Combo with "music,art,dance, theater" and 13 others

Abstraction

The essence of an idea applied to the art of movement

Center stage

The exact center of the floor of the stage

Oblique satire

The excesses of modern societies built on greed and bloated bourgeois values-by using oblique satire and austerely construction music that incorporates jazz rhythms and harmonies and popular-music-type melodies.

F.I.T.T. principles/concepts

The frequency, intensity, time, and type of physical activities are interdependent principles for gaining and maintaining physical fitness.

Mystical artists

The grandeur and transcendence of nature, the emotional reaction to inner dreams and metaphysical truths of romanticism are seen in the works. Endowed their keenly observed, minutely detailed works with a romantic spirit of poetic yearning and literary references and accurately re-created the natural world in brilliantly colored landscapes.

movement concepts

The ideas used to modify or enrich the range and effectiveness of the skills employed. They involve learning how, where, and with what the body moves.

Brown - MLU

"Length of utterance" as measured by the number of words. Brown 1973 proposed using "mean length of utterance" MLU, with the count to be based on the number or morphemes. He found that language progressed along fairly orderly stages.

Pirouette

"To twirl or spin"; a turn on one foot that can be executed outward, away from the body, or inward, toward the body

watson's theory centered around

"conditioned responses" in children. Conditioned responses means that a child was "taught" to respond ina particualr way to stimulus that would not naturally eleict tha tresponse

First Aid

The immediate, temporary care of an injured or ill person. The basic knowledge of first aid is important for physical education teachers.

Dynamic view

The interaction of the individual with her or his environment is the dynamic view of human development.

group dynamics

The interactions and interrelationships of people in a group.

preoperational stage (age)

(18 months to 7 years)

Classical period music

The latter half of the eighteenth century, marked by clarity of form, logical thematic development, and strict adherence to sonata form.

dehydration

The loss of water and important blood salts, such as potassium and sodium, that are essential for vital organ functions.

self-control

(cooperative nonparticipation)

caring

(helping others participate

postconventional morality

(high school and beyond

self-responsibility

(independent participation)

conventional morality (age)

(middle grades through high school)

invovement

(playing cooperatively)

irresponsibliity

(uncooperative)

Employ effective teaching behaviors

-"Effective teaching behaviors" refers to the decisions that teachers make regarding the use of time and their interaction with students -Physical education teachers use research-based, effective teaching behaviors to support student learning; these include the following: ---Planning for every lesson ---Using time effectively ---Providing effective practice ---Providing positive specific or corrective feedback ---Keeping students engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at least 50% of the instructional time ---Keeping students engaged in academic learning ---Improving speed and accuracy ---Applying motor learning concepts to instructional practices

Playscript

-"Script" for short -A detailed, written description of a play intended to give the reader as clear a sense of the produced work as possible -When it is first written by a playwright, the playscript refers to an imagined production; later, the playscript may describe an actual production -In either case, the aim is to provide enough information so that a group of performers can mount a production of the play in question

Passé

-A "passing" position in which the foot passes by the knee of the supporting leg -When this position is held, as in pirouettes, with the foot of the working leg resting against the knee of the supporting leg, it is known as retiré

Metacognition

-A child's awareness of knowing about one's own knowledge -Metacognition helps children plan their own problem-solving strategies (concrete operations) -Thinking about thinking -Metamemory = knowing about memory

Temperament

-A collective set of inborn traits that help to construct a child's approach to the world -Based upon the child's mood, environment, activity, and threshold for reacting to stimulation Three basic groups: 1. The "easy" child is generally in a positive mood and adapts easily to new situations 2. The "difficult" child tends to cry frequently and is slow to accept change to new situations. This child has irregular daily routines 3. The "slow-to-warm-up" child shows slow adaptations to new situations, but slowly accepts new situations when repeatedly exposed

Conservation

-A conceptual tool that allows a child to recognize that when altering the appearance of an object, the basic properties do not change -A young child fails to master this task because the way things look influences how the child thinks -Based on Einstein's famous formula, E = mc², which states that mass and energy can be transformed from one to the other, but their total amount is fixed (conserved) so that it neither increases nor decreases -Piaget used this concept when referring to numbers, volumes, weights, and matter (concrete operations)

Line

-A continuous mark that can change direction, length, and width -Lines joined together form a shape -Line can also create an outline, silhouette, or contour -Artists often use line to define the edges of a form to lead your eye in a certain direction -Lines can be real or implied and their possibilities are endless (e.g., straight, curved, jagged, diagonal, horizontal, vertical, wavy, parallel, perpendicular, zigzag, or dashed) ---Horizontal lines can suggest a state of rest, continuity, and stability since objects are parallel to the earth are often at rest ---Horizontal lines can also give a sense of space ---Vertical lines communicate a sense of strength, rigidity, or height, and artists often use vertical lines to suggest spirituality, or reaching toward the sky ---Diagonal lines often communicate an opposition or movement, while curved lines communicate a sensual or softening quality

Opera

-A drama, either tragic or comic, that sung to an orchestral accompaniment -Often based on biblical stories -Typically a large-scale composition with vocal soloists, a chorus, and orchestra

Satyr play

-A form of Greek drama that coexisted with tragedy in the classical period -Little is known of the satyr play except that it seems to have been a burlesque of the same ideas presented in tragedies, ridiculing the gods and heroic legends, using the bawdiest language, dance, and song to do it

Creative drama

-A form of entertainment in which students improvise scenes for their own growth and edification, not that of an audience -In some cases, the aim of creative drama is to learn subjects other than theatre (history, psychology, literature, and so on)l in others, it is to learn about theatre itself

Flashback

-A manipulation of time in the plot in which a scene from earlier in the story is shown after those that occur later -Rather rare in traditional playwriting, flashbacks are common in films

Revolving stage

-A portion of the stage constructed so that it rotates around a pivot -Such a stage can be used in a number of ways, the most frequent being to change settings; the downstage scenery rotates out of sight, revealing scenery that had previously been set upstage

Establish a safe environment

-A safe environment has two components -The first refers to the actual physical environment ---This includes equipment safety and that the class size is conducive to providing a safe activity ---That communication systems are in place in case of an emergency (located in the main office or health office) ---That proper instruction exists for students to use equipment ---That there is sufficient supervision at all times -The second component refers to the psychological subjective environment of the students ---All activities should ensure that students feel physically, emotionally, and socially safe during the instructional process

Full-length play

-A single play that typically fulfills the expectation for a complete theatrical experience -In the Western tradition, this means one play of 3 to 5 acts, usually filling 2 to 4 hours

Intelligence

-A trait that is inferred on the basis of observable behavior -An individual's general mental abilities ("g" factor), including: reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to the environment -Educators and psychologists face controversy over the fairness of intelligence testing to determine mental abilities, performance ranking, and academic potential

Storyboard

-A visual display of the plot of a play or film in which each scene (or shot) is represented by a single picture or short description -The pictures or note cards are then arranged on a wall or bulletin board in such a way as to depict the flow of the plot

Time signature/meter

-A way to measure rhythmic units -It is noted at the beginning of a composition and looks like a mathematical fraction -The top number denotes the number of beats in a measure and the bottom number denotes what type of note will receive the beat

Nutrition and obesity

-About 1% of the population of children and adolescents follow all of the recommended dietary guidelines -Children in the U.S. consume excess amounts of fat and sugar -A child's home environment influences much of what he or she eats, and nutritional diets are especially deprived among minority or socioeconomically depraved children -A good method to evaluate body fat is to review a child's BMI (body mass index) weight in comparison with his or her height -Obesity and cardiac-respiratory problems are at an all-time high -Overweight children often become overweight adults and risk health problems -The causes of obesity range from genetics and environment to lack of exercise and emotional eating

Child abuse and neglect

-According to the U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse can be classified in four categories: physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment -Causes of child maltreatment include lack of parenting skills, economic stressors, lack of education, or adults repeating generational family abuse -A child's reaction to abuse varies greatly depending upon the child, the experience, its frequency, and what is done about it -Children must be allowed to work through whatever range of feelings they have surrounding the abuse, but the two most common feelings are anger and sadness

Elements of theatre

-Acting -Theatre -Drama -Improvisation -Scriptwriting -Technical support tools -Stage

Improvisation

-Acting without a script or prepared text -A creative, cooperative, spontaneous, and flexible response to changing and unexpected dramatic stimuli -Embraces problem solving without preconception of how to perform, and allows anything within the environment to be used during the experience

Folk dance

-All folk dance is a form of cultural dance -Folk dance originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate -Medieval "carolers" were the first folk dancers and could be found throughout England and other parts of Europe -Although there are many dances that originated in Europe, authentic folk dancing in its purest form must include these four factors: ---Dance movements must predate the 19th century ---Dance is performed by peasants or royalty ---The choreography is derived from tradition ---There is no teacher -Variations on folk dances are found in dance forms of today, including square dancing and barn dancing

Dance

-All-inclusive term meaning the aesthetics of movement -A dance is the organization of moves with a beginning, middle, and end in sequential form

Space

-Although space can refer to real three-dimensional space, artists refer to space within the boundaries of the composition -Space helps the composition look like it has form and gives the artwork a feeling of depth -Artists use both positive and negative space to influence how an object might appear -Negative space is the space between or around the object

Ancient Greek Theatre (600-400 B.C.)

