitional epithelia have?
Generalized connective tissue?
Widely distributed, supports and protects structures. ( loose or dense)
receptor
a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
Epithelial cells fit close together forming what?
a continuous sheet; there is little or no intercellular matrix
The sella turcica is best described as:
a depression
distal
a distance from or away from shoulder
reticular tissue
a type of loose CT, complex 3D stroma supports parenchyma cells in spleen, liver, lymph nodes & bone marrow
adipose tissue
a type of loose CT, contain adipocytes, padding, insulates, stores energy 2 types: white or brown (more mitochondria) fat
What are the two types of loose CT?
a. areolar- most widespread CT b. adipose- usually in subcutaneous tissue; insulates and absorbs shock
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?
absorption
Functions of simple epithelium?
absorption diffusion secretion
Columnar cells are mostly associated with what processes?
absorption & secretion
gap junction
allow exchange of sm. molecules & ions, help coordinate beating of cilia & muscle cell contractions
squamous function
allow rapid passage of substances through them
explain autoimmune disorders
antibodies fail to distinguish what is foreign from what is self and attacks the body's own tissues.
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
are covered by mucus that is moved along by the cilia. This kind of epithelium lines the luminal surface of the uterine tubes, where it helps move an oocyte from the ovary to the uterus. Also present in the bronchioles of the lung.
Squamous epithelial cells ________.
are thin and flat, like fish scales
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
aponeuroses
attach in sheets to large, flat muscles
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
axis
Adjacent cells are bound together at many points by what?
by lateral contacts
How are epithelial cells nourished?
by substances diffusing form blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
calcitriol
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________.
can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes
sarcomas
cancer in CT or other non-epithelial tissue
carcinoma
cancer in skin or lining of organs
arteries
carry blood away from heart to tissues (red)
veins
carry blood from tissues back to heart (blue)
what is chondrocytes?
cartilage cells located in tiny spaces through the matrix
Name 3 types of tissue that have a poor capacity for renewal.
cartilage, muscle, nervous
A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is
cartilage.
characteristic of epithelia
cellularity (junctions), polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration
Epithelial tissue general characteristics (5)
cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration
Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.
chondrocytes
Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue. -chondrocytes -macrophages -fibroblasts -mast cells Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue.
chondrocytes
lamina lucida
clear, thin layer secreted by epithelia and is a barrier to proteins
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
collagen, reticular, and elastic
superficial fascia between skin and muscle.
collagen.
Goblet cells are modified ____ that function as a unicellular gland.
columnar epithelial cells
Nervous tissue
communication
Stratified epithelia
composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as skin surface and lining of mouth
Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?
connective tissues high in collagen fibers
What does avascular mean?
contains no blood cells
hyaline cartilage
contains resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white shiny substance
Muscle tissue consists of fibers that are modified for __________ thus have 3 functions.
contraction provides motion, maintenance of posture and heat production
Covering and lining epithelium
coverbody surfaces and lines cavities of hollow organs and ducts
Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air?
cutaneous membrane
Which type of membrane is a dry membrane exposed to the air?
cutaneous membrane
What are the three types of membranes?
cutaneous, mucous, and serous
feedback system
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
simple cell functions
diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.
Germinative cells
divide continually to produce new epithelial cells
Non-Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
does not contain large amounts of keratin in apical layer and several layers deep and is constantly moistened by mucus from salivary and mucous glands; organelles are not replaced
midline
down the middle - vertical to bellybotton
endocrine glands
ductless, secrete hormones, may be found on epithelial surface (dig. tract) or in separate organs (pancreas, thyroid, etc)
Has a firm, gelatinous ground substance contain collagen fibers. This tissue is found in the tracheal wall to support and prevent the trachea from collapsing
elastic
located in the external ear, auditory tube and epiglottis
elastic
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. -sebaceous -endocrine -exocrine -ceruminous
endocrine
Which type of gland produces hormones?
endocrine glands
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy -simple cuboidal epithelium -endothelium -transitional epithelium -mesothelium
endothelium
The cells of stratified squamous epithelium, form the
epidermis
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?
epithelial tissue
simple squamous epithelium
epithelial tissue that functions are absorption, diffusion and secretion
biopsy
examination of removed tissue from living body to discover presence, cause or extent of disease
T or F: The hip bone is part of the axial skeleton.
false
regeneration
fibroblasts lay down collagenous scar tissue
What makes of areolar tissue
fibroblasts, collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastin fibers, and ground substance
Invertebral disks are made of this type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
The pubic symphysis is made out of what cartilage
fibrocartilage
Which tissue repair process results in the formation of scar tissue?
fibrosis
_________ is the process of scar formation.
fibrosis
After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________.
fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting
what is the strongest cartilage
firbrocartilage
Two classes of macrophages include
fixed macrophages and free macrophages.
Tissue samples
fixed, sliced and stained for microscopy
Squamous cells are shaped
flat and irregularly
Smooth muscle
forms the walls of hollow organs. (ex. stomach, bladder) - involuntary muscle
fibrocytes
found in all connective tissue, maintenance of the fibers of the connective tissue proper
Stratified squamous epithelium
found in areas where abrasion occurs, ex: tongue surface, vagina, throat
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
found in hollow organs; non-striated
What are the characteristics of Cardiac Muscle?
found only in the heart; striated and intercalated discs (for tight fit of cells)
apical surface
free surface, on top
Physiology focuses on the
functions of organs
The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the
gap junction
muscular tissue function
generates heat that warms the body
where is cuboidal located
glands and kidneys
exocrine glands
glands that have ducts, secrete onto surface
endocrine glands
glands that have no ducts, secrete into other glands
epithelial glands
glands that produce secretions
Identify the socket of the shoulder joint.
glenoid cavity
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
goblet cells
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? -goblet cells -mast cells -cilia -macrophages
goblet cells
If the injury is extensive ___________ tissue is formed.
granulation (actively growing CT
transitional epithelium
has a variable appearance. in unstretched state looks like stratified cuboial except top cells are round. when stretched, cells are flatter, looking like stratified squamous epithelium.
adipose tissue
has cells derived from fibroblasts used for storage of triglycerides, fats, as a large centrally located droplet
fibrocartilage
has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix.
exocrine glands
have ducts that secrete sweat, dig, enz., milk, mucus, tears, oil, sebum, etc.
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
The nose is made up of what type of cartilage
hyaline
Where is transitional epithelium found? in areas subject to wear and tear in areas involved in absorption in areas involved in filtration in areas subjected to stretching
in areas subjected to stretching Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.
Where is transitional epithelium found? -in areas involved in filtration -in areas subjected to stretching -in areas subject to wear and tear -in areas involved in absorption
in areas subjected to stretching Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra-organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them
The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
inflammation
The first step in tissue repair involves ________. -formation of scar tissue -replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells -proliferation of fibrous connective tissue -inflammation
inflammation
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is ________.
inflammation, organization, and regeneration
The growth of cartilage is accomplished by _______________ (endogenous) growth which means growth from _______________ and __________(exogenous) growth from ___________.
interstitial. within exogenous. without
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?
intervertebral disks
where is columnar located
intestines, respiratory tract
The cells of stratified squamous epithelium contain the protein
karatin so are said to be keratinized.
Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?
lacrimal bone
Epithelial tissues almost always form surface _____________ and are not covered by another tissue
layers
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is only found ___ and is typically arranged into
lining the ducts of some sweat glands Two layers of cells
Transitional epithelium is found
lining the urinary bladder.
elastic connective tissue location
lung tissue, walls of arteries, trachea bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, ligaments between verabrae
respiratory system
lung, bronchus, trachea, larynx, pharynx
reproductive system
mammary gland, ovary, vagina, uterine tube, uterus
what is stratified
many layers of cells
Secretions from __________ control the process of inflammation.
mast cells
Osteocytes
mature, bone forming cells.
gap junctions
membrane proteins called *connexins* form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called *connexons* that connect neighboring cells. the plasma membrane in gap junctions are not fused together like in tight junctions but are separated by a very narrow intercellular gap (space).
Columnar cells may have a variety of modifications such as
microvilli and cilia at one end of the cell
Connective Tissue
most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
Muscle tissue
movement
Cardiac muscle does what
moves blood throughout the cardiorespiratory system
What is the function of skeletal muscle
moves bones and skin, contractions generate heat
Which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?
nasal bone
Columnar cells line the
nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi-as well as the oviducts and parts of the male reproductive tract-
Which of these is not one of the four recognized tissue types?
nasal tissue
Identify the large hole found in this bone.
obturator foramen
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
occipital condyles
dense irregular connective tissue location
often occurs in sheets, as fasciae, tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs
The epithelium is found lining structures that
open either to the external environment, a body cavity, or an internal lumen (tubular structure).
basal surface
opposite of the apical surface (top). on the bottom of cells above basement membrane.
Cilia
organelles that extend from the apical surface of an epithelial cell and that are composed of microtubules in a 9 + 2 array
Bone is also called __________.
osseous tissue
Bone's extracellular matrix is formed by what
osteoblasts
Simple squamous epithelium
performs absorption & secretion, slippery, ex: lining heart, blood vessels, lungs etc.
oncologist
physician who studies cancer
Name the four components of blood
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Blood (vascular tissue) consists of a liquid matrix called ________ and formed _________. What are formed elements and tell their function?
plasma. elements red blood cells (erythrocytes)--transport respiratory gas white blood cells (leukocytes)--involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions platelets (thrombocytes)--function in blood clotting
_____________ is part of blood clotting
platelets
What is the function of endocrine glands
produce hormones that regulate various body activies
melanocytes
produce melanin pigment
glandular eptithelium
produces specialized secretions
What is the function of the exocrine glands
produces sweat, oil, earwax, saliva or digestive enzymes
Tissue changes with age include all of the following, except
proliferation of epidermal cells
stratified squamous epithelium function
protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion. defend against microbes
stratified columnar epithelium function
protection and secretion
what is columnar function
protection secretion transport
epithelium accomplishes what six functions
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and, sensory
The function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue is to
provide a physical barrier to protect against chronic friction and abrasion, infection by pathogens, and chemical attack.
Transitional epithelial tissue consists of
randomly shaped and sized cells in a stratified arrangement
What are the five types of tissue repair?
regeneration, fibrous, epidermal/ superficial wound healing, dermal/deep wound healing, inflammation
fibrocartilage
resists compression, limits bone-bone contact & movement, ex: intervertebral discs, pads in knee
mast cells
responsible for inflammation, releases histamine
Where does connective tissue support rest when dealing with epithelial tissue?
rests on CT at basement membrane
The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.
reticular connective
What tissue makes up the liver and spleen
reticular connective tissue
negative feedback system
reverses a change in a controled condiction. exp: blood pressure
Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely upon this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
ribosomes
What regions of the hip bones articulate to form a symphysis?
right and left pubic bodies
The scapula is the site of origin of a group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Identify this muscle group.
rotator cuff
what is the matrix of cartlidge like?
rubber
What region of the vertebral column does the hip bone articulate with?
sacral region
Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones.
sagittal suture
Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A?
salivary
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
same as keratinized epithelium without the surface layer of dead cell
Exocrine glands ________. secrete substances into blood secrete hormones secrete substances onto body surfaces are only unicellular in structure
secrete substances onto body surfacesExocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.
Epithelial cells are specialized to ________.
secrete, filter, and absorb
dense regular connective tissue
shiny white extracellular matrix, collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts rows in between them
This epithelial tissue forms the kidney tubules, and the ducts and secretory portions of small glands.
simple cuboidal
What type if tissue is found in glands
simple cuboidal epithelia
What type of tissue is found on the walls of kidneys
simple cuboidal epithelia
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
skeletal
During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?
skeletal muscle
Myosatellite cells are found in association with
skeletal muscle
Of the basic muscle types, this is the "meat" of the body, attached to the skeleton, which moves the limbs and other body parts.
skeletal muscle
What are the three types of muscle?
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
aging
slows the process of tissue repair
Tissue that moves food through the digestive tract
smooth
controls blood flow through the artiers and veins and controls blood pressure
smooth
The walls of the digestive tract are lined with what type of muscle?
smooth muscle
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is __________.
smooth muscle
What muscle moves urine
smooth muscle
characteristics of connective tissue
specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, fluid is ground substance
Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?
sphenoid bone
Nucleus of cuboidal cells
spherical
Which of the following landmarks is found on the posterior surface of the scapula?
spine
Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane.
spinous process
what are the two classifications of bone
spongy or compact
Most apical surfaces (furthest from the basement membrane) consist of
squamous cells
cuboidal epithelia
square shaped epithelia
Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________.
stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage
mast cells
stimulate inflammation, release histamine & heparin
The functions of the epithelia include all of the following, EXCEPT _____________.
storing energy reserves
Which type of epithelium is found in parts of mammary glands?
stratified columnar epithelium
The basement membrane functions as a point of attachment and support for the
superficial epithelium
What does innervated mean?
supplied by nerve fibers
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia
sweat and mammary glands
what type of fluid is secreted from the synovial membrane?
synovial fluid.
melanocytes
synthesize & store melanin
Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.
the body
control center
the brain
What does the polyhedral shape allow?
the cells to be closely packed
What is the most obvious structural feature of areolar connective tissue?
the loose arrangement of its fibers
Epithelial tissues are classified mainly according to?
the number of layers of cells and the shapes of the cells
Goblet cells
the only unicellular exocrine glands
Histology
the study of tissues
Why are the epithelial layer of mucous membranes important aspects of the body's defense mechanisms?
they at as a barrier to pathogens and a trapping surface for particles
lamina densa
thick, collagen fibers produced by connective tissue, functions are strength and filtration
Identify the bone that articulates with the distal end of the femur.
tibia
Name the bone that articulates with the distal end of the femur.
tibia
Identify the blunt elevation found on the anterior surface of the tibia between the lateral and medial condyles.
tibial tuberosity
What is the function of fibers in the matrix?
to give strength and support.
transitional epithelium
tolerates stretching & recoiling, ex: urinary bladder, ureters
Identify the landmark that is unique to the femur.
trochanter
T or F: The hip bones make up the pelvic girdle.
true
Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
type of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lacks goblet cells and occurs mainly in male urethra and epidydymis
where is stratified transitional located
urinary bladder
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
Which statement best describes connective tissue? -primarily concerned with secretion -typically arranged in a single layer of cells -usually lines a body cavity -usually contains a large amount of matrix
usually contains a large amount of matrix
collagen fibers
very strong and resist pulling forces
another name for smooth muscle tissue.
visceral muscle tissue
Where can you look and find cardiac muscle
wall of heart
What are the characteristics of a Mucous membrane?
wet membrane lines body cavities open to outside (ex: digestive tract) secretions: mucus, saliva, etc.
adipose tissue location
where ever areolar connective tissue is located, subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket.
Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.
