Combo with "Anthropology Exam 1" and 1 other

List the 4 major subdivisions of Anthropology:

1. Cultural 2. Archaeological 3. Biological 4. Humanistic

Data on Mayan refugees from Guatemala now living in Los Angeles, California, showed an average height increase in one generation of

2.2 inches.

According to the lecture, Boasian epericism is best defined in which of the following ways?

A scientific approach that stresses careful observation and description over theorizing.

Comparitive method

A technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature by feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

All anthropologists agree that there can be no universal human rights or values.

According to the lecture, cultural relativity requires that:

All cultures be understood on their own terms.

Americans recognize seven colors in the rainbow, whereas Shona speakers only identify three. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Americans have more interest in color variations.

Honor Killing

An honor killing, or honour killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief of the perpetrators that the victim has brought dishonor or shame upon the family or community. Victims of honor killings are killed for reasons such as refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate, or engaging in homosexual relations.

From the video Preschool in Three Cultures, which of the following was NOT an example of enculturation shown in the classrooms?

Angolan children learning to play traditional musical instruments in participate ceremonies

What is meant by "anthropology is a holistic science?"

Anthropologists study human biology, language, and culture through all times and in all places.

Apache

Apache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the SW US. These indigenous people's of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) language, which is related linguistically to the languages of the Athabaskan speakers of Alaska and western Canada.

Early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called:

Armchair anthropologists

Anthropologists who study human variation due to genetic or hereditary factors are part of which subfield?

Biological anthropologists

Clifford Geertz

Clifford was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology, and who was considered "for three decades.... the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States.' He serve until his death as a professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.

Clyde Kluckhohn

Clyde was an American anthropologist and social theorist, best known for his long term ethnographic work among the Navajo and his contributions to the development of theory or culture within American anthropology.

In order to formulate generalizations concerning cultural systems, anthropologists must use:

Comparative methods

According to the text and lecture, the primary means through which humans adapt to their environment is:

Culture

Culture Change

Culture change is a term used in public policy that emphasises the influence of cultural capital on invidual and community behavior. It places stress on the social and cultural capital determinants of decision making and the manner in which these interact with other factors like the availability of information or the financial incentives facing individuals to drive behavior.

Diffusion

Diffusion is one of several transport phenomena that occur in nature. A distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it results in mixing or mass transport, without requiring bulk motion. Thus, diffusion should not be confused with convection, or advection, which are other transport mechanisms that utilize bulk motion to move particles from one place to another.

enculturation

Enculturation is the process by which a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviours that are appropriate or necessary in that culture. As part of this process, the influences which limit, direct, or shape the individual (whether deliberately or not) include parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values and rituals of the culture.

Researchers who view the actions of other people simply in terms of the degree to which they correspond to their own notions of the ways people should behave are:

Ethnocentric

Ethnographers differ from Ethnologists in which of the following ways:

Ethnographers gather data; Ethnologists do comparative analysis of ethnographers data

A written account of how a single population lives is called a/an:

Ethnography

According to the lecture, the two kinds of methodologies cultural anthropologists engage in to study and interpret cultural diversity include:

Ethnography and Ethnology

According to the lecture, to make generalizations concerning cultural systems is the objective of which cultural anthropology method?

Ethnology

True/False: Boas used the term relativism to account for why some cultures were better than others.

False

True/False: Charles Darwin proposed the first theory of evolution.

False

True/False: Culture is the genetically transmitted knowledge that is shared by a group of people.

False

True/False: From an anthropological perspective, culture is fixed and unchanging.

False

True/False: Humanistic anthropologists believe that the science of culture should include general theories of the development of religion, art, and other expressive culture.

False

True/False: Symbols are objects or events that have inherent meaning.

False

Anthropologists have become more sensitive to issues of voice and of power and have begun to reflect more critically on their role as observer in another culture primarily as a result of:

Feminist anthropology

According to the lecture, the school of thought believing that the whole purpose or rather role of culture is to serve both biological and psychological human needs is called:

Functionalism

Which of these is NOT a characteristic that defines culture?

Genetically transmitted

How did Napoleon Chagnon gain rapport with his informants?

He learned the language fluently.

Based on all available data anthropologists conclude that races are

Hereditary groups that share the same cluster of genes.

