Combo with "Fruit Types" and 1 other
-- Have vessels in xylem, like angiosperms -- Molecular data indicates, surprisingly, an origin within conifer group.
"GNETOPHYTA"
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"short shoots" borne in their axils; determinate fascicle (bundle) of photosynthetic, needle-leaves
Figs have inside-out inflorescences (called a syconium) with reduced flowers on the inside
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Filament
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First year female cone ls x20. Cone scales are separated to allow the entry of pollen.
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Bear & enclose ovules, form pistils individually or by fusion (comprise gynoecium)
Carpels
Whorl of carpels fused together at edges to form single pistil
Central pistil:
float (water buoyancy)
Coconut;dispersal
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Conifer pollen; multicellular
flowering plants (POACEAE) but are mainly wind-pollinated
Grasses
Hardwoods are angiosperms, softwoods are gymnosperms.
Distinguish between hardwoods and softwoods.
-Have vessels in xylem, like angiosperms origin within conifer group leaves resemble those of angiosperms
Gnetophyta
ginkgo biloba cycads conifers gnetophytes
Gymnosperm diversity 4 kinds
Plant growth from lateral meristems such as the vascular cambium and cork cambium. This growth thickens plants and creates wood and bark (only in woody plants). Allows for taller, stronger plants, more branching and reproduction, and more conduction of fluids.
Secondary Growth
...-sunflower inferior If the chamber is below the apparent point of insertion of the remaining floral parts (stamens, petals, sepals), we say that the ovary is inferior. If above, superior
Know difference
Sequoiadendron giganteum California Sierra Nevada endemic
Largest tree in terms of overall volume
Also known as summer wood. Secondary conducting xylem cells that are smaller in diameter.
Late Wood
(sepals-petals-stamens-carpels), all of which are considered homologous to leaves. However, depending on the species, one or more of these components may be missing, modified, or variously fused with one another
Recognizing the parts is sometimes tricky, because flowers are tremendously varied. What is constant is the positional and developmental order of the four components
The expanded portion of the peduncle that receives "whorls" of flower parts. This may contribute to fruits.
Receptacle
Hardwood in which the vessels are much larger and more numerous in early wood than late wood; easily visible.
Ring-Porous Hardwood
(abrus precatorious) : bright seeds eaten by birds; hard coat prevent digestion
Rosary pea; dispersal
thickening of shoot and root axes; production of new vascular and dermal tissue:: thickening growth in regions that are no longer growing in length.
SECONDARY GROWTH:
Functional, conducting wood; Younger wood; Closer to stem surface
Sapwood
Newer, lighter, functional secondary xylem of a woody plant (closer to vascular cambium).
Sapwood
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Sea bean- indehiscent fruit Fruit dispersal Water agent
Fx: Increase girth of organs; gymnosperms an eudicots. Arises from lateral meristems >Vascular cambium >Cork Cambium
Secondary Growth
A slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows.
Style
Waxy material found in the cell walls of cork tissue and in the Casparian strip of the endodermis.
Suberin
a highly hydrophobic wax
Suberin
Late wood; Less water available; More tracheids; Smaller diameter cells
Summer Wood
find vascular cambium
Sunflower- dicot X-inside P-outside
Sepals, petals and stamens insert below base of pistil
Superior ovary
type of fruit formed with the inner layer of ovary wall (endocarp) become hard and bony. Drupes with fleshy mesocarp: peaches, plums, apricots, cherries, coconut (drupe with fibrous mesocarp, all the white is endosperm) , walnut (meaty embryo with wrinkled cotyledons is edible portion)
drupe
aggregate fruit
druplets together form
Gametophyte tissue and embryo, cotyledons ?
from outside in, integument female gametophyte
indentify layers
from outside in; ovule integument- gametophyte-sporophyte embryo
small skinny fall apart easily
male strobili
pollen grain
microgametophyte (n)
pineapple= intercalary inflorescence. multiple fruit form fused, fleshy ovary tissue of many flowers. Figs: inside out fleshy inflorescence axis
multiple fruit (of the pineapple)
dry oily fruit with (usually) a single seed; entire ovary wall becomes hard and bony.
nut
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older sections grow
end of paleozoic era
origin of seeds plants ? what era ?
Integument(s)
outer protective layer of plant
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show tracheids and fibers but also vessels, conducting cells that are much wider than the tracheid and are perforated at their ends
forms tube
stamens connate
Numerous, spirally arranged carpels each form a separate pistil with a single ovule inside. receptacle: fleshy expanded floral stem tissue
strawberry;receptacle
a highly hydrophobic wax
suberin:
(F)
Receptacle
Located in cortex between vascular bundles
Interfasciculer Cambium
microsporangia on surface ovules on surface
location of mega/microsporophylls
Pinus
long shoots" indeterminate, produce papery scale leaves
-Gynosperm classified based on molecular data -Gnetum - leaves look like flowering plant leaves; Strobili with seeds look like fruits
-Why are Gnetophyta Gymnosperms? -What makes Gnetophyta look like an angiosperm?
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. The outer layers include integuments of the sporangium wall and to the inside a nucellus tissue, both part of the parent sporophyte. The nucellus provides stored nutrients for the gametophyte which develops from the single megaspore (n) (produced by meiosis of a diploid mother cell). Identify these tissues
Leaves needle-like to scale-like, simple; typically tough & "evergreen." Scale-like - Mature leaves common on most junipers and arborvitae Awl-shaped - Juvenile leaves common on some junipers Linear-shaped - Narrow flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews Needle-like - In pine, the single, bundle, or cluster of needles makes a rounded shape
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"GNETOPHYTA" Welwitschia mirabilis --Namib desert endemic --Produces only 2 foliage leaves its entire life; elongate from basal meristem. --Cone-bearing reproductive shoots arise from this same meristem.
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(Cycadophyta) Fossil cycads date back to late Paleozoic (280 mybp). Most diverse & numerous during Jurassic Period of Mesozoic Era. Currently about 200+ species remain, in tropics and subtropics worldwide. Shoot a dense rosette of numerous leaves. Trunk un- branched or with occasional dichotomies. No axillary buds. Thick, tough, long-lived pinnately compound leaves, crowd large apical meristem.
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(lily) Megaspore tetrads x400. Meiosis produces groups of four haploid (N chromosomes) megaspores which are initially attached to each other as shown here. In some of the illustrated megaspore groups you can't see all four meagaspores because some are out of the plain of section.
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1 integument 3 archegonia 4 egg nucleus 5 remnants of megasporangium 2 megagametophyte
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8 nucleate Embryo Sac x40. This is the Lily mature female gametophyte consisting of 7 cells and 8 haploid nuclei. Such a flowering plant female gametophyte is usually called the "embryo sac". The egg and two flanking synergid cells are at the lower right. The large central cell contains two large "polar nuclei", one at the lower left and one at the upper right. The three antipodal cells are at the upper left.
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A cypress dome is a type of swamp, typically dominated by pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens). The trees at the center of the swamp grow higher than the trees at the edge, which forms a dome-like shape of treetops when viewed from a distance.
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A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers. It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales, which give it a berry-like appearance
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A single pistil consisting of several fused carpels (A) and several pistils each consisting of a single carpel (B). Flower components may be arranged spirally (formation alternate) or, more commonly, in whorls (formation simultaneous).
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Ephedra 40+ spp. --temperate herbs of N. America & Asia -- opposite, highly reduced scale-like leaves; stems provides photosynthetic surface. -- source of amphetamine-like stimulant alkaloids ephedrine, pseudephedrine
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A. Cross-section through an anther of Lilie (Lilium)sp.) with on the left and the right side two loculi each. In the loculi sporemothercells (SMCs) can be seen from which the four spores develop through meiosis I and II. Inbetween the loculi of each pair a thin layer of cells (arrow) is visible along which the loculus can burst open atmaturity and release the pollen grains. In the middle the cross-sectioned filament (Fi) to which the anther is attached is indicated. In the upper part the vascular bundle (v) of the loculus can be distinguished. B. Loculus. The lumen contains developing pollen. On the inner wall (w) of the loculus a layer constitued of block-shaped single cells is present, the tapetum (t). The tapetum feeds the developing spore and -later- pollen. C. Tetrad stage during pollen development. After the two meiotic divisions the four daughter cells are still interconnected and form a tetrad. They are still surrounded by the wall (arrow) of the original cell, the microspore mothercell (MMC). D. Mitotic division in the spore leading to the formation of a microgametophyte or pollen. Only the metaphase is shown here. The chromosomes lay in the equatorial plane of the cell. E. Nearly ripe pollen grain: visible are a vegetative cell with nucleus (VN), which later will form the pollen tube, and a generative cell with its own nucleus (GN), which later will divide into two sperm cells. F. Ripe pollen grain in which the texture of the outer cell wall, the exine, can be recognized. The grainy dark purple structure in the middle of the pollen grain is the vegetative nucleus. G. Diagram in 3 parts: Ripe pollen grain consisting of the vegetative cell (VC) and therein the smaller generative cell (GC). After landing on the stigma (St) the pollen grain germinates and forms a pollen tube. In the pollen tube the generative cell divides into two sperm cells (SC). The pollen tube grows to the embryo sac (ES) and delivers the two sperm cells that are involved in double fertilization.