-Amphitheatres (open air; on the sides of mountains; semicircular; orchestra [area in front of the stage]; chorus/dance and music; auditorium; simple scenery) -Playwrights: Sophocles (tragedy: heroes glorified but with a tragic flaw, influence of gods) and Euripides -Violence took place off stage (true through to the Elizabethan age) -Thespis was the first actor (source of "thespians") -Dionysus Festivals (tragedies/comedies/satire); plots came from legends -Influence of central actors and dialogue; masks were used to show age and emotion -Women were barred from acting but could be spectators -Greek tragedy was not associated with theatre staging today (it was part of a trilogy)

Include class management

-An effective classroom management system sets the stage for high-quality physical education instruction by providing the time and opportunity for learning to occur -It promotes student engagement and maximizes instructional effectiveness -Effective class management does not just happen; it is carefully and systematically planned

Concepts of physical fitness: Cardio-Respiratory (Aerobic)

-An efficient cardio-respiratory system may be the most important component of fitness -Cardio-respiratory endurance is the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to sustain work by delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body over a period of time -To develop this endurance, activities must be aerobic -During aerobic activity, there is an integrated functional capacity of the heart and lungs, the vascular system, and the muscles to expend energy as the oxygen in the body is given maximum oxygen uptake -If a child is having difficulty during an aerobic fitness activity, the teacher should stop the activity when the child is out of breath ---This is a sign that the aerobic activity is causing the cardio-respiratory system to reach maximum oxygen uptake -Aerobic activity should include a 20-minute activity at your target heart rate

Symphony

-An elaborate musical composition, many of which are between 20 and 45 minutes in length -A classical symphony usually consists of four movements that are intended to stir up a wide range of emotions through contrasts in tempo and mood

Pastoral play

-An extinct genre of play, popular during the Italian Renaissance, which is set in a countryside populated by nymhps, satyrs, shepherds, shepherdesses, and wandering knights -Persistently upbeat in tone, the pastoral play existed chiefly to give courtiers a chance to indulge a taste for dressing up as peasants, singing, and dancing -The pastoral play may have been the Renaissance's attempt to recapture the Greek satyr play

Classical (400 B.C.-A.D. 400)

-Ancient Greece and Rome -Art encompassed: architecture (e.g., Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts, vaults, and domes); sculpture (ideal form, beauty); pottery (black on white, Greek and Roman life); painting (murals, portraiture); frescoes (pigments with water) -Key characteristics: physical beauty; mathematical; definite proportion; celebrated great events

Adagio

-As in music, the opposite of allegro; a slower tempo -Adagio is also a set of practice exercises in class consisting of extensions and balances

Language development milestones: (5-7 years)

-Asks many why questions ("How many stars are in the sky?") -The child can understand metaphor ("Don't be a quacking duck") and can use 4- to 5- word declarative sentences ("I am not sleepy"), interrogative sentences ("Why can't I go?") and imperative sentences ("Turn off the TV!") -The child uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles regularly, and understands syntax -The child makes errors in over-regularizations of transitive or intransitive verbs ("She singed a song") -At age 6, the average vocabulary is 2,500 words, but the child speaks about 8,000 to 14,000 words -Speech is more adult-like

Perspective: atmospheric or aerial

-Atmospheric perspective is used to create depth and dimension -Artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects Example: Darker objects appear to be closer when using lighter and duller colors for distant objects. In a landscape, lighter objects lose focus and clarity as they appear farther away.

Classroom expectations for music education

-Auditory skills -Translative skills -Creative skills -Performance skills ---Singing ---Playing instruments ---Body movement ---Conducting ---Musical analysis

Principles of art

-Balance -Contrast -Emphasis -Pattern -Unity -Perspective -Space -Color

Balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical

-Balance is a sense of visual stability in a composition -It is the harmonious arrangement of elements in order to create a feeling of equilibrium -When a composition is symmetrical, it gives the feeling that weight is equally distributed ---This is called formal balance since this is a classical appearance of formality -When a composition is asymmetrical, there is a visual emphasis, or pull, to one side of the composition ---This is sometimes called informal balance Example: Think about a seesaw or scales. When the seesaw is equally weighted, it is symmetrical. When the seesaw is not weighted equally, it is asymmetrical.

Scriptwriting

-Based on culture, imagination, literature, and personal life experiences -Can apply to theatre, film, television, or electronic media -Classroom activities can include reading and analyzing scripts, outlining dramatic structure, and working together in groups to plan scenarios

Theatrical dance

-Based on music, songs, dialogue, and dance -Audiences often experience it in the form of musical theatre productions -Well-known musical productions are ballet, jazz, and tap -Other productions include ethno-cultural, kabuki, Russian, and Celtic dance

Fugue

-Based upon a short theme called a subject -The fugue subject contains both rhythmic and melodic motifs -The opening of the fugue is announced by one voice alone -A second voice then restates the subject, usually on a different scale -A third and then a fourth voice enter, each carrying the subject

Locomotor skills

-Basic movement skills that are performed in different directions and at different speeds -Dynamic movements that propel the body upward, forward, or backward -Foundation of gross motor coordination, involving large and small muscle movements -Jumping -Skipping -Galloping -Sliding

Guidelines for teachers to help children with learning disabilities

-Be consistent and write down predictable outlines, schedules, and deadlines -Demonstrate and model appropriate behavior, giving positive reinforcement -Talk slowly, making eye contact when possible, and keep conversations brief -Keep peripheral distractions in the classroom to a minimum -Demonstrate with hands-on instruction whenever possible -Utilize technology whenever possible (videos, computers, CDs) -Allow students to take untimed tests, and read tests aloud -Stay with one project at a time, rather than skipping around -Record presentations on audio-cassettes or give notes to children for use at home later -For hyperactive children, allow the student to sit behind others so that the student won't disturb others, and teach the student to tap his pencil on a sleeve or leg instead of the table -Divide classroom assignments into smaller tasks to help students feel a sense of smaller accomplishments

Rough-and-tumble play

-Begins at about the end of early childhood, but is most popular during middle childhood -Can be in the form of tag, chasing, wrestling, etc.

