Combo with "Biology Final Review" and 10 others

Sympathetic Divison

"Fight or flight"

Parasympathetic Division

"Rest and repose"

Echinoderms are named for what?

"Spiny-skins" named for their external spines or spikes.

What are the 3 subphyla of Chordates? (hint: Ur chordates are Vertically Safe)

(1) (Safe) Cephalochordates (Lancelets). (2) (Ur chordates) Urochordates (Tunicates). (2) (Vertically) Vertebrates.

What are the four general groups of ancestral hominins?

(1) Australopithecus. (2) Paranthropus. (3) Early Homo. (4) Recent Homo.

What are the the four most important Mollusc lineages?

(1) Bivalves (2) Gastropods (3) Chitons (4) Cephalopods

What are the synapomorphies that describe all deuterostomes? (hint: to 3 ppl u dont like: Blast'em, then Call'em ecto-dumb, me-so-dumb, and endo-dumb

(1) Blastopore -> Anus 1st|Mouth 2nd. (2) True coelom, or body cavity. (3) Three tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

What are the key innovations to the vertebrate lineage? (hint: 7 of them: Just think of one of your Bony Exes using innuendos for "Feather-flapping" their Jaws at your Parents who Care about Amniotic Pregnancy). Lol That's the best I can do.

(1) Bony exoskeleton. (2) Jaws. (3) Bony endoskeleton. (4 Feathers and flight (5) Limbs capable of moving on land. (6) Amniotic egg. (7) Parental care

What are some unique characteritics of primates?

(1) Hands and feet for grasping. (2) Flattened nails on the fingers and toes instead of claws. (3) Relatively large brains. (4) Color vision. (5) Complex social behavior. (6) Extensive parental care of offspring.

What are the four major lineages of reptiles?

(1) Lizards and snakes (2) Turtles (3) Crocodiles and alligators (4) Birds

What are the advantages of retaining the embryo within the body? (hint: Same advantages to retired living in a Palm Springs resort, especially number 3, yea u know what i'm talkin about. Aaaaright)

(1) Offspring develop at a more constant, favorable temperature. (2) Offspring are protected. (3) Offspring are portable—mothers are not tied to a nest.

What are the 4 morphological features of all Chordates? (hint: C-Chord Slits Tail)

(1) PHARYNGEAL GILL SLITS: Openings into the throat. (2) DORSAL HOLLOW NERVE CORD (like a spinal cord): Runs the length of the body, comprised of projections from neurons. (3) NOTOCHORD: A supportive but flexible rod that runs the length of the body. Thus, CHORDates (4) Muscular POST-ANAL TAIL. Such as that of an OCD mailman. Or woman.

What are the two unique reproductive innovations occurred during protostome diversification?

(1) The evolution of metamorphosis. (2) An egg that would not dry out on land.

What are the 3 components of the molluscan body plan?

(1) The foot, a large muscle located at the base of the animal and usually used in movement. (2) The visceral mass, which contains most of the internal organs. (3) The mantle, a tissue layer that covers the visceral mass and forms the mantle cavity. In many species the mantle secretes one or more calcium carbonate shells.

Who are the 2 biologists that influenced Darwin?

(James)Hutton and (Charles)Lyell

Blood Flukes

- Class Trematoda - Of the genus Schistosoma - 3 species causes the disease schistosomiasis - worms coat themselves with host's own antigens- invisible to immune system

Phylum annelida classes

- Class polychaeta - Class clitellata

Class Turbellaria

- Free living flatworms -found in freshwater, marine, and even terrestrial enviroments

What are some examples of the aquatic Vertebrata species?

- Hagfish and Lampreys - Sharks, Rays, and skates - Fish and other types of fish that eat fish - Amphibians like frogs, toads, salamanders and caecilians

Mollusk Classes

- Polyplacophora - Gastropoda - Bivalvia - Cephalopoda

Class Bivalvia

- clams, oysters, scallops, mussels... - 2 lateral shells hinged together dorsally - most are sessile filter feeders - water circulation is mediated by siphons and rhythmic beating of cilia on gills

Mollusk Reproduction

- distinct male and female individuals - engage in external fertilization - in marine mollusks, embryos develop through spiral cleavage -Trochhophores: free-swimming larval stage - Veliger: second larval stage, only in bivalves and gastropods

Mollusk shell

- most mollusks produces a calcium carbonate rich shell - protection - some species have internalized or reduced shells

Class polychaeta

- mostly marine worms - have differentiated head - paired parapodia on most segments used in swimming, burrowing, and crawling - sexes are usually separate - many live in tubes

Class Clitellata- earthworms

- mostly terrestrial; live underground and eat their way through soil - consist of 100-175 segments with mouth on first and anus on last - lack eyes and head - move through soil using chaetae (setae) -- little chitinous bristles that anchor soil -- no parapodia - hermaphroditic - clitellum secrete mucus that holds worms together during copopulation - secretes mucus cacoon in which fertilized egg develops

Phylum Nematoda

- roundworms with many species - found in marine, fresh water, & soil - bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented -Pseudocoelomates-serves as skeletons, circular musculature - No defined circulatory system: fluids move within pseudocoel - covered with flexible, thick cuticle - Ecdysozoasns: molt cuticle 4 times - lack specialized respiratory organs and exchange oxygen through cuticles

Class Chelicerata includes...

- spiders -scorpions - horseshoe crabs -harvestman: daddy long legs - ticks and mites

Phylum Acoelomorpha

-Acoel flatworms were once considered basal members of the phylum Platyhelminthes -Have a primitive nervous system and lack a digestive cavity -Based on molecular evidence, similarities are convergent -Marine free-living invertebrates

Class cephalopoda

-Active marine predators - Foot: series of arms equipped with suction cups - squids have 8+2; octopuses 8; nautiluses 80-90 - highly developed nervous system - exhibit complex patterns of behavior and high level of intelligence - may have ink sac - many can change color using chromatophores

Protostomes = Determinate development

-Adult cell fate is determined early -Each early embryonic cell is destined to occur in a particular part of the adult body -If a cell of the blastula is eliminated development cannot proceed

Deuterostomes = Indeterminate development

-Adult cell fate is determined much later after, and the blastula is formed -If a cell of the blastula is eliminated development proceed and this cell is replaced with other through mitosis

Phylum annelida

-Always exhibit segmentation-worms - building of body from repetitive units - allows for specialization of each unit - ring-like segments divided internally by septa -front segments:specialized sensory organs - Ventral nerve cord connects the ganglia in each segment with each other and the brain - move using coelom as skeleton - closed circulatory system- blood vessels - exchange O2 & CO2 through body surface - excretory system repeats @ each segment

Eumetazoa

-Animals with distinct tissues -Embryos have distinct layers --Inner: endoderm forms the gastrodermis (= digestive tissue) --Outer: ectoderm forms the epidermis and nervous system --Middle: mesoderm (only in bilateral animals) forms the muscles -True body symmetry --Radial symmetry --Bilateral symmetry

Order Cirripedia

-Barnacles are crustaceans that are sessile as adults - free-swimming larvae - are hermaphroditic - some have stalks

Bilateria

-Bilaterally symmetrical -divided into 2 groups: protostomes & deuterostomes - All are triploblastic

Mollusk body plan

-Bilaterally symmetrical - except for cephalopods, all mollusks have an open circulatory system where their organs are bathed in blood & lymph - Muscular foot is adapted for locomotion, attachment and food capture

Evolution of a body cavity

-Body cavity made possible the development of advanced organ systems -This is different from the digestive cavity which is open to the exterior through the mouth and in most animals also through the anus

Bilateral symmetry

-Body has right and left halves that are mirror images -Only the sagittal plane bisects the animal into two equal halves

Radial symmetry

-Body parts arranged around central axis -Can be bisected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane

Class Cubozoa of Cnidarians

-Box-shaped with tentacles (Box jellies) -Strong swimmers, voracious fish predators -Stings may be fatal to humans -Polyp-stage (does not known or very brief)

Arthropoda classes

-Chelicerata -Myriapoda -crustacea -Hexapoda

Choanocytes

-Collar cells (similar to Choanoflagellate, protists) -Flagellated - contributes to water circulation -Face internal cavity -Engulf and digest food from passing water

Insecta internal organization

-Complex digestive tract - digestion takes place in stomach - excretion tales place through Malpighian tubules - Tracheae permeate all tissues

Cnidaria 2 layers to body wall

-Epidermis -Gastrodermis --Mesoglea between the 2 layers

Class Trematoda

-Flukes - Live as ecto- or endo- parasites in their bodies of other animals: attatch by suckers, anchors, or hooks - most have a life cycle that involves 2 or more hosts

Spiralians

-Grow by adding mass to an existing body -Obvious spiral cleavage

Phylum platyhelminthes Reproduction

-Hermaphroditic - undergo sexual reproduction - regeneration when divided

Class Hydrozoa of Cnidarians

-Hydroids, Hydra, Portuguese man-of-war -Many with both polyp and medusa stages -Only class with freshwater members: Hydra (no medusa stage and solitary). ~0.4 inches long

Class insecta

-Insects -Largest group of animals more than half of all named animal species - primarily terrestrial - approx one billion insects alive at any one time

Phylum Ctenophora

-Known as comb jellies, sea walnuts, or sea gooseberries -Mostly transparent and a few centimeters long -Developing of cilia for locomotion -Many bioluminescent -Triploblasts: blastula with three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) -Many have 2 long tentacles covered with colloblasts. These are cells that: --Discharge strong adhesive material to capture prey --No nematocysts

various growth forms of porifera

-Larval sponges free-swimming, mostly ciliated -Adults remain attached - sessile

Cnidarians use nematocysts to capture prey

-Microscopic intracellular structures called nematocytes are located inside cells known as cnidocyte (= "stinging cell") -Mechanism of discharge unknown -Some carry venom

Mesohyl

-Middle layer - gelatinous (protein) matrix -Spicules - needles of calcium carbonate -Spongin - reinforcing protein fibers

Order Acari

-Mites and ticks - large, diverse order - most mites are small: fused tagmata - ticks: larger than mites, blood eating parasites, can carry many diseases

Phylum Cnidaria

-Most marine, few fresh water species -Diploblastic [= Have blastula with two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)] -Bodies have distinct tissues but no organs meaning no reproductive, circulatory, or excretory systems -No concentrated nervous system --Nervous system is grid of nerve cells but no brain or ganglia --There are nervous receptors for touch, gravity, light receptors

Nematode Digestion

-Mouth equipped with piercing organs called stylets - food passes through the mouth by the sucking action of the pharynx -undigested material is eliminated through the anus

Phylum platyhelminthes Circualtory system

-NO circulatory system - oxygen diffuses straight from the environment due to: --flattened body shape --highly branched gut

Phylum platyhelminthes excretory system

-Network of fine tubules - flame cells located on the side branches- ---isolates excess water, salts, metabolic wastes from cells - function similar to kidneys - wastes are excreted into the gut and eliminated through the mouth

Class Clitellata- leeches

-Occur mostly in freshwater -usually flattened dorsoventrally -Have no chaetae -Medicinal leech: Hirudo medicinalis secretes anticoagulant

Origination of coelom

-Protostomes = Forms simply and directly as a split of mesoderm cells as soon as the gut starts to develop -Deuterostomes = Also forms as a split of mesoderm cells, but much later (after most of the gut is formed)

Gastrovascular cavity also serves as hydrostatic skeleton

-Provides a rigid structure against which muscles can operate: --Pressure of muscles on the gastrovascular space gives different animal shapes and provides movement --Regulated by opening/closing of mouth

Class Anthozoa of Cnidarians

-Sea anemones, most corals, sea fans -Solitary and colonial polyps -Corals harbor symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) photosynthesize and provide nutrients to reef coral -Coral reefs economically important: Refugee for young fish Protect coasts

Phylum Mollusca

-Second most diverse phylum - include snails, slugs, clams, octopuses.. -most groups in oceans - used for food, pearls produced in oysters, mother-of-pearl produced in shells of abalone - Mollusks can be pests: zebra mussels, garden snails

Phylum platyhelminthes Nervous system

-Simple nervous system - eyespot can distinguish light from dark - cerebral ganglion

Class Gastropoda

-Snails and slugs - primarily marine, some invaded land - pairs of tentacles with eyes at the ends - during embryological development, gastropods undergo: --Torsion: mantle cavity & anus moved from posterior to the front -- Coiling: spiral winding of shell

Order Araneae

-Spiders - about 35,000 species - many spiders catch their prey in silk webs, silk protein forced out of spinnerets - other spiders actively hunt their prey - all spiders have poison glands leading through their chelicerae

Class Staurozoa

-Star jellies -Resembles a medusa in most ways but is attached to the substratum by a sort of stalk that emerges from the side opposite the mouth

Class Cercomeromorpha

-Tapeworms - live as parasite within bodies of other animals - most species occur in the intestines of vertebrates --absorb nutrients through their skin -- have lost their digestive system

five main features of animals have been the subject of evolution of the animal body plan

-The evolution of symmetry -The evolution of tissues -The evolution of body cavity -The evolution of development -The evolution of body segmentation

cell types of porifera

-Truly multicellular -Cells arranged in 3 functional layers in "vase"

Platyhelminthe Classes

-Turbellaria (free living) -Trematoda (parasitic) - Cercomeromorpha (parasitic)

Phylum Rotifera

-Wheel animals - Pseudocoelomates - spiralia Complex internal organs -rapidly beating thick cilia at their heads: Corona -corona may be fused for transport or funneling in food

ecdysis

-arthropods periodically go through ecdysis or molting - shedding the outer cuticle layer of exoskeleton

Phylum Platyhelminthes

-flatworms, soft-bodied animals -protostome -Acoelomates -move by ciliated epithelial cells -developed musculature -digestive cavity with only one opening; can't feed continuously -muscular contractions tear and ingest food

Mollusk Radula

-most mollusk have this rasping tongue-like organ - originally used for scrapping & crushing - now modified into many different structures: shark beak, drill, poisonous dart, eliminated due to lack of use

Which of the following statements about plant secondary metabolites is false? A. Some can be used to treat human diseases. B. Some can be poisonous to humans. C. The activity of certain medicines is due to secondary metabolites. D. Some of them can cross the placenta during pregnancy. E. They are too unpredictable to use in pharmaceutical research.