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ANTHER. Numerous meioses produce haploid male spores; develop into tiny 2-celled ♂ gametophyte (POLLEN). Released, transported to stigma of another flower. Generative cell will divide to produce 2 sperm.
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Anther
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Anthophyta: Lilium anthers t.s. meiosis late 1st division
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Archegonia from pine ovule with egg nucleus.
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At this stage the maturing gametophyte and pollen will have used up most of the nucellar tissue, and the developing sporophyte embryo in turn has taken much of that nutrition mobilized by the gametophyte.
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Banana "tree" is really just a tall, non-woody herbaceous plant. "Trunk" of overlapping leaf bases
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CROSS-SECTION OF A LILY ANTHER SHOWING THE FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION (LILIUM), A MONOCOT, LM X65
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Coast Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens northern California to Oregon among tallest known trees, to 394+ feet (115 m). valuable source of timber; endangered
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Conifer pollen is immediately recognizable by the two swollen lobes, resembling mickey mouse ears. The pollen is multicellular, although usually consisting of just two cells at this stage. A cell wall between them will probably not be observable, although you should be able to distinguish the two nuclei in at least some of the sectioned pollen grains.
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Conifers (Pinophyta) Usually with single straight trunk; original shoot meristem maintains strong apical dominance. Shoots contain terpenoid resins; inedible to most animals. Source of varnish, turpentine, amber... ...and gin.
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Conifers (Pinophyta) Pines, spruces, cypresses, redwoods, yews, junipers... about 630 species worldwide of tremendous ecological importance; cover vast areas of boreal forest. about 630 species worldwide of tremendous economic importance: lumber and paper industries.
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Conifers Taxus baccata Taxus (yew) shrub-tree used in landscaping, hedges. single ovules surrounded by scale that swells after fertilization to form fleshy red aril. highly poisonous taxane terpenoids in stems and seeds. Paclitaxel (taxol) inhibits mitosis, now used as anticancer drug.
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Conifers (Pinophyta) Conifer cones (strobili) ♂ or ♀ , bear microsporangia or ovules on flattened, spirally arranged scales. Cones borne on same plant (monoecious) or different plants (dioecious)
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Conifers (Pinophyta):: Bristlecone pine 3 closely related species in dry highlands of California and western US oldest non-clonal living things known : one tree 4844+ years old
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Conifers (Pinophyta):: Taxodium ascendens "pond cypress" Leaves appressed; radially symetrical shoots
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Conifers (Pinophyta)::Taxodium disticum "bald cypress" Leaves spreading; dorsiventral shoots
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Coralloid root: Nostoc.
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Cycad female cone Megasporophylls with ovules on surface::: Pollen transferred from male cones to ovules by wind or insects such as beetles. Cones generate heat, volatilizing chemicals that attract (to female) or repel (from male) insect visitors.
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Cycad male cone Microsporophylls with microsporangia on surface
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Cycad::: Leaves not inrolled into crozier, although individual leaflets sometimes inrolled.
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Cycads form upward-growing coralloid roots that house symbiotic cyanobacteria (Nostoc) Fix nitrogen, absorbed by plant Produce neurotoxin BMAA (betamethylaminoalanine), concentrated in cycad seeds, leaves, stems. associated
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Dicot flower bud xs x20. You can see from the outside toward the center 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, and a single central pistil that was formed by the fusion of two carpels. The pistil is sectioned through the ovary and several ovules are visible inside.
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Dicot stem cross-section of a young or non-woody (herbaceous) plant: primary growth of dicot stem; vascular bundles are not scattered but arranged in a ring. outside and moving inward is epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle(phloem then xylem) and pith
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Dioon edule female cone cut in half
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Double Fertilization x400. Lily caught "doing it"! Two sperm nuclei exit the pollen tube. In most species of flowering plants one sperm nucleus (N) fuses with the two polar nuclei (each N) to form the 3N nucleus of the endosperm mother cell. The other sperm nucleus (N) fuses with the nucleus of the egg (N) to form the zygote (2N). --------------------
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Embryo Sac x400. The polar nuclei and egg are labeled. The two "synergid" cells flank the egg. The three "antipodal" cells are above and to the right of the upper polar nucleus.
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FERTILIZATION >Multicellular sporophyte embryo (2n) SEED = fertilized ovule (with embryo)
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Flower with many pistils: Each carpel folds edges together to form a separate pistil. the flower petals are gone and only the pistil remains. The compound pistil (a. k. a. the gynoecium) is the green grenade made of multiple tightly packed carpels. Each carpel ends in a hook (the dried style, tipped with its stygma) and descends into the gynoecium to its ovule.
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Flower with single central pistil: Whorl of carpels fused together at edges to form single pistil
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Germinated pine pollen:: 1 wings 3 pollen tube 4 tube nucleus 2 generative cell A nucleus migrates down into the tube; it later divides to form two sperm which are delivered to an archegonium. Find this nucleus in one of the germinating grains. Only one sperm will fuse with the egg, although sperm from other growing pollen grains may fertilize the egg of another archegonia. As a result, more than one embryo may begin development and compete for resources; however, only one will survive as the seed matures in preparation for dispersal.
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Germinating Pinus pollen grain in pollen chamber x400. Note the branched pollen tube extending to the right. The pollen grain sits in the pollen chamber and the micropyle is off to the left.
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Germinating pine pollen.
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Ginkgo biloba trees are dioecious (separate ♂& ♀ plants);;; ovules (♀) borne in pairs at tips of peduncles
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Gnetum 30+ spp. -- leaves resemble those of angiosperms -- tropical shrubs & lianas
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Grasses are flowering plants (POACEAE) but are mainly wind-pollinated, with highly reduced or non-showy flower parts.
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Immature female gametophyte. In most species of flowering plants three of the four megaspore nuclei die. The remaining megaspore, the one closest to the micropyle, divides several times by mitosis to form the female gametophyte. Illustrated is the 4 nucleate state of this gametophyte
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In male sporangium, numerous cells (not just 1) undergo meiosis.
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In male sporangium, numerous cells (not just 1) undergo meiosis= haploid microspores (n):: mitosis 2-celled ♂ microgametophyte (n) = pollen grain
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Integument (protective layer of cells) Micropyle = opening through integuments Nucellus = nutritive tissue, equivalent to megasporangium
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Legend: 1 megasporophyll 3 megasporocyte 4 sterile bract 2 megasporangium=megagametophyt English name: Pine Scientific name: Pinus sp. Familia: Pinaceae Classis: Coniferopsida Phylum: Gymnospermae Regnum: Plantae
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Legend: 1 megasporophyl 2 megasporangium wall 3 integument 4 megasporocyte 5 tissue megasporangium 6 micropyle
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Lily anther mature pollen cs. After the microspores (n) undergo a single cell division, the pollen is ready for dispersal. Find the 2-celled pollen grains; you'll see 2 nuclei but no wall between them. A reticulate outer layer impregnated with sporopollenin may be brightly stained. On what structure will the pollen germinate and complete its development
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Lily early embryo x40. The zygote, near the micropyle of the seed starts to divide by mitosis to form the first few cells of the (2N, sporophyte) embryo. The endosperm mother cell divides by mitosis to form the (usually 3N) multicellular nutritive tissue known as "endosperm". These are surrounded by the seed coat and the (upper left corner) fruit (ovary) wall.
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Lily ovary diploid megasporocyte slide. In each ovary you will see one very large diploid mother cell that is starting to undergo meiosis. Most commonly, a single megaspore results after the other three meiotic products break down. The megaspore undergoes mitosis and a very reduced female gametophyte results. It only has about eight cells, many of them little more than nucleus with plasmalemma around it. At the micropyle end is the egg cell; two other cells flank it, but there is no recognizable archegonium in this highly reduced gametophyte.
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Mahogany- Capsule-dry-dehiscent- Seed dispersal Wind agent
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Male cones:: Cycads are all dioecious: male and female cones always on separate plants
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Mature Lily anther with double nuclei pollen (Lilium)
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Mature anther x40. When the pollen is fully formed the pollen sacs break open and pollen is released.