Functional play

-Begins during infancy with sensorimotor movements manipulating objects in order to receive pleasure -Involves repeated muscular movements and can be engaged in throughout life -Involves a repetition of behavior (practicing)

Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy (birth-2 years)

-Behavior is based upon the infant's physical responses to immediate surroundings -Infants mentally organize and perceive their world through their sensory systems (i.e., what they touch, see, feel, hear, smell, etc.) -It is almost by mishap that the infant discovers that his physical reflexes have an impact on the world around him as the infant moves from reflexive actions to representational (symbolic) thought -This transition follows a series of increasingly progressive skills -During this period, infants are at the center of their universe (egocentrism)

Piaget and Moral Development

-Believed morality is coupled with cognitive development in two different stages, morality of constraint (heteronomous) and morality of cooperation (autonomous) -Morality of constraint: Age 4-7 -Children see their moral world through the eyes of justice and rules, which are unchangeable -As children develop, they become more sophisticated and understand that rules are made up by people -Children understand that there are many variables when deciding what is right and wrong -New thinking moves them to the next stage of morality, age 10 -Children view each dilemma and consider the consequences before making a moral decision (morality of cooperation)

Proprioception

-Body awareness -The sense of being aware of movement in different parts of the body -Helps children maintain a sense of personal boundaries, develop patterns of movement through space, understand the concept of shape, and sustain a sense of balance

Concepts of physical fitness: Body composition

-Body composition is the proportion of body fat to lean body mass -It is the amount of fat in relation to the percentage of non-fat in the total body mass -It is measured by the thickness of selected skin folds

Modern dance

-Born in the 20th century as a result of dancers resisting the rigid structure of classical ballet dance -Modern dance choreography is based upon the subjective interpretation of internalized feelings, emotions, and moods -Unlike formal ballet, modern dance is often unstructured and makes deliberate use of gravity and body weight to enhance movement -Since modern dance encourages free-style dance, teachers should utilize this style of dance in an effort to provide dance opportunities for all ability levels in the classroom -It also encourages students to express feelings and emotions through movement

Gender differences

-Boys and girls do not grow at the same rate -The peak growth spurt for boys usually spans the ages of 13 through 15 and can be as much as 3 1/2 inches per year -The peak growth spurt for girls usually spans the ages of 11 through 13 and can be as much as 3 inches per year -Coinciding with these growth spurt years, the young adolescents experience puberty and additional physical changes -The boys will develop broader shoulders than girls and the girls will develop broader hips than boys -These and other changes affect body mechanics -It can be both frustrating and difficult for boys and girls as their bodies learn to adapt to their new size and shape

Brass

-Brass instruments produce sound through breath as the vibrations from the players' lips buzz against a metal, cup-shaped mouthpiece -The brass section of an orchestra can play louder than any other instrumental section -Moss brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes, which look like buttons that open and close and produce higher or lower sounds of pitch -Some of the earliest forms of brass instruments were made from tusks, horns, shells, or wood -Today, all brass instruments are made entirely of brass -These instruments are designed like lone pipes that widen at their ends into a bell-shaped opening -Their curves make them easier to hold and play

Object manipulation skills: Catching

-Catching involves using the hands to stop and control a moving object -During the early stages of learning, it is more difficult for children to learn to catch than to throw because tracking the object requires mature hand-eye coordination -Children often fear being hit by the object, so early instruction can begin with beach balls, balloons, and fleece balls -As children develop gross and fine motor abilities, instruction should include reducing the size of the object to catch ---This helps children develop perceptual abilities -Instruction should include practice in catching balls that bounce up from the floor to teach rebound angles

18th Century

-Changes in economics, society, ruling powers, determined direction of playwrights -Acting began to more closely mimic life -Art of acting became prominent -Plays more often dealt with ordinary people -Commercial theatre evolved

Restoration comedy

-Characteristic comedy of the period known as the English Restoration (1660-1700) -Restoration comedy is known for its glittering language, salacious plots, and frequently debauched characters

Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (A.D. 400)

-Characteristics: circle form (rhythmic motion within a circle); use of imagery -Gender roles: war and hunting for men, seasons and planting for women; early accompaniment came from drums, harps, flutes, and chants -Forms: social dance, which celebrated births, special events, and rites of passage; ritual dance, which maintained tradition, religious rituals (temple dances), and hunting magic; and fertility dance, which marked the changing seasons (especially for planting and harvesting) and sought favor with gods

Post-Impressionism (1880s-1900s)

-Characteristics: paint indoors or outside; emotions through the use of color/swirling color/thick applications; complementary colors; new subject matter: away from the narrow spectrum of viewing (e.g., "Starry Night"; primitive art of the South Pacific) -Examples: van Gogh, Gauguin; Cézanne

Mandatory child abuse reporting law

-Child abuse is a state crime (not a federal crime) -In 1963, California became the first state to require by law the reporting of child abuse -According to the California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Law, teachers are mandated reporters of child abuse -California does not require that the teacher be absolutely certain of the abuse, only that the teacher has sufficient suspicions that there is cause to believe or suspect abuse -Such suspicions must be orally reported within 24-72 hours, followed by a detailed written report Under California law, abuse includes: 1. If a child is physically injured other than by accidental means 2. If a child is subjected to willful cruelty or unjustifiable punishment 3. If a child is abused or exploited sexually 4. If a child is neglected by a parent or caretaker who fails to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision

Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood (7-11 years)

-Child has ability to solve simple problems while thinking about multiple dimensions of information -Children can now "think about thinking" (metacognition) -Children understand the world through trial and error -Children cannot yet think abstractly, but they do understand the distinction between appearance and reality if presented in terms of tangible objects -Child has clear sense of seriation, transitivity, reversibility, and conservation -Child has the ability to set his own values as he becomes more subjective in moral judgements

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

-Children actively construct their knowledge through society -Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice—first between people and then internally within the child -Language is an essential aspect of this development; cognitive growth and language are socially based -A child's cognitive growth is a shared process -Adults or older peers help provide children with learning tools in order to master difficult tasks -Two complementary tenets of his theory include the zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Level II: Conventional (10-13 years)

-Children are most concerned about the opinions of their peers -Children at this stage want to please and help others, while developing their own internal idea of what it means to be a good person

B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning

-Children can learn from operating in the environment -When children operate in the environment, their behavior response produces a consequence of either a reinforced reward or punishment -This associative learning process helps children to associate their actions with a positive or negative consequence -Behavior that is reinforced (rewarded) will tend to be strengthened -Conversely, behavior that is not reinforced will tend to be eliminated or extinguished

Irreversibility

-Children make errors in their thinking because they cannot understand that an operation moves in more than one direction -They cannot understand that the original state can be recovered (preoperational) Example: If Emma plays with a ball of clay, she believes that they clay must always be in this same form to remain the same amount. When a classmate plays with the clay and gives it back as a long, narrow piece, Emma thinks she's getting back less. -The opposite of irreversibility is reversibility, which is the ability of children to mentally return to a situation or operation just like it was in the beginning

Transductive Reasoning

-Children mentally connect specific experiences, whether or not there is a logical casual relationship (preoperational) -A child believes his thoughts will cause something to happen (see also Casual Reasoning) Example: Bill was mean to his little sister. His sister got sick. Bill reasoned that he made his sister sick.

Level I: Preconventional (4-10 years)

-Children obey because adults tell them to obey -Children judge morality strictly on the basis of consequences (fear of being punished for bad actions, or expecting to be rewarded for good actions)

Games with rules play

-Children often play games during elementary school -These games often include rules and are competitive and pleasurable -Preschool children play games, but their games are more in terms of taking turns -Games play/games with rules play involves a given set of rules and declines around age 12, but can be engaged in throughout life -It is usually replaced by practice play and organized sports as children approach adolescence

Gardener's Multiple Intelligence

-Children possess different intelligences with multiple dimensions -Children have many different cognitive strengths, as well as contrasting cognitive styles -Intelligence has roots in evolutionary history, and we are much like our ancestors who had a variety of intellectual strengths to cope with environmental challenges 1. Linguistic-Verbal Ability: The ability to think in words and to use language to express meaning (poets, authors, journalists, and speakers) 2. Logical-Mathematical Ability: The ability to carry out mathematical operations (scientists, engineers, and accountants) 3. Spatial Ability: The ability to think three-dimensionally (architects, artists, and engineers) 4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability: The ability to solve problems using the body and physical skill (surgeons, craftspeople, dancers, and athletes) 5. Musical Ability: Having a sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone (composers, musicians, and sensitive listeners) 6. Interpersonal Ability: The ability to understand others, a people person who has good conversation skills and knows how to interact with others (teachers, mental health professionals, salespeople, and politicians) 7. Intrapersonal Ability: The ability to understand oneself and effectively direct one's life (theologians and psychologists) 8. Natural Ability: The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems (farmers, botanists, ecologists, and landscapers)

Mental Retardation (Educationally Delayed)