...

13. Of the following, the correct order from largest, most inclusive group to smallest, most specific group, is A. species, genus, family, class, order. B. species, family, genus, class, order. C. class, genus, order, family, species. D. class, order, family, genus, species. E. class, family, order, genus, species.

.D. class, order, family, genus, species.

Queens of some ants, bees and wasp species mate with a number of unrelated males. Suppose that a queen mates twice and the sperm mixes evenly, what would be the average relatedness among her daughters in the colony?

0.375

Based on the type of body cavity. Animals are divided into three groups:

1. Acoelomates = No body cavity -Flatworms -Organs are in direct contact with mesodermal tissue 2. Pseudocoelomates = Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm -Does not develop within mesoderm (see next slide Coelomates) but between mesoderm and endoderm -Cavity is called the pseudocoelom -Found in nematoda 3. Coelomates = Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm -Called the coelom -It originates from mesoderm cells -Found in most bilateral animals including animals

Sponge reproduction

1. Asexual -Fragmentation 2. Sexual -Choanocytes transform into sperm -Sperm captured and passed to egg cell in mesohyl -Development may occur within mother or in open water -Larva is planktonic; will settle and transform into adult

Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in three other fundamental embryological features:

1. Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells -Protostomes = Spiral cleavage. --Each new cell cleaves off at an angle oblique to the polar axis --New cells are not aligned directly over each other -Deuterostomes = Radial cleavage --Each new cell cleaves off along an axis that is parallel to the polar axis --New cells are aligned directly over each other

Separation of annelids and arthropods into different clades (both have segmentation)

1. Division of part of the protostome group into Ecdysozoa (animals that shed their exoskeleton such as crustaceans and nematodes) and Spiralia (it includes mollusks and annelids, animals that grow by gradual addition of mass to the body) 2. The latter is then broken down into Lophotrochozoa (animals that move by muscular contraction) and Platyzoa (tiny and flat animals that move by ciliary action)

Cnidarian life cycle: In general, in species having the life cycle with both polyp and medusa, the medusa forms gametes

1. Gonochorism - Separate sexes and individual medusa is either male or female 2. Zygote develops into planktonic planula 3. Metamorphosis into polyp 4. Polyp produces medusae or other polyps asexually

Advantages of bilateral symmetry

1. Greater mobility. Animals can move in a consistent direction. Typically the anterior part leading 2. Directional movement led to the grouping of nerve cells into a brain and sensory structures in the anterior part (= Cephalization or evolution of a definite brain area)

The Bilaterian Acoelomates

1. Mostly characterized by bilateral symmetry 2. Allowed for high levels of specialization 3. Bilaterians are traditionally classified by the condition of their coelom -Acoelomates (Lack of Coelom or Pseudocoelom) -Pseudocoelomates (Pseudocoelom) -Coelomates (Coelom)

During embryonic development. Eumetazoa produce three germ layers

1. Outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system) 2. Middle mesoderm [skeleton and muscles (including hear)] 3. Inner endoderm (most organs and intestines)

Three functional layers of porifera

1. Outer epithelium 2. Mesohyl 3. Choanocytes

Evolution of Tissues

1. Parazoa (Sponges - the simplest animals) lack defined tissues and organs -A specialized cell of a sponge (for instance cells lining the cavity where feeding occurs) can: -Lose this special attribute and change to serve another function (for instance being a gamete) 2. Eumetazoa (all other animals) have distinct and well-defined tissues -Have irreversible differentiation for most cell types

evolution of symmetry

1. Parazoa (Sponges) lack any definite symmetry 2. Eumetazoa (rest of animals) have a symmetry defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animal's body -There are two main types of symmetry

Metazoans are divided into two main branches:

1. Parazoa = Lack symmetry and tissues (sponges) 2. Eumetazoa = Have symmetry and tissues -Diploblastic = Have blastula with two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm). Cnidaria -Triploblastic = Have blastula with three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). All the more complex animals. From flat worms to humans: --Protostomia: Mouth develop first --Deuterostomia: Anus develop first

Porifera

1. Parazoa: Animals lacking tissues (and therefore organs) and a definite symmetry 2. 7000 marine species; 150 freshwater species 3. Among the most abundant animals in the deep ocean

2 basic body forms of Cnidaria

1. Polyps - cylindrical and sessile 2. Medusa - umbrella-shaped and free-living

Bilaterians can be divided into two groups

1. Protostomes develop the mouth first from or near the blastopore -Anus (if present) develops later either from blastopore or another region of embryo -Most bilaterians: flatworm (no anus), nematodes (no anus), mollusks, and arthropods 2. Deuterostomes develop the anus first from the blastopore -Mouth develops later from another region of the embryo -Echinoderms, chordates (include vertebrates)

Animals that lack a coelom

1. Simplest members of the animal kingdom 2. No coelom = noncoelomates 3. Many have a body space called a pseudocoelom

Cnidarian life cycle

1. Some cnidarians occur only as polyps, and others exist only as medusae, but many alternate between these two phases -Both phases consist of diploid individuals -Like all animals they have diplontic life cycles

Segmentation provides two main advantages

1. Specialization of different body segments (= parts) for different functions 2. Allows for more efficient and flexible movement because each segment can move independently

General features of animals

1. heterotrophy 2. multicellularity 3. no cell walls 4. active movement 5. diversity in form 6. diversity in habitat 7. sexual reproduction 8. embryonic development 9. tissues

Cladogram

A branching tree which depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships; composed of clades

What are (the Metamorphosis of both feeding and non-feeding competent larvae In) gastropods?

A chemical cue is often a substance produced by the juvenile or adult food source is generally a part of this.

Organ System

A group of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter and a ligand

What is adaptive radiation?

A single species evolving over time into diverse forms that live in different ways

71. This is where I was born and raised: A. Eastern Canada B. East Timor C. East London D. East Boise, Idaho E. East Wing of USS Enterprise

A. Eastern Canada

72. What order of gut fungi has biconical zygospores? A. Harpellales B. Guitarales C. Avatarales D. Klingonales E. Tribbleales

A. Harpellales

Parasitoid wasps are sometimes involved in a plant's defensive response. In what way are the wasps helpful to the plant? A. The wasps respond to a chemical the plant gives off when wounded, and the wasps lay their eggs on the caterpillar that wounded the plant. B. The wasps live in hollow thorns of the plants, and attack the plants' predators. C. The wasps stimulate the production of alkaloids the plants use for defense. D. The wasps enhance the plants' hypersensitive response. E. The wasps trigger leaf abscission so that herbivores do not have anything to eat.

A. The wasps respond to a chemical the plant gives off when wounded, and the wasps lay their eggs on the caterpillar that wounded the plant.

6. Of the following primitive Earth conditions and chemical reactions, which one do biochemists know was important to the formation of amino acids and subsequent formation of complex carbon molecules that are common to life? A. There had to be a reducing atmosphere rather than one with oxygen, otherwise formation of those molecules would have been extremely difficult. B. There had to be an atmosphere with oxygen rather than a reducing atmosphere, otherwise formation of those molecules would have been extremely difficult. C. Cellular respiration was necessary for the reducing atmosphere to form, otherwise photosynthesis would not have been able to occur. D. Sulfide molecules from deep-sea vents interacted with available atmospheric oxygen, producing a reducing atmosphere that would have encouraged amino acid formation. E. Silicate surfaces provide excellent substrates for cellular respiration, thus increasing the available atmospheric oxygen, which in turn promoted evolution of inorganic molecules into animate forms.

A. There had to be a reducing atmosphere rather than one with oxygen, otherwise formation of those molecules would have been extremely difficult.

42. Protists are classified into a single kingdom because of which of the following features? A. They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals. B. They are microscopic. C. They are unicellular. D. All types of nutritional modes are found. E. They are monophyletic.

A. They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals.

Which of the following is a unique feature of viruses that separates them from bacteria? A. They are generally smaller. B. They are often highly toxic. C. They lack proteins. D. They have different nucleotides in their hereditary material. E. They cannot exist outside of a host cell.

A. They are generally smaller.

Water molecules can "stick" to certain surfaces by A. adhesion. B. cohesion. C. root pressure. D. water pressure. E. pneumatophores.

A. adhesion.

70. Asexual reproduction by conidia; spores contain eight haploid nuclei; yeasts. A. ascomycota B. zygomycota C. basidiomycota D. chytrids

A. ascomycota

Among insect-pollinated angiosperms, which of these are the most common pollinators? A. bees B. butterflies C. fruit flies D. moths E. ants

A. bees

Which of the following is not a plant macronutrient? A. boron B. potassium C. phosphorus D. nitrogen E. sulfur

A. boron

Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of the problem of A. desiccation. B. pollination. C. syngamy. D. spore germination. E. coevolution.

A. desiccation.

Mature plants may become __________ in dry or cold seasons in order to survive long periods that are unfavorable for growth. A. dormant B. dehydrated C. photoperiodic D. thigmonastic E. gravitropic

A. dormant

Fertilization in angiosperms leads to the formation of a diploid zygote and the typically triploid primary A. endosperm nucleus. B. seed. C. ovule. D. ovary. E. carpel.

A. endosperm nucleus.

10. Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by A. endosymbiosis. B. exocytosis. C. pinocytosis. D. mutation. E. natural selection.

A. endosymbiosis.

Natural communities recycle nutrients, but cultivated communities often require an input of mineral nutrients due to losses through A. erosion. B. humus. C. nitrogen fixation. D. crop rotation. E. iron accumulation.

A. erosion.

Water may be lost in liquid form at the edges of the leaves of herbaceous plants through a process known as A. guttation. B. cohesion. C. phloem loading. D. mesophyll adhesion. E. aeration.

A. guttation.

18. The stem axis of the embryo below the cotyledons in some seedlings. A. hypocotyl B. endosperm C. scutellum D. radicle E. epicotyl

A. hypocotyl

58. A symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is called a A. lichen. B. mycorrhiza. C. protist. D. kelp. E. mushroom.

A. lichen.

The androecium is considered a specialized organ that bears the A. microsporangia of angiosperms. B. megasporangia of angiosperms. C. sporangia of angiosperms. D. eggs of angiosperms. E. flowering hormones of angiosperms.

A. microsporangia of angiosperms

The gametophyte is green and nutritionally independent in A. mosses, liverworts, and ferns. B. angiosperms. C. gymnosperms. D. conifers. E. cycads.

A. mosses, liverworts, and ferns.

62. The fruiting structures formed by secondary mycelia of basidiomycetes are known as A. mushrooms. B. yeasts. C. lichen. D. ascocarps. E. zygospores.

A. mushrooms.

56. The general term for a mass of hyphae in fungi is a(n) A. mycelium. B. mycorrhizae. C. conidium. D. sporangium. E. ascus.

A. mycelium.

52. Occur mainly in water or as plant parasites; include the organisms responsible for the great Irish potato famine; show alternation of generations. A. oomycetes B. cellular slime molds C. brown algae D. Euglenozoa E. Plasmodium

A. oomycetes

78. Water is able to cross plant plasma membranes by a combination of A. osmosis and aquaporins. B. evaporation and diffusion. C. root pressure and turgidity. D. diffusion and phloem. E. transpiration and casparian strips.

A. osmosis and aquaporins.

Which of these insectivorous plants uses a column of fluid to help contain the prey? A. pitcher plants B. Venus flytraps C. sundews D. the aquatic waterwheel E. bladderworts

A. pitcher plants

A plant cell whose wall has been enzymatically removed. A. protoplast B. abscission C. phytochrome D. apomixis E. vernalization

A. protoplast

12. The biological name of an organism in the binomial system contains two parts, the genus and the A. specific epithet (sometimes loosely referred to as species) B. phylum. C. kingdom. D. order. E. family.