(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining
Gen. Characteristics of nervous tissue
-2 kinds of cells: neurons, neuroglia -most neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axons. They carry sensory and motor information and perform integrative functions -neuroglia protect and support neurons
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-appears to have several layers because cell nuclei are at various levels. -All cells are attached to a basement membrane in a single layer but some cells don't extend to apical surface -when viewed from side, these features give false impression of a multi layered tissue -ciliated contains cells that extend to surface and secrete mucus (goblet cells) or bear cilia -nonciliated contains cells without cilia and lacks goblet cells
location of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-ciliated variety lines airways of most upper respiratory tract -nonciliated variety lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra
4 tissue types
-epithelial -connective -muscular -nervous
Disorders
-epithelial tissues tend to be specific to organs (ex; skin cancer) -CT tend to be autoimmune in nature (ex; lupus) -Muscular and nervous tissue discussed later
Adipocytes
-fat cells store fats -found below the skin and around organs (heart, kidney)
Stratified squamous epithelium
-has 2 or more layers of cells -cells in apical layer and several laters deep to it are squamous -cells in deeper layers vary from cuboidal to columnar -as basal cells divide, daughter cells arising from cell divisions push upward toward apical layer -as they move toward surface and away from blood supply in underlying CT, they become dehydrated and less metabolically active -tough cell junctions are sloughed off, they are replaced continuously as new cells emerge from basal cells -keratinized and nonkeratinized
CT extracellular matrix
-located in the spaces between CT cells -composed of: fibers, ground substance
classification CT mature
-loose -dense -cartilage -bone -blood
Reticular fibers
-made of collagen & glycoproteins -provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve)
neuroglia functions (5)
-maintain structure -repair tissue -phagocytosis -nutrients -regulate interstitial fluid
Elastic fibers
-stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin -found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue
Collagen fibers
-strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen -the most abundant protein in your body
Ground substances
-the material between cells and fibers -made of water and organic molecules (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine) -supports cells and fibers, binds them together and provides a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells
Tissue repair
-the process that replaces worn out, damaged, or dead cells -Epithelial cells are replaced by the division of stem cells or undifferentiated cells -not all CT cells have the ability to repair -muscle cells can perform limited repair -some nervous cells can perform limited repair, others cannot -fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue
Eosinophils
-white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses
Muscle tissue
1) Highly vascularized for cellular respiration 2) Responsible for most movement 1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth
Nervous tissue
1) Regulates and controls body function 2) Contains neurons and supporting cells 3) Supporting cells cannot send a message, but make sure neurons can 4) Sheets that contain Epithelium and connective tissue proper 1) Cutaneous 2) Mucous 3) Serous
Smooth muscle tissue
1) Walls of hollow organs 2) Looks more like epithelial cells 3) Move substances 4) INVOLUNTARY movement
Commonalities of connective tissue
1) all rise from mesenchyme 2) Varying vascularity 3) Non-living extracellular matrix(every connective tissue has living cells in a non-living matrix)
Endocrine glands
1)Ductless glands; 2)produce hormones secreted by exocytosis 3)Structurally diverse
4 major tissue groups.
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"?
1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose tissue 3. fibrocartilage 4. dense irregular connective tissue 1, 2, and 4
list 9 features of epithelial tissues
1. arranged in sheets (single or multiple layers) 2. consists of mostly packer cells with little matrix 3. many cell junctions which provides secure attachments among cells 4. has an apical surface and a basal surface attached to a base membrane. 5. adhere firmly to conn. tissue via the basement membrane. 6. is avascular. exchange of materials to conn. tissue is by diffusion 7. has a nerve supply 8. high mitotic rate. (proliferation) 9. clinical connection: basement membranes have a role in some diseases.
Name 6 general features of connective tissue.
1. most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. 2. consist of 2 basic elements: ; cells and extracellular matrix (formed from ground substance and fibers) Matrix is abundant with few cells and tends to prevent cells from touching one another. 3. the matrix may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified. Adjacent cells determine the tissue's qualities 4. they do not occur on free surfaces. (unlike epithelia) 5. highly vascular (unlike epithelium) (except for cartilage and tendons)
cell junctions can serve 1 of 3 functions depending on is structure. Name these 3 functions.
1. seals between cells. 2. anchor cells together or to extracellular material 3. act as channels for ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within tissue.
what are 2 factors that influence the structure and properties of a specific tissue?
1. the nature of the extracellular material that surrounds the tissue cells 2. the connections between the cells
Tissues
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
abscess
A localized collection of pus
stratified cuboidal epithelium
A rare tissue. 2 or more layers of cube shaped cells. function mainly in protection seen in glands
Epithelial Tissue
A sheet of closely adhering cells. Covers the body surface, lines body cavities. forms the external and internal linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue. Two types: Simple and Stratified.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
A single layer of tightly fitting cells that have nuclei at various heights, giving the impression of several cell layers present. This tissue has cilia (hair-like projections). Located in the upper respiratory tract. The function is secretion and absorption.
Simple Columnar Epithelia
Absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes; Tall cells, oval nuclei
Urinary System
Activates vitamin D precursor made by keratinocytes. Disposes of nitrogenous wastes of skin metabolism
Type of cell junctions that resist their separation during contractile activities:
Adherens
This connective tissue consists of large round densely packed cells with the nucleus pushed to one side.
Adipose
This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of cells.
Adipose
Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium
Appears to consist of multiple cell layers Epithelial cell that can be ciliated or nonciliated.
Cuboidal Cells
Are cells found in epithelium and are as high as they are wide and thus appear square in vertical sections.
Fixed Macrophages
Are permanent cells in certain tissues.
White Blood Cells
Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
Locations of Simple Squamous Epithelium
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs, glomerular capsules of kidney
what is the most well known form of connective tissue?
Bone
________ muscle cells consist of branched uninucleate cells with junctions called as intercalated discs.
Cardiac
What are the Three types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal
Transitional Cells
Change shape depending on stretch of epithelium. Occur where epithelium stretches and relaxes such as the lining of the bladder
Cell Cycle
Changes cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces.
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? -When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. -Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures. -Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. -Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.
Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.
Fibers
Collagen, Elastic and reticular ______ of connective tissues
Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Common Origin: all come from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) Degree of Vascularity: Cartilage/Dense connective tissue Extracellular Matrix: Separates living cells of the tissue. Connective tissue can bear weight, withstand tension and endure abuses
Basement Membrane
Complex structure produced by epithelium and connective tissue. Forms barrier between epithelium and connective tissue. Consists of lamina lucida, lamina densa, and reticular lamina.
Simple epithelia
Concerned with absorption secretion and filtration
Blood is which type of tissue?
Connective
This is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body
Connective
This is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body.
Connective
What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue?
Connective Tissue
Nervous tissue
Consists of the entire control system, including the brain.
Dense regular
Contains closely packed collagen fibers; males up tendons and ligaments
Dense irregular
Contains thick bundles of collagen fiber in an irregular fashion and is found in the dermis
In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?
Desmosomes
nasal tissue
Desmosomes
Blood
Developed from mesenchyme
Macrophages
Devour foreign materials. Scattered throughout loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue
Biopsy
Diagnostic examination of a piece of tissue from the living body
what is the simple squamos function?
Diffusion of respiratory gases
Digestive System
Digestive system provides needed nutrients to the skin
This glands products enter the intersitial fluid then diffuse directly into the blood stream
Endocrine glands
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other?
Endocrine glands have no ducts.
Which of the following is true about epithelia? *Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. *Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. *Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. *Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
Stratified Epithelium
Epithelial tissue that has two or more layers of epithelial cells.Found in areas subjected to mechanical stress.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Epithelial tissue that is ideal for secretory and absorptive. Can be ciliated or nonciliated.
Simple Epithelium
Epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick. Direct contact with basement membrane. Found where filtration absorption or secretory is primary function.
Apical; basal
Epithelial tissues are polar and have two sides. The top side is called the ______ surface. The bottom is called the _____ surface.
Bone tissue
Exceptional ability to support and protect body structures due to its hardness
What type(s) of gland is the pancreas?
Exocrine and endocrine
______ _______produces secreations that are carried out of the body. (Outside/sweat)
Exocrine gland
Tubular Glands
Exocrine gland that has a secretory portion and duct of uniform diameter
Acinar Glands
Exocrine gland that has a secretory portion forming an expanded sac
Simple glands
Exocrine gland that has a single, unbranched duct
Tubuloacinar gland
Exocrine gland that has both tubules and acini
Apocrine Glands
Exocrine glands that pinch of of apical membrane around portion of cytoplasm. Contain secretory product. Release secretions by exocytosis.
Exocrine Glands
Externally secreting onto body surfaces or into body cavities. Unicellular glands do so by exocytosis. Multicellular glands do so via the epithelium. Diverse and many products are familiar: mucus, sweat, oil and salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
Matrix
Extracellular material composed of fibers and ground substance, tissue fluid, ECF and interstitial fluid
Matrix
Extracellular material in connective tissue made of protein fibers.
Lateral Surface
Faces the adjacent cells on either side. May contain tight junctions, adherence junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions.
A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity.
False
A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. T/F
False
Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die.
False
True or false? Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
False
True or false? Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
False
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair?
Formation of new stem cells
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair? -Formation of new stem cells -Restoration of blood supply -Inflammation -Regeneration and fibrosis.
Formation of new stem cells
Elastic Connective tissue
Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? -Holocrine glands secrete their products by endocytosis. -Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. -Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. -Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis.
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body.
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?
Inflammation causes increased blood flow
Areolar tissue is consider _____ tissue.
LOOSE
Cartilage
Lacks nerve fibers and is completely avascular
Connective tissues do NOT include:
Liver cells
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Locations: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract Functions: protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia
_______ is fluid derived from blood, that circulates in lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
Elastic connective tissue
Many elastic fibers, allow it to stretch and return to its normal length. (Vocal cords, blood vessels and respiratory passages)
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
Stratified
Multiple layers of cells
The support cells found in nervous tissue are called ________.
Neuroglia
___________ protect and support neurons and are often the sites of tumors of the nervous system.
Neuroglia
Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?
Pleurisy is inflammation of the serous membranes covering the lungs. Inflamed pleural serous membranes create friction, resulting in pain as the lungs move during breathing.
Parietal Layer
Portion of the serous membrane attracted to the wall of a cavity or sac.
What tissue type lines the stomach and intestines
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Classification of Epithelia
Simple and Stratified Epithelia
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in all of the following areas of the body EXCEPT the
Skin
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major types of body tissue?
Skin
Cutaneous Membrane
Skin - attached to organs; Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Skin helps prevent pathogen invasion; dendritic cells and macrophages help activate the immune system. Lymphatic system prevents edema by picking up excess leaked fluid
Skeletal System
Skin protects bones; skeletal system provides support for skin
Nervous System
Skin protects nervous system organs; cutaneous sensory receptors for touch, pleasure, pain and temperature located in skin
Reproductive System
Skin stretches during pregnancy to accommodate growing fetus. Changes in skin pigmentation may occur
Neuroglia cells are?
Supporting and protecting cells of the nervous system (glial cells) - does not transmit nerve impulses
Neuroglia
Supporting cells; support, insulate, and protect neurons
Connective tissue is?
Supporting fabric of the body.
What is the reticulor function?
Supports soft tissue, and filtration
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Thinnest possible barrier of epithelial tissue. Allows rapid movement of molecules across surface. Found in lining of lung, blood and lymph vessel walls(endothelium), and serous membrane of cavities (mesothelium)
Muscle Tissue
Tissue that contracts with nervous system stimulation causing movement. Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called __________.
Tissues
You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the
Trachea
What is the advantage to having transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder?
Transitional tissue allows the urinary bladder to stretch when filled with urine and then shrink back to its original shape when the bladder is emptied.
what joins adjacent cells together?
Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins
What does an Axon do?
Transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.
True
Blood is a type of connective tissue.
True
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.
True
True or False? Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
True
True or False? The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.
True
True or False? Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
True
True or false? Blood is considered a type of connective tissue
True
True or false? Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
True
True or false? Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.
True
True or false? Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.
True
True or false? Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur.
True
Stratified Columnal Epithelium
Type of Epithelial tissue which contains two or more layers and protects and secretes. Found in large ducts of salivary glands and male urethra. Mostly rare
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Type of Psuedostratified columnar epithelium that houses goblet cells and is found in large passageways of the respiratory system
Transitional Epithelium
Type of epithelial tissue that is Limited to urinary tract contain binucleated cells. Have relaxed and stretched state.
basophils
WBCs that promote inflammation via histamine & heparin, analogous to mast cells in other tissues
leukocytes
WBCs, defend body from infection & disease
lymphocytes
WBCs, immune cells found in lymph, may develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies
Stretched State
When the transitional epithelial tissue is in this state the cells are flattened
Relaxed State
When the transitional epithelial tissue is in this state the cells are large and rounded
Connective
__________ tissue is used for support
What does bone consist of? Bone is classified or either _______ or ________. The basic unit of compact bone is the _________ or ____________ (which has 4 parts).
a matrix containing mineral salts and collagenous fibers and cells called osteocytes. compact or spongy Osteon, Haversian System.
What are the six functions of CT?
a. binding b. support c. protection d. fill spaces e. insulate f. transportation
What is inflammation when dealing with tissue repair?
a. body's response to tissue damage b. S/SX - pain, heat, redness, swelling (edema)
What are the three characteristics of Nerve Tissue?
a. controls b. contains neurons c. function is transmitting impulses
What are the characteristics of dermal/ deep wound healing?
a. damage to dermis and/ or subcutaneous b. scar will form
What are the characteristics of Dense CT?
a. has high tensile strength b. found in tendons, joints, and ligaments c. binding function
What are the five types of CT?
a. loose b. dense c. cartilage d. bone e. blood
Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue?
absorption Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include: binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.
The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is
absorption and secretion.
pus
accumulation of debris, fluid, dead cells & necrotic tissue
Describe characteristics of membranes.
are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
are transmembrane proteins that help cells stick together
All cells in a pseudostratified columnar epithelium actually touch the
basement membrane.
All cells of a pseudostratified epithelium are attached to the
basement membrane.
The point of attachment between the superficial epithelium and deeper connective tissue is called the
basement membrane.
Why is there loose CT?
because it has loose fiber arrangements
has a fluid extracellular matrix used to transport substances thoroughout the body
blood
2 type of Liquid CT are _______ and ______.
blood and lymph
The osteoblasts form connective tissue for ________-
bone
Which of the following is NOT a major category of tissue in the body?
bone
extracellular matrix has osteons
bone
This connective tissue is made of hard calcified matrix and stores calcium and other minerals.
bone (osseous tissue)
This connective tissue looks like trees that have been cut across so as to show their many rings.
bone (osseous tissue)
Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?
cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord
Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of
cardiac muscle tissue.
Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of
cartilage.
What are some special contacts when dealing with epithelial tissue?
cells fit close together for continuity
columnar
cells shaped like columns
Name 2 things that have been clinically used to treat joint disease.
chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine
ciliated simple columnar epithelium function
cilia beat in unison, moving mucus and foreign particles toward the throat where they can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out.
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
collagen fibers
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. *collagen fibers *hydroxyapatite crystals *elastic fibers *reticular fibers
collagen fibers
connective tissue
connects tissue to tissue, fills internal spaces, stores energy, transports materials
reticular fibers
consist of collagen arranged in fine bundles that provide support in the walls of blood vessels
Explain cartilage.
consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. strong because of collagen fibers and resilient b/c of chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes occur with spaces called lacunae in the matrix. Surrounded by dense irregular CT membrane called perichondrium. Has no blood vessels or nerves (except in perichondrium) there are 3 major types
Red bone marrow
contained in certain regions, produces blood cells.