-Children who are educationally delayed are defined as having subnormal cognitive functioning at an IQ level of 70 or below -The impairment may range anywhere from mild (IQ at 55-70) or severe (IQ below 25) -Mentally retarded children show maladaptive behavior in learning, social adjustment, and maturation -Causes: genetic abnormalities, mother's abuse of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy (teratogens), environmental deprivation (lack of nutrition to the fetus), or trauma to the fetus during childbirth -Mental retardation affects 1-2% of the population, and most fall into the mild range of retardation -With the help of intervention programs, children who are educationally delayed can function fairly well in society -Children show significant improvement with early diagnosis and guidance from a supportive educational environment

Auditory-Perceptual Disability (Hearing Difficulty)

-Children who have an auditory-perceptual disability may find it difficult to distinguish between the differences in sounds -Teachers will often observe these children as appearing to be lost or confused when called upon in the classroom -Teachers frequently comment that these children are not paying attention in the classroom, when in reality, they may be struggling to hear what is being said -Sometimes even subtle disabilities in hearing may prevent the child from understanding the full content of classroom material

Learning disabilities

-Children with LDs are often children with average to above-average intelligence who exhibit emotional and/or physical maladaptive behavior -In observing children with learning disabilities, teachers frequently view a discrepancy between a child's measured intelligence and the child's performance in the classroom -Typically, LD children have a neurological impairment and the brain has difficulty processing information when it receives stimuli -Many children may not receive adequate diagnosis and treatment for LD because their behavior is often misunderstood or misdiagnosed -Children do not outgrow LD; rather, they develop a variety of coping strategies to better help them deal with their disability -Stress can result in further distress for the child and can magnify his or her symptoms

Perceptual-Motor Disability

-Children with a perceptual-motor disability have difficult with coordination and may often appear clumsy or disoriented -Sometimes their hands are in constant motion and may get in the way of their activity

Visual-Perceptual Disability (Dyslexia)

-Children with a visual-perceptual disability see letters and numbers in different positions -When reading, they may confuse right or left, and they may skip or reverse words -They are sometimes observed as having difficulty with physical coordination due to their difficulty with eye-hand coordination -The most recognized visual-perceptual disability is dyslexia, whereby a student perceives letters in reverse

Religious or ceremonial dance

-Choreography played a significant role in many cultural events throughout history -The origins of dance show that dance was created and performed in celebrations, rituals, and rites of passage -Many cultures consider dance a universal spiritual language Example: Native Americans have expressed mourning the spirit in dance movement. They have also used dance as a ritual to prepare for battles and to celebrate joyful occasions.

Clef

-Clef is the symbol at the beginning of each staff indicating the pitch or the range of sounds that should be played -Two main clefs: the treble clef for the higher range of notes, and the bass clef for the lower range of notes

Elements of art

-Color -Line -Shape -Texture -Space

Object manipulation skills

-Complex motor patterns that are basic to specialized sports and are performed with some kind of object (e.g. a ball or bat) -Object manipulation requires hand-eye or foot-eye coordination, and this requires developmentally appropriate gross and fine motor abilities -Early manipulative skills help form the foundation for many later sports activities -Throwing -Catching -Kicking -Striking

Classroom fitness activity: Cool-down exercises

-Cool-down exercises are just as important as warm-up exercises -Current research indicates that cool-down activities (e.g. simple calisthenics, breathing exercises, and light walking) are as essential to preventing injuries as warm-up exercises

To check your heart rate

-Count the beats for 10 seconds (use your index finger, not your thumb) -Multiply the number of beats by 6 to equal your heart rate per minute

Tertiary colors

-Created by mixing secondary colors -When mixing these colors, the secondary color tends to be muted or grayish to provide a variation of the secondary color

Creative skills

-Creating music -Composing and creating music should be used in conjunction with other musical activities -Performing both improvised and written music should be encouraged

Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Dancing evolved from pageants and processions of the period -Ballet developed in France (1500s), and moved to Italy; this led to the development of court dancing in Europe (nobility in a palace setting); patronage of the Medicis; "dancing masters"; steps were slow (adagio) and fast (allegro); lack of spontaneity (defined steps) -Music to accompany specific, technical ballet steps; a theatrical art form developed—music, costumes, setting, plot, and themes such as Greek and Roman mythology and history (Julius Caesar); Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet -Minuet: a formal aristocratic court dance developed at the end of the period

Value

-Describes the lightness or darkness of color -Its range is from white to black, and the value of a color is changed by adding either white or black -Artists use value to create mood Example: Dark colors in a composition can suggest melancholy, gloom, mystery, or foreboding

Framework for dance activity instruction

-Determine appropriate age-related expectations for a safe, enjoyable classroom activity -Determine the physical abilities, as well as gender-specific and special needs of students -Provide students with research and learning opportunities for cross-disciplines -Begin with a warm-up and end with a cool-down; exercises should include steps to be used in the dance activity -Separate the dance into the steps. Begin by teaching the steps, describing and demonstrating each separately. Steps are done slowly at first, using counts, and then at the proper tempo. -Teach one part of the basic step pattern at a time; when two parts have been learned, combine them to establish continuity of the dance -Explain the floor pattern. Have the dancers walk through the floor pattern. Then combine the steps with the floor pattern, first without music, and then with music (remember that not all dances have a set floor pattern). -Use key words and counts to cue the steps and directional changes, and to alert students (e.g., "ready"); this helps students keep the main rhythmic pattern and encourages them to gain a sense of the whole -Encourage vigorous activity so that students become involved in the experience and have little time to worry about things such as who their partner is -Encourage opportunities for different dance experiences such as solo, line, circle, scatter, or group formations of three and four. This dispels the idea that one must have a partner to dance. Restrict choice when partners are needed (e.g., ask students to dance with the person standing opposite, or the person closest). Encourage frequent and rapid change of partner. -Provide an opportunity for students to refine their skill level; once the whole dance has been learned, repeat several times to increase fluency and enjoyment -If the dance is to be performed in a formal or public setting, allow opportunities for all students to perform, not just the most able dancers -Provide opportunities for interpretation of dance -Provide a classroom dance program that includes different styles of dance from a cultural and historical context

Equilibrium

-Development is motivated by the search for a stable balance toward effective adaptations -This balanced state is called equilibrium and has three phases: ---1. Children begin in a state of balance ---2. Thought changes and conflict emerges ---3. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, a more sophisticated mode of thought surfaces

Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood (2-7 years)

-Development of symbolic thought and imagination is boundless -In striving to understand their world, around age 5, children begin to ask a multitude of "why" questions -Children can reason intuitively, and representational thought has emerged -Children continue to make errors in spoken language -There is a dramatic difference in the child's development as each year passes -Children love to hear stories, sing songs, and recite nursery rhymes -Independent and cooperative play become important during this stage -By about age 6, a child's language development (particularly the child's ability to be a better conversationalist) is dramatically different from that of a 2-year-old -Language increases rapidly as children learn many new words each day

Elements of dance: Levels

-Direction: forward, backward, up, down, sideways (horizontal or vertical), diagonal, straight, circle, out, in, zigzag, or spiral -Form and shape: angular, rounded, twisted, bent, crooked, symmetrical, or asymmetrical -Level: high, medium, or low -Range: wide, narrow, big, or little -Pathway: floor, elevated, or air patterns -Focus: gaze, floor, or away

Emphasis

-Draws your eye to a visual focal point -Artists use emphasis to help an object stand out and grab your attention -It is the center of interest

Casual Reasoning/Casuality

-During preschool, children cannot yet think logically about cause and effect -Children believe that their thoughts can cause actions, whether or not the experiences have a casual relationship -Children reason by transductive reasoning (preoperational) Example: A child is unkind toward her baby cousin, and shortly thereafter, the baby is accidentally hurt. The child believes that somehow she caused the accident for having "bad thoughts" about the baby.