A. specific epithet (sometimes loosely referred to as species)

Certain plant invaders, such as the alfalfa plant bug, are extremely invasive and hard to control because A. they arrive in new locations where their natural predators are not present. B. they tap into the xylem of a plant while seeking carbohydrates. C. they cause the plants' axillary buds to grow out. D. their populations evolve faster than the plants they attack. E. cause the plants' stomates to become unevenly distributed within the epidermis.

A. they arrive in new locations where their natural predators are not present.

25. All of the following are ways that prokaryotes can exchange genetic material except A. vertical gene transfer. B. conjugation. C. transduction. D. transformation. E. exchange of R plasmids.

A. vertical gene transfer.

Which of the following processes is not involved in determining when a plant will produce flowers? A. water potential B. temperature C. light D. promotive internal signals E. inhibitory internal signals

A. water potential

What are insect wings?

About two-thirds of the multicellular species living today have these.

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

Activation gate and inactivation gate; At rest, activation gate closed, inactivation gate open; Transient influx of Na+ causes the membrane to depolarize

Nematode feeding

Active hunters - preying on protists & small animals Parasites - plants and larger animals Diseases in humans - Trichinella- trichinosis: forms cyst in muscles - Ascaris: internal roundworm - necator: hookworm anemia

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

Adaptation in the circulation of large fish and some sharks that allow them to maintain a significantly higher body temperature in some parts of the body. This is done by allowing the cooler blood in the veins to be warmed through radiation of heat from the warmer blood in the arteries nearby.

Observations suggest that beak differences in the finches Darwin collected from the Galapagos Islands evolved as _________ to different food sources.

Adaptations

Cocaine

Affects neurons in the brain's "pleasure pathways" (limbic system); Binds dopamine transporters and prevents the reuptake of dopamine; Dopamine survives longer in the synapse and fires pleasure pathways more and more

Arthropod Morphology

All arthropods -have jointed appendages - have an exoskeleton made of secreted chitin and protein that functions in protection & muscle attachment but limits body size Arthropod bodies are segmented -some segments fused into tagmata -open circulatory system

What are triploblastic bilaterians?

All protostomes are these and undergo similar embryonic development. They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.

Ion leakage channels

Allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

Echinoderms have what type of skeleton?

An endoskeleton

What are vestigal organs?

An organ with little or no function, left over from the past (i.e. the appendix)

Poikilotherms

Animals that allow their body temperature to conform to the environment

Homeotherms

Animals that regulate their body temperature based on a set point.

Endotherms

Animals that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain their temperatures above the ambient temperature.

Ectotherms

Animals with a relatively low metabolic rate that do not use metabolism to produce heat, and have a body temperature that coforms to the ambient temperature. Regulate temperature by behavior.

What is a mutation?

Any change in a sequence of DNA

Class Crustacea

Are primarily aquatic organisms -crabs, shrimps, lobsters, barnacles, etc - have 3 tagmata but only front 2 may fuse - have 2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs of appendages, and various pairs of legs - most appendages are biramous that branch into 2 parts - Mandibles evolved from a pair of limbs that took on a chewing function - most crustaceans have separate sexes - majority develops through a nauplius stage

What are jointed limbs and chitinous exoskeletons?

Arthropods are distinguished by these types of limbs and this hard outer shell.

Phylum Arthropoda

Arthropods are the most successful animals - 1,000,000 species, about 80% insects Arthropods affect all aspects of human life

What is a hemocoel?

Arthropods have a spacious body cavity called this, that provides space for internal organs and circulation of fluids.

What is the tagmata?

Arthropods have segmented bodies that are organized into prominent regions called The head, thorax, and abdomen, which are each called the basic types of these.

What are the subphyla of echinoderms? (hint: "You must be off-your-oida to Cri-y 'Holo Asteroid Echo!')

Asteroida, Echinoida, Crinoidea, Ophiurdoida, and Holothuroida

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bones by tendons, causing movement at joints. Composed of numerous, very long cells called muscle fibers, which have multiple nuclei. Lie parallel to each other and have tendons on each end. Stimulated by motor neurons. Nervous system controls strength of contraction by regulating the number of cells stimulated to contract.

Describe the characteristics of Australopithecus and Paranthropus

Australopithecus is composed of four species of small apes called gracile ("slender") australopithecines. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the gracile australopithecines were bipedal. Paranthropus is composed of bipedal robust australopithecines. All three species had massive cheek teeth and jaws, very large cheekbones, and a sagittal crest—a flange of bone at the top of the skull. This lineage is hypothesized to have become extinct during human evolution.

75. Which one of the following is actually a species name: A. Bumble bee B. Apis mellifera C. Black and yellow with stripes, flies, helps pollinate flowers D. Do be E. Nameste

B. Apis mellifera

30. Which of the following differences between Archaebacteria and Bacteria is correct? A. Archaebacteria have peptidoglycans in their cell walls. Bacteria do not have peptidoglycans in their cell walls. B. Archaebacteria and Bacteria have different lipids in their bilipid layer of the plasma membranes. C. Archaebacteria and Bacteria have ribosomal proteins and an RNA polymerase that are distinctly different from eukaryotes, however bacteria ribosomal proteins are different from eukaryotes, while Archaebacteria ribosomal proteins are very similar. D. Genes of most Archaebacteria are not interrupted by introns, whereas intorns interrupt bacteria genes.

B. Archaebacteria and Bacteria have different lipids in their bilipid layer of the plasma membranes.

5. A kingdom not containing eukaryotes is A. Protista. B. Archaebacteria. C. Fungi. D. Animalia. E. Plantae (virdiplantae).

B. Archaebacteria.

33. Which of the following statements about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is false? A. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia are all transmitted through sexual contact. B. Because chlamydia has both bacterial and viral characteristics, it cannot be treated with antibiotics. C. Chlamydia is known as the "silent STD." D. The incidence of chlamydia has increased as gonorrhea has decreased. E. Syphilis can be transmitted to fetus.

B. Because chlamydia has both bacterial and viral characteristics, it cannot be treated with antibiotics.

11. The binomial system of classification of organisms was developed by A. Darwin. B. Linnaeus. C. Wallace. D. Griffith. E. Schleidin.

B. Linnaeus.

Why does scratching or chipping the seed coat of certain seeds, called scarification, sometimes speed up germination? A. The mechanical stress activates enzymes. B. Water and oxygen can enter the seed to reach the embryo. C. Carbon dioxide can enter the seed and stimulate photosynthesis to start. D. Bacteria or fungi can enter the seed and trigger hormones. E. Damage to the seed coat releases -amylases into the endosperm.

B. Water and oxygen can enter the seed to reach the embryo.

Removing the apical bud of a stem usually results in A. faster flowering. B. a bushier plant. C. accelerated growth. D. leaf abscission. E. starch accumulation.

B. a bushier plant.

The process by which leaves or petals are shed. A. protoplast B. abscission C. phytochrome D. apomixis E. vernalization

B. abscission

57. Fungi are ecologically important because of all of the following except A. they break down organic material and return them to the ecosystem. B. all can exist in symbiotic relationships. C. some can ferment and produce bread, beer, wine, cheese, and soy sauce. D. some cause diseases in plants and animals. E. they can break down lignin.

B. all can exist in symbiotic relationships.

3. Which of the following was produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others? A. ammonia and water B. amino acids C. CO2 and H2O D. formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide E. methane and oxygen

B. amino acids

29. Gonorrhea and syphilis are most commonly controlled by A. drinking pickle juice. B. antibiotics. C. boiling water. D. fluoride treatment. E. pasteurization.

B. antibiotics.

28. Dental plaque (a biofilm), a first stage in tooth decay, consists of A. sugars. B. bacteria surrounded by a polysaccharide matrix. C. fluoride. D. lactic acid. E. bacteria and high pH.

B. bacteria surrounded by a polysaccharide matrix.

Taxol is a secondary metabolite from the bark of the Pacific yew tree that was found to be effective in fighting what human disease? A. diabetes B. breast cancer C. indigestion D. headaches E. high blood pressure

B. breast cancer

54. The fungal group that is most closely related to ancestral fungi are the A. zygomycota. B. chytridomycota (chytrids). C. ascomycota. D. basidomycota. E. zygomycota.

B. chytridomycota (chytrids).

A scientist is investigating a hormone response in rose bush stems. The apical meristems of the main stems were removed to allow the lateral buds to develop. What hormone will induce the development of lateral buds once the apical meristems are removed? A. auxin B. cytokinin C. gibberellin D. abscisic acid E. ethylene

B. cytokinin

Which of the following fruits is most likely to be wind-dispersed? A. acorn B. dandelion C. orange D. coconut E. spiny burgrass

B. dandelion

40. Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic, and having double shells made of silica are known as A. dinoflagellates. B. diatoms. C. kelps. D. euglenoids. E. foraminifera.

B. diatoms.

Plants that produce only ovules or only pollen are called A. monoecious plants. B. dioecious plants. C. hermaphroditic plants. D. incomplete plants. E. determinant plants.

B. dioecious plants

A process unique to angiosperms is A. single fertilization. B. double fertilization. C. syngamy. D. alternation of generation. E. seed production.

B. double fertilization.

20. Nutritive tissue within angiosperm seeds. A. hypocotyl B. endosperm C. scutellum D. radicle E. epicotyl

B. endosperm

64. Which of the following fungi usually form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the outer cells of the plant roots are penetrated by the fungal hyphae? A. ascomycetes B. glomeromycetes C. deuteromycetes D. basidiomycetes E. chytrids

B. glomeromycetes

Evolutionarily, floral parts are modified A. stems. B. leaves. C. roots. D. stolons. E. buds.

B. leaves.

7. When you think of the origins of life, taking an "early perspective" diversity among the vast numbers of organisms that have arisen on Earth can be attributed to all the following except A. sexual reproduction. B. multicellularity. C. endosymbiosis. D. horizontal gene transfer (HGT). E. mutation.

B. multicellularity.

22. The prokaryotic DNA is located in the A. capsid region. B. nucleoid region. C. endospore region. D. peptidoglycan region. E. pili region.

B. nucleoid region.

9. In the taxonomic hierarchical system for grouping organisms, the next higher group to a family is A. genus. B. order. C. class. D. species. E. phylum.

B. order.

At the Farmers' Market, which of these fruits would you select as examples of drupes? A. oranges and lemons B. peaches and plums C. strawberries and blackberries D. blueberries and tomatoes E. grapes and peppers

B. peaches and plums

Mycorrhizae are especially effective in helping plant roots uptake A. nitrogen. B. phosphorus. C. potassium. D. iron. E. magnesium.

B. phosphorus.

34. Accessory DNA molecule. A. conjugation B. plasmid C. transduction (generalized) D. transduction (specialized) E. transformation (artificial)

B. plasmid

38. Amoebas move from place to place by means of their A. cysts. B. pseudopods. C. pseudomonads. D. sorocarps. E. plasmodia.

B. pseudopods.

The shoot apical meristem gives rise to all of these except A. leaves. B. roots. C. floral structures. D. stems. E. internodes.

B. roots.

19. Current classification of prokaryotes is based on A. morphology of flagella. B. sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA. C. occurrence of transverse binary fission. D. type of colony formation. E. ability to stain the cell wall with Gram stain.

B. sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA

Plants' first line of defense against attack by pathogens is A. the thick walls of cells within the xylem tissue. B. the dermal tissue system. C. the plasma membrane of the cells. D. various secondary metabolites, such as quinine. E. the hypersensitive response.

B. the dermal tissue system

Most carbohydrates manufactured in leaves and other photosynthetic parts are transported through the phloem to the rest of the plant by the process of A. transpiration. B. translocation. C. osmosis. D. receptor-mediated transport. E. turgor pressure.

B. translocation.

The process by which water is "pulled" up through the xylem columns of plants and evaporated out of the leaves is called A. root pressure. B. transpiration. C. osmosis. D. adhesion of water molecules. E. cohesion of water molecules.

B. transpiration.

Which of the following tissues transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots? A. phloem B. xylem C. cortex D. vascular cambium E. cork cambium

B. xylem

What is the synapomorphy that defines hominis?

Bipedalism is the synapomorphy that defines the hominins, the monophyletic group comprising Homo sapiens and more than a dozen extinct, bipedal relatives.

Class chelicerata characteristics

Body divided into 2 main tagmata Chelicerae - anterior appendages - often function as fangs or pincers Pedipalps posterior to chelicerae - resemble legs - used as copulatory organs, pincers, or sensors

Osteocytes

Bone Cells

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

Sodium-potassium pump

Brings two K+ into cell for every three Na+ it pumps out

14. Living organisms can be divided into _____ domains. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

C. 3

49. If the brown algae obtained their chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis, then the number of membranes surrounding their chloroplast should be _________. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6

C. 4

17. Lacks membrane-bound organelles; even though unicellular, engaged in endosymbiosis with the Eukarya. A. Animalia B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Plantae E. Protista

C. Bacteria

Which of the following steps is not one of the phases of a fungal invasion of a plant? A. Windblown fungal spores land on plant leaves. B. Hyphae grow through cell walls and press against the cell membrane. C. Fungal DNA is replicated by the plant cells. D. Hyphae differentiate into specialized structures called haustoria. E. A fungal spore germinates and forms an adhesion pad that allows it to stick to a plant's leaf.