Explain Dense CT and name two type and decribe each.
contains more numerous, thicker, and dense fibers but fewer cells than Loose CT. 2 TYPES: 1. DENSE REGULAR CT-- consists of bundles of collagen fibers in a regular and orderly parallel arrangement. Has Great strength. 2. DENSE IRREGULAR CT --contains collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged and is found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions. Occurs in sheets, such as the dermis of skin. Also found in heart valves, the perichondrium, the tissue surrounding cartilage and the periosteum.
Covering and Lining Epithelium
cover the surface of the body and some organs, and line all hollow body structures. Tight junctions allow this type of epithelium to form barriers that protect and control what substances can cross into adjacent tissues
2 main types of epithelial tissue
covering and lining epithelium, glandular epithelium
cuboial
cube cells
What is regeneration when dealing with tissue repair?
damaged tissue replaced by same type of cells
What are the characteristics of Fibrous tissue repair?
damaged tissue replaces by fibrous CT, scar may be formed
Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?
destruction of underlying pain receptors
nervous tissue
detects changes inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called *nerve action potentials or nerve impulses*
Contains elastic fibers and is found in the lungs. This tissue allows the lungs to inflate and then return to its orginial shape
elastic connective tissue
This tissue allows respiratory organs to recoil
elastic connective tissue
Excitable cells are so named because they can carry ____________ signals.
electrical
Nucleus of columnar cells
elongated from top to bottom & usually located closer to cell base
Columnar cells are shaped
elongated or rodlike
Name the 3 primary germ layers. describe each layer
endoderm --epothelium... (all 3 layers give rise to epithelium) mesoderm -- connective, muscle and epithelium ectoderm -- nervous tissue and epithelium. Neuroectoderm, a specialized ectoderm that develops nervous tissue. ALL GIVE RISE TO ADULT CT. EPITHELIAL TISSUES DEVELOP FROM ALL 3 GERM LAYERS.
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy.
endothelium
What is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels call?
endothelium
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? -connective tissue -nervous tissue -epithelial tissue -muscle tissue
epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe = laid on, covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands, called glandular epithelium.
mesothelium
epithelial tissue that lines the body cavities
endothelium
epithelial tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels
stratified squamous epithelium
epithelial tissue that protects
simple epithelium
epithelium with one single layer of cells
Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of
epithelium.
formed elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Serious Fluid
fills the space by the layers of the pericardium
What does simple squamous do when dealing with epithelial tissue?
filtration of the kidneys, diffusion of the lungs
simple squamous epithelium function
filtration or diffusion or secretion
Simple squamous epithelium is found at sites where what types of processes occur?
filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority
squamous
flat thin cells
Which of the following foramen convey a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
foramen rotundum
inferior
further from head
Identify the region of the femur that forms part of the hip joint
head
What does keratin do
helps protect skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals
hemidesmosomes
hemi- = half. resemble half of a desmosome, but do not link to adjacent cells. the transmembrane glycoproteins are *integrins*.
The blast cell for blood production is the ________.
hemocytoblast
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________
intercalated discs
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________ -intercalated discs -flana -myofilaments -stroma
intercalated discs
Bone marrow
is a specialized tissue in the bone
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ________. -aids in digestion -lines most of the respiratory tract -is not an epithelial classification -possesses no goblet cells
lines most of the respiratory tract
Microvilli
microscopic, finger- like extensions of the cell membrane of the apical surface of epithelial cells
Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues?
microvilli
Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues? desmosomes basement membrane basal lamina microvilli cilia
microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.
Can most cells be transient cells or only CT cells?
most cells
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________. -multicellular compound gland -multicellular simple gland -unicellular compound gland -unicellular simple gland
multicellular simple gland Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound". Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.
skeletal muscle
multinucleate, striated, voluntary
Tissue Regeneration
near-perfect reconstruction of tissue
The condition known as a "fractured hip" is most often a break in the femur. Where is the femur particularly susceptible to a fracture?
neck
Neurology is the field that studies the
nervous system
Which tissue type is responsible for regulating and controlling body functions?
nervous tissue
Besides oxygen, what other bloodborne material must be provided to the affected tissues in adequate quantities to promote normal wound healing?
nutrients
Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?
osseous tissue
what is function of transitional
protection
functions of epithelial tissue
protection, control permeability, provide sensation, secretion production
Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways, except
provide strong connections between muscles and bones.
In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________.
provide tensile strength
Which type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity, the trachea, bronchi, and parts of the male reproductive tract?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
fibrocartilage location
pubic symphysis, interavertebral discs, menisci cartilage pads of knee, portions of tendons that insert into cartilage.
What tissue provides support for soft organs such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes
reticular connective tissue
What does simple cuboidal/simple columnar do when dealing with epithelial tissue?
secretes and absorbs (gland ducts)
glandular epithelium function
secretion
What important functions does simple cuboidal epithelium perform?
secretion & absorption
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium function
secretion and absorption
simple cuboial epithelium function
secretion and absorption
cuboial function
secretion or absorption
epithelia are based on
shape and layers
The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are
simple and stratified.
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
simple columnar
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? simple squamous transitional stratified squamous simple columnar
simple columnar
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? -simple columnar -stratified squamous -simple squamous -transitional
simple columnar
Lines the stomach and its microvilli; increase surface area for absorption and secretion
simple columnar
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
simple squamous
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes? -simple columnar -simple squamous -simple cuboidal -pseudostratified columnar
simple squamous
The epithelium that forms air sacs in the lungs is
simple squamous epithelium.
gland
single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts - tubes.
simple epithelium cells
single layer of cells
simple cuboial epithelium
single layer of cube-shaped cells
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flat cells that look like a tiled floor
Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function? kidney: secretion skin: absorption kidney: filtration digestive tract: absorption skin: protection
skin: absorptionThe keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.
Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? skull bones: flat bones femur: long bone tarsals: short bones sternum: long bone
sternum: long bone
hyaline cartilage
stiff but flexible support, reduces friction, ex: between ribs, nasal cartilages, passageways of respiratory tract
What type of epithelium appears to be two layers thick and looks like a doughnut?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Which type of epithelium is uncommon and is found only in the ducts of certain sweat glands?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
The skin, the vagina, and the mouth are all examples of body areas lined with
stratified squamous epithelium.
areolar connective tissue function
strength, elasticity, support
positive feedback system
strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. exp labor contractions during birth
reticular connective tissue location
stroma supporting framework of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina of basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles.
What does regeneration mean when dealing with epithelial tissue?
strong ability to reproduce
deep fascia
strong, fibrous network to resist forces in many directions, bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, dense connective tissue
The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the
superficial fascia
Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance and adipocytes and mast cells fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the
superficial fascia between skin and muscle.
What is bone for when dealing with CT?
support
mucous connective tissue function
support
what is the general function of fibrocartilage
support and fusion
fibrocartilage function
support and joining structures together. strongest type of cartilage
Connective tissue
supports, protects, binds
Functions of bone.
supports, protects, helps provide movement, stores minerals and houses blood forming tissue.
Basal surface of the epithelial cell
surface near base or interior of a structure ; nearest the lower side or bottom of structure
simple cuboial epithelium location
surface of the ovary, lines anterior surface of lens of the eye, retina of the eye, lines kidney tubules =m secretion portion of thyroid gland and ducts of the pancreas
Columnar cells
tall & column shaped
he source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________.
the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium? ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium
the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.
Which of these tissue changes is not commonly found in an aging body?
thicker epidermis
Dense regular CT
tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, ex: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
dense connective tissue
tissue tightly packed with high amount of collagen or elastic fibers
Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
What is blood for when dealing with connective tissue?
transport
What do red blood cells do
transport blood gases
Mucous cells are ________. multicellular exocrine glands unicellular exocrine glands endocrine glands hormone-producing glands
unicellular exocrine glands Mucous cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.
how are exocrine glands structurally classified
unicellular glands -- single celled, such as a goblet cell multicellular glands --are composed of cells that form a distinctive microscopic or macroscopic structure such as sweat, oil and salivary glands.
Stratified transitional epithelium lines the
urinary bladder, allowing this organ to stretch then return to its original shape.
What are the characteristics of a Serous Membrane?
wet membrane lines closed body cavities (ex: ventral cavity) secretes serous fluid
What type of cell attacks pathogens and other body invaders
white blood ccells
T or F: The projection at the inferior end of the greater sciatic notch is the ischial spine
true
T or F: The sphenoid bone contains a sinus
true
stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells
cardiovascular system
vein, artery, heart
holocrine secretion
secretion released by cells bursting, mitosis causes glands to be replaced by stem cells; thick, oily secretion ex: hair follicles
endocrine glands
secretion, called hormones, enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone in contact with the pituitary gland
sella turcica
Adhesions between abdominopelvic organs occur when
serous membranes are damaged.
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of
serous membranes.
Types of secretions
serous- water + enz. mucous - water + mucus mixed - serous + mucus
stratified columnar epithelium
several layers of cells -- only top layer is columnar somewhat rare functions in protection ans secretion.
lateral surface
sides of cells. face adjacent to cells on either side. may contain junctions
Forms kidney tubues and is involved in absorption and secretion
simple cuboidal
mesothelium
simple squamous that lines the ventral cavity
The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as
simple squamous.
mesenchymal cells
stem cells that respond to injury or infection
This "category" of epithelia is found in areas exposed to abrasion and friction.
stratified epithelia
Lines the mouth and protects underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion
stratified squamous
elastic cartilage
supports but allows distortion, ex: auricle, epiglottis
where is dense fibrous tissue located?
tendons, ligaments, fascia
Chondroblasts ________.
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
Pseudostratified is a term that describes
the organization of cells
Membranes
-flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body -2 types: epithelial & synovial
inflammation
-increased blood flow (delivery of O2 & nutrients, carries away waste & toxins) -increased vessel permeability (so plasma can diffuse into injured tissue) -pain (due partly to chemicals released by mast cells) -phagocytosis removes debris & pathogens
Fibroblasts
-large flat cells that move through CT -secrete fibers and ground substances
What is not true of connective tissue?
All connective tissues contain elastic fibers.
Fibro pericardium
Cavity that encloses the heart
True or false? Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
False
_________ is interstitial fluid flowing in ________ vessels.
Lymph
Identify the articulation site for the femur.
acetabulum
Cytology is the study of
cells
Columnar cells are
ciliated, allowing the cells to move substances across the surface of the tissue.
tissue types
integument, CT, muscle, nervous
Stratified columnar
limited distribution, found in pharynx, male urethra, lining of of some glandular ducts
synovial membrane
line joint cavities and produce the fluid within, protects ends of bones
mucous membranes
line passageways that communicate with exterior, must be kept moist to reduce friction or allow absorption/secretion ex: digestive, resp., repro., urinary
Serous membrane
line the cavities, does not connect with the outside of the body. -secrete a thin, watery lubricant, serous fluid, allows organs to move with minimum friction.
serous membranes
line the sealed, internal divisions of the ventral body cavity, mesothelium supported by areolar, transudate reduces friction, ex: lining the peritoneal, pleural & pericardial cavities
Apocrine secretion
released by shedding of surface of cytoplasm (packed with vesicles), ex: mammary glands
Is epithelial tissue avascular?
yes
Is epithelial tissue innervated?
yes
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron? soma axon dendrites
the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.
All of the following are true of neurons, except that
they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.
what is the clinical connection of these tissues
they are used for biopsies
Columnar cells are longer than
they are wide.
tell about cell division and matrix formation with regards to mature cells.
they have reduced capacity for cell division and matrix formation. They are mostly involved in maintaining the matrix.
Endothelium
"Inner covering"; slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and all hollow organs
Mesothelium
"Middle covering"; found in serous membranes, line the ventral body cavity and cover its organs
What is myelin?
"white matter" fibers that insulate and protect neuron.
squamous epithelia
thin and flat epithelia
Membranes are?
thin sheets of tissue
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue? keratinized stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium
this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium? simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium transitional epithelium
this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.
endocrine system
thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis or ovary
Platelets
A very small blood cell derived from the fragmented cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets participate in coagulation, wound healing, and inflammation
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
Cardiac
The type of tissue that is typically found as a lining to a cavity or a covering to an organ is _____.
Epithelial
Chondrocytes are to larynx as osteocytes are to __________.
Femur
Mesenchymal tissue
Function: gives rise to all other connective tissue types Location: primarily in embryo
Respiratory System
Hairs in nose help filter out dust from inhaled air. Respiratory system furnishes oxygen to skin cells and removes carbon dioxide via gas exchange with blood
"Blast" Cells
Immature form of cell; secrete ground substance and fibers
The four basic types of tissues
Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle, Connective
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Proper
Primarily parallel collagen fibers, few elastic fibers; fibroblasts Function: Attaches muscle to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied Location: Tendons, most ligaments
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
Secretion and Absorption
What is the general function of simple columnar epithelial
Secretion and Absorption
Basal Lamina
Supporting sheet, noncellular and adhesive. Consists of glycoproteins. Acts as scaffolding which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound.
An infection may occur in a tissue injury. Why?
The increased availability of nutrients allows microorganisms to replicate. The skin and mucous membranes are body's first line of defense and are mostly impenetrable to microorganisms, unless broken or damaged by tissue injury.
Atrophy is?
Wasting away of muscle and tissue, due to loss of cells.
what is the matrix of blood texture?
a fluid like material
adhesion belts
adherens junctions form extensive zones. they encircle the cell like a belt encircles your waist.
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?
anemia
tendons
attach muscle to bone
Epithelial tissue
boundaries, protects, secretes, absorbs,filters
pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
ciliated secretes mucus that traps foreign particles, nonciliated functions in absorption and protection
epithelial tissue or epithelium
consists of cells in continuous sheets, in single or multiple layers. forms the coverings and linings in the body
Epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands
macrophages
eat pathogens & damaged cells, free & fixed
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are
endocrine glands.
adipocytes
fat cells
Which bone articulates in the acetabulum?
femur
Identify the location of the sphenoid bone
floor of the skull
Epithelial tissues always exhibit apica-basal polarity; meaning that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface.
true
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.
inflammation, organization, and regeneration
gap junctions function
ions and small molecules diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another, but the passage of large molecules such as vital intracellular proteins is prevented
what is the word for a large scar?
keloid
Which of these assists in tissue repair by dividing?
mesenchymal stem cells
hyaline cartilage location
most abundant cartilage in the body. at ends of long bones, anterior of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton
Neurons and muscle cells respond to __________ which cause the cells to generate the signals.
neurotransmitters
Are simple epithelia specialized for protection?
no
Avascular means that there are
no blood vessels present in epithelial tissue.
What does avascular but innervated mean when dealing with epithelial tissue?
no blood vessels, good nerve supply
what is osteons?
numerous structoral building blocks inside the bone
Which of the numbered cell types is primarily responsible for producing protein fibers found in connective tissue proper?
2
Stratified Epithelia
2 or more cell layers; common in high abrasion areas where protection is important.
Fibers
A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
Loose Connective Tissue
A loosely organized, easily distorted connective tissue that contains several fiber types, a varied population of cells, and a viscous ground substance. Also the packing materials of the body. Fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize specialized cells and support epithelia. Surround and support blood vessels and nerves, store lipids, provide route for the diffusion of materials
Clinical Connection: _____________ which sometimes result from scar tissue formation, cause abnormal joining of adjacent tissues, particularly in the abdomen and sites of surgery.These can cause problems such as _________ obstruction.
Adhesions. intestinal
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper
Arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblasts Function: Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract
The extracellular matrix of cartilage is formed by what ?