Note values

-Each note has a specific duration represented by a solid black or hollow oval shape -Some have flags and others have stems attached representing different values

Language development milestones: Infant (0-12 months)

-Early vocalizations are spontaneous sounds of cooing (vowels) or crying -Then babbling sounds (phonemes) begin with sounds more like patterned speech with consonant-vowel strings ("da-da-da-da")

Byzantine (400-1400)

-Eastern Roman Empire -Key characteristics: religious imagery; mosaics (flat, two-dimensional); icons; elongated bodies; stylized background; gold leaf; mosaics decorated churches; triptych (three panels)

Historic evolution (use of dance movement)

-Egypt: movement associated with gods/funerals -Greece: in theatre chorus; also the festival of Dionysus -Rome: pantomime/dance expression -India: formalized hand movements (e.g., Hindu dance, the oldest world dance) -Java: elaborate costumes, balance and moderation, and traditional dance -China: ceremonial dance with each character having specific hand movement, and martial (war) dancing -Japan: Kabuki (traced to primitive rituals; it involves stomping, elaborate costumes, is male only, and is still current)

Bandura's social learning theory

-Emphasizes the value of learning through observation -Stresses the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others to advance in learning -Children imitate behavior through socialization by learning gender roles, self-reinforcement, self-efficacy (belief in the ability to do things on their own), and other aspects of personality -Imitation and rehearsing are powerful tools for learning -In Bandura's "Bobo doll experiment," quiet, well-behaved preschool children observed an adult who repeatedly punched and knocked down an inflated doll ---Later, children imitated this aggressive behavior in the classroom ---According to Bandura, aggressive models encourage aggressiveness in children

Concepts of physical fitness: Endurance

-Endurance is the ability to sustain physical effort for long periods of time -Endurance helps children perform fitness activities without excessive fatigue

Erickson's Psychosocial Stages of Development

-Erickson helped to transform Freud's traditional psychosexual perspectives on human development -Early childhood experiences helped to permanently shape personality -Personality develops through a series of conflicts that are influenced by society during age-related time periods -8 stages of age-specific crises that we pass through in order to create equilibrium between society and ourselves -Each stage centers on a unique developmental task that must be confronted and negotiated -Children move to the next developmental crises, no matter what the outcome, even when the outcome is not favorable and may lead to later adjustment problems -The crisis is considered a turning point in a child's life when successfully mastered

All physical education instruction should do the following

-Establish a safe environment -Include class management -Employ effective teaching behaviors -Transfer learning -Encourage practice

Styles of dance and movement

-Ethnic and cultural dance ---Cultural dances ---Religious or ceremonial dance -Folk Dance ---Play and sing with movement ---Maypole dance -Modern Dance -Theatrical dance -Social dance

Conducting

-Even young children can experience elements of music through conducting speech chants, involving changes in tempo, dynamics, pitch, and so forth -Conducting fosters sensitivity to musical expression

Modern Era (1900s)

-Evolution in the musical world, rebellion; unique sounds; difficult to quantify; nationalism; folk idiom was prevalent (e.g., in Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody, Coplan's Appalachian Spring); widening gap between "art" and popular music (Beatles) -Technology allowed for mass appeal and a new direction in music making (sound recordings, electronically created sounds, computer music, and composing) -Polytonality (playing two keys at once) -Puccini (Italian) and his operas Madama Butterfly and La Bohème; Debussy and Impressionism; Stravinsky, post-Romanticism, and his ballet The Rite of Spring; Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, an Shostakovich (Russian) -Influence of blues (sorrowful black folk music) and jazz (roots in African rhythms and harmonies with modern instrumentation, improvisation, and syncopation) -Rock 'n' roll, R&B (rhythm and blues), country, folk (cultural link, passed on by word of mouth), and hip-hop

20th Century

-Fauvism (early 20th century—"Wild Animals"): Influenced by technology of the early 20th century; expansion of color—right from the tube in assertive brush strokes; discord of color; non-Western themes (e.g., Matisse) -Cubism (early 20th century): traditional subject matter portrayed by overlapping geometric forms (reduced to cubes); fragmentation of form; influenced by African tribal arts: masks and sculpture; move toward abstract art (exploration of space and color); multiple images of one subject on a two dimensional surface. ---Examples: Picasso; Braque; development of collages; "found" sculpture -Surrealism (1920s): metaphysical painting; evolved from Dada art (reaction against commonplace and WWI); workings of the subconscious mind (Freud) through fantastic imagery ---Examples: Salvador Dali; Chagall—distorted everyday objects -Abstract Impressionism (1950s): "dribbles, splatters, splashes"; everyday objects to apply art (e.g., brooms); influenced by Navajo sand paintings ---Examples: Jackson Pollock, de Kooning, and Kandinsky -"Pop" Art/Popular Art: "Why is it art?"; reaction against abstract painting (soup cans; comics); Warhol; Lichtenstein (iconic art); acrylics -American Regional Art (from 1930s/rural art): everyday life; expanded on landscape painting of the 1870s ---Example: Grant Wood ("American Gothic")

Language development milestones: Toddler (18-24 months)

-First sentences (two words) are spoken -The toddler can understand grammatical relationships, but cannot yet express them -The toddler uses articles (the, a), prepositions (on, in), conjunctions (and, but) and the verb "to be" (am, are, is) -Word errors include underextending word meanings

Language development milestones: Toddler (12-18 months)

-First words are spoken, usually familiar objects or people -Simple monosyllabic words are used, such as "momma" or "bye-bye"

Concepts of physical fitness: Flexibility

-Flexibility is the movement which joints and muscles move through a full range of motion -Being flexible helps the student to retain a full range of movement, prevent injury from fitness activities, and improve posture ---These are the reasons that stretching should be an integral part of daily warm-up activities

18th and 19th Centuries

-Formal dancing spread to the Continent; expansion of professional dancing masters; professional choreography at the Paris Opera (opera and dance); costuming; introduction of the waltz (1-2-3) rhythm; court dance -Ballet developed throughout Europe; this led to virtuoso dancing, expressive capacity of the body, pointe footwork and the heel-less shoe -Era of Romanticism (early 1800s): the continued evolution of ballet; emphasis on emotions and fantasy; true pointe work; evolution of "lightness in flight";, this differed from other dance forms in placement and alignment of the body, as well as in training -Focus on the ballerina; the male dancer was secondary

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

-Formulating a specific hypothesis from any given general theory (formal operations) -This is the ability to form ideas about "what might be" -This is done by mentally forming a logical and systematic plan to work out the right solution after considering all the possible consequences Example: Tommy makes a general observation that short students are not selected for the school basketball team. Since Tommy is short, he deduces that he will not be selected.

Group interaction

-Fostering social concepts of supportive learning as a group or team -Working together to form group decisions, respecting the sport rules, and exhibiting good sportsmanship

Baroque (1600-1750)

-Foundations in Italy and Germany but with regional differences (e.g. Rembrandt); influenced by Scientific Revolution (Newton, Galileo); Age of Enlightenment; Counter0Reformation (against Protestantism—paintings of faith/martyrdom); Age of Absolute Monarchs (Louis XIV) -Characteristics (diversified stylistically but often very grand): complex style; appeal to senses/spectator involvement/drama; strong emotion; emphasis on depth/space; genre scenes (landscapes without people); movement with grandeur -Rococo (1750s-1800s): Influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution (drastic societal changes); Salons; carefree lifestyle/high fashion; moved away from Baroque heroic subjects and dark color; moved to more delicate/pale colors; theme of romantic love -Revolt against Rococo: movement toward naturalism and Romanticism (1850s) (beauty of nature—senses over intellect); love of ruins and exotic cultures; new sense of nationalism; uniqueness, not conformity (e.g., Goya)

FITT Guidelines

-Frequency -Intensity -Time -Type of activity

Locomotor skills: Galloping

-Galloping is a forward directional movement ---As the lead foot steps forward, the back foot steps up to meet the lad foot -Galloping movements can be taught by having the class hold hands and slide in a circle to a rhythmic beat ---Shift this movement into having the children face the direction of the movement while continuing to slide ---Alternate between large and small gallops

Later Middle Ages (1000-4000)

-Gothic art: religious—the Church was almost the sole patron of the arts; spatially flat; shape of human body was used to communicate emotions; manuscript illumination -Gothic architectural style (1200); influenced by Christianity; Age of Chivalry; rapid growth of commerce; led to the proliferation of majestic cathedrals (Chartres; Notre Dame; Cologne); gothic window (stained glass); flying buttress (higher, lighter)—towering monuments to God -Frescoes; tempera painting (1400s), with egg tempera as binder; illuminated manuscripts; vegetable oils

Early Middle Ages (500-1000)