Historical linguistics is the study of language change. It has five main concerns: 1) to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages 2) to reconstruct the pre- history of languages and determine their relatedness 3) to develop general theories about how and why language changes 4) to describe the history of speech communities 5)to study the history of words Example Etymology

Historical linguistics

Prehistoric archaeology

History is the study of the past using written records. Archaeology can also be used to study the past alongside history. Prehistoric archaeology is the study of the past before historic records began.

In order to understand any aspect of a culture, it must be explored in terms of its relationship to other aspects of culture. This perspective within anthropology is called:

Holistic

According to the lecture, the three recurrent themes of anthropology are:

Holistic approach, Comparative approach, Broad in Scope

Which statement about biology and culture is most correct?

Human biology and culture both shape and are shaped by each other.

Cline

In linguistics, a cline is a scale of continuous gradation. While cline is most frequently invoked as a general concept, it has also developed specialized uses in various linguistic sub-disciplines.

Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is 'the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages'.

Anthropologists tend to agree that culture:

Is responsible for the differences in thinking and behaving between different groups.

Which of the following best describes the beginnings of anthropology?

It began as interest in human differences that developed during the European expansionism of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Which of the following is true of postmodern anthropology?

It emphasizes the relativism of all ideologies.

When three African Americans meet, one a factory worker, one a physician, and one a carpenter, what will speaking in African American Vernacular English achieve for them?

It will make their class differences.

To cultural anthropologists, differences in the behavior of human groups are best explained by:

Learned behavior patterns

Which of the following anthropologists is NOT associated with an evolutionary model of cultural development?

Leslie White

Leslie White

Leslie was an American anthropologist known for his advocacy of theories of cultural evolution, sociocultural evolution, and especially neoevolutionism, and for his role in creating the department of anthropology at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor. He was president of the American Anthropological Association (1964).

Engaging in participant observation requires:

Living with a group of people for an extended period of time.

Marvin Harris

Marvin was an American anthropologist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. A prolific writer, he was highly influential in the development of cultural materialism. A prolific writer, he was highly influential in the development of cultural materialism. In his work he combined Karl Marx's emphasis on the forces of production with Thomas Malthus's insights on the impact of demographic factors on other parts of the sociocultural system.

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of cultural knowledge?

Material belongings

Archaeologists study cultural patterns through human:

Material remains

Ideas about the proper behavior for men and women are part of the ____ components of culture.

Mental

Microculture

Microculture refers to the specialized subgroups, marked with their own languages, ethos and rule expectations, that permeate differentiated industrial societies. Microculture depends on the smellest units of organization- dyads, groups, or local communities- as opposed to the broader subcultures of race or class, and the wider national/global culture, compared to which they tend also to be more short lived, as well as voluntarily chosen. The study of kinesics- the nonverbal behavior of the small gathering-- can be used to illuminate the dynamics of a give microculture.

Monogamy

Monogamy is a form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse during their lifetime or at any one time (serial monogamy). In current usage monogamy often refers to having one sexual partner irrespective of marriage or reproduction.

Dressing correctly at a wedding is an example of what component of cultural knowledge?

Norms

The Yanomamo peoples are native to:

North America.

The primary criticism of historical particularism is that it

Overlooks the ways in which cultures are similar

Any culture's classification of time is:

Part of its classification of reality

The ethnographic field technique which involves direct firsthand study of daily behavior is referred to as:

Participant observation

Ruth Benedict

Ruth was an American anthropologist and folklorist. She was born in NY and attended Vassar College.

What was the primary source of culture shock when the textbook author, Roberta Edwards Lenkeit, conducted her fieldwork in Spain?

She had difficulties with the language.

The Washo people are native to

Southern Sudan in Africa.

According to the lecture, since all of the Lost Tribes of Israel had been accounted for, what were the peoples of the Americas first classified as:

Sub-humans and beasts

Which of the following was the core belief of Franz Boas?

That cultures are products of their own histories

According to the lecture, historical particularism made all of the the following contributions EXCEPT:

The insistence on looking for cultural similarities between cultures

Enculturation is:

The process by which the young learn the culture of those around them

Why would the phrase "see you later," cause confusion among immigrants to the United States?

The speaker means it literally.

According to lecture, culture in anthropology refers to:

The totality of shared, socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior

Which is NOT TRUE about linguistic anthropologists? They:

They reconstruct the history of language

What is the purpose of anthropological research?

To record descriptions of the cultures of specific peoples and explain cultural diversity.

True/False: As a discipline, anthropology focuses on understanding other groups of people, variability of human culture, and what it means to be human.