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Mature embryo several cotyledons (polycot) embedded in megagametophyte surrounded by dried nucellus (megasporangium) and hard seed coat (integument) Seed embryo 2N (baby) food N (gametophyte) protection 2N (parent) Mature seed: Embryo with shoot and root poles organized Gametophyte provides food reserve. (No nucellus left.)
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Mature pollen grains x400 have two haploid nuclei such as the specimen on the left, and an elaborate wall. Multinucleate pollen grains are young male gametophytes.
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Megaspore mother cell x100. This is a first year cone ls. The cone axis is on the right. An arrow indicates the megaspore mother cell in an ovule. This cell will divide by meiosis to make four megaspores, one of which will divide by mitosis to make the female gametophyte inside the ovule.
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Monocot flower bud xs x12. This is a Lily bud with (from the outside toward the center) 3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens each bearing an anther with 4 pollen sacs, and a single central pistil sectioned through the ovary. You can see 6 ovules in the ovary
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Nucellus (=sporangium) - nutritive tissue surrounding spore/ gametophyte:: The outer layers include integuments of the sporangium wall and to the inside a nucellus tissue, both part of the parent sporophyte. The nucellus provides stored nutrients for the gametophyte which develops from the single megaspore (n) (produced by meiosis of a diploid mother cell). Integument(s) - protective covering
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Ovary: ovary (chamber) one to many ovules within. One pollination event can supply pollen to fertilize numerous ovules.
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Petal
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Pine Pollen: The "male" cones typically are found in clusters at the tips of lower, side branches, and usually take several years to develop. In these cones, the modified leaves are called microsporophylls. Each microsporophyll bears a microsporangium in which the microspores are produced. Still inside the microsporangium, each microspore divides and "grows" to form a four-celled (four nuclei, anyway) male gametophyte, also known as pollen which contains two sperm nuclei. A grain of pine pollen also has two large air sacs to make it buoyant in the wind, and these give the pollen a "Mickey Mouse hat" appearance. In the (♂) microsporangium, the microspores divide only once or twice to form 2- or 3-celled male gametophytes, which are released as pollen
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Pine ovule tip (fertilized, note pollen tube path)
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Pinus Female Cones (ovule and megaspore):: the pollen grain germinates, grows into the ovule and delivers a sperm cell to the female gametophyte inside. After the egg is fertilized, and the young sporophyte embryo sufficiently organized, the whole ovule package (sporangium, female gametophyte, young sporophyte) is ready for dispersal, and is then called the seed.
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Pistil
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Ravenala madagascariensis, "traveller's tree" (Strelitziaceae), a monocot tree with no secondary growth.
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Rosary pea - legume fruit - dehiscent Seed dispersal Animals agent...
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SEED PLANTS are all heterosporous::: A single meiosis occurs in female sporangium; usually 3 of the 4 haploid cells break down, leaving 1. The single female spore is NOT released, but instead retained in the sporangium. It develops into a gametophyte WITHIN the sporangium. OVULE evolves from ♀ Sporangium + protective integuments. ♀sporangium (2n), ♀ gamete(n), ♀ gametophyte (n)
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SEED PLANTS: DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS ovules borne exposed (naked); pollen lands directly on them. 1. Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgophyta) 2. Cycads (Cycadophyta) 3. Conifers (Pinophyta) 4. Gnetophytes
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Second year ovule with pollen in pollen chamber
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Sepal
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Southwest Florida pine flatwoods Conifers (Pinophyta) Pinus elliottii "slash pine"
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Sporophylls of a mature male cone x20. The cone axis ls is on the right. Sporophylls are fertile leaves. They have sporangia with pollen on their lower surfaces.
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Stamen
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Stigma and pollen x100. When pollen is carried by the wind or an animal to the hairy stigma of a flower the pollen germinates and makes a pollen tube. Several purple staining pollen grains are visible with green staining pollen tubes emerging from them.
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Stigma: pollen deposited on stigma
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Style
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Taxodium distichum (bald cypress ) - cone - male::
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Taxodium distichum: female
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Taxodium, swamp "cypresses" of southeastern US. cypress "knees": upgrowths from root system --Butresses near base of trunk provide extra stability in soft marshy substratum.
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The genus Pinus shows what is known as shoot dimorphism; there are two distinctive kinds of shoots that differ markedly in their growth and in the kind of leaves they produce;; "long shoots" indeterminate, produce papery scale leaves "short shoots" borne in their axils; determinate fascicle (bundle) of photosynthetic, needle-leaves.
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The pines (genus Pinus) "long shoots" indeterminate, produce papery scale leaves "short shoots" borne in their axils; determinate fascicle (bundle) of photosynthetic, needle-leaves.
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The position of the ovary differs in different plant species. If the ovary is attached above the attachment of the other three whorls, i.e. the corolla, calyx and androecium, the ovary is said to be superior (A). If it is below the level of attachment of the three whorls it is inferior (C). The third possibility is intermediate (B) where the ovary is superior but surrounded by a receptacle from which the other three whorls sprout. Sepals, petals and stamens insert below base of pistil: SUPERIOR OVARY Basal parts of sepals, petals and stamens adnate to base of pistil: INFERIOR OVARY
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The radial section of pine wood shows the elongate tracheids vertically; the circular areas on the tracheids are pits. The darkly stained tracheids are part of the late wood, with tracheids of the early wood to the left. The "greenish-blue" cells to the right represent a wood ray as it typically appears in radial view.
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The xylem and phloem cells produced by the fusiform initials have their long axes oriented vertically and make up what is known as the axial system of the secondary vascular tissues. The ray initials produce horizontally oriented ray cells, which form the vascular rays or radial system. Composed largely of parenchyma cells, the vascular rays are variable in length. They serve as pathways for the movement of food substances from the secondary phloem to the secondary xylem, and the movement of water from the secondary xylem to the secondary phloem. Vascular rays also serve as storage centers for such substances as starch, proteins, and lipids and may also synthesize some secondary metabolites.
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The xylem is toward the inside. The xylem cells are large and thick-walled, and they are stained red in this slide. The phloem lies just outside the xylem; the phloem cells are smaller, with thin walls and blue staining. Just outside the active phloem there are phloem fiber cells. These tough, reinforced cells are stained red and look similar to xylem cells. However, they don't seem to be involved in transport within the plant. Instead, they apparently function mainly to strengthen the stem. The middle of the stem is filled with a ground tissue called pith. The outer layer of the stem is the epidermis, which protects the stem and reduces water loss.
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Tissue Breakdown: Angiosperm: Tilia stem Epidermal tissue: cork. Ground tissue: cortex, pith (absent in old stems). Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Meristem tissue: cork cambium, vascular cambium.
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Transverse, radial, and tangential sections of pine wood
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Vascular cambium of the apple (Malus domestica) tree Tangential longitudinal sections are cut at right angles to the rays, so we see the rays here in transverse section . A cambium such as this, in which the fusiform initials are not arranged in horizontal tiers on tangential surfaces, is said to be nonstoried. Fusiform initials average 0.53 millimeter in length in the apple.
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When an initial divides periclinally, the two daughter cells appear one behind (or in front of) the other. (b) Anticlinal divisions, which occur perpendicular to the surface, are involved in the multiplication of fusiform initials. When an initial divides anticlinally, the two daughter cells appear side by side.
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Why do palms and other monocot trees without secondary growth usually remain unbranched? a genus of branching monocot trees (Pandanaceae) without secondary growth.
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Winged seeds borne in pairs on ovuliferous scales.
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Wood tangential section
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Young Lily anther x40. Four pollen sacs and a cross section of the fillament are visible. Diploid (2N chromosomes) microspore mother cells in the middle of the pollen sacs undergo meiosis to make microspores which later become pollen grains. The large green cells lining the pollen sacs provide nourishment for the developing pollen grains.
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Zamia male cone
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Zamia pumila "coontie" Cycad native to Florida
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Zamia pumila, coontie, Florida arrowroo::: female strobilus
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an ovulate cone (female):: The megasporangium contains ovules and megaspores, which develop into the female gametophyte. This gametophyte is maintained within the parent sporophyte tissue and produces eggs. When a pollen grain lands on a megasporangium, it makes a pollen tube and fertilizes an egg with the sperm nucleus. The embryo develops inside the gametophyte, which itself is within a coating of sporophyte tissue. This structure is the seed. Notice also the small bract that "subtends" the ovuliferous scale, in the same sense as a leaf subtends its axillary shoot.
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bilateral symmetry ("zygomorphic")
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cycad:: Zamia pumila
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cypress "knees": upgrowths from root system --
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female pine
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female pine cone
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female pine cone: (♀ strobilus): there are two kinds of strobili (cones) produced, male and female. Pines are monoecious, which here means that both male and female cones are borne on the same plant (in "one household"). Other seed plants may be dioecious ("two households"), with individual plants bearing only male or only female cones.