C. Fungal DNA is replicated by the plant cells.

8. One day while Dr. Rogers was working in his taxonomic laboratory, a package arrived with the following label: "Beware, the contents of this package contains a eukaryotic, multicellular, nonmotile, nonphotosynthetic life form. Open with extreme caution." Dr. Rogers quickly closed the doors and windows of his laboratory and opened the package. To which kingdom of life could this life form belong? A. Archaebacteria B. Animalia C. Fungi D. Plantae E. Protista

C. Fungi

39. The marine multicellular protists including the larger brown algae belong to the A. dinoflagellates. B. Choanoflagellida. C. Stramenopiles. D. euglenoids. E. foraminifera.

C. Stramenopiles.

Your friend has never gardened before, and when none of the seeds he planted germinated, he asked you to suggest why. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of what occurred? A. The monocot seeds he used were only able to produce a single cotyledon each. B. The seeds were planted too deeply and used up their reserves before reaching the surface and sunlight. C. The suspensor failed to develop into an embryo within each seed. D. All seeds require fire in order to germinate. E. Seeds take more than one season to germinate.

C. The suspensor failed to develop into an embryo within each seed.

53. Multicellular, marine protists, some reaching 100 meters in length; known as seaweeds. A. oomycetes B. cellular slime molds C. brown algae D. Euglenozoa E. Plasmodium

C. brown algae

48. Which of the following terms is NOT associated with the Euglenozoa? A. stigma B. pellicle C. cilia D. mitochondria E. flagellum

C. cilia

46. Vacuoles for ingesting food and regulating their water balance are characteristic of A. sporozoans. B. trypanosomes. C. ciliates. D. algae. E. spirochetes

C. ciliates.

60. Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place by means of A. ascogonia. B. ascospores. C. conidia. D. motile gametes. E. zygospores.

C. conidia.

Which of the following gymnosperms is used for production of lumber, resin, turpentine, etc.? A. cycads B. ginkgoes C. conifers D. anthophytes E. gnetophytes

C. conifers

All viruses are constructed of A. DNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid. B. RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid. C. either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid. D. either DNA or RNA, however many do not have the capsid.

C. either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.

Which of the following is not true about Amborella trichopoda? A. most basal living angiosperm B. more primitive than magnolias and water lilies C. exhibits characteristics most closely associated with gymnosperms D. arose approximately 135 million years ago E. closest living relative of original angiosperm

C. exhibits characteristics most closely associated with gymnosperms

Flowers do not contain a(n) A. stigma. B. style. C. flagellated sperm. D. pistil. E. anther.

C. flagellated sperm.

In much of North and South America, if a plant produces bright red flowers with little odor, it is reasonable to assume that it is pollinated by A. bees. B. butterflies. C. hummingbirds. D. moths. E. ants.

C. hummingbirds.

In topsoil, which of these components usually represents the greatest volume? A. mineral particles of varying size B. living organisms C. humus D. roots E. air and water

C. humus

Within the life cycle of a pine, which of the following structures are haploid? A. nucellus B. integument with micropyle C. megasporangium D. pollen grain E. scale of cone

C. megasporangium

50. Some photosynthetic euglenoids can also ingest dissolved or particulate food. Which one of the following terms would best describe such a protist? A. autotrophic B. heterotrophic C. mixotrophic D. osmotrophic E. phagotrophic

C. mixotrophic

4. The characteristics of all life forms include all of the following except A. complexity. B. homeostasis. C. multicellularity. D. sensitivity to environment. E. heredity.

C. multicellularity.

Plants living in standing water often face which of the following problems? A. increased CO2 levels B. chilling of the roots C. oxygen deprivation D. loss of stomata E. harmful root pressure

C. oxygen deprivation

2. The early Earth's reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except A. carbon dioxide. B. water. C. oxygen. D. hydrogen sulfide. E. methane.

C. oxygen.

Charles Darwin experimented with which plant growth response? A. gravitropism B. circadian rhythms C. phototropism D. heat shock E. thermotropism

C. phototropism

26. Some prokaryotes attach to other substrates by hairlike outgrowths, which are shorter than flagella. These are called A. endospores. B. flagellin. C. pili. D. plasmids. E. fission products.

C. pili.

31. If left untreated, syphilis infections go through four stages. The first stage is a sore called a chancre. The signs of the second stage are A. some nerve damage, loss of some teeth, and perhaps a dimming of color vision. B. very few, with many victims having no symptoms. C. rashes that may cover the entire body, sometimes a sore throat, and general aches and pains that appear to be flu-like. D. persistence of the chancre and bleeding at the chancre site. E. a yellowish-white discharge from the urethra.

C. rashes that may cover the entire body, sometimes a sore throat, and general aches and pains that appear to be flu-like.

Most of the water absorbed by the plant enters through the A. root apical meristem. B. root cap. C. root hairs. D. stomata. E. lenticels.

C. root hairs.

Even in the absence of transpiration, some water can move into the roots and partially up the xylem columns. This phenomenon is due to A. flooding. B. stomatal opening. C. root pressure. D. proton pumps. E. phloem translocation.

C. root pressure.

Mycorrhizal fungi interact with plants at the A. stomates. B. seed coat. C. roots. D. edge of ponds. E. cuticle.

C. roots.

19. A single cotyledon found in the kernels of cereal grains. A. hypocotyl B. endosperm C. scutellum D. radicle E. epicotyl

C. scutellum

The directional growth response of plants to touch is called A. phototropism. B. gravitropism. C. thigmotropism. D. photoperiodism. E. thermotropism.

C. thigmotropism

61. The most economically useful unicellular fungi are A. basidiomycetes. B. actinomycetes. C. yeasts. D. mushrooms. E. Neurospora.

C. yeasts.

Spinal Cord

Cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone

What is radioactive dating?

Calculating the age of fossils based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes they contain

Chondrocytes

Cartilaginous cells.

Three Basic Parts of the Neuron

Cell body, dendrites, and the axon

Cuboidal Cell

Cells that are nearly as wide as they are tall. Found lining the tubules of the kidneys as well as some glands. Function in secretion and absorption.

Columnar Cell

Cells that are taller than they are wide. These cells line the stomach, intestines, and parts of the respiratory tract. Those in the respiratory tract contain cilia, pulling particles toward the throat. Cells in the intestines contain microvilli, increasing surface area for food absorption. Contain mucus-secreting goblet cells.

Myriapoda

Centipedes - one leg pair on each segment - all are carnivores -eat insects - may be poisonous Millipedes - two legs on some or all segments - largely herbivores both have bodies with a head followed by numerous segments

Describe the body plan of Cephalochordates

Cephalochordates (lancelets or amphioxus) are small, mobile suspension feeders that resemble fish. Their notochord functions as an endoskeleton in adults. They look like little sliver fish like anchovies only smaller...and transparent. OK they're probably not exactly like anchovies but you get the point. Physical: Their notochord is retained in adults; it functions as an endoskeleton and aids in movement. Feeding: Lancelets are suspension feeders and efficient swimmers. Fertilization: Lancelets are only known to reproduce sexually, via external fertilization. The sexes are separate.

What is Mollusca: Cephalopoda

Cephalopods move by "flying" with their fins or through jet propulsion. Cephalopods have a radula and a beak that can exert powerful biting forces. Reproduction is sexual and internal. Fertilization occurs when a male transfers a spermatophore packet to the female.have large brains and eyes with sophisticated lenses. They are highly intelligent predators that hunt by sight and use their tentacles to capture prey.

Class Polyplacophora

Chitons - marine mollusks - oval bodies with 8 overlapping dorsal calcareous plates - most are grazing herbivores

Ganglia

Collections of neuron cell bodies contained within the peripheral nervous system.

What is relative dating?

Comparing fossils with other fossils to see the estimated age of each, but it's not very accurate

Neurons

Composed of a cell body, dendrites and axons. These cells function in conducting impulses and muscle contractions among many other functions.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Composed of the cerebral cavity as well as the vertebral column and spinal cord.

Arthropod eyes

Compound eyes - composed of independent visual units Other arthropods have simple eyes, ocelli -have single lenses - distinguish light from dark

Cartilage

Connective tissue in which the ground substance forms from a type of glycoprotein called chondroitin, and collagen fibers laid down along lines of stress in long, parallel arrays. Results in firm, flexible, tissue that does not stretch. Has great tensile strength

Cardiac Muscle

Consists of smaller, interconnected cells, each having a single nucleus.Connections appear as dark lines when viewed under a microscope.

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the heart and lungs.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the majority of organs, including the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, and bladder.

Epithelium

Covers every surface of the vertebrate body. Can be derived from any of the three germ layers.

Describe the genereal morphological features of Crinoidea, Ophiurdoida, and Holothuroidia

Crinoida (greek for "lilly) feather stars and sea lilies are SESSILE SUSPENSION FEEDERS. (you must be) Ophiuroida (greek for "serpent". But they're just star fish. Whatever). Brittle stars and basket stars have 5 OR MORE LONG ARMS that radiate out from a small central disk. They use their ARMS TO SUSPENSION FEED on deposit food by sopping up material with mucus or capture small prey animals. Holothuroidea (greek for sea cucumber...yeah thats helpful huh?) are 'sausage-shaped' animals. They suspension feed or deposit feed using modified tube feet called TENTANCLES that are arranged in a whorl around their mouths.

Negative Pole

Cytoplasmic side

65. Which of the phyla of fungi is incorrectly matched with its example? A. Ascomycota—yeast B. Basidiomycota—rust C. Zygomycota—bread mold D. Ascomycota—potato famine E. Basidiomycota—gilled mushrooms

D. Ascomycota—potato famine

66. Which one of the following fungal groups are also referred to as the "imperfect fungi"? A. Zygomycetes B. Ascomycetes C. Basidiomycetes D. Deuteromycetes E. Glomeromycetes

D. Deuteromycetes

74. Who wrote the original Trichomycetes monograph in 1986? A. C. Linnaeus B. James.T. Kirk C. Mark Okrand D. R.W. Lichtwardt E. Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy

D. R.W. Lichtwardt

51. Which of the following statements about malaria is false? A. Fertilization occurs within a mosquito. B. Merozoites are found inside red blood cells. C. Gametocytes develop from merozoites. D. Sporozoites are only found within a mosquito. E. Gametocytes are passed to a feeding mosquito.

D. Sporozoites are only found within a mosquito.

23. Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes? A. They are the oldest organisms on Earth. B. They are the structurally simplest organisms. C. They are the most abundant life forms on Earth. D. They contain organelles. E. They are found in fossils that are 3.0-3.5 billion years old.

D. They contain organelles.

15. Kingdom ____________would include green algae and land plants. A. Chloroplantae B. Plantae C. Chloroprotista D. Virdiplantae E. Chlorophyta

D. Virdiplantae

16. Although the Archaebacteria were classified in the same group with the Bacteria, they are probably more closely related to the Eukarya. Which one of the following features DO they share in common with the bacteria? A. introns in some genes B. a branched membrane lipid structure C. several different RNA polymerases D. absence of nuclear envelope E. no peptidoglycan in cell walls

D. absence of nuclear envelope

Some plants are able to endure frequent flooding events because they contain a tissue with loose parenchyma cells and large air spaces called A. xylem. B. spongy mesophyll. C. pneumatophores. D. aerenchyma. E. epidermal tissue.

D. aerenchyma.

63. The rusts and smuts that seriously affect crop plants are A. ascomycetes. B. zygomycetes. C. chytrids. D. basidiomycetes. E. actinomycetes.

D. basidiomycetes.

The elongation of stems is stimulated by A. auxin only. B. gibberellin only. C. ethylene only. D. both auxin and gibberellin. E. auxin and ethylene.

D. both auxin and gibberellin.

Select the best answer to complete the following statement. Stomata are openings used by plants for the passage of A. only oxygen and carbon dioxide. B. only carbon dioxide and pollen. C. only carbon dioxide and water vapor. D. carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor. E. only carbon dioxide and spores or gametes.

D. carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor.

43. Individual organisms move through the soil or other substrate to ingest bacteria, etc., till a certain phase of their life cycle, when they aggregate into a single moving mass, which ultimately becomes encysted into spores. These organisms are A. green algae. B. brown algae. C. red algae. D. cellular slime molds. E. dinoflagellates.

D. cellular slime molds

69. Aquatic, flagellated fungi; one species parasitic on amphibians. A. ascomycota B. zygomycota C. basidiomycota D. chytrids

D. chytrids

The seed leaves that are produced by embryonic cells and are formed from bulges on the embryo are called A. radicles. B. embryo sacs. C. petioles. D. cotyledons. E. ovules.

D. cotyledons.

20. When bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm. These structures are called A. plasmids. B. pseudomonades. C. nucleoids. D. endospores. E. exospores.