-Greco-Roman influence; influence of religion; sacred art; spatially flat; illustrated book of Kells -Romanesque architectural style: heavy walls, round, ribbed arches; transept and nave; grand

Late 20th Century

-Growth of contemporary dance, post-modernism in the 1960s; movement toward simplicity and a less sophisticated technique; "No" manifesto, a frequent rejection of costumes and stories -Other directions post-1960s: more eclectic; ballet and ethnic used in the same performance; all-male groups; intense theatrical effects in lighting, costume, and sets -Martha Graham and psychodrama: intense movement often depicting pain, fear, and love; dance forms "sculptured" by human body positions; contraction and release of the torso, "fall and recover"; angular gestures; schools and dance companies -George Balanchine (director of the New York City Ballet) and modern American ballet; Broadway and Hollywood shows; a new style of moving with emphasis on speed and mobility; lean body types; importance of the female dancer -Social dance and mass culture: Rock 'n' roll; MTV; hip-hop; ballroom dancing (tango)

Auditory skills

-Hearing the sounds of music -Children engage in attentive listening and further develop aural acuity -This means that children must be able to hear and reproduce the tones of music in their minds when no sound is actually being produced

Classical Era (1750-1820)

-Historical themes: Industrial Revolution, Age of Reason and Enlightenment, Age of Revolution, revolutionary music (such as the French "Marseillaise") -Orchestra gained in importance; increasing use of flutes and oboes; string and wind sections developed; by the 1800s, trombones were introduced; refinement of sonata (instrumental music with a soloist and standard structure for opening movement); development of the piano; Rococo style (highly ornamented); elegance and courtly grace (e.g., minuet developed as a dance style) -Classical style: homophony (a single melodic line and an accompaniment); simpler textures and melodies; expansion of textures, melodies, and variation. String quartet (two violins viola, and cello); Haydn "the father" of the string quartet; orchestral symphony (origins in opera overture, four movements); opera, concerto (composition for solo instrument) -Creative impulses of giants Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

Romantic Period (1820-1900)

-Historical themes: Rise of European nationalism; new social orders; intense emotion in arts (paintings of Delacroix and Goya); Poe in literature; "Romanticism" derived from concepts of heroes, love, and chivalry associated with the Middle Ages; visual arts, poetry, drama, and nature as themes -Artistic experimentation by composers Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann; style was expressive, melody prominent, and folk music was used to express cultural identity -Opera: Verdi (Italy), Wagner (Germany); themes from literature and folk tales; very popular -Genres: Symphonic poem (orchestral work that portrayed a story) and concert overture (e.g., Rossini's William Tell). Emphasis was on the sonata and symphony, and included the introduction of dissonance to create emotion; featuring virtuoso performers

Baroque Era (1600-1750)

-Historical themes: importance of scientific investigation; New World exploration and empire; ornate and extravagant; painters included Rubens, Rembrandt, and El Greco; composers included Monteverdi, Handel, and Bach -Musical styles/elements: heavily ornate style; counterpoint (technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole); melodic line; emphasis on contrast and volume; imitative polyphony (many-sounding melodic lines are presented by one voice or instrument and then restated immediately by another); homophonic style (chords under a melodic line), also theme and variation (recurring patterns). Secular music advances; "court" composers; keyboard music for the harpsicord and organ -Developments: opera (staged dramatic vocal music and entertainment), orchestra, ballet, and sonata (solo instrument with accompaniment)

Middle Ages/Medieval (500-1400)

-Historical themes: spread of Christianity, development in Europe; the Crusades; the rise of universities; the influence of Islam; this was the longest period -Music styles/elements: ---The Church dominated society for most of the era (900 years); sacred music was the most prevalent (liturgical); Gregorian chant, named after Pope Gregory I, was a melody set to sacred Latin texts. This monophonic style music (one melodic line and no accompaniment) was the official music of the Roman Catholic church ---Musical notation originally consisted of just the pitch of the notes; notated rhythm was added at the end of the 12th century ---Polyphonic style (two or more melodic lines) appeared at the end of the 12th century, as did notation (system of writing music) and the chromatic scale (octaves of 12 notes) ---Most composers were anonymous ---Secular song developed by the end of the 12th century; popular songs were not bound by the traditions of the Church, and were performed by troubadours

Renaissance Era (1400-1600)

-Historical themes: the end of feudalism; a new concept of humanism; rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture and ideals; art and music for their own sake; scientific advances; the age of patronage -Instrumental dance music developed: music and dance were connected; new instruments included the keyboard (clavicord); the lute was a favored instrument through the 16th century. -The printing press preserved and extended music -Musical styles/elements: polyphonic emphasis on harmony (in which two or more notes are sounded simultaneously as in a chord); sacred (liturgical, such as masses); secular (madrigals/songs)

Comedy

-Historically, comedy is any play that ends happily -More specifically, it is the genre of dramatic literature that is lighter in tone than drama but more serious than farce -Comedy differs from drama in that the characters are less developed, the theme is less weighty, the language is usually wittier, and the ending is invariably happy -Comedy is often difficult to distinguish from farce; in the latter, the humor is more physical, the characters are more broadly drawn, and the plots are more contrived

Types of Reasoning

-Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning -Inductive Reasoning -Transductive Reasoning

Newton's third law

-If one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force on the first object but in the opposite direction -For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Example: When a baseball player uses a bat to hit a pitched ball, the force with which the bat hits the ball (and angle) causes the ball to move in an equal and opposite force and direction.

Pretend or imaginative play (fantasy)

-Imagination begins at about 18 months old and is boundless during the preschool years -This is a period when children transform symbols into make-believe play -Pretending helps to build a child's imagination

Restoration England: 1660s

-In 1642, Parliament closed theatres in England; these closings allowed French ascendancy in theatre mechanics -Theatre architecture: France introduced new technology for scenery and set changes; artificial lighting; theatres begin to be roofed in; drama moved indoors, and the stage was raised above the audience -Proscenium stage architecture/royal theatre (enclosed/arches); scene changes slid by on panels -Baroque period: French playwrights Racine and Molière influenced theatre -Women began to appear onstage in the roles of boys and young men

Pit

-In Elizabethan theatre, the portion of the theatre immediately in front of the stage -This area was occupied by patrons who had paid the lowest admission fee and were willing to stand for the duration of the production -Over time, this area was filled, first with benches and later with chairs -Today it is called the orchestra

Chorus

-In Greek and Roman drama of the classical period, a group of characters in a play who comment on the action, frequently speaking directly to the audience -The function of the chorus is usually that of an intermediary between the audience and the major characters in the play -Because they are often given a collective role, the individual members of the chorus seldom have separate names or characters -Instead, the group as a whole serves as a surrogate "audience" to the degree that it is detached from the dramatic action and can view with horror of amusement the action of the major characters; at the same time, the chorus can participate directly in the action, advising the protagonist, arguing with the antagonist, and praying to the gods for guidance

Vomitoria

-In Roman theatre, the vomitoria were the tunnels that allowed the audience to enter and exit the large theatres with ease -In contemporary theatres, the vomitoria ("voms" for short) are the tunnels that allow the actors to reach the downstage portions of a thrust stage by passing through the audience

Orchestra

-In ancient Greek theatre, the open dancing area in front of the stagehouse -In modern usage, the orchestra is the lowest and usually most expensive array of seats directly in front of the stage -This should not be confused with the "orchestra pit"

Aristotelian theatre

-In general, the traditional theatre thought to be espoused by Aristotle -It includes clear, simple plotting; strong (but not necessarily complicated) characters; high levels of intellectual content; and a minimum of spectacle -In the Renaissance, other criteria were added to these, some native to Aristotle, some imposed through fancied symmetry: ---Plays should include the 3 unities (unity of one main action, unity of one physical space, and unity of time) ---Plays should be written in five acts ---Plays should avoid violence ---Plays should not mix comedy and tragedy

Mood

-In lighting, the use of elements of stage lighting to evoke or support particular emotional states in the audience of a play -As an element of theatre, this is the place on the humorous-serious scale that a play is expected to occupy

Stock company

-In the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, a form of resident company in which actors were hired according to lines of work and large numbers of plays were prepared, usually with very short rehearsal periods and for relatively short runs -The practice and the term continue to live in the experience of "summer stock" (theatre presented during the summertime)