True

True/False: Holism is a concern for how all parts of a system are related to and influence others.

True

True/False: It is common for any particular anthropological study to incorporate more than one methodology.

True

True/False: Language is a symbolic system.

True

True/False: People are not always conscious of what they are communicating symbolically.

True

True/False: The most important ethical responsibility in anthropological fieldwork is to protect the interests of the people whom you are studying.

True

Th anthropologists of the 19th century believed that cultures transformed over time into more complex and superior cultures. This theoretical perspective is called:

Unilineal evolutionism

A people's beliefs about the way of life that is most desirable for them and for their society are called:

Values

Which of the following is the initial part of the field research process?

Writing reports to submit to government agencies in the host country.

Heterogeneous culture

___________ describes a small cultural group, such as the indigenous pygmy of the Ituri forest.

Adam Kuper

a British anthropologist most closely linked to the school of social anthropology. In his works, he often treats the notion of 'culture' skeptically, focusing as much on how it is used as on what it means.

Scientific Method

a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.

Experimental archaeology

a field of study which attempts to generate and test archaeological hypothesis, usually by replicating or approximating the feasability of ancient cultures performing various tasks or feats. It employs a number of different methods, techniques, analysis, and approaches in order to do so, based upon archaeological source material such as ancient structures or artifacts. It is distinct from uses of primitive technology without any concern for archaeological or historical study.

Historical archaeology

a form of archaeology dealing with places, things, and issues from the past or present when written records and oral traditions can inform and contextualize cultural material. These records can both complement and conflict with the archaeological evidence found at a particular site. Studies tend to focus on literate, historical-period societies as opposed to non-literate, prehistoric societies.

Polyandry

a form of polygamy whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Polyandry is contrasted with polygyny, involving one male and two or more females. Polyandry is also distinct from group marriage, involving plural participants of each sex.

Cultural relativism

a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.

Postmodernism

a term which describes the postmodernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements. It is in general the era that follows modernism. It frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term for skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism.

The Kula ring, found among the Trobriand Islanders, refers to

a type of money made from shells.

Biological anthropologists study culture because humans

adapt to the environment through natural selection.

Barry Bogin

an American physical anthropologist trained at the Temple University that researches physical growth in Guatemalan Maya children, and is a theorist upon the evolutionary origins of human childhood. He is presently at Loughborough University in the UK, after professorships at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, and Wayne State University.

Midden

an old dump for domestic waste which may consist of animal bone, human excrement, botanical material, vermin, shells, sherds, lithics, and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation. The word is of Scandinavian via Middle English derivation, but is used by archaeologists worldwide to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life. They may be convenient, single use pits created by nomadic groups or long term, designated dumps used by sedentary communities that accumulate over several generations.

Most anthropologists agree that language

and culture influence each other.

The four subfields of anthropology include cultural anthropology, biological anthropology and

archaeology, and linguistics.

Human Rights

are 'commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.'

Microcultures and subcultures are similar in that both

are comprised of groups that share behaviors, and values.

In English, we use the labiodental fricative for the letters

b and p

Real culture refers to behaviors that people

believe are appropriate.

The aboriginal Washo people ate

berries and seal meat.

The earliest domesticated plant in the Americas was probably

chenopodium.

The anthropologist Ward Goodenough pointed out that culture is

composed of standards for decision making.

Anthropologists use theoretical models to

conduct research without doing fieldwork.

Ethnic groups are groups of people with the same geographical point of origin and consist of

cultural groups

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about culture?

culture rarely changes.

The fact that many subcultures, ethnic groups, and microcultures live in China demonstrates that culture is

cumulative.

Culture changes as a result of internal influences through a process called

enculturation

Anthropologists have demonstrated that human skin color is an evolutionary adaptation to

environmental levels of UVA and UVB.

Swidden (or slash and burn) methods are used by horticulturalists primarily to

exterminate insect pests.

Contemporary human variation studies focus on

fieldwork methods used by biological anthropologists.

A primatologist studies

fossils of the Genus Homo.

What is the primary method used by ethnographers to study kinship relationships?

genealogical

Which of the following forms of reciprocity usually occurs between kin with no one keeping track of what is being given or received?

generalized reciprocity.

Human language differs from communication systems of other animals because humans

have open systems and use recursion.

The study of the processes by which a society adapts to its environment is called

heliocentric diffusionism.