D. endospores.

Which gaseous hormone stimulates the ripening of fruits? A. abscisic acid B. gibberellin C. indoleacetic acid D. ethylene E. cytokinin

D. ethylene

47. Members of the Euglenozoa move within their habitats with the aid of A. tests. B. pseudopodia. C. cilia. D. flagella. E. pellicles.

D. flagella.

37. A common characteristic of Choanoflagellida is A. a single, unique mitochondria. B. space beneath the plasma membrane. C. silica covering. D. funnel-shaped, contractile collar. E. presence of a plasmodium.

D. funnel-shaped, contractile collar.

One way in which retroviruses differ from all other types of viruses is that retroviruses A. possess an RNA genome. B. possess only single-stranded nucleic acids. C. can create a prophage. D. have single-strained RNA that serves as viral mRNA. E. have the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

D. have single-strained RNA that serves as viral mRNA.

Plant tissues that contain cells capable of repeated division and are found at the root and shoot apices are called A. primary growth tissues. B. secondary growth tissues. C. ground tissues. D. meristem tissues. E. mesophyll tissues.

D. meristem tissues.

59. All of the following refer to reproductive structures found in some fungi except A. ascus. B. basidium. C. sporangiophore. D. mycorrhiza. E. conidia.

D. mycorrhiza.

55. Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called A. lichens. B. hyphal associations. C. heterokaryotic junctions. D. mycorrhizae. E. a mycelial unit.

D. mycorrhizae.

Although symbiotic relationships between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants are rare, many plants have symbiotic relationships with A. other plants. B. nematode worms in the soil. C. filamentous algae. D. mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. E. soil insects.

D. mycorrhizal fungi in the soil.

Carnivorous plants evolved because which of the following nutrients is often extremely limited in their habitats? A. carbon B. CO2 C. O2 D. nitrogen E. iron

D. nitrogen

67. In the leaf cutter ant—plant—fungus tripartite relationship, the association between the ant and the fungus can best be described as A. parasitism. B. commensalism. C. facultative symbiosis. D. obligate mutualism. E. herbivory.

D. obligate mutualism.

Which of these characteristics would most likely discourage self pollination in a flower with both stamens and pistils? A. many more stamens than pistils B. long stamens and short pistils C. long pistils and short stamens D. pollen released before stigma is receptive (mature) E. flower is wind pollinated

D. pollen released before stigma is receptive (mature)

Recently a class of infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acid have been identified. They are referred to as A. bacteriophages. B. latent viruses. C. viroids. D. prions. E. virions.

D. prions.

17. The embryonic root apex. A. hypocotyl B. endosperm C. scutellum D. radicle E. epicotyl

D. radicle

Which common crop may contain traces of hormone-like substances that may affect human health? A. corn B. wheat C. peanuts D. soybean E. wine grapes

D. soybean

Plants as well as brown, green, and red algae show a basic life cycle which involves the alternation of generations between a(n) A. spore and pollen. B. megaspore and a microspore. C. seed and a cone. D. sporophyte and a gametophyte. E. egg and a sperm.

D. sporophyte and a gametophyte.

The gynoecium contains a slender style with a pollen-receptive _____________ at its apex. A. anther B. stamen C. filament D. stigma E. pistil

D. stigma

Which of these common "vegetables" should technically be called a "fruit"? A. potato B. carrot C. lettuce D. tomato E. celery

D. tomato

41. The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chaga's disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by A. foraminifera. B. sporozoans. C. phytomastigotes. D. trypanosomes. E. oomycetes.

D. trypanosomes.

Who is the British naturalist famous for his theories of evolution and natural selection?

Darwin

What is the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

Data suggests that modern humans originated in Africa. A population that left Africa split into three broad groups that spread throughout the world. This scenario for the evolution of Homo sapiens is called the out-of-Africa hypothesis.

Biological species concept (BSC)

Defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated; (ex) Dogs & cats

Homologous structures

Derived from the same ancestral source; (ex) Dolphin flipper and frog legs are modifications of limbs

Sensory Receptors

Detect stimulus

Negative Feedback System

Detects deviation from a set point and works to bring the body back to that set point.

Positive Feedback System

Detects deviation from the set point and increases the deviation.

Homoplastic structures

Do not derive from same ancestral sources; (ex) Wings of birds and dragonflies

Polyphyletic group

Does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group; (ex) The group of flying vertebrates does not include a common ancestor for bats and hawks

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands. The secretions produced (hormones) enter capillaries and circulate through the body.

1. Life apparently originated on Earth about A. 1 million years ago. B. 6000 years ago. C. 4.5 billion years ago. D. 8 billion years ago. E. 3.5 billion years ago.

E. 3.5 billion years ago.

18. Single cells or simple multicellular organisms; diverse morphological group; can obtain energy by photosynthesis, absorption or ingestion. A. Animalia B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Plantae E. Protista

E. Protista

Which of these is not an adaptive value of seeds for land plants? A. Seeds permit plants to postpone development during unfavorable conditions. B. Seeds contain stored food that helps young seedlings to develop before they can photosynthesize on their own. C. Seeds afford maximum protection to young embyros at their most vulnerable stage of development. D. The dispersal of seeds facilitates the migration and distribution of offspring away from the parent plant. E. Seeds attract pollinators.

E. Seeds attract pollinators.

44. The organism, Phytophthora infestans, responsible for the Irish Potato Famine of 1845 and 1847 belongs to A. Euglenozoa. B. Alveolata. C. Rhodophyta. D. Chlorophyta. E. Stramenopila.

E. Stramenopila.

Insectivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, and bladderworts often grow in A. loams. B. sandy soil. C. clay soil. D. marshes. E. acidic soils.

E. acidic soils.

Phages are viruses that can infect A. humans. B. plants. C. insects. D. farm animals. E. bacteria.

E. bacteria.

36. Mitochondria and bacteria share all of the following features except mitochondria A. divide by simple fission. B. have small ribosomes. C. have a circular, closed molecule of DNA. D. have genes encoding the enzymes of oxidative metabolism. E. cannot live in a cell-free extract.

E. cannot live in a cell-free extract.

Which of the following is not a part of a potential HIV treatment? A. AZT B. protease inhibitors C. elimination of susceptible host cells D. chemokines and CAF E. defective nef gene

E. defective nef gene

Which of the following is not one of the whorls of a complete flower? A. gynoecium containing carpels B. androecium containing stamens C. corolla containing petals D. calyx containing the sepals E. embryo containing zygotes

E. embryo containing zygotes

21. The part of the stem axis that extends above the cotyledons in some seedlings. A. hypocotyl B. endosperm C. scutellum D. radicle E. epicotyl

E. epicotyl

A viticulturist wants to grow larger grapes. A plant physiologist suggests which specific hormone treatment to increase the internode lengths of the plants? A. auxin B. cytokinin C. gibberellin D. abscisic acid E. ethylene

E. ethylene

45. The limestone making up the famous landmark in England, the White Cliffs of Dover, are the pore-studded shells (tests) of A. diatoms. B. dinoflagellates. C. brown algae. D. spirochetes. E. foraminifera.

E. foraminifera.

24. Which of the following is not a shape seen in prokaryotes? A. cocci B. bacilli C. spirals D. helicals E. icosahedrals

E. icosahedrals

Turgor movements in plants are responsible for all of the following actions except A. reversible changes in water pressure within plant cells. B. reduction of water loss from transpiration. C. folding of leaflets in the Mimosa pudica plants. D. flowers that open during the day and close at night. E. inducing changes in the active form of phytochrome.

E. inducing changes in the active form of phytochrome.

27. Bacteria cause all of the following human diseases except A. cholera. B. diphtheria. C. meningitis D. tetanus. E. malaria.

E. malaria

21. Certain bacteria are the only organisms that are capable of fixing atmospheric A. carbon dioxide. B. oxygen. C. hydrogen. D. carbon. E. nitrogen.

E. nitrogen.

32. Four of the five statements about Chlamydia trachomatis are true. Select the exception. A. called the "silent STD" B. can cause sterility C. can be treated with some antibiotics D. depends on a host cell for replication E. no clear link to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

E. no clear link to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Flowering plants use animals or wind to transfer ________ between flowers. A. spores B. CO2 C. ovules D. seeds E. pollen

E. pollen

Mad-cow disease is caused by a A. bacterium. B. virus. C. viroid. D. virion. E. prion.

E. prion.

35. Gene transfer achieved in the laboratory. A. conjugation B. plasmid C. transduction (generalized) D. transduction (specialized) E. transformation (artificial)

E. transformation (artificial)

A required period of chilling before flowering. A. protoplast B. abscission C. phytochrome D. apomixis E. vernalization

E. vernalization

73. Which statement arrangement is correct? A: Anamorph = Holomorph + Teleomorph B: Teleomorph = Holomorph + Anamorph C: Holomorph = Anamorph + Anamorph D: Holomorph = Teleomorph + Teleomorph E: Holomorph = Anamorph + Teleomorph

E: Holomorph = Anamorph + Teleomorph

Smooth Muscle

Earliest form of muscle to evolve. In vertebrates, found in organs. Arranged in sheets of long, spindle-shaped cells, each cell containing a single nucleus. In some tissues, cells only contract when stimulated by nerves, and then it contracts as a unit. Lines blood vessels, makes up iris, digestive tract. In the digestive tract, nerves regulate, rather than cause the contractions.

Describe the Early Homo and Recent Homo

Early Homo is composed of the first humans; all species in this genus are called humans. They have flatter and narrower faces, smaller jaws and teeth, and larger braincases than the earlier hominins do. Toolmaking was their hallmark. Recent Homo date from 1.2 mya to the present. Includes our species, Homo sapiens, which includes Cro-Magnons, and the Neanderthals. There is evidence that both populations created art and buried their dead in an organized manner.

Summarize the key concepts about echinoderms

Echinoderms have bilaterally symmetric larvae but are radially symmetric adults and have an endoskeleton . All have a water vascular system with tube feet, and all produce an internal endoskeleton. They are among the most important predators and herbivores in marine environments.

What is Hemimetabolous metamorphosis (insects)?

Egg -> Nymph 1 ->2 -> 3 -> Adult (Imago)

Cell Body

Enlarged part containing nucleus

Mullusk Mantle

Epidermis that covers dorsal side of body - forms a cavity which houses the respiratory organs and the openings of excretory, reproductive, & digestive organs - these organs together for visceral mass

Simple Epithelial

Epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of cells.

Stratefied Epithelial

Epithelial tissue composed of two or more layers of cells.

What is the nautilus

Except for these, cephalopods have either highly reduced shells or none at all.

Ventral Body Cavity

Extends anteriorly from the area bound by the rib cage to the pelvic girdle. In mammals, this is divided anteriorly into the thoracic cavity and posteriorly into the abdominopelvic cavity.

Positive Pole

Extracellular fluid side

Matrix

Extracellular material found in connective tissues.

True or False: Behavior is always adaptive (i.e. produced as a result of natural selection).

False

Ground Substance

Fluid between cells and fibers containing a diverse array of proteins and polysaccharrides.

What is the Movement in cephalopods?

Fluid in visceral mass acts as hydrostatic skeleton in cephalopod molluscs. Jet propulsion occurs when water is forced out through siphon. Animal swims backwards and forwards.

Even more fun hominid fossil facts!

Fossils of Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis are present in different locations during the same period, from about 160,000 to 100,000 years ago.

Vertebrate fossil record fun facts! :D

Fossils of both echinoderms and vertebrates are present in the Burgess Shale sea-shells-by-the-seashore tongue twister deposits that formed during the Cambrian explosion aka BOOM CAM! The earliest vertebrates lived in the ocean about 540 mya, had streamlined, fishlike bodies, and seem to have had endoskeletons or at least skulls made of cartilage, a strong but flexible tissue. A cartilaginous endoskeleton is a basic vertebrate feature; only in the bony fishes and their descendants, the tetrapods, does the skeleton become composed of bone.

What's so historically important about the feathers, flight, and birds? (other than flying of course)

From skeletal structures of dinosaurs that evolved into birds, a series of adaptations made powered, flapping flight increasingly efficient: The bird sternum has a projection called the KEEL, to which flight muscles attach. Birds are extraordinarily light for their size because of a drastically reduced number of thin-walled and hollow bones Birds are endothermic—they maintain a high body temperature by producing heat in their tissues.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath that serve as sites for accelerating an impulse.

What makes an ape an ape?

Great apes are also called hominids and are relatively large bodied with long arms, short legs, and no tail. Hominids have distinct ways of walking: Orangutans live primarily in the trees, but fist-walk when on the ground. Gorillas and chimpanzees knuckle-walk. Humans are the only great ape that is fully bipedal ("two-footed"), walking upright on two legs.

Dense Connective

Has less ground substance, and contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissues.

Exocrine Glands

Have a connection between the gland and epithelial membrane acting as a duct. This duct channels the product of the gland to the surface of the epithelial membrane and thus to the external environment.