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ginkgo biloba ovule
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immature female strobili: Pine cones (herein referring only to the true female cones) have a peduncle (stem) which attaches to the branch (usually the upper branches) of the tree and this continues through the entire length of the cone as the rachis (axis). Multiple cone scales arise along the length of the rachis in a helical fashion to give the cone most its mass and characteristic external appearance. The cone scales each carry two ovules which usually develop into seeds on their ventral (the side closer to the distal end of the cone) surfaces. Hence these scales are also called ovuliferous scales or seed scales.
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lily anther first division
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lily anther mature pollen lilium
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male (L) and female (R) strobili
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male Ginkgo biloba
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male cone with 2 microsporophylls removed
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male cone:: there are no subtending bracts, and the sporophylls correspond to modified leaves.
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male pine cone: Pines are monoecious, which here means that both male and female cones are borne on the same plant (in "one household"). Other seed plants may be dioecious ("two households"), with individual plants bearing only male or only female cones.
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mature region: cells & tissues differentiated, no longer growing A strip of unspecialized cells between xylem & phloem begins to divide periclinally (= new crosswall parallel to surface). Adjacent parenchyma cells between the bundles dedifferentiate, become meristematic. Unite to form meristematic cylinder, the vascular cambium.
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microstrobilus (pine pollen cone) a--microsporangia (pollen sac) 2n containing microspores (pollen grains) n b--microsporophyll-2n- (cone scale); has upward pointing tip c--cone axis
...
monocot stem
...
older pine ovule a-- integument (2n) b--nucellus (2n) c--eggs (n) d--archegonia (n) e--megagametophyte (n)
...
ovuliferous scale
...
pine seed a--nucellus remnants b--female gametophyte c--sporophyte embryo seed coat removed
...
radial symmetry:: ("actinomorphic")
...
sapwood: functions in water & mineral transport heartwood: no longer functions in transport; filled with phenolic secondary compounds to give more strength & resistance to decay.
...
the dominant sporophyte generation produces male and female structures in sporangia. These specialized structures produce the female and male gametophytes which are reduced to small bits of tissue that can only be seen with a microscope. The zygote is within a seed. cones are ovulate or seed cones, male cones are pollen cones. The male gametophyte is reduced to pollen grains (with sperm or male gamete). The female gametophyte is made up of a small bit of tissue inside the ovule. It contains the archegonia (with eggs or female gamete). The seed is made up of the zygote (embryo), food, and a seed coat.
...
the only extant species in division Ginkgophyta; a very old species with a long history of independent evolution. can grow very tall, maintaining a straight, well-defined main trunk. distinctive fan-shaped leaves, bilobed. "living fossil" - little change in form since mesozoic era! deciduous (lose leaves in autumn), turning bright yellow and orange before leaf fall. commonly planted ornamental in cities; resists air pollution & harsh conditions.
...
Pinus ovule egg
1
: (1) calyx; (2) corolla (calyx + corolla = perianth); (3) androecium; (4) gynoecium.
1. Sepals - enclose and protect rest of flower in bud (comprise calyx). 2. Petals - colorful display to attract pollinators (comprise corolla). 3. Stamens - bear male sporangia known as anthers (comprise androecium). 4. Carpels - bear & enclose ovules, form pistil(s) individually or by fusion (comprise gynoecium).
Pinus ovule nucellus
2
Pinus ovule: megagametophyte
3
...
A bilaterally symmetric flower has two sides (left and right) which are mirror images of one another
One of the members of the gynoecium, or inner floral whorl; one or more ovules. Forms a gynoecium.
Carpel
Ovule
A single diploid megasporocyte exists in the _____?
The sporophyte is the dominant generation and the gametophyte is reduced to a few cells protected by and totally dependent on the sporophyte cones. Both the male pollen and the female ovule can survive longer periods without water as they are protected in cones. Pollen is produced in the male cones and can be wind-blown; the male gamete does not have to swim to the female ovule. The ovule is housed in the female cone.
A typical life cycle of a gymnosperm can be seen in Pine-Pinus
crosswall perpendicular to surface increase cells circumferentially
ANTICLINAL CELL DIVISION
fruit indehiscent; fruit not winged; one-seeded fruit lacking special seams that split to release the seed. The seed coat is attached to the thin, dry ovary wall (husk), so that the seed is easily freed from the husk.
Achene
1. Fertilization independent of outside moisture *sperm nucleus moves to egg in internal environment provided by sporophyte *Sperm nucleus carried by pollen tube *guides sperm *provides protective environment 2. Gametophyte retained on parent sporophyte *Fertilized egg protected *Gametophyte protected 3. Embryo protected and nourished by seed *tough seed coat *protects from mechanical damage *protects from dessication *stored food (provided by megagametophyte)
Adaptations of Pine (over Fern)
fused by having grown together
Adnate
the embryo and its food supply tissue (endosperm) begin developing within the ovule. The integuments of the ovule will become the protective seed coat. Meanwhile, the wall of the ovary that houses the ovules begins development into the structure that botanists call the fruit.
After double fertilization
Into the embryo
After fertilization, where does the first zygote develop?
Into the nutritive endosperm of the seed.
After fertilization, where does the second (triploid) zygote develop?
develops from separate pistils of same flower
Aggregate fruit
fruit derived from multiple ovaries of one flower (blackberry, raspberry
Aggregate fruit
Diploid; haploid
All land plant's life cycle alternates between a _____ sporophyte generation and a ______ gametophyte generation.
The floral whorl that comprises the stamens; the whorl of male parts.
Androecium
develops into embryo becomes sporophyte plant
Angiosperm;zygote
130 mybp in the latter half of the Mesozoic Era, but we have no clear idea of where they came from. Certainly their ancestors were some sort of gymnosperm, but none of the contemporary gymnosperm groups has been shown to have a close relationship to them. In the Cenozoic era, angiosperms became the dominant vegetation in most terrestrial ecosystems.
Angiosperms are thought to have originated around
Annual rings - one season's growth Growth Rings - seasonal activity of vascular cambium Both provide information about life cycle and life history of a tree.
Annual rings (Growth Rings)
(A)
Anther
(B)
Anther
The pollen-bearing portion of a stamen.
Anther
Three (sometimes more) cells of the mature embryo sac, located at the end opposite the micropyle.
Antipodals
Cycads are dioecious and produce cones or sporangia borne on open sporophylls. Cycad leaves are pinnately compound and superficially fern-like, but much tougher than the leaves of ferns and without a crozier at the tip (although leaflets are sometimes inrolled). When not mistaken for ferns they are sometimes confused with palms, but cycad leaves never have plications (folds) as do palm leaf blades, while palm leaves never crowd the shoot apex as seen in cycads.
Are cycads monoecious or dioecious?
Describe any differences between early and late wood in the sections. How many seasons of growth has each stem section gone through? What tissues would be present in the first-formed layer of "bark"?
As growth season nears its end, cells of smaller diameter produced. New growth season will begin with larger diameter cells. The contrast is visible as growth rings. Basswood
Sporophyte, diploid
At what stage of alteration of generations in a zygote present?
Secondary vascular system that moves fluids lengthwise along a stem's axis.
Axial System
In an adult tree, only a thin layer of functional phloem lies between the v.c. and the c.c. Beyond the newest c.c., cork and destroyed secondary phloem make up the BARK.
BARK.
Taxodium disticum leaves spreading; dorsiventral shoots
Bald Cypress
overlapping leaf bases
Banana tree
Everything outside of the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem with phloem fibers, and the periderm, composed of phelloderm, the cork cambium, and cork.
Bark
Secondary phloem and periderm
Bark
Bark refers to all tissues outside of the vascular cambium. The inner bark is the phloem. The outer bark is often multiple layers of periderm.
Bark includes what tissues?
Ovary wall becomes the fruit Fruit entirely fleshy (grape)
Berry
A flower that has at least one functional stamen and one functional carpel.
Bisexual Flower
Any specialized leaves associated with the inflorescence are known as Bracts may be reduced to scale leaves or highly modified to contribute to the pollinator
Bracts
Wind
By what mechanism is most gymnosperm pollen carried from male pollen cones to the female ovule cones that contain the eggs?
adds new protective dermal tissue (cork):: CORK CAMBIUM first becomes active in the cortex.Produces protective cork cells, waterproofed with suberin. The cork and cork cambium will themselves be destroyed. New cork cambia arise within older secondary phloem.
CORK CAMBIUM
The sepals collectively; the outermost flower whorl; whorl of sepals.