Chondroblasts
Cartilage
Chondrocytes/Blasts; Avascular and innervated; Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage
Epithelium
Connected to each other directly, coats surfaces. Polar, and avascular. Most surfaces contain microvilli and cilia which propel substances along their free surface. Regenerates and reproduces rapidly
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Connects to the bone
Stratified Epithelium
Consist of 2 or more cell layers stacked one on top of the other. They regenerate from below when the basal cells divide and push apically to replace older cells. (protection is their major role)
Avascular
Describes any tissue that does not have a direct blood supply
True or False? Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue.
False
Support for skeletal system:
Fibrocartilage
Mucous membranes
Forms lining of body cavities open to the exterior
___________ are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called _________.
Lacunae. Osteocytes
Serous Membranes
Lines body cavities that do not open to external enviornment. Thin watery serous fluid derived from blood plasma (Internal body walls and internal organs)
Stratified epithelium
Main function is protection
what is Columnar
More Tall than wide think column
What type of cells are found in nervous tissue?
NEURONS ( nerve cells) & NEUROGLIA (protective and supporting cells)
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
Protection from radiation, toxins; Absorption - uptake of nutrients; Filtration and Excretion - separates wastes and removes them; Secretion - sweat, mucus, hormones; Sensory Reception - chemosensation, thermosensation
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. *Stratified cuboidal *Transitional *Pseudostratified columnar *Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
This epithelial tissue lines the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
What epithelial tissue secretes and moves mucus by ciliary action?
Pseudostratified columnar or simple columnar
Transitional Epithelium
Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar. Function: Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend to urinary organ Location: Lines ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra When organ is distended with urine, the transitional epithelium thins from 6 layers to 3. Apical cells go from dome-like to squamous
where is smooth muscle located?
Respiratory, GI, walls of blood vessels
What is the general functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and Absorption
General Function of Simple Squamous Epithelium
Secretion, diffusion, filtration, secretes serous membrane
Type of membrane that lines a body cavity:
Serous
Which type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract and the gallbladder?
Simple columnar epithelium
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? -Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. -Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange. -Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. -Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Stratified squamous epithelia are found in areas subjected to wear and tear. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch. Simple columnar epithelia are associated with absorption and secretion. Simple squamous epithelia are associated with filtration and exchange.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in areas that stretch.This is incorrect; transitional (not simple cuboidal) epithelia are found in areas that stretch, in particular the ureters and urinary bladder. Simple cuboidal epithelia are designed for absorption and secretion (not stretching).
Which type of tissue is located in the thyroid gland and renal tubules?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Cell shapes?
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Cuboidal cell is?
Square
1) Inflammation 2) Organization 3) Regeneration
Stages of fibrosis
Cells that divide to replace lost or damaged cells:
Stem Cells
Histology
Study of tissues
Common location for adipose tissue?
Subcutaneous
Basal Surface
Surface of Epithelial tissue attached to connective tissue.
Apical Surface
Surface of Epithelial tissue that is exposed to external environment.
Tissue Transplantation
The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ. The most successful transplants involve use of a person's own tissues or those from an identical twin.
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
True
Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes.
True
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
True
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.
True
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur.
True
True or False? Epithelial tissues always exhibit apica-basal polarity; meaning that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface.
True
True or false? Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
True
True or false? The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients.
True
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Type of simple epithelial tissue that appears layered but do not all reach apical surface
Define tissue
a group of similar cells that work together for a specific function.
Figure 4.8. be able to identify and know a little about each. a. fibroblasts b. macrophages c. plasma cells d. mast cells e. adipocytes f. white blood cells
a. secrete fibers and matrix b. macrophages - (or histocytes) which develop from monocytes and are phagocytic. c. plasma cells -- develop into antibody- producing B lymphocytes or B cells. d. mast cells -- are abundant alongside blood vessels and produce histamine. e. adipocytes (fat cells)store energy in the form of fat f. white blood cells (leukocytes)
Clinical connection of Connective tissue. Marfan Syndrome. what is this?
abnormal development of elastic fibers.
Simple epithelia are most concerned with what functions?
absorption, secretion, and filtration
How are the 8 types of epithelial cells classified?
according to the way the cells are ARRANGED IN LAYERS (simple 1 layer, stratified (several layers), & pseudo stratified (1 layer that appears as several) AND BY CELL SHAPES --squamous (flat), cuboidal (cubed), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (variable)
How are tissues classified?
according to their function and structure
Apocrine
accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The cell repairs itself and repeats the process
Holocrine
accumulates a secretory product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the the secretory product. because the cell ruptures in this mode of secretion, it contains large amounts of lipids from the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes -ex; the skin
Identify the region of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.
acromion process
Cells that store fat are called
adipocytes.
White fat is found in ________, while brown fat is found in ________.
adults; infants
The tissues of young people repair rapidly and efficiently; ther process slows down with ______.
aging
epithelial tissue function
allows body to interact with both internal and external environments.
elastic connective tissue function
allows stretching of various organs, is strong and can recoil to its original shape after being stretched
transitional epithelium function
allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing
Hyaline cartilage can be found in what parts of the body
anterior ends of ribs, ends of long bones, parts of nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and embryonic and fetal skeleton
pseusdostratified epithelium
appears to have multiple layers of cells because the nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical top surface.
pseudostratified columnar epitheilum
appears to have several layers because cell nuclei are all at different levels. All cells at attached at the base at a single layer but not all cells extend to the apical top surface.
What part of the body is skeletal muscle found
attaching bones and skin
The most prevalent disorders of CT are _________ disorders which are diseases.
autoimmune
Which of the following fiber types is not present in connective tissues?
basal fibers
subserous fascia
between serous membranes & deep fascia, keeps muscular movements from distorting cavity linings, areolar tissue (between parietal serosa & dense (deep) ct
superficial fascia
between skin & underlying tissue, composed of aerolar & adipose, aka *hypodermis*
Areolar tissue provides what function ?
binds epithelium to underlying tissues, allows nutrients to diffuse to epithelial cells
Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does not connect things or provide structural support?
blood
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone?
blood vessels
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone? -blood vessels -lacunae -living cells -organic fibers
blood vessels
Some connective tissues such as ________ has continuous capacity for renewal.
bone
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
bone.
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type?
bone: osteoblast
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type? bone: fibrocyte bone: osteoblast connective tissue proper: chondroblast cartilage: fibroblast
bone: osteoblast Osteoblasts/cytes are the primary cell type for bone.
Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type?
bone; osteoblast
Name the type of tissue that provides support, protection and stores minerals
bones
After open heart surgery, the heart's pumping efficiency may be reduced because__________.
both adhesions and fibrosis will interfere with the heart's normal pumping activity and reduce its effectiveness
Interphase
cell grows and carries on its usual activities, not part of mitosis. DNA-containing material is in the form of chromatin; nuclear envelope and one or more nucleoli are intact and visible
What are points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes called?
cell junctions
Squamous Cells
cells are thin and flattened to allow easy and rapid diffusion of substances
Transitional Cells
cells that change shape between flat and cubodial in organs that stretch (ex. Urinary bladder)
Osteoblasts
cells that form bone.
transitional
change in shape, such as organs that stretch like the bladder
pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
ciliated lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract, nonciliated lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and male urethra
describe simple columnar epithelium
consists of a single layer of rectangular cells and can exist in 2 forms. simple columnar and ciliated columnar. nonciliated: microvilli that absorb nutrients and goblet cells that secrete mucous (stomach and intestines) ciliated - help to move fluids or particles along a surface
Explain Loose CT. which type of fibers? cell type(s)? subdivided? ground substance? found where?
consists of all 3 types of fibers, several types of cells, and semifluid ground substance. 2 types: 1. AREOLAR CT-- shows all loose CT features. The ground substance aids the passage of nutrients from the blood vessels of the CT into adjacent cells and tissues. Found in subcutaneous layer. 2. ADIPOSE TISSUE-- consists of adipocytes which are specialized for storage of triglycerides. Found wherever Areolar CT is located. Function: it reduces heat loss through the skin, serves as energy reserve, supports, protects and generates considerable heat to help maintain proper body temp in newborns (brown fat) 3. RETICULAR CT-- consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. It forms the stroma of certain organs. It helps to bind together the cells of smooth muscle.
Explain Elastic CT
consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts. Is strong and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched. Found in lung tissue and elastic arteries.
Describe a simple cuboidal epithelium
consists of single layer of cells as tall as they are wide. the general spherical nuclei stain darkly
cell junctions
contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells.
desmosomes
contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins that extend into the intercellular space between. plaque attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments, which consist of protein keratin.
adherens junctions
contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
elastic connective tissue
contains elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them, unstained tissue is yellowish
Keratinized
dead layer upon several layers of flat cells - Skin
Keratin is a protein that helps to form a protective barrier, preventing ___ while minimizing ___ to the underlying tissues
dehydration and infection friction and abrasion
Select the TRUE statement. Bundles of collagen are often found in loose connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage. Dense connective tissue includes adipose tissue. Dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue
dense connective tissue is often called fibrous connective tissue.
This connective tissue is packed with parallel collagen fibers, attaches muscles to bone, and can withstand great stress when pulled in one direction.
dense elastic
This connective tissue resistant pulling forces from different directions and will not tear when stretched
dense irregular
This tough, strong, connective tissue is found beneath the epithelial tissue of the skin. It is packed with collagen fibers that run in all different directions.
dense irregular
Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are
dense irregular connective tissues.
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic -cilia -a rich vascular supply -fibroblasts -dense microvilli
dense microvilli
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found in the
ducts of some sweat glands.
macrophages
eat pathogens and damaged cells, part of immune system
The epiglottis of larynx is made out of ?
elastic cartilage
The external ear is made up of this type of tissue
elastic cartilage
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
elastic cartilage
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. - hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage -adipose tissue -elastic cartilage
elastic cartilage
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue.
embryonic
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. -reticular -dense regular -embryonic -areolar
embryonic
what is another word for germ tissue
embryonic tissue
stratified cuboidal epithelium
epithelium found in sweat ducts and mammary ducts, only has 2 or 3 layers
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium lines what?
epithelium of the trachea and nasal cavities
pseudostratified columnar
epithelium that has cilia and is single layer
transitional epithelium
epithelium that has many cell shapes, can stretch but maintain integrity and return to original size, found in urinary bladder
simple columnar
epithelium that has microvilli for absorption and secretion, lines digestive tract
stratified epithelium
epithelium that has several layers of cells
digestive system
esophagus, salivary gland, mouth, pharynx, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus, pancreas
Describe mature CT
exists in the newborn, has cells differentiated from mesenchyme, and does not change after birth. subdivided into 6 types.
The pancreas produces ________ secretions.
exocrine and endocrine
This gland produces sweat and salivia and some other things. What is it
exocrine gland
Exocrine glands are considered to be a type of connective tissue because ________.
exocrine glands are epithelial tissue, not connective tissue
Identify the bone found lateral to the tibia.
fibula
Microvilli
finger-like cytoplasmic projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane, thus increasing cell's rate of absorption
what is the function of cartilage?
firm but flexible support
cartilage
firm gel w/ chondroitin sulfates (a GAG) + proteins = proteoglycans, cells are chondrocytes, avascular, perichondrium surrounds
Squamous cells
flattened & scale-like
Nucleus of squamous cells
flattened disc
Describe the cells of a simple squamous epithelium
flattened laterally & cytoplasm is sparse surface view- resemble tiled floor when cut perpendicular - resemble fried egg
matrix
fluid + protein, everything but cells
Columnar cells
form a fairly straight line when these cells are aligned side by side
all tissues and organs of the body develop from one or more of the 3 primary ________ layers
germ
Bones do NOT have a role in __________.
glycogen production
Diabetics with poor lower limb circulation often have slow-healing pressure ulcers on the bottom of their feet. In speeding up the healing process, surgical removal (debridement) of dead tissue from an ulcerative area would encourage increased __________.
granulation tissue formation
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
What are the three main components of connective tissue? -collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers -ground substance, fibers, and cells -fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts -alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells
ground substance, fibers, and cells
The sticky material between cells of areolar connective tissue is called the
ground substance.
describe pseudostratified epithelium
has one layer but gives the appearance of many. all cells attach to basement membrane (not all reach the surface) -can be ciliated or non ciliated In PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM that reach the surface secrete mucous (goblet cells) or sweep away mucus and trapped foreign particles. Located in the upper respiratory tract (ciliated ones)
Muscle Tissue
highly vascularized, responsibly for most types of movement
Since mastoid infections may spread to the brain, surgical removal of the mastoid process was once considered to be the best way to prevent brain inflammation. Unfortunately, this also had the side-effect of causing ____________.
impaired head and neck movements
areolar connective tissue location
in and around nearly every body structure. packing material of body, in subcutaneous layer deep to skin, papillary region of dermis of skin, lamina propria of mucus membranes. around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs
Where is transitional epithelium found?
in areas subjected to stretching
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?)
increase osteoblasts on bone
Which of the following are effects of aging on the body's tissues?
increased risk of cancer change in tissue chemistry decline in tissue repair
tight junctions function
inhibit the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of organs from leaking into blood or surrounding tissues
cardiac muscle contains _____________ which are special junctions between cardiocytes. They contain both _________ and __________.
intercalated discs, desmosomes and gap junctions
Epithelial tissue __________.
is avascular
muscular tissue
is composed of cells specialized in contraction and generation of force.
Unlike cartilage, bone
is highly vascular
secretion
is the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes.
Smooth muscle ________.
is under involuntary control
Smooth muscle __________.
is under involuntary control
Which landmark of the hip bone can be felt on a hard chair?
ischial tuberosity
What is stratified squamous considered when dealing with epithelial tissue?
it is considered the wear and tear in the skin
gap junctions
junctions held together by channel proteins, allows ions to pass and cells to communicate, must be between cells of the same type
tight junctions
junctions that attach 2 plasma membranes at the terminal web by adhesion belt, prevents passage of water and isolates waste in the lumen
What protein does stratified epithelia cells produce?
keratin
urinary system
kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Simple Columnar Epithelium
layer may contain goblet cell Function: Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances Location: Nonciliated lines digestive tract (stomach to rectum); gallbladder and excretory ducts of small glands; Ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus
areolar tissue
least specialized type of loose connective tissue with elastic fibers, holds blood vessels
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone that contains the optic canal.
lesser wings
Dense regular tissue forms this __________--
ligaments, tendons and aponeruoses
dentify the landmark found on the diaphysis of the femur.
linea aspera
simple squamous epithelium location
lines cardiovascular and lymphatic systems - heart, blood vesselscalled endothelium. and serous membranes called mesothelium
Serious Membrane
lines closed body cavities and it consists of simple squamous epithelium attached to areolar tissues
Location of nonciliated columnar epithelium
lines gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder
Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
macrophages.
dense irregular connective tissue
made up of collagen fibers, irregularly arranged with few fibroblasts
Name 3 important jobs of a Pathologist.
make a diagnoses perform autopsies analyze biopsies (sample tissue removed for microscope examination)
cell activation
mast cells release chemicals (histamine, heparin, prostaglandins) to stimulate inflammation when injury occurs
A cleft palate arises when the right and left _____________ bones fail to fuse medially during fetal development.
maxillae
The flat surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur is the superior surface of which landmark?
medial and lateral condyles
Identify the best description for the location of the head of the femur.
medial and proximal
Identify the anatomical landmark resulting in a noticeable bump found on the medial surface of the ankle.
medial malleolus
thrombocytes
membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting aka platelets
sudoriferous glands
merocrine & apocrine (stinky) sweat glands, simple coiled tubular
from where are connective tissue (CT) cells derived from?
mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue
mesenchyme has irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in semifluid ground substance that contains delicate reticular fibers
What is the simple squamous epithelium that forms part of serous membranes called?
mesothelium
Which of the following increases the surface area of certain epithelial tissues? *cilia *desmosomes *basement membrane *microvilli *basal lamina
microvilli Microvilli are small finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface area of epithelial cells (thus epithelial tissues), an important attribute of tissues that have a role in absorption and secretion.
fibroblasts
most abundant cell type, creates or builds tissue, found in all connective tissue, secretes proteins
desmosomes
most common junction; has CAMs, dense areas and intercellular cement
Merocrine secretion
most common mode, product released through secretory vesicles, ex: sweat, salivary & digestive glands
lymphocytes
most important WBC, specialized immune cells
What is muscle for?
movement and function
pseudostratified columnar
moves mucus with cilia, ex: lining of nasal cavity
Wharton's jelly is a form of
mucous connective tissue.