Squamous Cell

Have a flattened shape when viewed in cross-section. Found in membranes that line the lungs and capillaries where the thin, delicate nature of the cell permits rapid diffusion of gasses.

Coelomates

Have body design that: - repositions the body's fluid - allows complex tissues/organs to develop - allows for larger body size Coeloms evolved multiple times during animal evolution

Who is Jean Baptiste de LaMarck?

He discovered that living things have changed over time living things respond to their environments, through either use or disuse organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime, and these traits could be passed on to future generations

Who is Alfred Wallace?

He sent Darwin his findings of evolution, having the same ideas about evolution as Darwin

Who is Thomas Malthus?

He was the English economist who introduced the concept of human population growth and the problem of too many people, too little space

Insecta external features

Head - pair of antennae -modified mouthparts -compound eyes Throax - has three pairs of legs - may have one or two pairs of wings Abdomen - most major organs

Myofibrils

Highly ordered arrays of actin and myosin myofilaments.

All vertebrate brains have three basic brain divisions

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Ligands

Hormones or neurotransmitters that induce opening of ion channels and cause changes in cell membrane permeability

Classification

How we place species and higher groups into the taxonomic hierarchy; (ex) Genus, family, class, etc.

Fun Facts about Hominid primate

Humans occupy a tiny twig on the tree of life, but their origins have been studied extensively. The primate lineage consists of two main groups: Prosimians ("before-monkeys") Includes lemurs from Madagascar, and tarsiers, pottos, and lorises from Africa and south Asia. Most prosimians are small-bodied, arboreal, and many are nocturnal. Anthropoids ("human-like") Includes New World monkeys from Central and South America, Old World monkeys from Africa and Asia, gibbons from southeast Asia, and the Hominidae or great apes—orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.

Who discovered that Earth is millions of years old?

Hutton

The ability to live in terrestrial environments evolved _________ in arthropods, mollusks, roundworms, and annelids

I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-A-N-T do you know what tha mean mayn

What is chistosoma mansoni?

In humans, the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is responsible for schistosomiasis—a serious public health issue in many developing nations.

What are Protostomes (Evolution of)?

In the evolution of these, mouth develops before anus & blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form coelom

What are Deuterostomes (Evolution of)?

In the evolution of these, the anus develops before mouth & pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom

What is the coelom?

In the wormlike phyla, this space for fluids is well developed and functions as a hydrostatic skeleton that is the basis of movement but is absent in flatworms, and in the most species-rich and morphologically complex protostome phyla—the Arthropoda and the Mollusca (snails, clams, squid)—it is drastically reduced.

What are Terrestrial Gastropods?

In these, the mantle cavity is highly vascularized and modified to form a lung. Air flows in and out through pneumostome.

What is the Non-feeding veliger

In this veliger the larvae generally metamorphose to the final stage in a relatively short period of time.

What is the feeding veliger?

In this veliger, the larval stage is, in most cases, relatively "undeveloped" and must feed on phytoplankton for a period of time (weeks to months) in order to develop to the point where it can metamorphose.

Describe the body plan of vertebrates

In vertebrates, the dorsal hollow nerve cord is elaborated into the spinal cord. The pharyngeal pouches present in embryos develop into gills in aquatic species, but not in terrestrial species. Physical: Oh they just have these things called back bones, bet u didn't know that though. A column of cartilaginous or bony bonesie bones called vertebrae forms along the dorsal sides of most species, protecting the spinal cord. They have cranium skulls with brains, (although they don't always use them, *humans*-ahem). The coordinated movements of vertebrates are possible in part because vertebrates have large *small*-ahem brains that are divided into three distinct regions: A forebrain smell of cerebrum, A midbrain vision, and A hindbrain for sound-balance. In the jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, the hindbrain consists of enlarged regions called the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. NEUROSCIENCE!

Order Decapoda

Include shrimps, lobsters, crabs, crayfish - have 10 feet - exoskeleton usually enforce with CaCO3 - lobsters and crayfish have appendages that aid in swimming

Traditional classification

Included two groups that we now realize are not monophyletic but paraphyletic: The green algae Bryophytes

Monophyletic group

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade) ; (ex) Archosaurs form a monophyletic group

Paraphyletic group

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

Ecdysozoans

Increase in size by molting their external skeletons

Synapses

Intercellular junctions with the dendrites of other neurons, with muscle cells, or with gland cells

Function of Interneurons

Interneurons (association neurons) provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory)

What is a gene pool?

It consists of all genes, including the different alleles that are present in a population (they descended from a common ancestor)

Pair bonding after mating occurs in a species of vole. Suppose these voles are injected with a chemical that blocks the action of the neuropeptide oxytocin, and now pair bonding does not occur. What would you predict about the brain structure of this species?

It has many receptors for this neuropeptide.

Identical twins reared together show similar personality traits, likes/dislikes, etc. These similarities are due to:

It is impossible to tell from these observations alone.

Homing pigeons have the ability to detect the Earth's magnetic field and use it for orientation when flying under overcast conditions. What would you predict would happen if you fixed a small bar magnet on a pigeon's head and released it on a cloudy day?

It will fly off in a random direction.

Class Scyphozoa of Cnidarians

Jellyfish Ring of muscle cells allows for rhythmic contractions for propulsion

What is a siphon?

Jet propulsion in cephalopods propels the animal forward when the mantle muscles force water from this.

Intercalated Disks

Junctions between adjacent cells that appear as dark lines microscopically, but are actually gaps between cells. These gaps permit the movement of ions and small substances between cells.

What is MACROevolution?

Large-scale evolutionary patterns occurring over long periods of time (evolution, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, co-evolution, punctuated equilibrium)

Action potential is caused by ion channels opening. Name three ion channels.

Ligand-gated Na+ channels; Voltage-gated Na+ channels; Voltage-gated K+ channels

Class Cercomeromorpha body structure

Long flat bodies divided into 3 zones: - Scolex= attachment organ - Neck= unsegmented portion - Proglottids= Repetitive sections Each a complex heraphroditic unit

Who discovered the same natural process that happened then are still happening now?

Lyell

What are the three lineages of of mammals? (hint: Mono Mar Eu)

Mammals are a monophyletic class with three lineages: Monotremata, Marsupiala, and Eutheria.

What is parthenogenesis?

Many crustacean and insect species can reproduce asexually by this, in which unfertilized eggs develop into offspring. Protostomes can reproduce asexually or sexually, although sexual reproduction is the predominant mode in most groups. Asexual reproduction by splitting the body sideways or fragmenting the body is common in many wormlike phyla.

Fun Facts about Marsupials!

Marsulpials include Opossums, kangaroos, wallabies, and koalas. All of which are found in the Down Undah' Marsupial females have a placenta, but the young are born poorly developed after a short embryonic period and continue to develop while attached to their mother's nipple, where they suck milk. They stay attached to their mother until they grow large enough to move independently. In many cases, convergent evolution has resulted in marsupial species that are extremely similar to placental species.

Hindbrain

Medulla oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum

Multicellular animals

Metazoans

Fun facts about Monotremata

Monotremes are the most ancient group of mammals living today; the three living species, the platypus and two species of echidna, are found only in Australia. Physical: They have a leathery beak or bill Feeding: Platypuses feed on small animals in streams and echidnas feed on ants, termites, and earthworms on land. Reproduction: They lay eggs and have low metabolic rates. Platypuses lay their eggs in a burrow, echidnas keep their eggs in a pouch on their belly.

What are the trochophore and the veliger

Most bivalves reproduce sexually and have these two larval stages.

What is the Nematode pathology of trichinosis on Humans?

Most nematodes are free-living, but a few species are significant human parasites, including pinworms, Wuchereria bancrofti, which causes elephantiasis, and Trichinella species, which cause trichinosis.

Describe the characteristics of Reptilia - Lepidosauria (lizards and snakes, mini dinosaurs)

Most of the 7000 species of lizards and snakes are small reptiles with elongated bodies and scaly skin. Physical: Most lizards have well-developed legs, but snakes are limbless, although some species have vestigial limbs. Feeding: Small lizards tend to be predators, while large ones are often herbivorous; snakes are carnivores, some using modified teeth called fangs to inject poison into their prey. Fertilization: Although most lizards and snakes lay eggs, many are ovoviviparous.

What is the protostome phyla?

Most of these phyla have wormlike bodies with a basic tube-within-a-tube design. - The outer tube is the ectoderm-derived skin. - The inner tube is the endoderm-derived gut. - Between the two tubes are mesoderm-derived muscles and organs.

68. Which one of the following statements about the evolution of the fungal kingdom is false? A. Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. B. The deuteromycetes is an artificial group. C. The chytridomycetes most closely resemble the ancestor of all fungi. D. Motile zoospores is a very recent trait for all fungi. E. The first fungi probably evolved in an aqueous environment.

Motile zoospores is a very recent trait for all fungi.

Function of Motor Neurons

Motor neurons (efferent neurons) carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

What are the 3 main body regions of Phylum Mollusca?

Muscular foot - for movement Visceral mass - contains organs (coelom greatly reduced) Mantle - secretes shell

Are ALL reptiles ectothermic?

No, birds are the exception because they are endothermic.

What are Ecdysozoans: Nematoda (Roundworms)?

Of the 25,000 species of these, most are free-living, although a few are parasitic and cause disease in humans. They are found in virtually every habitat, often in great abundance. Most species are exceedingly small, although some species can grow to several meters. They are unsegmented worms with a coelom, a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and no appendages. The Caenorhabditis elegans is one of these most thoroughly studied model organisms.

What are Nudibranchs (Class Gastropoda)

Often feed on cnidarians. Able to ingest cnidae without them firing. Display cnidae on their surface (typically in their cerata). Cnidae contain toxins. You may see them around in special European beaches because they don't get tan lines.

Describe the characteristics of Reptilia - Crocodilia

Only 24 species of crocodile and alligator are known; most are tropical and live in freshwater or marine environments. Physical: They have their eyes located on the top of the head and nostrils located at the top of their long snouts, adaptations that allow them to sit semi-submerged for extended periods. Feeding: All crocodilians are predators. Fertilization: Although crocodilians are oviparous, parental care is extensive.

What are Coelomates?

Oranisms with a presence of a completely enclosed fluid-filled cavity (coelom) (generally circulates oxygen & nutrients & holds organs, can provide hydrostatic skeleton in some animals) are called these.

What is Bilaterally symmetric?

Organisms with only one plane of symmetry are called this

What are the 3 general characteristics used in analyzing a class' morphology? (hint: PFF...whatever)

P-hysical F-eeding F-"ertilization" or reproduction

What is important to parental care?

Parental care encompasses any action by a parent that improves the ability of its offspring to survive. Among animals, mammals and birds provide the most extensive parental care. Female mammals also lactate—they produce milk and use it to feed their offspring after birth. Thought to be the cause of evolutionary success in mammals and birds.

Central Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Describe the general morphology of Echinoida

Physical: Echinoids are SEA URCHINS which have globe-shaped bodies and long spines and crawl along substrates, or SAND DOLLARS$$, which are flattened and disk-shaped, have short spines, and burrow in soft sediments. Sea urchins crawl, and sand dollars burrow, using their spines. Feeding: Most sea urchins are herbivores, while sand dollars are suspension feeders. Fertilization: Sexual reproduction predominates in echinoids; sexes are separate.

What are the characteristics of Amphibians?

Physical: Most amphibians have four limbs; caecilians lack limbs and eyes. Feeding: Adult amphibians are carnivores and find their food on land, but many species must lay their eggs in water. Fertilization: Reproduction is sexual, breeding occurs in water, and larvae undergo a dramatic metamorphosis into land-dwelling adults. Frogs are oviparous and have external fertilization. Salamanders have internal fertilization; most are oviparous. Caecilians have internal fertilization; many are viviparous.

Describe the general morphology of Asteroida

Physical: These are sea stars are found along the coasts of all the world's oceans. They have 5 or more long arms radiating from a central region that contains the mouth, stomach, and anus. Feeding: Sea stars are predators or scavengers, and crawl along a substrate using their tube feet. Fertilization: Sexes are separate, and sexual reproduction predominates. Reproductive organs are located in one or more of the arms. Some species are capable of asexual regeneration.

Thrombocytes

Platelets

These are sections of the tube feet that project outside the body and are involved in motion along a substrate.

Podia

How Do Echinoderms Feed? (Describe for 3 types of feeders)

Podia play a key role in obtaining food: Predatory species use podia to pry apart bivalve shells. They then extrude their stomach through the opening and secrete digestive enzymes and absorb the resulting molecules. Suspension feeders use podia to trap food and to move it to cilia, which sweep the food into the mouth. Deposit feeders use podia to secrete mucus which sops up the food, and then to move the food into the mouth.

Genetic variation is studied in ___________.

Populations

What is reproductive isolation?

Populations become reproductively isolated from each other, so it leads to the evolution of a new species

Peripheral Nervous System

Portion of the nervous system that includes the nerves and ganglia.

Convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

What is the symmetry in adult echinoderms?