Calyx
increases through anticlinal divisions
Cambial Zone
birds eat fruit and disperse rodents sensitive to capsaicin
Capsicum pepper
-e.g.pines, redwood, Metasequoia (living fossil), cedar, cypress, bristlecoe, pinyon -Characterized by photosynthetic evergreen needles with thick cuticle with stomata -All produce cones, or rather, clusters of sporangiua bearing sporophylls
Coniferophyta & Conifer examples and features
-Cover vast areas of boreal forest -Lumber and paper industries
Conifers; -Ecological importance -Economic importance
secondary xylem added to inside of vascular cambium; secondary phloem added to outside; Vascular cambium expands; Cork cambium doesn't expand much circumferentially; new cambium formed; New cork cells become suberized to block water and nutrients fro secondary phloem.
Continuing Growth
monoecious or dioecious?
Coontie-cycads-dioecious
symbiosis with cyanobacteria (N-fixation) massive underground portion
Coralloid roots
These cells are dead at maturity, make up the outermost layer of the cork cambium, and are full of suberin, tannins, ect., to protect protection and waterproofing for woody plants (allso called phellem)
Cork
The lateral meristem that produces bark.
Cork Cambium
The petals collectively; usually the conspicuously colored flower whorl; whorl of petals.
Corolla
...
Cycad-female cone-megosporophylls with ovules on surface-compare to pinus
Jurassic period of Mesozoic era
Cycads most diverse during...
...
Cycads-fix nitrogen absorbed by plants (nostoc, cyanobacteria) Roots produce neurotoxin BMAA
Dioecious
Cycads; Dioecious or monoecious
by wind or insects such as beetles. Cones generate heat, volatilizing chemicals that attract (to female) or repel (from male) insect visitors.
Cycads; pollination
Flowering plants have DOUBLE FERTILIZATION Pollen delivers 2 sperms; two different fusions: Other sperm fuses with TWO other maternal nuclei to form triploid cell (3n). One sperm fuses with egg to form zygote (2n). OVULE SEED OVARY FRUIT Triploid cell develops into endosperm (3n)= Nutritive tissue; food for development/ germination of embryo Zygote develops into embryo (2n) sporophyte plant.
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
Fuzzy calix becomes parachute (wind)
Dandelion; dispersal
Lose leaves in autum
Decidious
Plant evolution involved a smaller and smaller gametophyte, completely enclosed by the sporophyte. Also, the male and female spores and gametophytes became distinct--males were small (microspores, microgametophyte), females bigger (megaspore, megagameophyte)
Define how plants evolved and how we classify them.
Splits open to release seeds when mature silk cotton tree, mahogany, ackee
Dehiscent fruit ex:
unit of dispersal seed; wind/animal winged seeds, silky threads, edible aril
Dehiscent fruit; Dispersal
hitchhikers; hooks, spines, or velcro-like (animals)
Desmodium
Male sporangium: meiosis haploid microspores = pollen grain
Development of microspore
Hardwood in which the vessels are more-or-less uniform throughout the annual growth ring.
Diffuse Porous Hardwood
• Pollen delivers 2 sperms: o Sperm 1: fuses with egg to form zygote (2n)embryo sporophyte plant o Sperm 2: fuses with two other maternal nuclei to form triploid cell (3n) endosperm nutritive tissue; food for development/germination of embry Fruit and seed coat= bran
Double fertilization
Ovary wall becomes the fruit Fruit divided into a hard stony endocarp and fleshy exocarp (peach, plum, cherry)
Drupe
type of fruit formed when inner layer of ovary wall (endocarp) becomes hard and bony
Dupe
Also known as spring wood. Secondary conducting xylem cells that are larger in diameter.
Early Wood
A non-motile female gamete, usually larger than a male gamete of the same species.
Egg
The female gametophyte of angiosperms, generally an eight-nucleate, seven-celled structure; the seven cells are the egg cell, two synergids and three antipodals (each with a single nucleus), and the central cell (with two nuclei).
Embryo Sac
Fourth stage of Anthophyta life cycle (seed and fruit production).
Embryogenesis
nutritive tissue; food for development/germination of embryo
Endosperm (3n)
-N.America & Asia -opposite, highly reduces scale-like leaves(stems photosynthesis) -source of amphetamine-like stimulant alkaloids ephedrine, pseudephedrine
Ephedra; location;leaves;use
1. retain megaspores within megasporangium 2. memc (megaspore mother cells) in each megasporangium = 1 3. 1/4 megaspores survive 4. endospory 5. sporophyte develops inside 6. form integument 7. modify apex to recieve pollen grains (micropyle)
Evolution of the Ovule
ovule (nucellus) enclosed by integument = seed megaspores divide --> megagametophyte --> cupule - fingerlike projections Archaeosperma - nearly fused cupule encloses the ovule
Evolution of the seed
Magnolia; separate carpels spirally arranged Drymis; separate carpels, in whorl
Example of many pistils:
1. One sperm fertilizes egg to make DIPLOID zygote 2. Another sperm fertilizes a diploid cell to make TRIPLOID endosperm
Explain briefly double fertilization.
The pollen grain pollinated the female parts of the flower by landing on the stigma. Here, the pollen grain germinates, and a pollen tube grows down the style until it meets the female gametophyte.
Explain the first step of pollination of an ovule.
Two sperm from the pollen grain travel through the pollen tube and enter the female gametophyte. One fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote. The other fertilizes two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell. This is called double fertilization.
Explain the second step of pollination of an ovule.
squirting cucumber; Unit of dispersal: seed Agent of dispersal: hydrostatic pressure
Explosive Dehiscence
FASCICULAR: From within vascular bundle; INTERFASCICULAR: From between vascular bundles
FASCICULAR & INTERFASCICULAR
= continuous ring of vascular cambium
Fascicular + Interfascicular
Located within vascular bundles
Fascicular Cambium
strobilus genus ? compare
Female cones taxodium.
Wood is really just secondary xylem.
Given that bark is essentially phloem and periderm, what is wood?
winged seeds borne in pairs on ovuliferous scales
Female pine cone seeds
Third stage of Anthophyta life cycle.
Fertilization
1 pollen lands on ovule 2 pollen tube delivers male gamete to egg 3 fertilization occurs 4 zygote develops into sporophyte embryo (within ovule) 5 Dormancy. Mature ovule (SEED) then dispersed; embryo protected.
Fertilization sequence
(B)
Filament
(C)
Filament
The stalk of a stamen.
Filament
Spirally (magnolia)
Formation alternate
whorl (lilium)
Formation simultaneous
It arised between the primary xylem and phloem.
From what area does Vascular cambium arise?
Second stage of the Anthophyta life cycle (gamete production).
Gametophyte Maturation
In angiosperms, the cell of the male gametophyte that divides to form two sperm.
Generative Cell
Describe; what stage ?
Get a slide and find pollen tubes growing from the pollen. A nucleus migrates down into the tube; it later divides to form two sperm which are delivered to an archegonium. Find this nucleus in one of the germinating grains
dioecious
Ginkgo biloba; (separate ♂& ♀ plants) term
commonly planted ornamental in cities; resists air pollution & harsh conditions. deciduous
Ginkgo biloba; where is it found why ? lose leaves term-
Provide strength and increase vascular tissue as organism grows
Give two main reasons why secondary growth is vital to the development of trees
collective term for all carpels in a flower. A carpel is the ovule and seed producing reproductive organ in flowering plants
Gynocium
The aggregate of carpels in the flower of a seed plant.
Gynoecium
Type of wood found in woody dicot angiosperms. Their axial system contains vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma. The radial system is mostly parenchyma, and the rays are wider and taller.
Hardwood
Older, darker, nonfunctional secondary xylem; filled with insect- and rot-resistant chemicals (farther from vascular cambium).
Heartwood
Older, near center; Plugged with resin
Heartwood
no longer functions in transport; filled with phenolic secondary compounds to give more strength and resistance to decay
Heartwood
Two kinds of sporangia (♀ and ♂); meiosis in each produces 2 different kinds of spores (♀ and ♂) that will develop into separate ♀ and ♂ gametophytes.
Heterospory
one kind of sporangium; meiosis produces 1 kind of spore that will develop into gametophyte bearing both M/F gametes
Homospory
Needle shaped leaves help conifers thrive and diversity under dry conditions because they minimize surface area and therefore also minimize transpiration
How did the adaptation of needle-shaped leaves help conifers thrive and diversity in arid land environments?
THey contain vessel elements, plus other cell types like fibers and parenchyma. Their rays can be one to several cells thick.
How do Angiosperms differ from Gymnosperms?
By producing nectar as a reward for animal pollinators
How does the angiosperm flower provide a selective advantage over the gymnosperm cone?
taxodium distichum:: The cones disintegrate when mature to release the large seeds.