Tissue membranes (4)
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
Goblet cells secrete
mucus, which lubricates the apical (upper) surface of the gastrointestinal or respiratory lining and traps debris and other particles that are inhaled.
Unicellular exocrine glands secrete
mucus.
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ________.
multicellular simple gland
Pseudostratified organization of cells are arranged in
multiple layers because of the random arrangement of the nuclei within the cell
Stratified squamous epithelium consists of
multiple layers of cells
This primary tissue type is the only one that can actively contract.
muscle
Spinal cord
nervous tissue contained in the spinal column, major relay area between the brain and the periphreal nervous system.
microphages
phagocytic blood cells, respond to macrophages & mast cells, ex: neutrophils & eosinophils, only found in damaged or abnormal tissues
microphages
phagocytic blood cells, respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells
What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection?
phagocytosis of foreign materials
thoracic cavity
pleura, mediastinum, pericardium
desmosomes function
prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle from pulling apart during contraction
Connective tissues ________. -primarily consist of extracellular matrix -are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension -are all avascular -arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another
primarily consist of extracellular matrix All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.
Indicate the function of cilia
propel substances along their free surface area
function of smooth muscle tissue
provides motion (constriction of vessels and airways), propulsion of foods through GI tract and contraction of the bladder and gall bladder.
simple columnar
provides protection, & occurs where secretion & absorption take place, ex: lining of intestine & stomach
dense regular connective tissue function
provides strong attachment between various structures. tissue structure withstands pulling tension along the axis of fibers
what function does reticular connective tissue have
provides support for soft organs
Dense irregular CT
provides support in many directions, ex: capsules of visceral organs
dense irregular connective tissue function
provides tensile pulling strength in many directions
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
rare in body; 2 layers of cuboidal cells Location: Sweat glands and mammary glands
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
rare in body; transition or junction areas between 2 other types of epithelia; apical layer only is columnar. Location: Pharynx and male urethra
Exocrine glands ________. -secrete hormones -secrete substances into blood -are only unicellular in structure -secrete substances onto body surfaces
secrete substances onto body surfaces Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment (onto the surfaces of the cutaneous and mucous membranes). Note: "exo" means outside. Endocrine glands are ductless; they secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid of our internal environment. Note: "endo" means inside.
columnar function
secretion or absorption and protect underlying tissues
apocrine secretion
secretion produced by golgi apparatus, released by shedding cytoplasm, ex: mammary glands
merocrine secretion
secretion produced in golgi apparatus, released by exocytosis, ex: sweat glands
what is the function of cuboidal?
secretion, absorption
What type of epithelium lines most of the digestive tract?
simple columnar
Simple epithelia
single cell layer, typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur & a thin epithelial barrier is desirable
describe simple squamous epithelium
single layer, flat, scalelike cells. found in areas not prone to wear and tear and wear diffusion and filtration occur. lines heart, blood vessels, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity and covers organs within them. found in lungs and kidneys also forms serous membrane
cardiac muscle
single nucleus, striated, intercalated discs, branching, involuntary, ex: heart
smooth muscle
single nucleus, tapered ends, involuntary, looks flowy, ex: visceral organs
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei? smooth cardiac skeletal
skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.
Where will you find dense irregular tissue
skin
Disorders of epithelial tissues are mainly specific to individual organs such as __________ or __________ disease which involves the dpi lining of the stomach or small intestine.
skin cancer, peptic ulcer
stratified columnar epithelium
stacked irregular shaped cells. only top layer has columnar cells
germinative cells
stem cells
mesenchymal cells
stem cells that respond to injury/infection, diff. into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc
Epithelial cells are replaced by the division of _______ cells or by division of _________ cells.
stem, undifferentiated cells
Neurons are sensitive to _________ and these are converted into _________ _________and these are conducted to other __________, _________ & __________.
stimuli, nerve impulses, neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.
Simple columnar cells line what?
stomach, intestines, uterine tube (fallopian tube)
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as _______. *transitional *simple cuboidal *simple squamous *stratified squamous
stratified squamous
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
stratified squamous
This epithelial tissue has many cell layers. It forms the outer layer of the skin.
stratified squamous
What type of epithelial makes of the surface of the skin
stratified squamous
Areas of the body that are subject to chronic abrasion and friction often contain
stratified squamous epithelium
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
spot desmosome
ties cells together
cell junctions
tight, gap, desmosomes
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________.
tissue
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________. -tissue -organ -organ system -organism
tissue
necrosis
tissue destruction after cells have been damaged or killed via lysosomal enzymes
dense irregular tissue
tissue interwoven network of collagen fibers, layered in skin, found around cartilage and bones
elastic tissue
tissue made of elastic fibers instead of collagen
Bone tissue
tissue that composes bones (osseous tissue)
stratified squamous epithelium
two or more layers of cells. cells in top layer are flat and in the bottom range from cuboial to columnar.
stratified cuboial epithelium
two or more layers of cube-like cells.
mucous connective tissue location
umbilical cord of fetus
Where do you find adipose connective tissue
under skin and surrounding organs
embryonic connective tissue location
under the skin and along bones of embryos, some adult connective tissue, along blood vessels
Mucous cells are ________.
unicellular exocrine glands
Apical surface of the epithelial cell
upper free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity of internal organ
squamous
(thin and irregularly shaped)
describe pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
- vary in height - all cells rest on basement membrane , only tallest reach free surface of epithelium - because cells lie at different levels, tissue gives false (pseudo) impression that several cell layers are present
Epithelial vs. CT
-_______ with many cells tightly packed together and little to no extracellular matrix -_______ with a few scattered cells surrounded by large amounts of extracellular matrix
Younger bodies generally experience
-a better nutritional state -a better blood supply to tissues - faster metabolic rate
function ofStratified squamous epithelium
-protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation and foreign invasion -both types form first line of defense against microbes
CT
-reticular fibers -fibroblasts -collagen fibers -mast cells -plasma cell -ground substances -neutrophils -eosinophils -adipocytes -elastic fibers -macrophages
Cardiac muscle tissue
1) Specific to the heart 2) Muscle branches 3) Intercalated discs; cell junctions hold fibers together 4) INVOLUNTARY movement
Mucous nervous tissue
1) Stratified squamous or simple columnar 2) Wet membranes 3) All open to the outside
Skeletal muscle tissue
1) Type of muscle tissue 2) Spread throughout the body 3) Multiple nuclei 4) Responsible for VOLUNTARY movement
2 types of loose tissue?
1. Areolar- soft, jelly-like matrix, found around cessels and organs, and between muscles. (Adipocytes) 2. Adioose- contains cells that are able to store large ammounts of fat cells.
Simple Squamous Epithelia
Cells flatten laterally; allow materials to pass by diffusion and filtration sites where protection is not important; air sacs of lungs
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?
Epithelium
Stratified Squamous
Function: Protects underlying tissue Location: mouth
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Function: Secretion and absorption Location: Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus bu ciliary action. Location: nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
Dense regular connective tissue
Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
Reticular connective fibers
Function: fibers form a soft internal skeloteton that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
Name and describe 3 types of cartilage.
HYALINE CARTILAGE--most abundant but weakest. has fine fibers embedded in a gel-type matrix. Flexible and supportive. At joints it reduces friction and absorbs shock. Found in fetal skeletons, tip of nose, costal cartilage and articular cartilage. FIBROCARTILAGE -- contains bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix. Does not have a perichondrium. It is the strongest of the 3 types of cartilage. Located in pubic symphysis and meniscus of joints. ELASTIC CARTILAGE-- has threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix. Has a perichondrium. Provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain organs. Located in auricle of ear and epiglottis.
Osseous Tissue
Hard, calcified matrix; collagen fibers. Osteocytes lie in lacunae; vascularized Function: Support and protect, stores calcium and fat; marrow for blood cell formation
Compact Bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
Fibroblasts
Large, flat branching cells- produces fibers- matrix of tissues
Cell Body
Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm
Basement Membrane
Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Synovial Membrane
Lines some joints in the body. Composed of areolar connective tissue. Synovial fluid secreted by epithelial cells that reduce friction among moving bones
Transitional tissue lines what structure
Lines the urinary bladder and parts of urethra and urters
Dense irregular connective tissue
Location: capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondrium; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis Functions: provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent over expansion of organs such as urinary bladder
Elastic cartilage
Locations: auricle of external ear; epiglottis auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx Functions: provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Locations: between skeletal and muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeurosis); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae Functions: provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? *Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. *These glands are ductless. *Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. *Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process
Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as __________.
Mesenchyme
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.
Muscle
________ is the tissue that regulates and controls body functions. Nervous tissue Bone Muscle tissue Blood
Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions
Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.
Neural
effector
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes in the controlled condition. nearly every organ or tissue can behave as one
Edema occurs when -collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape -reticular connective tissue invades the area -areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area -adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
Cuboidal cells are shaped
as the name suggests, cube (square) shaped
hemidesmosome
attaches cells to basal lamina
desmosomes location
commonly make up the epidermis, outer layer of skin, and cardiac muscle cells in the heart
Exterior bones are made of this type of bone
compact bone
ligaments
connect bone to bone
ligaments
connect bones, mostly collagen, dense regular
tendon
connect skeletal muscles to bones, mostly collagen, dense regular
Muscle cells can repair themselves, by replacing it with what kind of tissue?
connective tissue
What is considered the most abundant tissue in the body?
connective tissue
What is the most abundant primary tissue
connective tissue
3 groups of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissues
This connective tissue is packed with parallel collagen fibers, attaches muscles to bone, and can withstand great stress when pulled in one direction.
dense regular
The ends of long bones are made of what tissue
hyaline cartilage
Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?
hyaline cartilage
Fetal vertebrae develop through endochondral ossification from a preexisting __________ model. Fracture repair of these same bones involves the formation of __________ callus.
hyaline cartilage; a fibrocartilage
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? -fibrocartilaginous tissue -cartilage tissue -osseous tissue -areolar tissue
osseous tissue
Each of the 4 classes of tissues has a different capacity to replenish its ___________ cells.
parenchymal cells
Serous membranes consist of______ and ______ portions.
parietal & visceral
glycoproteins
proteins w/ carb group, used for cell id & immune response, secrete mucins
what is transitional
varying shapes that can stretch
areolar connective tissue
widely distributed connective tissues, contains collagen, elastic, reticular fibers arranged randomly
Chondroblasts ________. -are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae -within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix -never lose their ability to divide -remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
withstands tension from many directions; structural strength; collagen fibers
Does epithelial tissue have a high capacity to regenerate?
yes
2 regions fascia is found?
•Superficial fascia - continuous tissue under skin and contains adipose(fat) (Subcutaneous fascia) •Deep fascia covers, seperates, and protects skeletal muscles.
Connective tissue
•Synovial - thin connective tissue that line joint cavities. •Meninges - membranous layers covering brain and spinal cord.
Perichondrium
(around the cartilage) acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed. Contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through matrix to reach the cartilage cells
Lymph
(lymphs) have round to slightly indented nuclei with a course chromatin pattern. The nucleus almost completely fills the cell. A small rim of blue cytoplasm is present that may contain a few azurophilic (azure, purple) granules. Mature cells are small, young cells are bigger.
stratified columnar
(rel. rare) provide protection along portions of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, etc
apical
(upper)
Neurons may be very_______, and can extend several_______?
* long *feet
connexons
*connexins* form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called *connexons* that connect neighboring cells.
3 types of serous membranes
*pleurae or pleurus - line the thoracic cavity and cover each lung. *serous pericardium - forms a sack that encloses the heart. *peritoneum - largest serous membrane, lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers abdominal organs.
3 Types of muscle tissue?
*skeletal *cardiac *smooth
stratified cuboidal epithelium
- 2 or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer are cube-shaped; fairly rare type -location; ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male urethra -function; protection/limited secretion and absorption
Cell Junctions
- contact points between cells that bind them together into a functional unit, form seals between cells, anchor cells in place, provide channels for communication between cells
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
-a single layer of ciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells. Goblet cells are usually interspersed -lines some of bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of braine
Simple cuboidal epithelium
-a single layer of cube-shaped cells -round, centrally located nucleus -shape is obvious when tissue is sectioned and viewed from the side -function; secretion and absorption
simple squamous epithelium
-a single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from apical surface -centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape -locations; endothelium, mesothelium, also found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule of kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Mast cells
-abundant along blood vessels -they produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria
stratified columnar epithelium
-basal layers in _______ usually consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only apical layer has columnar cells; uncommon -lines part of urethra; large excretory ducts of some glands such as esophageal glands; small areas in anal mucous membrane; part of conjuctiva of eye -function; protection and secretion
Immature CT cells have names that end in __________ while mature cells have names that end in __________. Mature cells are also know as __________ cells. Cells ending in -Clast ___________ and ___________ the matrix.
-blast (fibroblast, chondroblast) -cyte (osteocyte) fixed breakdown and remodel
Fibroblast, Chondroblast, and Osteoblast
-blast cell types
Cell junctions
-can be held together in a number of ways -these points of contact between cells are called......