Radial symmetry

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Midbrain

Reflexes involving eyes and ears

Motor Effectors

Respond to stimulus

Action potentials

Result when depolarization reaches the threshold potential (-55 mV)

What produce myelin sheaths surrounding axons?

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

What is the Radula?

Scraping structures used for feeding. Made of chitin. Very diverse among taxa. Used for species identification. Not present in bivalves.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Sensory and motor neurons

Function of Sensory Neurons

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) carry impulses to central nervous system (CNS)

Three Types of Neurons

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

More fun hominid fossil facts!

Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that increased tool and language use triggered natural selection for the ability to reason and communicate, which resulted in humans with large brains.

Dendrite

Short, cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli

Ancestral characteristic

Similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group

Derived characteristic

Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

Insecta life history

Simple metamorphosis ( grasshoppers) - immature stages similar to adults Complete metamorphosis (butterflies) - immature larva are wormlike - resting stage, pupa or chrysalis, precedes the final molt into adult form

Voltage-gated K+ channels

Single activation gate that is closed in the resting state; K+ channel opens slowly; Efflux of K+ repolarizes the membrane

Axon

Single, long extension that conducts impulses away from cell body

Cnidaria single opening leading to gastrovascular cavity

Site of real digestion Most gas exchange Waste discharge Formation of gametes in many groups

What's so historically important about the vertebrate jaw?

So we can get to eat us some PIAZZZAAA yeeeaaah

Body cavity

Space surrounded by mesoderm tissue that is formed during development. This is not the digestive tube

Lacunae

Spaces within the cartilage ground substance.

Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

Species is a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters; looks to the past to see if species have been separated long enough to develop their own derived characters

What are the bivalves?

Species of this lineage of molluscs are suspension feeders.

Clades

Species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the possession of shared derived characters

Protostome Clades

Spiralians and Ecdysozoans

Torpor

State that occurs by reducing both metabolic rate and body temperature to a state of dormancy.

Somatic Nervous System

Stimulates skeletal muscles (voluntary)

Autonomic Nervous System

Stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands (involuntary)

Dense Irregular

Subcategory of dense connective tissue in which the fibers have many different orientations. Produces tough coverings for organs, muscles, nerves, and bones.

Dense Regular

Subcategory of dense connective tissue that is composed of parallel, rope-like strands. These form tendons and ligaments.

Pyrogens

Substances that cause a rise in temperature. Include some gram negative bacterial cell wall components called endotoxins, which can act as these.

Neuroglia

Support and insulate neurons, and eliminate foreign materials in and around the neurons. Form myelin sheath.

Neuroglia

Support neurons both structurally and functionally

Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Forebrain

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebrum

What is Annelida (Segmented Worms)?

The 16,500 species of these have a segmented body plan and a coelom that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton. They were traditionally divided into Polychaeta and Clitellata, but recent molecular analyses resulted in some changes in phylogeny. The common ancestor of these species had a key synapomorphy in addition to segmentation: numerous, bristlelike extensions called chaetae that extend from appendages called parapodia. Reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Describe the characteristics of Reptilia - Testudinata (Turtle turtle)

The 300 known species of turtles and tortoises inhabit freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments throughout the world. Physical: Turtles and tortoises (terrestrial turtles) are distinguished by a shell composed of bony plates. Although they lack teeth, their jawbone and lower skull form a bony beak. Feeding: Most marine turtles are carnivorous while most tortoises are herbivorous. Fertilization: All turtles are oviparous.

What are Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)?

The 400,000 species in this group belong to one of three major subgroups: Turbellarians, free-living flatworms. Cestodes, endoparasitic tapeworms. Trematodes, endo- or ectoparasitic flukes.

What are Arthropoda: Crustaceans

The 67,000 species of these delicious animals, which include the lobsters, shrimp, and crabs, live primarily in marine and freshwater environments. They have a segmented body divided into the cephalothorax (which combines the head and thorax) and the abdomen. Sexual reproduction is the norm. Most species pass through several larval stages, including the planktonic nauplius larvae. Many have a carapace, a platelike section of their exoskeleton that covers and protects the cephalothorax. They are the only arthropods with two pairs of antennae, and they have compound eyes that are usually mounted on stalks.

Germ Layers

The Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm comprise this group of tissues in a developing zygote.

What's so historically important about the amniotic egg?

The amniotic egg has a watertight shell or case enclosing a membrane-bound food supply, water supply, and waste repository. Fish and amphibians must lay their eggs, which only have a single membrane, in water. Suckers.

Evolution of different patterns of development

The basic Bilaterian (all animals except sponges and Cnidaria (jelly fish group)) pattern of development: 1. Mitotic cell divisions (called cleavages) of the egg form ball of cells, called the blastula. 2. Blastula folds inward to form a two-layer-thick ball (gastrula) with: -Blastopore = Opening to outside -Archenteron = Primitive body cavity -Mesoderm (with coelom inside)

What are the Nematode Characteristics?

The body musculature of these consists solely of longitudinal muscles that shorten or lengthen the body upon contracting or relaxing. They move using their hydrostatic skeleton. Gas exchange occurs across the body wall, and nutrients and wastes move by simple diffusion. They eat a wide variety of materials; each species has mouthparts that are specialized in structure for its food. Most nematode species have separate sexes and undergo sexual reproduction with internal fertilization; females lay eggs.

What are tentacles?

The cephalopods, which include nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, and octopuses, have a well-developed head and a foot that is modified to form these.

What are (the Metamorphosis of both feeding and non-feeding competent larvae In) bivalves?

The chemical cue for these may be produced by bacteria that are specific to the type of biofilm growing in the adult habitat.

Conduction

The direct transfer of heat between two objects in contact.

Evolution of segmentation

The division of the developing animal body into repeated units

What are the different parts of the amniotic egg? (hint: I Am Allan Cho Albumen, Yo!)

The embryo develops within a protective inner membrane called the AMNION. The YOLK SAC contains nutrients for the embryo. The ALLANTOIS contains waste, and the CHORION allows gas exchange. The egg contains a membrane-bound supply of water in a protein-rich solution called ALBUMEN.

What is fun fact about terrestrial protostome lineages?

The evidence for multiple water-to-land transitions in protostomes is based on phylogenetic analyses, which support the hypothesis that the ancestors of the terrestrial lineages in each major subgroup of protostomes were aquatic.

Describe the characteristics of Reptilia - Aves

The fossil record provides conclusive evidence that birds descended from feathered dinosaurs. The 9100 bird species alive today occupy virtually every habitat, including the open ocean. Physical: All bird species have feathers, and most use them to fly. Birds are the only endotherms within the Reptilia. Feeding: Most birds are omnivores, although many are predators. Fertilization: Process of fertilization is sexual reproduction and they are oviparous

What's so historically important about the tetrapod limb?

The hypothesis that mutation and natural selection gradually transformed fins into limbs as the first tetrapods became more and more dependent on terrestrial habitats is supported by both the fossil record and molecular genetic evidence.

What is gene shuffling?

The mixing of genes due to random sexual mating.

What is the relative frequency of an allele?

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool

Effector

The organs or glands on which a negative feedback system acts. Generally muscles or glands, and their actions can change the value of the condition in question back toward the set point value.

Cell Body

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus.

Axon

The part of the neuron that is a single extension of cytoplasm that conducts impulses away from the cell body.

What is punctuated equilibrium?

The pattern of long stable periods of time interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

What is lophotrochozoa?

The phyla of these include mollusks, annelids, and flatworms.

Dendrite

The portion of the neuron that are thin, highly branched extensions that receive incoming stimulation and conduct impulses to the cell body.

What is co-evolution?

The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time (predator-prey pressures, pollination, etc)

What is the Veliger's process of metamorphosis

The process of metamorphosis for these involve losing their velum and undergoing both external and internal changes that produce the juvenile.

Saltatory conduction

The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node

What are Terrestrial protostomes?

The protostome groups that made the water-to-land transition already had hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, appendages, or other adaptations for support and locomotion that happened to work on land as well as in water, facilitating the transition. To make the transition to land, new adaptations must allow protostomes to: (1) Exchange gases. (2) Avoid drying out.

Evolutionary reversal

The reappearance of an ancestral trait in a group that had previously acquired a derived trait

Describe the characteristics of reptiles

The reptiles are the other major lineage of amniotes with the other lineage being mammals. Physical: The major feature distinguishing the reptilian and mammalian lineages is the number and placement of openings in the side of the skull, through which jaw muscles pass. Reptiles are well-adapted for terrestrial life because of three distinguishing features: (1) Scales. (2) Well-developed lungs. (3) Amniotic eggs.

Fun Facts about Hominin fossils!

The shared, derived character that defines the hominins is bipedalism. Several species from the lineage were present simultaneously during most of hominin evolution. The fossil record strongly indicates that different hominin species lived in physical contact. Compared with the australopithecines and the great apes, species in the genus Homo have extremely large brains relative to their overall body size.

Pleural Cavities

The space within mesodermal layers surrounding the lungs.

Apical Surface

The surface of epithelial tissue that is free.

Basal Surface

The surface of epithelial tissue that is secured.

Radiation

The transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation, which does not require direct contact.

Convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid.

Nonshivering Thermogenesis

The use of fat metabolism to produce heat instead of ATP.

Shivering Thermogenesis

The use of muscles to generate heat without producing useful work. Involves using antagonistic muscles to produce little net generation of movement, but the hydrolysis of ATP, which generates heat.

Thermogenesis

The use of normal energy metabolism to produce heat.

Evaporation

The use of the heat of vaporization of water to bring about cooling.

Fun Facts about Eutheria!

There are about 4300 species of eutherians, or placental mammals, distributed worldwide. Eutherians are the most species-rich and morphologically diverse group of mammals. There are 18 eutherian orders. The size and structure of the teeth and the digestive tract correlate closely with the diet of placental mammals. Their young are much better developed at birth than are those of marsupials.

What are protostomes?

These are a monophyletic group divided into two major subgroups: the Lophotrochozoa and the Ecdysozoa.

What are Gills?

These are a series of thin membranes in visceral mass. They're also used for suspension feeding in bivalves.

What are Trochophores

These are a type of larva with cilia around the middle common to several phyla of lophotrochozoa.

What are Mollusks?

These are by far the most species-rich (93,000 to date) and morphologically diverse group in the Lophotrochozoa. They live in marine environments, although there are some terrestrial and freshwater forms.

What are Gastropods, Chitons, Cephalopods?

These are herbivores or predators.

What are Oysters and mussels?

These are largely attached to the surface and are sessile.

What are Scallops?

These are mobile and live on the surface of soft substrate

What are Flukes? (other than what the super bowl was to the broncos. DAAAYUUUMM)

These are parasites and feed by gulping host tissues and fluids through a mouth. They have a blind digestive tract.

What are Cestodes?

These are strictly parasitic and obtain nutrients from the host by diffusion directly across their body wall. They lack a mouth and digestive system.

What are Adaptations (Darwinian)?

These are traits that increase the fitness (reproductive success) of individuals relative to individuals without the trait.

What are Lophotrochozoa (low-foe-tro-ko-ZOH-ah) and Ecdysozoa (eck-die-so-ZOH-ah), and another called Me-Sah-jah-jah-binks.

These are two monophyletic groups of protostomes. And another called Me-Sah-jah-jah-binks.

What are Echiurans?

These are type of annelid, or segmented worm, that deposit feed using a proboscis, an extended structure which forms a gutter leading to the mouth.

What are oligochaetes (some)?

These burrow in moist soils and others live in freshwater or marine environments. They lack parapodia and have fewer chaetae than do polychaetes. They are deposit feeders in the soil.

What are Platyhelminthes Turbellarians?

These can reproduce asexually by splitting themselves in half (aka the kinky way), or sexually by mutual and simultaneous fertilization.

What are external cues?

These determine the onset of metamorphosis.

What are Ecdysozoans

These grow by molting—shedding of the soft cuticle or hard exoskeleton.contrast between lophotrochozoans which grow incrementally

What are Arthropods and many mollusks

These guys have gills or other respiratory structures located inside the body, minimizing water loss when moving onto land.

What are Veligers?

These hatch from an earlier trochophore larval stage. Veligers mature to a point called "competence" where they settle on a surface to become the juvenile stage.

What are Nemerteans

These have a barb-tipped proboscis that extends and spears or entangles the prey and then retracts.

What is Mollusca: Polyplacophora (Chitons)

These have eight calcium carbonate plates along their dorsal side that form a protective shell. The approximately 1000 species are marine. They are usually found in the intertidal zone. Chitons have a radula to scrape algae off rocks and move by gliding on their broad, muscular foot. Reproduction is sexual and external; many chiton species have trochophore larvae.

What is the Clitellata?

These have lost or reduced chaetae and include two monophyletic groups: Oligochaeta (oligochaetes) which include earthworms, and Hirudinea (leeches).

What are acoelomates?

These have no enclosed body cavity.

What are Jointed limbs?

These in arthropods enabled rapid, precise running, walking, and jumping.

What are Gastropods?