How does the the female cone compare with that of Pinus? Does it release its seeds in the same way?
Two
How many types of spores do angiosperms produce?
Flowers may be borne singley on a plant, but are usually grouped in a wide variey of ways to make an INFLORESCENCE. = a specialized flowering shoot or complex of shoots. The INFLORESCENCE creates a larger overall display that may better attract pollinators. Any specialized leaves associated with the inflorescence are known as BRACTS. Bracts may be reduced to scale leaves or highly modified to contribute to the pollinator-attracting display.
INFLORESCENCE
ovules (Pinus female cone)
Identify circled areas Ignore pointer
pollen grains (Pinus stamenate (male) cones)
Identify small dots (located in larger circles at top and bottom) ignore pointer on Axis of strobilis
1. Pollen and ovules encapsulate entire male and female gametophyte, respectively. -- Water required for reproduction eliminated-- 2. Seeds provide protective coating and resources for developing embryo 3. Bark surrounding the stem, allowing water retention and protection against enemies
In adaptation to these dry environments, what three adaptations did gymnosperms produce?
basal parts of sepals, petals and stamens adnate to base of pistil
Inferior ovary
A cluster of flowers with a definite arrangement.
Inflorescence
specialized flowering shoot or complex of shoots. better attract pollinators
Inflorescence
secondary phloem between cork and vascular cambiums; alive
Inner Bark
The outermost layer or layers of tissue enveloping the nucellus of an ovule; develops into the seed coat.
Integument
located near the periphery of the plant, usually in a cylinder supply cells for the plant to increase in girth growth in this direction is known as secondary growth found in all woody and some herbaceous plants lateral meristems and secondary growth found only in dicots. Lateral Meristems add girth by producing secondary vascular tissue and periderm: Secondary Plant Body - tissue produced mersitems involved in secondary growth Vascular Cambium - secondary growth meristem which produces xylem and phloem Cork Cambium - secondary growth meristem which produces cork, a tough substance that replaces the epidermis
Lateral meristems
position of leaves/describe shoots
Left:bald cypress; leaves spreading (dorsiventral shoots) taxodium disticum
fruit is dehiscent (breaking open along a line at maturity) Fruit breaks into roughly equal halves (peanut, peas, beans, lentils)
Legume
Allow gas exchange for living tissue under bark
Lenticels
Openings in cork cells Formed by phyllogen
Lenticels
Microsporangia how does it differ
Male strobili taxodium
In heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte; located within the ovule of seed plants.
Megagametophyte
A sporangium in which megaspores are produced.
Megasporangium
location of microsporangia ?
Microsporangia on surface-cycad-male cone
fruit derived from multiple flowers (pineapple)
Multiple Fruit
formed from fused, fleshy tissue of many flowers in an intercalary inflorescence
Multiple fruit
(=sporangium) - nutritive tissue surrounding spore/ gametophyte::: maternal tissue in which the megaspore mother cell (also called megasporocyte) undergoes meiosis and forms the embryo sac
Nucellus
nutritive surrounding spore/gametophyte
Nucellus (=sporangium)
dry, oily fruit with single seed; entire ovary wall becomes hard and bony: fruit indehiscent (chestnut, hazelnut)
Nut
Bristlecone pine
Oldes non-clonal living thing; type of pine...
outside cambium; dead
Outer Bark
(E)
Ovary
(G)
Ovary
The enlarged basal portion of a carpel or of a gynoecium composed of fused carpels; a fruit.
Ovary
(I)
Ovule
A structure in seed plants containing the female gametophyte with egg cell, all being surrounded by the nucellus and one or two integuments; when mature it becomes a seed.
Ovule
crosswall parallel to surface increase cells radially
PERICLINAL CELL DIVISION
palms, like most monocots, have no lateral meristems. Must first widen in primary growth before growing up tall.
Palms
-Must first widen in primary growth before growing up tall. monocot; no lateral meristems
Palms; growth...
Seed dispersal. Passive - wind, water Active - animal consumption
Passive and active are two different types of what?
(L)
Peduncle
The end of the stem that bears the flower.
Peduncle
Ovary wall becomes the fruit fruit has a hard outer rind (Squash or pumpkin)
Pepo
The petals and sepals taken together.
Perianth
Tissue produced by the cork cambium. Includes the phelloderm, cork cambium (phellogen), and cork (phellem).
Periderm
(J) Makes up corolla.
Petal
A flower part, usually conspicuously colored; one of the units of the corolla.
Petal
colorful display to attract pollinator (comprise corolla)
Petals
fused edge to edge
Petals connate
Dead, suberinized cells; Densely packed; Fx: Keep water in; Protective barrier against predators. Lenticels
Phellem (Cork Cells)
Thin layer of parenchyma cells that forms to the interior of the cork cambrium.
Phelloderm
Resemble parenchyma cells (alive); Arranged in regular rows; May be photosynthetic and contain intercellular space
Phelloderm (Secondary Cortex)
Ovule formation meiosis gametophyte development egg formation pollination pollen tube growth fertilization development of embryo and seed.
Pine cones take two years to mature
needle-like to scale-like, simple; typically tough & "evergreen."
Pine leaves
terpenoid resins; inedible to most animals. Source of varnish, turpentine, amber and gin
Pine shoots contain...
microsporangia or ovules on flattened, spirally arranged scales.
Pine; Strobili
(D)
Receptacle
-long shoots" indeterminate, produce papery scale leaves -short shoots" borne in their axils; determinate fascicle (bundle) of photosynthetic, needle-leaves.
Pines; two kinda of shoots
...
Pinus elliottii (slash pine) dorsiventral organs produced as direct outgrowths of the apical meristem
find sporophylls and sporangia
Pinus staminate cone, what are differences
(H) Makes up gynoecium.
Pistil
A term sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused carpels.
Pistil
Two nuclei, one derived from each end of the embryo sac, which become centrally located; they fuse with a male nucleus to form the primary (3n) endosperm nucleus.
Polar Nuclei
A microspore containing a mature or immature microgametophyte; occurs in seed plants.
Pollen Grain
generative cell + tube cell (tough coat)
Pollen grain
In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. In gymnosperms, the transfer of pollen from a pollen producing cone directly to an ovule.
Pollination
Structure besides the ovary wall contributes of the formation of a fruit ovary wall is papery, and the fruit is enclosed by the swollen fleshy sepals (apple)
Pome
Taxodium ascendens leaves appressed; radially symetrical
Pond cypress
elongation of stems and production of leaves; elongation of roots
Primary growth
horizontally oriented cell files involved in transport radially in both gymnosperm and angiosperm wood
RAYS
Secondary vascular system that moves fluids inward and outward along a radius; consist of rays in both xylem and phloem.
Radial System
Separate spirally arranged pistils, each with a single ovule. Ovary mesocarps become juicy, endocarp hard. "Drupelets" together form AGGREGATE FRUIT. AGGREGATE FRUIT develops from separate pistils of same flower.
Raspberries and blackberries
Xylem and phloem that moves fluids inward and outward along a radius. Rays may consist of just parenchyma or may include tracheids as well. The rays of angiosperm woods range from one to many cells wide and from one to several hundred cells high, and thus are often considerably larger than those of conifer wood.
Ray
Horizontally oriented cell files involved in transport radially
Rays
Formed from fusiform initials; Inner -Functional; Outer - dead non functional; protect inner tissue. Ray parenchyma and sieve elements alternate with bands of fibers
Secondary Phloem
Phloem produced by the vascular cambium; makes up the innermost layer of bark
Secondary Phloem
Softwood; >Typically gymnosperms; >Tracheids only; no vessel elements or fibers. Hardwood; >Mostly eudicots >tracheids, vessel elements, fibers
Secondary Xylem
Xylem produced by the vascular cambium; makes up the wood of woody plants (cells with red cell walls)
Secondary Xylem
thickening of shoot and root axes; production of new vascular and dermal tissue
Secondary growth
...
Secondary stems overall.
• Secondary xylem develops from the vascular cambium - a lateral meristem. • The vascular cambium (or just "cambium") is the lateral meristem that produces both secondary vascular tissues - xylem and phloem. • Secondary xylem = wood • Secondary growth is a characteristic of woody plants. • Some herbaceous (non-woody) plants have a small amount of secondary growth. • Understanding secondary xylem requires an understanding of how lateral meristems work, so we will postpone detailed discussion of secondary xylem until after secondary growth in general has been covered.
Secondary xylem
the cell plate that forms between these dividing cambial initials is parallel to the surface of the root or stem . If the derivative of a cambial initial is produced toward the outside of the root or stem, it eventually becomes a phloem cell; if it is produced toward the inside, it becomes a xylem cell. In this manner, a long, continuous radial file, or row, of cells is formed, extending from the cambial initial outward into the phloem and inward into the xylem
Secondary xylem and secondary phloem are produced through periclinal divisions of the fusiform and ray initials and their immediate derivatives
(K) Makes up calyx.