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
-cells are arranged in sheets -cells are densely packed -many cell junctions are present -cells attach to basement membrane -tissue is avascular but does have a nerve supply -mitosis occurs frequently
function of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-ciliated variety secretes mucus that traps foreign particles and cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from body -noncilated functions in absorption and protection
Covering and lining epithelial tissue
-classified according to the shape of the cells and how many layers they are thick -arrangement of layers; simple, psuedostratified, stratified -cell shape; squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Covering and lining epithelial tissue
-classified according to the shape of the cells and how many layers thick they are -layers: simple, pseudostratified, stratified -cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
General features of CT
-consists of 2 basic elements; cells, extracellular matrix -cells do not cover or line (they do not have any free surfaces) -epithelial tissue is highly vascularized and has a nerve supply (except tendon and cartilage)
Gen characteristics of muscular tissue
-consists of fibers thats provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat -3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Location of simple cuboidal epithelium
-covers surface of ovary -lines anterior surface of capsule of lens of the eye -forms pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina of the eye -lines kidney tubules and small ducts of many glands -makes up secreting portion of some glands such as thyroid gland and ducts of some glands such as pancreas
Fibrocyte, Adipocyte, Chondrocyte, and Osteocyte
-cyte cell types
Plasma cells
-develops from B lymphocytes -secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances
Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
-develops tough layer of keratin in apical layer of cells and several layers deep to it -keratin is a tough fibrous intracellular protein that helps protect skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals -relative amount of keratin increases in cells as they move away from nutritive blood supply and organelles die
Transitional epithelium
-has a variable appearance. In relaxed or unstretched state, looks like stratified cuboidal, except apical layer cells tend to be large and rounded. As tissue is stretched cells become flatter, giving the appearance of stratified squamous epithelium. Multiple layers and elasticity makes it ideal for lining hollow structures (urinary bladder) subject to expansion from within -lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra -allows urinary organs to stretch and maintains protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
-is a single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with oval nuclei near base of cells -contains columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at apical surface and goblet cells
Location of Stratified squamous epithelium
-keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin -nonkeratinized lines wet surfaces (lining of the mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina) and covers tongue
functional classification of glandular epithelium
-merocrine -apocrine -holocrine
Classification of CT embryonic
-mesenchyme -muccous
Goblet cells
-modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid at their apical surfaces -before release, mucus accumulates in upper portion of cell, causing it to bulge and making the whole cell resemble a ______ or wine glass
Epithelial membranes
-mucous membranes -serous membranes -cutaneous membranes
function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
-secretion and absorption -larger columnar cells contain more organelles and thus are capable of higher level of secretion and absorption than are cuboidal cells -secreted mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts and most of the urinary tract -helps prevent destruction of stomach lining by acidic gastric juice secreted by stomach
structural classification of glandular epithelium
-unicellular; single cell -multicellular; composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ (sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands)
Neutrophils
-white blood cells that migrate to site of infection -destroy microbes by phagocytes
Holocrine glands
1) Accumulate products within them until they rupture Ex: skin and hair
Classification of connective tissue (3)
1) CT proper (loose & dense) 2) fluid (blood & lymph) 3) supporting (bone & cartilage)
Cutaneous nervous tissue
1) Covers the surface serving a protective function 2) Dry membrane Epidermis+dermis
Exocrine glands
1) Excrete their product directly onto body surface 2) Most are multicellular
Serous nervous tissue
1) Simple squamous + areolar 2) moist membrane 3) Produces serous fluid (move things around without function 4) Closed to the outside 1) Pleural membrane 2) Pericardium 3) Peritoneum
3 components of connective tissue
1) Specialized cells, 2) Extracell. protein fibers, 3) Ground substance
Connective tissue fibers (3)
1) collagen - long, strong, resist force in one direction, most common, ex: tendons & ligaments 2) reticular - network of fibers, resist force in many directions, ex: sheaths around organs 3) elastic - elastin, branched & wavy, ex: elastic ligaments of vertebrae
Membranes
1. Are thin sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line a part of the body. 2. May contain epithelial and connective tissue (epithelial membranes), or just connective tissue (synovial membrane). 3. There are three types
Name and explain 4 types of tissues.
1. Epithelial tissue -- covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities and ducts; forms glands 2. Connective tissue -- protects,supports and binds the body and organs. Stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity 3. Muscle tissue -- responsible for movement and generation of force and body heat. 4. Nervous tissue -- transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that help coordinate body activities
What are the three types of cartilage and where are they located throughout the human body?
1. Hyaline- ends of long bones 2. Elastic- ears 3. Fibrocartilage- IVD (intervertebral disc)
Name 8 types of Mature Connective Tissue
1. LOOSE CT --2 TYPES: AREOLAR CT & ADIPOSE CT 2. DENSE CT-- 2 TYPES: DENSE REGULAR & DENSE IRREG 3. ELASTIC CT 4. CARTiLAGE 5. BONE 6. LIQIOD CT: 2 TYPES PLASMA IN BLOOD, LYMPH INT. FLUID
categories of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue
Name the 5 most important kinds of cell junctions an where they are found.
1. TIGHT JUNCTIONS -- form fluid tight seals b/w cells. found in epithelial cells that line the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder. Fuse together w/ strands cadherins. keep substances from leaking into other tissues. 2. ADHERENS JUNCTIONS -- Cadherens insert into plaque and join 2 cells. Adhesion belt encircles the cell. Resist separation in cells during contraction (food going through intestines). 3. DESMONES -- composed of plaque, keratin & linked by cadherens between adjacent cell membranes. Found b/w cardiac cells & epithelial tissue. Gives them strength wile stretching or contracting. 4. HEMIDESMOSOMES-- does not attach 2 cells. They anchor cells to basement membranes. Glycoprotein, INTEGRIN attaches to plaque of plasma membrane and to the basement membrane. Located only were basement membranes are present. 5. GAP JUNCTIONS --allow cells in a tissue to rapidly communicate through connexons (little tunnels). Connexins are proteins that make up the tunnels. Found in epithelial tissues, some nervous tissues and some muscular tissue, GI and uterus.
In cross section, how many sides do epithelial cells have?
6
Connective tissues ________. A) primarily consist of extracellular matrix B) arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another C) are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension D) are all avascular
A) primarily consist of extracellular matrix
Mucous cells are ________. A) unicellular exocrine glands B) hormone-producing glands C) multicellular exocrine glands D) endocrine glands
A) unicellular exocrine glands
Chondroblasts ________. A) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix B) never lose their ability to divide C) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae D) remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes
A) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
What is the function of the basement membrane?
Adheres the superficial epithelial tissues onto underlying connective tissue.
Unmyelinated fibers
All cell bodies, appear gray in color
Mucous Membrane
Also called a mucosa. Lines compartments that open to the external enviornment. Formed from the epithelium and underlying connective tissue. (Digestive and respiratory tracts)
Where is simple squamos located?
Alveoli of lungs
Bone
Any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates
Collagen Fibers
Are made by fibroblasts, are flexible, have a very high tensile strength (bundles of collagen fibril - > fiber)
where is adipose located?
Area under skin
This type of connective tissue is found under epithelia, packaging organs, and surrounding capillaries.
Areolar
What is the most widely distributed of connective tissue?
Areolar Tissue
What connective tissue is found beneath all epithelial tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of the areolar connective tissue pictured in the figure?
Areolar connective tissue is avascular.
Most common type of connective tissue?
Areolar tissue
what are the three types of loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
what are the main connective tissues?
Areolar,Adipose,Fibrous,Bone,Cartlige,Blood &Hematopoietic Tissue
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles and bone to bone; withstand tensile strength from 1 direction; collagen fibers; nuclei of fibroblasts, some elastic fibers
Functions of Connective Tissue
Binding and support; Protecting; Insulating; Storing reserve fuel; Transporting substances (blood)
Functions of connective tissue(5)
Binding and supporting (tendons and ligaments), protecting, insulating(fat), storing reserve fuel, transporting substances (blood only)
Areolar connective tissue
Binds body parts together while allowing them to move freely over one another
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
Nerve
Bundle of neuron fibers outside the central nervous system.
Epithelial structures are characterirized by what?
By shape and layers
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue? A) Epithelial tissue is typically unable to regenerate. B) Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity. C) Epithelial tissue is innervated. D) Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
C) Epithelial tissue is innervated.
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage? A) It is more harder and rigid. B) It contains less nuclei. C) Fibers are not normally visible. D) It is more vascularized.
C) Fibers are not normally visible.
________ are highly phagocytic cells that are a part of the body's defense system. These cells can be localized (fixed), or they can wander throughout the body. A) Eosinophils B) Erythrocytes (RBC) C) Macrophages D) Basophils E) Mast cells
C) Macrophages
Name the 3 fibers found in CT
COLLAGEN FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS
describe each of the 3 fibers made of? functions and found where. which one is in need of Vitamin C
COLLAGEN FIBERS --Strongest fiber made of the protein collagen, tough and resistant to stretching but allow some flexibility. found in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Need adequate amounts of Vit C for normal collagen. ELASTIC FIBERS -- composed of the protein elastin,, provide strength and stretching capacity and are found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs elasticity-ablility to recoil extensibility - ability to stretch RETICULAR FIBERS -- consists of collagen and glycoproteins. Provide support in walls of blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers.
What does a dendrite do?
Carry Impulses toward the cell body
Chondroblasts form the ECM for what connective tissue
Cartilage
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
Stratified squamous
Cell on free layer being squamous shaped and underlying layers being columnar or cubiodal shaped
Smooth muscle tissue
Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus Locations: found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs Functions: moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels
Neurons
Cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
Stem Cells
Cells that divide and remain undifferentiated. Three types are totipotent, pluripotent, and multi-potent.
Chondrocytes
Cells that produce cartilage.
Mast Cells
Cells that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response.
Mesothelium
Cellular covering that forms the lining of the membranes such as the peritoneum
Main type of fiber in dense connective tissue?
Collagen (flexible, white protein)
Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagen - strongest, tough and tensile strength Elastic - long, thin fibers; allow for stretch and recoil Reticular - short, fine, highly branched
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.
Connective Tissue Cells
Connective Tissue Proper: Fibroblast; Cartilage: Chondroblast; Bone: Osteoblast; Blood: Hematopoietic stem cell, does not make up fluid matrix/plasma of tissue.
Dense Connective Tissue
Consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers; it has relatively few cells, most of which are fibroblasts; as parts of tendons and ligaments, this tissue binds muscle to bone and bone to bone (p. 101).
Adipocytes
Contain fat used for energy production, found in the subcutaneous layer
Smooth muscle ________. A) has striations B) contains intercalated discs C) has long, cylindrical cells D) is under involuntary control
D) is under involuntary control
S phase
DNA is replicated and 2 future cells will receive identical copies of the genetic material. Mitotic Phase cannot occur without S phase
Strong attachment between structures if the main function of _______ tissues.
Dense connective
Which of the following statements is true?
Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen
Which of the following is true about epithelia? Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
This tissue type is a covering and lining tissue. It also includes glands
Epithelial
This tissue type is a covering and lining tissue. It includes glands.
Epithelial
Used as a covering, lining, and in glands
Epithelial Tissue
Support
Epithelial Tissues are supported by connective tissue; helps resist against tearing and stretching
Columnar Cells
Epithelial cells roughly shaped like columns. These line the intestine and protect underlying tissue as well as secreting fluids. They often have cilia and secrete fluids
The active cells of many glands are called what?
Epithelial cells.
Simple Epithelium
Epithelial tissue found in the lining of air sacs of lungs, intestines, bloodvessels
Regenerative Capacity
Epithelial tissue has the highest ______ ______, so they are able to repair themselves quicker than other tissues
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Epithelial tissue that absorbs fluids fluids and secretes specific molecules. Found in walls of kidney tubules, and regions and cuts of most glands. Covers surface of ovary and lines thyroid gland.
In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved, and why?
Epithelial tissue: it is exposed to the environment and is constantly dividing, both factors allowing more opportunity for damage and overcoming growth control mechanisms.
Avascular; innervated
Epithelial tissues are _________ in that they have no blood vessels. But they do have plenty of nerves so they are considered __________.
Tight; desmosomes
Epithelial tissues can form _____ junctions, which are not electrically excitable, and __________.
Multicellular
Epithelium derived duct and secretory unit (acinus). Supportive connective tissue surround secretory cells and supplies it with blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Choose the correct pairing for a tissue and its embryonic origin.
Epithelium is derived from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?
Erythrocyte
Parenchyma
Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons (nerve cells) are the parenchyma of the nervous system.
All muscle cells contain striations.
False
Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
False
Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. T/F
False
Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
False
Elastic cartilage tissue is found in the walls of the large arteries that leave the heart.
False
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
False
Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue.
False
True or false? A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity
False
True or false? The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
True or false? Pseudostratified epithelium consists of multiple cell layers.
False While pseudostratified epithelium has the illusion of being a multi-layered tissue, it is in fact made up of only one cell layer. The irregular heights of the cells in pseudostratified epithelia give the tissue a layered appearance. In reality, all of the cells in this tissue rest on the basement membrane (i.e., their basal surfaces are in contact with the basement membrane).
Glandular Epithelium
Fashions glands of body; one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product, secretes aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible.
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage? -Fibers are not normally visible. -It is more vascularized. -It contains less nuclei. -It is more harder and rigid.
Fibers are not normally visible.
Reticular Connective Tissue
Fibers form a soft internal skeleton; support other cell types; WBCs and reticular fibers
Fibers do what for this tissue?
Fibers strengthen and support connective tissue
Branches from nerve cell are?
Fibers; they carry nerve impulses to and from the cell body.
The most common cell type in dense regular connective tissue is the __________.
Fibroblast
Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?
Fibroblast
Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?
Fibroblasts
Areolar Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, some white blood cells "small open space" Function: Wrap and cushion organs, prevents inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid Location: Under epithelia, surrounds capillaries
This is the toughest kind of cartilage. It is found in places that receive a lot of mechanical stress.
Fibrocartilage
Regeneration
Fibrosed area matures and contracts; epithelium thickens; underlying scar tissue
The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called
Fibrosis
Fascia refers to
Fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place.
Gap 2 Subphase
Final phase of interphase. Enzymes and other proteins needed for division are synthesized and moved to their proper sites. Centriole replication begins at the end of this phase
Microvilli
Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney
Fibrocartilage
Firm and rigid, between the vertebrae (segments) of the spine. (Hip and knee joints)
Hyaline Cartilage
Firm matrix, can be morphed. Cells lie in lacunae Function: Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion, resists compressive stress Location: Forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones in joint cavities; cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx
Squamous cell is?
Flat and irregular
Squamous
Flat and scale like
Squamous
Flat and scale-like
Elastic Fibers
Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue
Lacunae
Fluid cavities that contain osteocytes and reside in lamellae
Body membranes
Formed from epithelial tissue bound to underlying connective tissue. Line body cavities. Four types: Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial
Exocrine Glands
Formed from invaginated epithelium in connective tissue. Connected with surface by duct. Includes sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial:
Forms Glands
Reticular tissue
Forms internal framework of the lymph nodes,spleen and bone morrow
Covering and Lining Epithelium
Forms outer layer of skin; lines open cavities of urogenital, digestive and respiratory systems. Covers walls and organs of closed ventral body cavity.
Connective Tissue
Found throughout the body; serves to connect different structures of the body. Commonly has it own blood supply (except ligaments); various types include bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood vessels.