These include about 70,000 terrestrial and marine snails, slugs, and nudibranchs. These organisms have a large muscular foot on their ventral side. Terrestrial slugs and nudibranchs lack shells; snails are shelled. These and other mollusks have a unique structure in their mouths called a radula to scrape away food. Waves of contractions down the length of the foot allow gastropods to move by gliding. Some species can reproduce using parthenogenesis, but most gastropod reproduction is sexual.

What are the bivalves?

These include clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels. They have two separate shells, made of calcium carbonate, that are hinged together and serve to protect the animal from predation.

What is the polychaetes?

These include those lineages that retained many chaetae and are mostly marine. They range greatly in size and lifestyle, and have a wide variety of feeding methods.

What are Rotifera (Rotifers)?

These live in damp soils and marine and freshwater environments. They are important components of plankton in freshwater and brackish water. They have a coelom, and although they are lophotrochozoans they neither possess a lophophore nor have trochophore larvae. The corona, a cluster of cilia at their anterior end that is used for suspension feeding, is the defining characteristic of the phylum. They also swim by beating the coronal cilia. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual and are Lophotrochozoans

What are Leeches?

These live in freshwater as well as marine environments and compared to other annelids have a much smaller coelom which consists of a series of connected chambers. Leeches are either ectoparasites, predators, or scavengers.

What is Bilatera?

These organisms are Bilaterally symmetric, triploblastic, and can be divided into protostomes (arthropods, mollusks, and segmented worms) and deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms).

What are the reproductive traits of the Flukes and tapeworms?

These reproduce sexually by cross-fertilization or self-fertilization. Their life cycles are quite complex, often with several hosts. Sexual reproduction occurs in the definitive host. Asexual reproduction occurs in one or more intermediate hosts.

What are Roundworms and earth worms

These two species of protostomes have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which increases the efficiency of gas exchange across their body surface in their moist environments.

What are Priapulids? (penis worms!)

These types of molluscs have a toothed throat that can be turned inside out to grab prey and then retracted.

What are homologous structures?

They all develop from the same embryo tissues but have different functions in the adult organism

Pericardial Cavity

Thin space within mesodermal layers around the heart.

What is the mollusk foot?

This is a muscle allows molluscs to crawl along a surface

What is a lophophore?

This is a specialized structure that rings the mouth of these animals and functions in suspension feeding.

What is a functioning coelom?

This provides space for fluids to circulate among organs. Provides a hydrostatic skeleton for movement.

What is Triploblastic?

This term describes organisms with three embryonic tissue types (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

What are mandibles?

Those Crustaceans species that are hunters, scavengers, or herbivores have mouthparts that bite or chew and often use their claws to grasp their prey called these.

What are the distinguishing synapomorphies of mammals?

Three distinguishing characteristics of mammals are: 1. Insulating HAIR or FUR. 2. ENDOTHERMY—they regulate their body temperatures with internally generated heat. 3. MAMMARY GLANDS for lactation.

Canaliculi

Tiny canals through which osteocytes communicate with blood vessels in the central canal.

Adipose

Tissue used for nutrient storage. Consist of a droplet of triglycerides contained within a vesicle. When energy is needed, the cell hydrolyzes the triglycerides and secretes fatty acids for oxidation by muscles, liver, and other organs. Cannot divide; however cells can grow and shrink.

An important part of the water vascular system are these, which are elongated, fluid-filled structures.

Tube Feet

Allopatric species

Two closely related species that are geographically isolated from each other (species which overlap)

What is temporal isolation?

Two populations are separated by different reproductive times

What is geographic isolation?

Two populations are separated by geographic barriers, like mountains or oceans and they can't interbreed

Is there a single monophyletic group that includes all fishlike lineages?

Uh, No. Fishy organisms are a series of independent monophyletic groups that form a grade, or sequence of lineages that are paraphyletic. Duh.

What is convergent evolution?

Unrelated organisms come to resemble one another

Keratinized Epithelium

Upper layer consists of dead squamous cells, and is filled with a water resistant protein called keratin.

Describe the body plan of Urochordates (tunicates or sea squirts)

Urochordates (tunicates or sea squirts) have pharyngeal gill slits in both larvae and adults, but the notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and tail occur only in the larvae. Look like what can only be described as phalange fish. Physical: Sea squirts live on the ocean floor and salps live in the open ocean. The distinguishing characters of tunicates include an exoskeleton-like coat of polysaccharide called a TUNIC!!!, a U-shaped gut, and two siphons. Feeding: Tunicates are suspension feeders. Larvae swim with the aid of the notochord; adults float or are sessile. Fertilization: Reproduction is both sexual and asexual. Most species produce sperm and eggs, and fertilization can be either external or internal.

What's so important about the placenta? (Whoever called it a belly button? That's the real question)

Viviparous mammals have an organ called the placenta that is rich in blood vessels and facilitates the flow of oxygen and nutrients from mother to embryo. After a development period called gestation, the offspring emerges from the mother's body.

Outer epithelium

Water comes through ostia (singular ostium) = pores and it exits through a large opening called osculum

Echinoderms are also defined by a series of branching, fluid-filled tubes and chambers that forms a hydrostatic skeleton called what?

Water vascular system

What is Adaptive Radiation!!!!

Water-to-land transitions are important because they open up entirely new habitats and new types of resources to exploit, which is an example of this.

What is the Movement in Mollusca

Waves of muscle contraction cause movement. Muscle in foot or fluid in visceral mass may act as hydrostatic skeleton.

Resting Potential

When a neuron is not being stimulated, it maintains a resting potential; Ranges from -40 to -90 millivolts (mV); Average about -70 mV

What is the Founder Effect?

When a population shrinks down to only a few members, then rebounds so all of the future members have the "founder's" gene

What is speciation?

When natural selection and other random effects lead to the creation of a new species

What is behavioral isolation?

When two populations can interbreed, but their different behaviors, or reproductive strategies, don't "turn each other on"

Leukocytes

White blood cells

According to optimal foraging theory

a higher energy item might be less valuable than a lower energy item if it takes too much time to capture the larger item.

Radial symmetry animals do not form

a monophyletic group

Homoplasy

a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor; (ex) Convergent evolution, Evolutionary reversal

Homologous structures __________. a. are structures in 2 or more species that originate as the same structure in a common ancestor. b. are structures that look the same in different species. c. cannot serve different functions in different species. d. must serve different functions in different species.

a. are structures in 2 or more species that originate as the same structure in a common ancestor.

In Darwin's finches, a. occurrence of wet and dry years preserves genetic variation for beak size. b. increasing beak size over time proves that beak size is inherited. c. large beak size is always favored. d. all of the above.

a. occurrence of wet and dry years preserves genetic variation for beak size.

Sensory neurons are also known as ____

afferent neurons

Anthrax

an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Most forms of the disease are lethal, and it affects both humans and animals

In operant conditioning

an animal learns that a particular behavior leads to a reward or punishment

A key stimulus, innate releasing mechanism, and fixed action pattern

are components of behaviors that are innate

Interneurons are also known as ____

association neurons

The evolution of modern horses (Equus) is best described as __________. a. the constant change and replacement of one species by another over time. b. a complex history of lineages that changed over time. c. a simple history of lineages that have always resembled extant horses. d. none of these

b. a complex history of lineages that changed over time.

Gaps in the fossil record ________. a. demonstrate our inability to date geologic sediments. b. are expected since the probability that any organism will fossilize is extremely low. c. have not been filled in as new fossils have been discovered. d. weaken the theory of evolution.

b. are expected since the probability that any organism will fossilize is extremely low.

Convergent evolution __________. a. is an example of stabilizing selection. b. depends on natural selection to independently produce similar phenotypic responses in different species. c. occurs only on islands. d. is expected when different lineages are exposed to vastly different selective environments.

b. depends on natural selection to independently produce similar phenotypic responses in different species.

The possession of fine fur in 5-month human embryos indicates ________. a. that the womb is cold at that point in pregnancy. b. humans evolved from a hairy ancestor. c. hair is a defining feature of mammals. d. some parts of the embryo grow faster than others.

b. humans evolved from a hairy ancestor.

Darwin's finches are a noteworthy case study of evolution by natural selection because evidence suggests ______. a. they are descendents of many different species that colonized the Galapagos. b. they radiated from a single species that colonized the Galapagos. c. they are more closely related to mainland than to another. d. none of the above.

b. they radiated from a single species that colonized the Galapagos.

Behavioral ecology assumes

behavioral traits are subject to natural selection

What is the symmetry in the larvae of echinoderms?

bilateral symmetry

In the PNS, myelinated axons are _____

bundled to form nerves

From the perspective of females, extra-pair copulations (EPCs)

can be associated with receiving male aid

Many polyp species build an exoskeleton of

chitin or calcium carbonate around themselves. They link members of a colony -Some build an internal skeleton

Signals used by animals for communication vary in their specificity. Which type of signal is the most specific?

courtship

Artificial selection is different from natural selection because ___________. a. artificial selection is not capable of producing large changes. b. artificial selection does not require genetic variation. c. natural selection cannot produce new species. d. breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce based on the desirability of traits.

d. breeders (people) choose which individuals reproduce based on the desirability of traits.

Artificial selection experiments in the laboratory such as in figure 21.5 (Bristle number in Drosophila) are an example of a. stabilizing selection. b. negative frequency-dependent selection. c. directional selection. d. disruptive selection.

d. disruptive selection.

Convergent Evolution is often seen among species on different islands because a. island populations are smaller and more affected by genetic drift. b. disruptive selection occurs commonly on islands. c. island species are usually more closely related to species in similar habitats elsewhere. d. when islands are first colonized, many ecological resources are unused, allowing descendants of a colonizing species to diversify and adapt to many different parts of the environment.

d. when islands are first colonized, many ecological resources are unused, allowing descendants of a colonizing species to diversify and adapt to many different parts of the environment.

The outgroup

does not possess any of the derived characters

Motor neurons are also known as ____

efferent neurons

What is Holometabolous metamorphosis (mollusks)?

egg -> trochophore -> veliger -> Juvenile -> Adult (sexually mature) is and example of this.

Two Basic Types of Synapses

electrical and chemical

Major evolutionary innovation in cnidarians is

extracellular digestion of food inside the animal -Digestion takes place partly in gastrovascular cavity -Cells then engulf fragments by phagocytosis

The principle of parsimony

favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions

A decreased response to a repeated stimulus that has no positive or negative consequences is called:

habituation.

In the haplodiploidy system of sex determination, males are

haploid

As an animal develops it may form social attachments to other individuals that may affect its behavior later in life. This process is called:

imprinting.

The elaborate tail feathers of a male peacock evolved because they

improve reproductive success of males and females

Sexual dimorphism is the result of:

intrasexual selection.

A fixed action pattern

is triggered by a sign stimulus.

Protostomes and Deuterostomes form a ____________ group?

monophyletic

The inside of the cell is more _____ charged than the outside

negatively

The nervous system consists of _____

neurons and supporting cells

Impulse jumps from _____

node to node

Two species of sea otter use rocks as "anvils" to open clams. However, in species A each individual otter keeps the same rock which it uses many times, but otters in species B use a rock only once, discard it and pick up a new rock when they feed on a clam. Which species exhibits cognition?

only species A exhibits cognition

Signals that can be involved in animal communication:

pheromones, language, sound, and light

Chaetogmata (traditionally with Deuterostomes) forms own ___________

phylum and includes predatory marine worms

Depolarization makes the membrane potential more ____

positive

Postsynaptic cell _____ action potential

receives

Synapomorphies

shared derived characters (Only characteristics that are considered informative about evolutionary relationships)

If a young white-crowned sparrow becomes deaf after it hears its species' song during the critical period it will:

sing a poorly developed version of the song.

According to kin selection, saving the life of your ___ would do the least for increasing your inclusive fitness.

sister-in-law

Most members of porifera lack

symmetry

The study of song development in sparrows showed that

the acquisition of a species-specific song is innate

Altruism, which results in a cost (e.g. reduced reproductive success) for the altruist, can evolve if:

the altruist helps close relatives.

The difference between following a set of driving directions given to you by somebody on the street (for example "..take a right at the next light, go four blocks and turn left..") and using a map to find your destination is

the difference between orientation and navigation, respectively

Action potential is only produced at ____

the nodes of Ranvier

The study of behavior involves studying:

the role of instinct, the role of learning, the physiological basis for a behavior, and the adaptive value of behavior,

Mate choice by females means that:

the sexes have different reproductive strategies.

In courtship communication

the signal itself is always species-specific

The spinal cord is enclosed and protected by _____

the vertebral column and the meninges

Cognitive behavior is:

thinking.

Shore crabs tend to feed on intermediate sized mussels rather than on the largest ones because:

this maximizes their net energy gain.

Presynaptic cell _____ action potential

transmits

Animal migration is characterized by the following feature(s):

two-way movement to and from two sites, often large number of individuals involved, instinct, and often use of environmental information for navigation (e.g. position of the stars at night)

In the CNS, myelinated axons form _____

white matter

Altruism

will only occur when the fitness benefit of a given act is greater than the fitness cost