An anthropologist who studies slaves from the American South by examining written records and by excavating slave rows on old plantations is a(n)

historical archaeologist

What is the focus of studies in ethnoarchaeology?

historical artifacts.

Which of the following areas of linguistics focuses on the sounds, words, and grammars of languages?

historical linguistics.

The key features that make anthropology unique among the sciences are

holism, fieldwork, the comparative method, and cultural relativism.

Typical features of horticulturalist societies include

intensive technology, sedentary lifestyle, no property ownership, and high energy budgets.

Ethnolinguistics

is a field of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture, and the way different ethnic groups perceive the world. It is the combination between ethnology and linguistics. The former refers to the way of life of an entire community Example all the characteristics which distinguish one community from another.

Ethnocentrism

judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

Ethnocentrism

judging another culture solely by the values and the standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.

Key informants are usually chosen by conducting a

judgment sample

Negative reciprocity typically takes place among

kin.

The drawbacks of the random sample include the

lack of stratification by age, gender, or wealth.

The feelings of helplessness, homesickness, disorientation, anger, and frustration that occur when a person experiences exposure to another society's culture is

life shock.

Foragers exist on what type of energy budget?

low

The production maximization model of agricultural production has the following advantages EXCEPT

lower food costs.

Which of the following insects is eaten by the Washo?

morphane caterpillars.

The pastoralist strategy of moving cattle seasonally for grazing purposes is described as:

nomadism.

The ________ view refers to the outsider's perspective, and the _______ view is the native's perspective, which the anthropologist is attempting to understand.

observation, participant

The comparative study of cultures is known as

paleoanthropology

The archaeological record supports that the earliest subsistence strategy used by humans was

pastoralism

Proxemic rules of a culture are broken when

people talk to their family members.

When an ethnographic account includes the personal reactions of the fieldworker to the field situation it is called what type of ethnography?

personal

The negative consequences of early agriculture include all of the following EXCEPT

potential for starvation.

State societies are characterized by these two features that are not found in tribes or chiefdoms.

redistribution and generalized reciprocity.

Members of the Genus Homo sapiens, learn most of our behavior through

signals and imitation

Phonology, morphology, and syntax are all concepts studied in

sociolinguistics

American business executives who live in Arab countries are often frustrated by the

tardiness of their visitors.

The major advantage of the formal interview technique is

the ability to control all of the variables.

Forensic anthropology

the application of the science of anthropology in a legal setting- most often physical anthropology and human biology in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic physical anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable. The adjective 'forensic' refers to the application of this subfield of science to a court of law.

The goals for anthropological research in bio anthropology do NOT include describing

the biological evolution of the human species.

Ethnology

the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them.

Phonoly

the branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on study of the systems of phomemes in particular languages, but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word, or at all levels of language where where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning.

Field Research

the collection of information outside of a laboratory of workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research varies across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct field research may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting field research may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Sociolinguistics

the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the sociology of language focuses on language's effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragnatics.

Friedl suggests that foragers are egalitarian because

the division of labor is relatively rigid.

Ethnoarchaeology

the ethnographic study for archaeological reasons, usually through the study of the material remains of a society. Ethnoarchaeology aids archaeologists in reconstructing ancient lifeways by studying the material and nonmaterial traditions of modern societies. Archaeologists can then infer that ancient societies used the same techniques as their modern counterparts given a similar sets of environmental circumstances.

Natural selection

the gradual, non random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential production of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

According to the AAA code of ethics, an anthropologist's primary ethical responsibility is toward

the people with whom they work.

Linguistics

the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: 1) language form 2) language meaning 3) language in context The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini around 500 BCE, with which his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi.

primatology

the scientific study of primates. It is a diverse discipline and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos. Primatologists study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies.

Morphology

the study of conceptual structure of ideologies, and the rules defining the admissibility of meanings into concepts.

Garbology

the study of modern refuse and trash. As an academic of discipline it was pioneered at the University of Arizona and long directed by William Rathje. The project started in 1973, originating from an idea of two students for a class project.

Humanistic anthropologists focus their research on

the use of the comparative method.

Geertz's definition of culture focuses on how culture is

transmitted from one generation to the next.

How many phonemes are there in the word hat?

two

Economic anthropology includes all of the following EXCEPT

units of production.

Floor walker's foot is a condition known to forensic anthropologists and is identified by

unusual flattening of the heel bone.

One benefit of the comparative method used in anthropology is that

we don't rely on data from just one study.