Sepal
One of the outermost flower structures, a unit of the calyx; usually encloses the other flower parts in the bud.
Sepal
enclose and protect rest of flower in bud (compromise calyx)
Sepals
Apical meristem generates new Leaves
Shoot in primary growth:
Asteraceae family helianthus-sunflower
Single flower inflorescence
Pinus eliottii
Slash pine genus name
Type of wood found in gymnosperms. Their axial system consists of tracheids and resin ducts. The radial system also contains tracheids and resin ducts, and the rays are 1 cell wide and 1-20 long.
Softwood
A mature male gamete, usually motile and smaller than the female gamete.
Sperm
First stage of Anthophyta life cycle.
Spore Formation
Early wood; Rainy season; More Vessels (angiosperms); Wider diameter vessels and tracheids
Spring Wood
(A) Makes up androecium.
Stamen
The part of the flower producing the pollen, composed of anther and filament; collectively, the androecium.
Stamen
bear male sporangia known as anthers (comprise androecium)
Stamen
(D)
Stigma
(E)
Stigma
The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which the germinate; a light-sensitive, pigmented structure.
Stigma
spirally arranged carpels each forms a separate pistil with single ovule
Strawberry
(C)
Style
(F)
Style
Two short-lived cells lying close to the egg in the mature embryo sac of the ovule of flowering plants.
Synergids
THE FLOWER is a determinate shoot highly specialized for reproduction. Its meristem produces four basic types of highly modified leaves in a fixed order, typically with the following special functions: 1. Sepals - enclose and protect rest of flower in bud (comprise calyx). 2. Petals - colorful display to attract pollinators (comprise corolla). 3. Stamens - bear male sporangia known as anthers (comprise androecium). 4. Carpels - bear & enclose ovules, form pistil(s) individually or by fusion (comprise gynoecium).
THE FLOWER
?
Take a look at the bark, and describe the differences you see among the species on display. What tissues are present in bark at this mature stage of growth? Where do the cork cambia arise? Is there a species on display where you can actually see how many cork cambia contributed to the bark present?
Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) northern California to Oregon 394+
Tallest known trees
These two species are traditionally distinguished based on whether the leaves are displayed in two ranks on dorsiventral shoots, or closely appressed on ascending shoots. However, there is continuing controversy about whether this character represents a species-level distinction.
Taxodium distichum & T. ascendens
Taxodium- monicious dioecious ?
Taxodium pollen
describe bases and growth around
Taxodium(cypress) Butresses; provide extra stability in soft marshy substratum "knees," which likewise represent localized zones of unequal secondary growth, in this case upward from the main roots. They usually rise just above the water level, which strongly suggests a role in obtaining oxygen for the root
Swamp Cypress Bald Cypress Pond Cypress
Taxodium: types...
1.Sepals 2. Petals 3.Stamens 4. Carpels
The four types of modified leaves
...
The genus Pinus shows what is known as shoot dimorphism pine needle fascicles
the ovary wall, (carp=body, fruit) exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Each of these layers may develop into fruit tissues with very different properties. endocarp= development juice sacs, exocarps= rhind mesocarp=
The ovary wall itself is typically composed of composed of three layers
1. Keep ♀ spore inside sporangium (ovule) , where it develops into tiny ♀ gametophyte. Produces egg cell. 2. Tiny ♂ gametophyte (pollen) transported to ovule; grows through ovule tissue and delivers sperm to egg. 3. Zygote develops into sporophyte embryo on mother gametophyte, still within ovule. 4. Dormancy. Mature ovule (SEED) then dispersed; embryo protected. ____ Ovule adapted to shield embryo from adverse conditions. No liquid water needed for syngamy!
The rise of seed plants
seperate carples in a spiral. ovary of each pistil, enclosing a single seed, developms into an indehiscent>> forming an achene
aggregate fruit strawberry flower
...
The tangential section is cut lengthwise but not along a radius, instead passing through a peripheral part of the stem radial section (cut lengthwise, along a radius
1. Gnetum 2. Ephedra 3. Welwitschia
Three genera of Gnetophyte gymnosperms
endocarp mesocarp exocarp
Three layers formed from fruit development
Ravenala madagascariensis monocot tree no secondary growth
Traveler tree
carica papaya squash
Unisexual flowers
adds new xylem and phloem:: A SINGLE VASCULAR CAMBIUM produces all secondary xylem and phloem in the life of a tree trunk, while MANY CORK CAMBIA and cork layers are produced successively
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
Located between primary xylem and phloem; Formation: Latent procambium, fascicular cambium, interfascicular cambium.
Vascular Cambium
The lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (innermost layer of bark).
Vascular Cambium
>Axial system >Oriented parallel to main axis >Produce secondary xylem and secondary phloem between rays >divide periclinally >Cambial Zone Fx: move water and solutes longitudinally
Vascular Cambium Cells (fusiform initials)
>radial system >elongate perpendicular to main axis >Differentiate into ray parenchyma >Divide periclinally >Spokes in cross section Fx: move water and solutes horizontally
Vascular Cambium Cells (ray initials)
The massive deposits of secondary xylem
WOOD
resemble palms and ferns
What are some examples of cycads?
Ephedra....broad leaves and flower like structure
What are some examples of gnetophytes?
-Pollinating insects often cue in on ultraviolet colors -Deceptive pollination -Pollination by entrapment
What are some interesting factors when it comes to pollination?
1. Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two. 2. Monocots have floral parts in threes, dicots have floral parts in fours or fives 3. Monocots have parallel leaf veins, dicots have netlike leaf veins 4. Monocot's pollen grain has one pore or furrow, dicot's pollen grain has three pores or furrows 5. Monocots vascular bundles throughout stem's ground tissue, dicots stem's vascular bundles arranged in a ring
What are the five major differences of monocots and dicots? (compare and contrast)
1. Cycads 2. Ginkgo 3. Gnetophytes 4. Conifers
What are the four kinds of gymnosperms?
The cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm, all of which arise from the cork cambium in the pericycle.
What are the three distinctive regions of the periderm?
1. Monocots: grasses, palms, onion family, lily family, orchids, etc. 2. Dicots: broadleaf plants, most trees and shrubs, daisy family
What are the two main groups of angiosperms? (give examples)
Fusiform Initials - oriented vertically Ray Initials - oriented horizontally
What are the two types of cell initials in the vascular cambium, and how are they oriented?
Form from clusters of separate, individual flowers
What best describes the formation of multiple fruits?
Gnetophytes
What clad is used for nasal decongestants?
Fusiform initials make new xylem and phloem. Ray initials make vascular rays of parenchyma, whose function is to transport the water and sugars of the xylem and phloem.
What do fusiform and ray initials give rise to?
It means both male and female plants are produced. Cones produce pollen in male plants and ovules in female plants. The clad Cycads are dioecious.
What does "dioecious" mean and which clad does it pertain to within the gymnosperms?
To be Ring Porous means that there were larger vessels in early growth, meaning faster transport. Diffuse Porous simply means that there are smaller sized vessels.
What does it mean for an angiosperm to be either Ring Porous of Diffuse Porous?
The surviving megaspore divides by mitosis to produce 7 haploid cells. One large, centrally located cell contains two nuclei, called polar nuclei. Another cell is the egg. The seven-celled structure makes up the female gametophyte, called the megagametophyte.
What does the female megagametophyte consist of?
Broad leaves and flower-like structures.
What features of the genus Gnetum led to the now-discounted hypothesis that they were primitive angiosperms?
Protect developing seeds
What function does a fruit perform?
Gnetophytes
What gymnosperm clad shows morphological characteristics with early angiosperms?
It divides by meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores, only one of which survives.
What happens to the diploid megasporocyte in reproduction?
an embryonic leaf
What is a cotyledon?
determinate shoot highly specialized for reproduction
What is a flower ?
They form from the periodic activity of vascular cambium.
What is a growth ring?
Angiosperms have double fertilization
What is different about angiosperms life cycle than gymnosperms?
Overlapping tracheids form a pit-pair, which is characterized by the prsence of a TORUS. The torus can block flow from one tracheid to another to protect against cavitation.
What is it called when tracheids overlap, and what characterizes them?
Carpel
What is the female reproductive organ called of an angiosperm flower?
Stamen
What is the male reproductive organ called of an angiosperm flower?
They protect the petals and other organs during flower development
What is the most common function of angiosperm's sepals?
Ginkgo biloba
What is the only surviving ginkgo?