Blood Tissue
Found within blood vessels. Classified as connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded plasma. Functions: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
Macrophages
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Simple columnar epithelium
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
Transitional epithelia
Function: Allows flexibility. Location: Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
Simple Squamous
Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion Location: blood vessels
Simple squamous epithelium
Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)
Dense connective elastic
Function: Allows tissue to recoil after stretching Location: Aorta
Dense connective dense regular
Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; or bone to bone Location: Tendons and ligaments
Loose connective reticular
Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types Location: Lymphoid organs
Cartilage: Elastic
Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility Location: external ear
Loose connective Adipose
Function: Provides reserve food fuel Location:around kidneys and eyeballs
Pseudostratified columnar (simple)
Function: Secrete substances Location: upper-respiratory tract
Simple cuboidal
Function: Secretion and absorption Location: Ovary surface
Blood
Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste Location: Blood vessels
Dense connective dense irregular
Function: Withstands tension exerted in many directions Location: dermis
Loose connective areolar
Function: Wraps and cushions organs Location: Under epithelial tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
Simple columnar
Function: absorption; secretion of mucus and enzymes Location:uterine tubes
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Function: protection Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium
Function: protection and secretion Location: rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
Stratified squamous epithelium
Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
Adipose tissue
Function: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs Location: under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Function: secretion and absorption Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
Hyaline cartilage
Function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms the costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
Cartilage: Hyaline
Function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion Location: Trachea and larynx
Areolar connective tissue
Function: wraps and cushions organs Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body
Gap 1 Subphase
G1: cell is metabolically active, synthesizes proteins and grows rapidly. No activities related to cell division occur. Centrioles start to replicate in preparation for cell division at the end of G1
Ground substance
Gelatinous background of connective tissue
Ground Substance
Gelatinous or rubbery material found in between cells-protects by absorbing compressive forces.
Neurons
Generate and conduct nerve impulses
Muscular Tissue
Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat
proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) + protein, give syrupy consistency
Goblet cells are located in the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the respiratory tract and in the simple columnar epithelium found in the stomach and small intestine. What is the function of goblet cells?
Goblet cells function as a unicellular mucus-secreting gland.
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
Golgi bodies
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? - Golgi bodies -lysosomes -microvilli -multiple nuclei
Golgi bodies
Dense connective tissue
Has many fibers, gives it a firm, strong and flexible state.
Differences in Connective Tissue from others
Have mesenchyme as their common tissues of origin; have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels); have extracellular matrix which separates living cells of tissue
A central _____________ contains blood vessels and nerves in Bone.
Haversian canal
Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products by endocytosis. Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell.
Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Holocrine glands secrete their products by rupturing. Sebaceous (oil) glands are the only example of holocrine glands in the body
epithelial tissue and connective tissue differance
In epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed together. In connective tissue a large amount of extracellular material that separates cells that are usually widely scattered. epithelial tissue has no blood vessels. connective tissue has a network of blood vessels
The ____________ are concentric rings of matrix that consist of _________ that give bone its hardness and ____________ that give bone its strength.
Lamella. mineral salts. collagen fibers
The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is called the ________________.
Lamina propria
Adipose tissue
Location: deep to the skin, espically at sides, buttocks, breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys Functions: provides padding and cushions shocks; inulates; stores energy
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Locations: Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland Functions: limited protection, secretion, and absorption
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Locations: Mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs Functions: Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Locations: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina Functions: provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack
Hyaline cartilage
Locations: between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum Functions: provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces
Elastic tissue
Locations: between vertebrae of the spinal column; ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls Functions: stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Locations: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption
Reticular tissue
Locations: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes,and bone marrow Functions: provides supporting framework
Fibrocartliage
Locations: pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs Functions: resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits movement
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Locations: small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra Functions: protection
Transitional Epithelium
Locations: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters Functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching
Elastic Fibers
Long and thin. Can easily stretch and recoil. Snap connective tissue back to normal length and shape
Fibroblasts produce the extracellular matrix for what two connective tissues
Loose and dense connective tissue
Synovial Membranes
Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity
Loose
Loosely held together in semi-liquid matrix.
Predict what would happen if a lung's visceral membrane were pulled away from its parietal membrane still attached to the chest wall
Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse
Predict what would happen if a lung's visceral membrane were pulled away from its parietal membrane still attached to the chest wall.
Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse.
how are exocrine glands functionally classified?
MEROCRINE GLANDS--form secretory products and discharge it APOCRINE GLANDS- accumulate their secretary product at the apical surface of the secreting cell; that portion then pinches off from the rest of the cell to form the secretion, the cell repairs itself and repeats the process HALOCRINE GLANDS -- accumulate the secretory product in the cytosol; when cell dies, it is discharged as a glandular secretion and it is replaced by a new cell.
________ are highly phagocytic cells that are a part of the body's defense system. These cells can be localized (fixed), or they can wander throughout the body. Eosinophils Macrophages Basophils Erythrocytes (RBC) Mast cells
Macrophages, which are peppered throughout loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissue, may be attached to connective tissue fibers (fixed) or may migrate freely through the matrix. They phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. These "big eaters" also dispose of dead tissue cells, and they are central actors in the immune system.
Which of the following landmarks can be found on both the tibia and fibula?
Malleoli
Ground Substance
Material that fills space between cells and contains fibers Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans (protein core) Consists of large amounts of fluid and functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells.
Adipose Connective Tissue
Matrix is areolar, closely packed adipocytes, nucleus is pushed to the side Function: Provides food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs Location: Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts; padding on buttocks
Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have ________ at their free surface.
Microvilli
Epithelial cells with important transport functions such as absorption and secretion often bear __________ on their free surfaces.
Microvilli
Serous Membrane (Serosae)
Moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities. Consist of simple squamous epithelium
Elastic Cartilage
More elastic fibers in matrix Function: Maintain shape of structure, allows flexibility Location: Supports external ear and epiglottis
Loose CT (3)
More ground, less fibers. Areolar, adipose, reticular
Exocrine Glands
More than numerous than endocrine glands; secrete products into ducts; Goblet cells - mucus cells; produce mucus
________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells. -An amino acid -An enzyme -Mucin -A hormone -Salt
Mucin Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.
________ is a water-soluble, complex glycoprotein that is secreted by goblet cells. A hormone Mucin Salt An enzyme An amino acid
MucinLike mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multilayered epithelium covered with dead squamous cells, with keratin; On skin, especially thick on palms of hands, soles of feet, Retards water loss and acts as a barrier to organisms
Stratified epithelial layer is?
Multiple cell layers, provide protection in areas that are subject to wear and tear.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue that is striated and voluntary. Multinucleated. Long cylindrical cells arranged in parallel bundles. Usually found attached to bones.
Muscle tissue is capable of movement, because of contraction of cells called?
Muscle fibers - they are long and threadlike.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue that is striated but involuntary.Intercalated Discs. Confined to middle layer of the heart wall, myocardium. Responsible for heart contraction. One or two nuclei.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue that lacks striations and is involuntary. Also called visceral muscle tissue. Found in walls of hollow organs. (Intestines, stomach, airways, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)
Cells that are able to carry electrical impulses:
Muscular and nervous cells
Four major types of body tissues?
Neural Epithelial Connective Muscle
Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as
Neuroepithelia
What are the two main cell types found in nervous tissues?
Neurons and Glia
Does epithelial tissue have inerstital fluid?
No
Name 3 things that are important to tissue repair.
Nutrition, Vitamins (A,some G, D,C,E, and K), protein rich diet, and prober blood circulation.
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".
Occipital bone - atlas
Unicellular
One cell; scattered within epithelial sheets. Mucus/goblet cells; found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts. All glands produce mucin and dissolves in water when secreted.
Simple Epithelium
One layer of cells. Is found in body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur.
Viscera
Organs in the ventral body cavities, esp. abdominal organs.
Basic unit of compact bone tissue?
Osteon
Spongy bone lacks:
Osteons
Epithelial tissue is?
Outer layer of skin, protective barrer over body.
Dense CT (3)
Packed fibers (collagenous tissues) Regular, irregular, elastic
Soma
Part of the neuron receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron
Functions of epithelial cells
Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion(Sweat glands), secretion(endocrine glands), sensory reception (feeling), and glands
Major Functions of Epithelium
Protection; Absorption; Filtration; Excretion; Secretion; Sensory Reception
What function does the stratified squamous epithelial layer provide
Protective barrier
Hyaline cartilage
Provides firm support with some pliability
Adipose Connective Tissue
Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs Closely packed cells
Cartilage
Provides strength and flexibility, gives structure and provides reinforcement.
Select the tissue that is a simple epithelium.
Pseudostratified
What lines the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar
If injured, the epithelium repairs itself _________?
Quickly
Tissue Repair
Regeneration - destroyed tissue replaced; original function restored Fibrosis - CT replaces destroyed tissue; original function lost Cells divide and migrate
What are the two main types of tissue repair?
Regeneration and Fibrous
Tissue Repair
Regeneration; Fibrosis (forms scar tissue) Steps: Inflammation; Organization restores blood supply; Regeneration and fibrosis effects permanent repair
Tissue Rejection
Rejection of transplanted tissue results because the recipient's immune system recognizes that the transplanted tissue is not "self"
Cardiac
Responsible for involuntary movement of the heart
Glial Cells
Responsible for protection, nourishment, and support in glial cells.
Organization
Restores blood supply; clot is replaced by granulation tissue which restores vascular supply; fibroblasts produce collagen; surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue
The lymph nodes are made of out this connective tissue?
Reticular
Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.
SKELETAL-- attached to bones,striated and usually involuntary CARDIAC--forms most of heart wall, striated and usually involuntary. SMOOTH -- found in walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels and viscera. Not striated and involuntary.
The cutaneous membrane (skin) has 2 layers. Name them and tell what kind of tissues are found in each.
SUPERFICIAL EPIDERMIS-- keratinied stratified squamous epithelium DEEPER EPIDERMIS-- areolar and dense irregular connective tissues.
Visceral layer
Serous membrane attached to an organ
Pericardium
Serous nervous tissue located in sacs around the heart
Pleural membrane
Serous nervous tissue located in the chest cavity
Peritoneum
Serous nervous tissue located in the lining around the abdominal cavity
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and are active. Surface cells are keratinized or nonkeratinized Function: Protects underlying tissues subject to abrasion Location: Nonkeratinized type forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina. Keratinized forms epidermis of skin
Inflammation
Severed blood vessels bleed; inflammatory chemical are released by injured tissue cells and mast cells; local blood vessels become permeable; clotting occurs
Epithelial tissue
Sheet of cells that covers a body surface
What type of tissue lines the uterine tubes
Simple Columnar
What type of tissue lines the digestive tract?
Simple columnar epithelial, contains goblet cells.
The lungs and blood vessels are areas in which rapid diffusion of gases and/or nutrients must occur. Based on anatomical structure, which type of tissue is most logically found in these areas?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Simple squamous epithelium is most likely to line areas of the body that are subject to wear and tear such as the esophagus, vagina, and soles of the feet.
Simple Epithelia
Single cell layer. Found where absorption, secretion and filtration occur.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Single-layer of flattened cells; simplest epithelial tissue Function: allow material to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
Myosatellite cells are found within __________ muscle.
Skeletal
Which muscle tissue type is controlled voluntarily?
Skeletal
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
Skeletal
Cardiovascular System
Skin protects cardiovascular organs; prevents fluid loss from body; serves as blood reservoir
Endocrine System
Skin protects endocrine organs; converts hormones to their active forms
Muscular System
Skin protects muscles; active muscles generate large amounts of heat, which increases blood flow to the skin and may activate sweat glands
Where is Connective Tissue Found?
Skin, Membranes, Muscles, Bones, Nerves and all internal organs.
Cutaneous Membrane
Skin; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Attached to dermis
Hyaluronic Acid
Slippery substance in connective tissue that binds cells together and helps in phagocytosis
Burae
Small cushioning sacs near the joints.
Smooth muscle ________. has striations is under involuntary control has long, cylindrical cells contains intercalated discs
Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
Steps of Tissue Repair
Step 1: Inflammation - inflammatory chemicals released; blood vessels dilated; clotting and scab form Step 2: Blood Supply Restored - Epithelium regenerates; collagen fibers bridge gap; debris phagocytized Step 3: Regeneration/Fibrosis - Scab detaches; fibrous tissue matures; scar tissue (if fibrosis)
________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.
Tendons; ligaments
Why does epi- tissue differ from connective tissue?
The amount of intercellular material called matrix
Basal Surface
The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane
Pseudostratified layer is?
The cells are staggered so that it appears to bs jn multiple layers, but they are not.
Epithelial tissues are avascular. How do the cells of this tissue obtain nutrients and other vital substances?
The cells of the epithelium acquire nutrients and other vital substances through diffusion from the underlying connective tissue layer.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body. The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air. Serous membranes line body cavities and organs. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium
The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium The cutaneous membrane, a "dry" membrane exposed to air, consists of a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium called, the epidermis, and an underlying layer of connective tissue called, the dermis.
Why are adipose, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues?
They have a common origin, mesenchyme.
Preparation for Microscopy
Tissues are preserved, cut into sections (slices) thin enough to transmit light and then are stained to enhance contrast
What type of tissue has the property of distension
Transional epithelia
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
True
Nonciliated Simple columnar Epithelium
Type of Simple columnar epithelial tissue that often contains microvillil. Contains unicellular glands termed goblet cells. Lines most of digestive tract
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Type of epithelial tissue which contains two or more layers and is mainly used for a protective function. Forms walls of ducts for most exocrine glands.
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Type of simple columnar Epithelial tissue that has cilia and moves mucus along as well as oocytes.
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium
Type of stratified squamous Epithelium that is alive all the way to tissue's apical surface. Cells have nuclei. Kept moist with secretions. No Keratin.
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Type of stratified squamous epithelium that has superficial layers of dead cells.Cells do not have nuclei and
Epithelial Tissue
Type of tissue that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms majority of glands.
Simple Glands
Unbranched duct -tubular- intestinal glands; always leaks (slow gland) -alveolar (none in body); lined with smooth muscle cells, can store and release -tubuloalveolar- salivary glands; both types of secretory units
Inflammation is fast and non-specific. Immune response is slow and specific.
What is the difference between inflammation and immune response?
Mechanical barriers (Skin, etc)
What is the first line of defense when tissues are damaged?
Inflammation and immune response
What is the second line of defense when tissues are damaged?
Areolar Connective Tissue
Wraps and cushions organs; holds and conveys tissue fluid (Inflammation); Elastic and collagen fibers; fibroblasts; ground substance
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control? cardiac smooth skeletal
Yes, cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.
Deep fascia refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds __________.
a muscle
gland
a single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
What is simple
a single layer
simple epithelium
a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
a single layer of ciliated column-like cells with oval nuclei near the base of cells. cilia is hairs on top of cells
Simple squamous epithelium consists of
a single layer of flattened cells
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
a single layer of nonciliated column-like ells with oval nuclei near the base of the cells.
basement membrane
a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of 2 layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina
Basement membrane
a thin layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue that functions as a point of attachment and support for the epithelial cells
areolar tissue
a type of loose CT, least specialized, open, viscous, elastic, holds blood vessels in capillary beds, epithelial cells rely on diffusion of oxygen & nutrients from capillaries
What are the 3 classification examples when dealing with epithelial tissue?
a. simple squamous b. simple cuboidal/ simple columnar c. stratified squamous
What are the characteristics of classification by # of layers when dealing with epithelial tissue?
a. simple-single layer; fuctions-absorb, secrete, filter b. stratified-2 or more layers; function-protection
What are the characteristics of Epidermal/ superficial wound healing?
a. slight damage to epidermal cells b. most likely regeneration repair c. minimal or no scar
What are the 3 characteristics of classification by cell shape when dealing with epithelial tissue?
a. squamous-flat b. cuboidal-similar height and width c. columnar-tall
Merocrine
are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis -most exocrine glands of the body
tight junctions
are web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
Type of tissue that cushions and supports epithelia
areolar
What is the most abudant connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue, except
areolar tissue
Edema occurs when
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
hemidesmosomes
attach cells at the basal lamina, half of a spot desmosome
hemidesmosomes location
attach cells to the basement membrane
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
attaches to bone; striated (striping)
Cuboidal cells
boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide
elastic fibers
branch and join together to form a fibrous network within protein called elastin
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
calcitonin
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?
calcitriol
Moves blood through the heart
cardiac
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
cardiac
Holocrine secretion
cell becomes packed & bursts ex: sebaceous (oil) glands
Most neurons consist of a ______ _______ and 2 types of processes called ________ & ________.
cell body dendrites and axons
Neuron parts (3)
cell body - nucleus/nucleolus dendrites - to (short) axons - away (long)
Cell Division or Mitotic Phase
cell divides into two cells
Function of Ciliated simple epithelium
cilia beat in unison, moving mucos and foreign particles toward throat, where they can be coughed up and allowed or spit out. Coughing and sneezing speed up movement of cilia and mucus. Cilia can also help move oocytes expelled from ovaries through uterine (fallopian) tubes into uterus
proximal
close to shoulder
superior
closer to head
Columnar cells have nuclei that are located
closer to the basal surface of the cell
During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury?
cold, pale skin
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
collagen
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. -reticular -collagen -elastic -muscle
collagen
ECM made of (4)
collagen proteoglycans (GAG + protein) fibronectin (attaches cell to ECM) elastin
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. -collagen fibers -hydroxyapatite crystals -elastic fibers -reticular fibers
collagen fibers
Cutaneous membrane
commonly known as the skin, outer layer epithelium.