Gallery

-In the Elizabethan theatre, one of a tier of alcoves surrounding the interior of the "yard" where, in enclosed boxes and on benches, those who could afford the greatest comfort could sit -Comparable galleries are found in most Renaissance theatres; they continue today in tiers of balconies and boxes found in most opera houses

Company

-In the broadest sense, all of the people associated with producing a play, including the designers, technicians, directors, stage managers, and actors -In the narrowest sense, the concept of "the company" is confined to the actors alone

Inciting incident

-In traditional dramatic structure, the first incident in the chain of events called rising action -It is the inciting incident that throws the world of the play into disequilibrium (destroying stasis); the remainder of the play is an attempt to reestablish that balance -The inciting incident may be deceptively simple: the arrival of a new person in the community, the delivery of a letter, a piece of news emerging in casual conversation, and the like

Climax

-In traditional dramatic structure, the point of the play that completes the rising action -The contending forces, having raised the conflict to the highest point possible, face one another in a confrontation so inescapable that only one can emerge victorious -At this point, frequently a new piece of information is made public that tips the balance one way or another -The climax is followed by the dénouement

Rising action

-In traditional dramatic structure, the portion of the plot that begins with the inciting incident and continues until the climax -The incidents that make up rising action are expected to build in intensity and frequency, often alternating good and bad news, in such a way as to increase suspense

Antagonist

-In traditional dramatic theory, an element, usually a character, that resists the protagonist -Conflict results from the efforts of the protagonist to achieve his or her objectives in spite of the obstacles introduced by the antagonist

Dénouement

-In traditional dramatic theory, the portion of action that immediately follows the climax of a play -In the dénouement, the last remaining loose ends are "tied up," including the disposition of any unresolved conflicts and the reestablishment of stasis (a condition of balance and harmony)

Percussion

-Includes any instrument that produces a sound when it is being hit, shaken, rubbed, or scraped -Some instruments require tuning (e.g., timpani), while others are untuned (e.g., cymbals and castanets) -During a symphony, a percussionist often plays many different instruments during one composition -Includes tambourine, maracas, castanets, claves, xylophone, timpani, cymbals, gong, triangle, bass drum, chimes, celesta, bells, wood block, guiro, bongos, conga, cowbells, and snare drum -When utilized as part of an orchestra, the piano, harpsichord, and organ are sometimes included in the percussion family ---Often, when used as a solo instrument, they are referred to as the keyboard family

19th Century

-Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived -Technology changed the theatre (gas lighting was changed to electrical; mechanisms were created for changing scenery) -Growth of melodrama -Actor predominated over the author, but playwrights Shaw, Ibsen, and Chekhov stood out; serious drama -19th century in the United States: playhouses in major cities, resident companies, touring actors, influence of melodrama, minstrels) -Late 1880s to 1920s in the United States: Golden Age of American theatre (420 touring companies); mass appeal; more sophisticated plots and staging; moving away from the hero character; vaudeville

Growth and development: Infancy (birth-2 years)

-Infants grow faster during this period than at any other time -Boys and girls have about the same weight and height, with girls growing only slightly slower than boys

Impressionism (1860s-1900): Origin of Modern Art

-Influenced by science (principles of harmony; contrast of colors; reaction of eye in viewing composition); concern for light and color on object -Experience of the fleeting moment: new techniques allowed for painting outside; rejected themes of the French Salon (not grand subjects but daily life); emphasis on primary colors and small brush strokes; side-by-side placement of primary colors (optimal mixing); little white or black. -Manet; Monet; Renoir; Cassatt; Degas -Sculpture: Rodin—rebel against the perfect body type ("David"); rough-hewn Neo-Impressionism (Pointillism); tiny dots of primary colors to produce secondary colors; colors placed in scientifically measured dots (e.g., Georges Seurat)

Playing instruments

-Instrument playing aids in understanding the concepts of sound, pitch, rhythm, and so on -Playing instruments can be used to accompany and produce harmony -Students should have access to class instruction and, at a certain level, to playing in orchestras and ensembles

IQ

-Intelligence quotient tests identify variables to test and measure -IQ ≠ intelligence; IQ = a score on an intelligence test -If intelligence is equated with academic achievement, then IQ tests are a good way to measure intelligence -If intelligence is viewed as equal to socioeconomic success or carrying gout goals of social value, then IQ does not reflect intelligence ---This is why contemporary psychologists suggest a different view in intelligence testing which includes a measure of a child's cognitive future appeal 130 + = very superior (97th percentile) 90-109 = average (50th percentile) 69 and below = extremely low (2.275 percentile) IQ = (mental age ÷ chronological age) x 100

Interpreting theatre

-Intent -Structure -Effectiveness -Worth

Locomotor skills: Jumping

-Jumping creates activity-specific muscle strength and agility -Jumping requires the body to leap with both feet and to land with both feet ---Arms can be used to create an upward momentum and then to create a downward motion that helps balance the landing ---Knees bend at the landing to act as shock absorbers ---The order of impact is usually the balls of the feet followed by heels ---Ask children to "jump and touch the ceiling" -Jumping incorporated into primary-grade activities helps children create patterns (e.g. jumping like a kangaroo, a frog, and a rabbit) -Jumping incorporated into upper-level grades can be used in combination with sports and athletic activities (e.g. warm-up activities, gymnastics, basketball, etc.)

Object manipulation skills: Kicking

-Kicking is a striking action performed by the feet -Types of kicking: ---Punt kicking is described as the ball being dropped from the hands and kicked before it touches the ground ---Place kicking is described as placing the ball on the ground and kicking it from the stationary position ---Soccer kicking is a form of kicking that requires an extension of the hip to increase the range of motion -Instruction should include reducing the size of the projectile object as skill levels develop

Roman Theatre (300 B.C. - A.D. 500)

-Latin versions of Greek plays; less influenced by religion -Introduction of subplot -Women were allowed minor parts -Spectacles of the Coliseum -Mass appeal/impressive theatres -Raised stage replaced the Greek semicircular amphitheatre; the stage was built at ground level with a raised seating area -By the later Roman period, Christians disapproved of low comedy and pagan rituals

Language development milestones: Early childhood (3-4 years)

-Learns about 8 to 9 words each day -The average vocabulary consists of 1,000 words -The child can talk about things not present, and uses plural and possessive forms of nouns (e.g. cats and cat's) -The child adds "-ing" to verbs, and knows that more than one adjective can apply to the same noun ("Rusty is black and fluffy") -The child also starts private speech

Perspective: linear

-Linear perspective is a technique for representing three-dimensional objects on a flat surface -During the Renaissance, artists invented this technique based upon math principles in order to give paintings a realistic appearance -The technique shows that when converging lines meet at a single vanishing point, the human eye perceives objects at a distance -When our eyes focus on the vanishing point, all shapes and objects become smaller, giving us the illusion of depth and distance -Larger objects appear closer, and smaller objects appear more distant -The lines of buildings and objects are slanted to make them appear at a distance Example: In the Basilica di San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo Church) in Florence, Italy, notice that the design of this church was influenced by perspective. Notice the vanishing point at the end of the alter.