Secondary Xylem
What is wood
Coevolutionary, especially insect pollinators
What kind of relationship do angiosperms have with animals?
Insects, bats, birds and lizards
What kinds of animals pollinate angiosperms?
Endosperm
What part of the angiosperm seed is developed from a triploid nucleus that is starchy and serves as nourishment for the embryo?
The pericycle, which is located just inside the endodermis. The pericycle is undifferentiated parenchyma.
What part of the roots becomes the Cork cambium?
Stigma, style, ovary and ovule
What parts do a female's carpel consist of?
An embryo with a protective covering (seed coat) and food for early growth (endosperm)
What parts does a seed consist of?
1. A plant that grows tall will need reinforcement for mechanical stability. 2. As plant produces more stems, leaves and roots, their water and food requirement outgrows the primary vascular tissue.
What sort of plant would need secondary growth, and why?
Pollen grain
What structure of a pine is the immature male gametophyte?
Lenticels
What structures allow for gas exchange through the periderm? In older stems, they form in the furrows of bark
1. Enclosed seeds 2. More efficient vascular system 3. Nutrient storage capacity
What three adaptations do angiosperms have?
The Vascular cambium (Vascular Tissue) and the Cork cambium (Dermal Tissue - the periderm).
What two lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth?
Pollen and nectar rewards
What type of mutualistic relationship do angiosperms have with animals?
develops into gametophyte within the sporangium
Where does female spore develop ?
The base of a flower
Where is the ovary of an angiosperm flower located?
Gymnosperms
Which evolved first, gymnosperms or angiosperms?
Conifers
Which is the largest and most diverse group of existing gymnosperms?
Bark, seeds, needle-shaped leaves, greatly reduced gametophyte stage
Which of the following adaptations gave gymnosperms a selective advantage over the nonvascular and seedless vascular plants during the Permian period?
...
White-magnolia-spiral alternate
Flower parts inserted into receptacle; e.g. calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium.
Whorls
The fleshy part of an apple grows from the receptacle, but fruits such as a tomato grow from the ovary
Why is a tomato considered a fruit (in botanical language) while the fleshy part of an apple is not?
petals connate (fused edge to edge):: stamens connate, fused edge to edge to form a tube:: Adjacent whorls may also be partly fused to each other. Stamens fused to each other basally, forming a tube ("connate"). Stamen tube fused to pistil ("adnate")
Within a whorl, components may be separate, or partly to completely fused to each other.
...
Yellow-lillium-whorled simultaneous
shrub-tree used in landscaping, hedges. single ovules surrounded by scale that swells after fertilization to form fleshy red aril. highly poisonous taxane terpenoids in stems and seeds. Paclitaxel (taxol) inhibits mitosis, now used as anticancer drug.
Yew (Taxus)
Coontie
Zamia Pumila
single seed, member of the composite fruit; ovary wall surrounding single ovule, forms tough, dry tissues.
achene
seperate spirally arranged pistils, each with a single ovule. ovary mesocarps become juicy, endocarp hard. "drupelets" together form aggregate fruit. like magnolia
aggregate fruit
enclosure of the ovules, singly or in large groups, inside chambers known as ovaries. The chambers are formed by the folding and/or fusion of highly specialized leaves known as carpels. This can happen in a number of different ways, and the terminology gets somewhat complicated as a result. The carpels are the last of four series of leaf-homologues (highly modified leaves) that make up the angiosperm's signature reproductive shoot, the flower. The first three series are the sepals, petals and stamens.
angiosperm group of plants is characterized by
Angiosperm: a three-year-old stem, with two layers of secondary xylem visible. Each layer represents one year of growth. As a woody stem or tree trunk continues to grow, most of the cross-sectional area will be filled with secondary xylem. New vascular tissue is added at the vascular cambium, which is one of the two lateral meristems. The vascular cambium continually adds new secondary xylem to the outside of the existing xylem (just inside the vascular cambium), so the xylem area grows thicker and thicker. However, this stretches out the band of phloem, which must continue to add new cells to fill in the phloem band. The new secondary phloem cells are added to the inner part of the ring of phloem. The annual rings of phloem are not as clearly defined as those of xylem. Phloem contains several types of cells; it includes both the intensely red cells and the pale blue cells visible here. There are two kinds of lateral meristems in this slide. The vascular cambium produces vascular tissue inside the stem (xylem and phloem); the cork cambium produces new cells on the outside, forming a protective layer for the stem. Since stems grow from the inside, the outer layers tend to get stretched thinner and thinner; the cork cambium fills in additional cells to ensure that the protective cork and epidermis form a continuous layer of bark around the stem.
angiosperm or gymnosperm?
OVULE: female sporangium produces spore (n) by meiosis. Retained inside, not released. Develops into highly reduced multicellular female gametophyte, which makes gamete (egg).
angiosperm ovule:
flowering plants
angiosperms:
archegonium, • pl. archegonia A multicellular structure in which a single egg is produced
archegonium
fruit with all or nearly all of ovary wall developing into fleshy tissue: tomato, blueberry, avocado (pit is cotyledons) , kiwi.
berry
-ginkgophyta -cycadophyta pinophyta
genus name for : -ginkgo biloba -cycads -conifers
fan-shaped, bilobed
ginkgo biloba; leaves shape
A growth layer in the secondary xylem or secondary phloem, as seen in transverse section; may be called a growth increment, especially where seen in other than transverse section. As growth season nears its end, cells of smaller diameter produced. New growth season will begin with larger diameter cells. The contrast is visible as growth rings.
growth rings
gymnosperms: ovule borne exposed on surface of sporophyll/cone scale. Pollen lands directly on ovule. Angiosperm: Female gametophyte further reduced; only 4 - 8 cells. Produces egg without any distinguishable archegonium. Ovules enclosed within an OVARY. Individually or grouped. Pollen lands on surface of enclosure. Grows down to reach ovule.
gymnosperm vs angiosperm
floral cup; cup-like structure, usually derived from the fusion of the perianth bases and androecium, on which the perianth and stamens are seemingly borne
hypanthium
protective covering
integument
seed fruit
ovule becomes ... ovary becomes...
Identify parts, how many seeds per scale?
ovule/seed ovuliferous scale bract
The stalk of an inflorescence or of a solitary flower.
peduncles
apples, pears
pome fruit
pond cypress; leaves appressed; radially symetrical shoots taxodium ascendens
position of leaves/ describe shoots
...
radially symmetric. That means that the petals are identical in design, and project from a central point or focus.
...
secondary xylem, the position of the vascular cambium, and where the secondary phloem would be found. About how many seasons of growth are apparent in the secondary xylem of each tree trunk? Identify the sapwood and the heartwood. What is the difference between the two? What is the difference in their function? If the trunk were freshly cut, which parts would consist of living cells? Which parts would contain mainly dead cells? All dead cells?
heterosporous
seed plants; hetersporous or homospory
issue: they eat the seeds up. bad dispersal agents more of a predator:: oaks make extra nuts and caching behavior can result in successful dispersal- plants may adapt to discourage consumers that are inefficient dispersers (example chili pepper; seed eater discourages, fruit eatings encouraged)
seed-eating herbivores
seedless require water for syngamy; seed no water needed
seedless vs seed plants and fertilization
Bract and scale traces appear to diverge together forming a ring of tissue in tangential sections
the small bract that "subtends" the ovuliferous scale, in the same sense as a leaf subtends its axillary shoot. What does this positional relationship suggest about the origins of the bract and of the ovuliferous scale?
...Flower with single central pistil: Whorl of carpels fused together at edges
to form single pistil
...
transverse; the Pine secondary xylem maceration slide. (Particular cells types are inconsistently stained red or blue here) Identify the tracheids, tubular cells with tapered ends and variously shaped pits or openings in their secondary walls. Fibers are somewhat slenderer, but with much thicker walls that leave only a very narrow lumen inside
Cork and secondary phloem: composed of dead cells. The inner bark, Phloem, contains living cells and transports food from the leaves to other parts of the tree . When these short-lived inner bark cells die, they become a part of the outer bark.
what makes up the bark ?
fertilized ovule (with embryo)
whats a seed
• Pollination is delivering the prospective gamete to female gamete. Wind/animals different ways of dispersal o Fertilization occurs after pollen land, pollen tube grows and delivers sperm to egg
whats pollination
...
white oak
cells dividing, expanding, differentiating,maturing.
zone of primary growth:
ovule
♀ Sporangium + protective integuments =
the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, or phase. Each of its cells has only one, unpaired set of chromosomes. A gametophyte develops from spores produced by the sporophyte. The gametophytes of homosporous plants are bisexual, while the gametophytes of heterosporous plants, such as all seeds plants, are unisexual.
♀gametophyte (n)