The three categories of connective tissues are
connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
contains cells with microvilli and goblet cells;found in linings of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
Identify the process on the scapula that does not articulate with another bone.
coracoid process
Epithelial Membrane
covering and lining membranes; consist of an epithelial sheet attached to an underlying layer of connective tissue; include: cutaneous membrane. mucous membranes. serous membranes.
periosteum
covers bone, has outer (fibrous) & inner (cellular) layers, assists in attachment of other tissues to bone
epithelial tissue
covers surfaces, forms glands, lines internal passageways
epithelial tissue
covers the body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands.
Cuboidal
cube shaped
What does cartilage offer when dealing with CT?
cushion and support
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic?
dense microvilli
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic? cilia fibroblasts a rich vascular supply dense microvilli
dense microvilli
This connective tissue looks like strands of wavy hair. It is very strong and attaches muscles to bones
dense regular
Type of connective tissue packed with parallel bundles of collagen fibers and is found in tendons?
dense regular
What tissue forms ligaments
dense regular
Dense elastic CT
dense regular CT w/ lots of elastic fibers, helps stabilize positions of vertebrae
Macrophages
develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
different heights; may contain mucus-secreting cells and contain cilia. Function: Secrete substances, particularly mucus Location: Nonciliated type in males- sperm-carrying ducts. Ciliated type lines trachea and upper respiratory tracts
connective tissue function
different types bind organs together, store energy as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms.
In Simple squamous epithelium, there is only a single layer of thin cells so
diffusion can readily occur across this type of tissue
Avascular tissue that have cells comprised of epithelium that is Avascular acquire nutrients and vital substances through
diffusion from the underlying connective tissue layer
Smooth muscle is found in what walls of body parts
digestive tract, arteries and veins, urinary tract, instrisic muscles of the eye
stratified cuboial epithelium location
ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male urethra
Which type of gland produces hormones? -unicellular exocrine glands -endocrine glands -multicellular exocrine glands -holocrine glands
endocrine glands Endocrine glands, which are ductless glands, secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding them. The hormones then diffuse toward and pass through a nearby capillary wall to enter the blood. Circulating throughout the body in the blood stream is how hormones eventually reach their target cells.
term is used to refer to the highlighted epithelium in a blood vessel? endothelium
endothelium
Tissue _________ has allowed scientists to grow new tissues in the lab for replacement of damaged ones.
engineering
Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.
enzymes; hormones
tissues that regenerate easily
epithelia, smooth muscle, ct (except cartilage)
The basement membrane, which is located between the
epithelial and connective tissue layers
Epithelial membranes consist of an __________ layer and an underlying ___________ layer and include 3 membranes: ________, __________, _______.
epithelial layer, connective tissue layer. mucous membranes, serous membranes, and cutaneous membrane or skin.
The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is
epithelial tissue
The tissue that always has an apical surface is __________.
epithelial tissue
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers? -epithelial tissue -connective tissue -nervous tissue -muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?
epithelial tissue
4 main kinds of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
What are the four tissue types?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
4 types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
stratified columnar
epithelium for protection, found in salivary glands
simple cuboidal epithelium
epithelium found in kidneys, secrets and absorbs
Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except
extracellular matrix.
Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
false
Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________.
fibers and ground substance
Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________. -ground substance and cells -all organic compounds -cells and fibers -fibers and ground substance
fibers and ground substance
What makes of the extracellular matrix
fibers and ground substance
CT fibers
fibers in the extracellular matrix provide strength and support to a tissue: collagen, elastic, and reticular
elastic fibers
fibers that are branched, wavy, contain elastin, stretch and return to shape
collagen fibers
fibers that are long, straight, strong and flexible, resist force in one direction, don't stretch
reticular fibers
fibers that are strong and flexible, anchor cells, resist force in many directions, forms sheaths around organs
If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result?
fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle, the forehead's skin would become dry, bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely
reticular connective tissue
fine interlacing network of reticular fibers, thin form of collagen fiber, and reticular cells
where will you find platelets
formed element of blood in arteries, capillaries and veins
embryonic connective tissue function
forms all other types of connective tissue
Epithelial Tissue
forms boundaries; external and internal epithelia and glandular epithelia
Glandular epithelium
forms secretory portions of glands
reticular connective tissue function
forms stroma of organs, binds muscle tissue, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
dense regular connective tissue location
forms tendons, attach muscle to bone, most ligaments, and aponeuroses
Cardiac muscle
forms the bulk of the heart wall, also known as myocardium. (involuntary muscle)
Mesothelium (simple squamous)
forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium)
adbominopelvic cavity
from diaphragm to groin. liver, gallbladder,
Which of the following bones is unpaired?
frontal bone
Transitional epithelium
function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
apical surface
furthest from the basement membrane
mucous connective tissue
has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jelly-like ground substance that contains collagen fibers
The blast cell for blood production is the ________. -fibroblast -hemocytoblast -osteoblast -chondroblast
hemocytoblast
Which is true concerning muscle tissue? -contains contractile units made of collagen -cuboidal shape enhances function -highly cellular and well vascularized -is a single-celled tissue
highly cellular and well vascularized
Name the science that deals with the study of tissues .
histology
Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are
holocrine glands.
sebaceous glands
holocrine secretion, simple branched alveolar
What does the epithelial sheet of the cells look like in an apical surface view?
honey comb
Which of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland?
hormone glands
what cartilage provides the template for bone formation
hyaline
There are several components to a functional osteon. Changes to which of the following components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones to bend under a person's body weight?
hydroxyapatite
The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the _____.
iliac crest
Which of the following is the largest region of the hip bone?
ilium
Which region of the hip bone articulates with the sacrum?
ilium
stratified squamous epithelium location
keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin, nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces - lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, vagina, and covers tongue
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium location
lines gastrointestinal tract - stomach to anus, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ________.
lines most of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ________. possesses no goblet cells lines most of the respiratory tract aids in digestion is not an epithelial classification
lines most of the respiratory tract
Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial tissue
lines mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina or the surface skin
stratified columnar epithelium location
lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of conjunctiva of eye
ciliated simple columnar epithelium location
lines some bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain.
Mucous membrane does what?
lines tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body.
transitional epithelium location
lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra
Simple squamous epithelium is found __________.
lining blood vessels
Cuboidal cells function is to
lining glands and tubules, where they function in absorption and secretion
What organs are bade out of reticular connective tissue
liver, spleen, lymph nodes
Biology is a broad study that deals with
living things
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue containing fat cells that expand and shrink
reticular tissue
loose connective tissue that provides support and forms organs such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
Elastic connective tissue is found in what parts of the body
lungs, trachea, bronchi, aorta
________ are highly phagocytic cells that are a part of the body's defense system. These cells can be localized (fixed), or they can wander throughout the body.
macrophages
bone tissue
mostly calcium salts & collagen fibers, vascularized
Endothelium (simple squamous)
mostly lines the cardiovascular and lymphatic system (heart, blood vessels, lymphatic, vessel linings)
Epithelia are classified and identified by ________ and ____________.
number of cell layers; general shape
What is the structural differences between an epithelial tissue and a connective tissue.
number of cells in relation to the extracellular matrix. Epithelial tissue- many cells tightly packed together with little or no extracellular matrix. Connective tissues (except cartilage) -- have significant networks of blood vessels.
hemidesmosomes function
on the outside of the plasma membrane the integrins attach to the protein laminin, which is present in the basement membrane
Simple epithelia have ________.
one type of epithelial cell, arranged in a single layer
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
osseous tissue
lumen
passageways in the body
The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the
peritoneum.
fibrosis
permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue
Function of simple squamous epithelium
present at sites of filtration (such as blood filtration in kidneys) or diffusion (such as diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels of lungs) and at site of secretion in serous membranes. Not found in body areas subject to mechanical stress (wear and tear)
Connective tissues ________.
primarily consist of extracellular matrix
Connective tissues ________. arise from different types of embryonic tissue; therefore, they have little relationship or kinship to one another are all avascular primarily consist of extracellular matrix are delicate tissues, not designed to bear weight or withstand abrasion or tension
primarily consist of extracellular matrix All other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells, but connective tissues are largely nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.
stratified epithelium function
protect the underlying tissues where there is considerable wear and tear.
Which of the following is NOT a function of simple epithelium?
protection
what is adipose function?
protection, insulation, support, nutrient reserve
stratified cuboial epithelium function
protection, limited secretion and absorption
Squamous cells function is
protection, secretion, or diffusion
What is the function of transitional epithelia
protective barrier permits distension
connective tissue
protects and supports the body
In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________.
provide flexibility
What doe collagen fibers do?
provide strength
In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________. -provide tensile strength -provide elasticity -form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs -retain fluid
provide tensile strength Collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!
In connective tissue, the role of collagen fibers is to ________. form delicate networks around blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs provide elasticity retain fluid provide tensile strength
provide tensile strengthCollagen fibers are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength (that is, the ability to resist being pulled apart) to the matrix. Stress tests show that collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size!
simple cuboidal
provides limited protection & occurs where secretion & absorption take place, ex: kidney tubules, glands
Functions of the epithelia include
providing physical protection controlling permeability absorption
Lines the nasal cavities
pseudostratified columnar
moves substances over epithelial surfaces
pseudostratified columnar
adipose tissue function
reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports and protects organs.
Exocrine Glands
release their secretions, through tubelike structures called ducts, directly to the organs that use them. (Those that release sweat, tears, and digestive juices)
homeostasis
sameness. the condition of equilibrium, balance, in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes. body's internal environments remain stable
Exocrine glands ________.
secrete substances onto body surfaces
perichondrium
sets cartilage apart from surrounding tissues. Outer: fibrous layer for strength, protection & attachment Inner: cellular layer for growth & maintenance of cartilage
Transitional epithelium
several layer of cells whose appearance is variable. capable of stretching. lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and the urethra.
describe stratified squamous epithelium
several layers of cells. Top layer is flat, Deep layer vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar. Basal cells replicate (mitosis) and work their way to the surface. can be keratinized or non keratinized. (keratin- protein resistant to friction and repels bacteria) Keratinized stratified squamous epi. --keratin is deposited in surface cells. SKIN , HaIR and NAILS Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi. -- does not contain keratin and remains moist. MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS, VAGINA, ANUS Pap smear involves scraping these cells to check for cancer or pre cancer
Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
Which type of epithelium when viewed under a microscope appears to have cube-shaped cells organized into rings to form ducts and tubules?
simple cuboidal epithelia
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
describe simple cuboidal epithelium
simple layer of cube shaped cells performs the function of secretion and absorption
Forms the mesothelium of the peritoneum and secrets serous fluid
simple squamous
Located in the alveoli and provides a short distance for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
simple squamous
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
This tissue can look like the hexagonal tiles of a bathroom floor. It also forms the air sacs of the lungs.
simple squamous epithelium
Which type of epithelium lines the blood vessels and the heart chambers, and is also called the endothelium?
simple squamous epithelium
Name the 8 types of epithelial cells.
simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium ciliated simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified epithelium stratified squamous epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium stratified columnar epithelium transitional epithelium
endothelium
simple squamous lining inner surface of heart & all blood vessels
cutaneous membrane
skin, covers outer surface, waterproof
Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function?
skin: absorption
Which of the following epithelial tissue locations is NOT correctly matched to its function? -kidney: filtration -kidney: secretion -digestive tract: absorption -skin: absorption -skin: protection
skin: absorption The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of skin is designed for protection, not absorption from the external environment.
What are the characteristics of a cutaneous membrane?
skin; dry membrane
hyaline cartilage function
smooth surfaces for movement of joints, flexibility, and support. weakest type of cartilage, can easily be fractured.
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
soma
functions of connective tissue
structure, transportation, protection, storing energy, supporting surrounding and interconnecting of tissue, defense against invasion
Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?
supporting connective tissue
What does ground substance do?
supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides medium for exchange of substances between blood and cells
columnar epithelia
tall, slender rectangular epithelia
aponeurosis
tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or several bones, can stabilize positions of tendons & ligs, associated with large muscles of skull, lower back, abdomen, palms, soles
lymphatic system
thymus, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph node, lymphatic vessel, red bone marrow
spot desmosomes
tie cells together, allow binding and twisting
neural tissue
tissue that carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
connective tissue proper
tissue that connects and protects, has 6 different types
loose connective tissue
tissue that has more ground substance, fewer fibers, "packaging materials" of the body
muscle tissue
tissue that is specialized for contraction
dense regular tissue
tissue tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
What are some characteristics of epithelial tissue?
top layer of skin, cover/line body surfaces and cavities
Spongy bone has __________ rather than osteons.
trabeculae
Mature cells can also be known as ___________ cells. Why?
transient. because they come and go as needed.
lines the bladder and ureter and is distensible
transitional epithelial tissue
The urinary bladder is lined by __________.
transitional epithelium
This tissue type is capable of changing its shape and stretching. It lines the urinary bladder and ureters.
transitional epithelium
Which type of epithelium is found lining the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
Which type of epithelium lines the interior of the urinary bladder? -transitional epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -simple columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. The ability of transitional cells to change their shape (undergo "transitions") allows a greater volume of urine to flow through the tube-like ureters and allows more urine to be stored in the urinary bladder.
What does plasma do in the blood
transports nutrients, blood gases, waste, chemical messengers, blood cells and platelets
Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra
transverse process
Indicate the function of microvilli
tremendously increase exposed surface area
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
true
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.
true
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.
true
Mucous cells are ________. -hormone-producing glands -unicellular exocrine glands -endocrine glands -multicellular exocrine glands
unicellular exocrine glands Mucous cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a protein that combines with water to form mucus.
Skeletal muscle
works with tendons and bones ( voluntary muscles) - striated muscle (very large, have multiple nuclei, patterns of dark and light bands)
tight junction
zipper-like barrier, adhesion belt attached to terminal web, prevents diffusion between cells, ex: in lumen of GI tract