Protagonist

-Literally, "the first person to enter a contest" -This is the major figure in traditional theatre, and the person around whom the action of the play turns -The antagonist is the person or force that resists the protagonist, thus forming the conflict of a play

Elements of dance: Space

-Locomotor (traveling through space) -The 8 basic steps: walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping, and sliding (Chasse) -Nonlocomotor (staying in one place "on spot"): stretching, pushing, twisting, bending, kicking, sinking, or curling -Combined locomotor (often traditional folk steps): two-step, paddle, grapevine, step-hop, chug, and spinning -Individual, group, or class (solo, duet, or ensemble) -Space between dancers (side-by-side, supported, far, or near) -Interactions between dancers (leader, follower, mirror, unison, or parting)

Growth and development: Middle childhood (7-11 years old)

-Many children grow about 2 inches per year until age 11 -Significant changes take place during this period in the difference in growth between boys and girls -Around age 6, girls are typically shorter and weight less than boys, but from age 10-12, both boys and girls are about the same size -During this period, there are also vast differences between boys and girls regarding their ability to use fine and gross motor skills -Boys' leg and arm muscle coordination is stronger, helping them to jump farther, run faster, catch, throw, and kick balls farther -This is a period that children begin handwriting instead of printing -Girls tend to have an edge in fine motor abilities, being able to have more coordinated hand-manipulation skills

Attachment

-Mary Ainsworth's observations of early mother-infant bonding have had a profound influence in the understanding of child development and attachment theory -Through her scientific studies called Strange Situation, she developed a well-recognized laboratory-based technique to assess attachment -These patterns of attachment stress the importance of early infant-parent bonding in the development of personality -It is observed as being core to social development and of all future relationships

Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence (12 years-adult)

-Mental transformations experienced during adolescence are logical and continue to progress beyond the skills developed during childhood -Adolescent has the ability to reason abstractly and solve complex problems, thus expanding possibilities for understanding the world -Adolescents now have the ability to perform hypothetical-deductive reasoning and can integrate what they have learned in the past to consider the many future possibilities

Level III: Postconventional (13 years-adult)

-Morality is judged in terms of abstract principles and not by existing rules that govern society -Moral and ethical choices rise above the laws of society, and individuals look within themselves for the answers rather than basing moral decisions on external sources of authority -Many people never enter into this level of moral development

Attention and Hyperactivity Disorders

-Most children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity, but there are some children who are inattentive and do not show signs of hyperactivity; these children have Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) -Children with a hyperactive or attention disability may consistently show one or more of the following behaviors: ---Difficulty paying attention ---Easily distracted ---Show hyperactivity ---Become frustrated easily ---Difficulty controlling muscle or motor activity (constantly moving) ---Difficulty staying on task, succumbing to whatever attracts their attention ---Show inappropriate over-activity -Teachers will often observe these children speaking out loud, forgetting responsibilities, and giving up easily when they don't see a resolution to a problem -More boys than girls are diagnosed with this disability -Severe ADHD or ADD is treated by a physician who may prescribe a psychotropic drug such as Ritalin, Concerta, or Adderall

Lawrence Kohlberg and Moral Development

-Most widely recognized model for moral decision-making -Kohlberg describes moral development as sequential stages that individuals pass through while gradually becoming mature in their moral reasoning -These stages progress from concrete to abstract

Body movement

-Moving to music is a learned skill that promotes acuity of perceptions -A wide range of music and modes should be used

Growth and development: Early childhood (2-6 years)

-Much of the child's "baby fat" disappears as arms and legs grow longer -During the previous stage of development, infants and toddlers had a protruding abdomen because their internal organs grew faster than the body cavity -This is no longer true during early childhood -The decrease in weight during early childhood is attributed to the child's ability to walk, coupled with the fact that body tissues start growing at a slower rate -Girls tend to have more fatty tissue than boys, but because boys have more muscle tissue, boys and girls measure in weight and height somewhat equally -If there is any gender difference in growth, boys tend to be slightly taller and heavier

Concepts of physical fitness

-Muscular strength -Endurance -Flexibility -Body composition -Cardio-Respiratory (Aerobic)

Concepts of physical fitness: Muscular strength

-Muscular strength is the amount of force exerted with muscles -Although many activities do not build muscle strength, upper-grade activities will often require muscular strength for certain sports (e.g., baseball, basketball, and tennis) -Muscular movements can be isometric with no visible movement (static), or isotonic with signs of movement (dynamic)

Implications for teaching music in the classroom

-Music offers a valuable opportunity to build active listening skills -Music helps to shape the cognitive and mental processes in children -Music has its own forms, time periods, and cultural characteristics -Music can be used to enhance other subject areas, particularly visual art -Music extends beyond knowledge and skills -Music can be a form of therapy that offers a unique medium for self-expression -Musical instruments can be created from material from the environment, and children can create instruments in the classroom

Singing

-Musical selections should be chosen based on the physical development of students' voices -Listening while singing should be encouraged to develop interpretive skills and understanding of the structure and elements of music

Motion

-Newton's laws of motion apply to all movement -In biomechanics, the awareness of body movements can be associated with force, acceleration, and velocity as they relate to maximum effort -The force of the energy in the body causes change in physical motion

Musical instruments

-Often associated with being part of a family -As in human families, the instruments are related to each other -Instruments within a family are often manufactured from the same types of materials -They also usually have a similar appearance and comparable sound qualities -Usually classified into 6 broad categories: string, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, and electronic -Of these, symphony orchestras traditionally have 4 categories: string, woodwind, brass, and percussion

Cultural dances

-Often carry important historical significance from ancient civilizations Examples: -Chinese ribbon dance -Polish polonaise -India's Kathakali or Bharatanatyam dance -Clogging, traditionally from Wales, which involves double taps on both the heel and ball of the foot -Irish dancing (demonstrated by popular performances of the production Riverdance) -Popular historical dances that are often used today: ---Pavane ---Galliard (from the Renaissance period) ---The minuet ---Charleston ---Twist ---Disco ---Hip-hop ---Lambada

Maypole dance

-Often danced on May Day in various European nations such as Germany and Sweden, the Maypole dance is taught in American schools today -The maypole itself is a tall pole decorated with floral garlands, flags, and streamers -Ribbons are attached to a pole, so that children can hold a ribbon as they dance

Nonlocomotor skills

-Often referred to as static movements -Passive movements performed while standing in place -Important skills that lead to effective body management such as body control, flexibility, and balance -The range of movement is around the body's joints and surrounding muscles -These movements are often used in activity warm-up exercises -Stretching -Twisting -Pushing

Stereotyped character

-One based on the assumption that all members of a given group possess certain simple behavioral traits -Hence, a few swift strokes of character development (a dialect, a distinctive walk, a costume, and so on) suffice to communicate the stereotype to the audience -Contrasted with the "unique character," who shares nothing of consequence with any other person and whose life experiences have created a character that is, taken as a whole, entirely distinct from all others

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5)

-One of the most widely used tests to assess a student's intelligence -Used to measure patterns and levels of cognitive development, including verbal, nonverbal, quantitative, and memory -It is a useful assessment to help diagnose childhood developmental disabilities and provides information for special education interventions (i.e., IEP or IFSP)

Secondary colors

-Orange, green, and violet (purple) -These colors are created when mixing two primary colors Example: If you mix red with blue, you get violet, and if you mix yellow with red, you get orange

Complementary colors

-Pairs of colors that sit opposite one another on the color wheel and do not share any common characteristics -Example: Purple is directly opposite from yellow, making them complementary colors -If mixed together, they produce a neutral color such as gray -Artists use complementary colors to create contrast that can be interpreted as vibrant and stimulating

Pattern

-Patterns are objects in a composition that are repeated -Regular patterns appear as predicted designs with easily identifiable features so that the viewer can visually recognize what may appear next -When there's no exact predicted design, but the viewer can generally predict what may appear next, the artist is using random patterns -Artists create patterns by repeating shapes, colors, or lines Example: French impressionist Claude Monet uses patterns of water lilies floating on a pond in Water Lilies (1914)

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

-People who are intelligent possess a high level of common sense and have the ability to succeed according to their personal definition of success, within the limits of their culture and society -They adapt their weaknesses and get the most out of their strengths 1. Analytical (componential): Essentially measures the same elements that are measured by traditional intelligence tests, such as memory, critical thinking, and problem solving 2. Creative (experiential): Consists of the ability to create, design, imagine, or invent. A child who scores high in this area is insightful and creative. This child usually does not relate well to the academic demands of school 3. Practical (contextual): A component that focuses on the ability to use, apply, implement, and put something into practice. A child who scores high in this area is typically "street smart." This child does not usually work well with the demands from school

Classroom fitness activity: Physical activity

-Physical activity provides students with a targeted activity (e.g. dribbling a basketball) along with modeling of the activity and verbal cues -K-3: Activities should be non-competitive -4-9: Activities should be related to sports -All activities should be: ---Safe ---Enjoyable (promoting self-image) ---Inclusive ---Developmentally appropriate

Play

-Play is a social activity children engage in for it own sake; it is critical to cognitive advancement in children -Play can help children release physical energy, gain mastery over their bodies, acquire new motor skills, form better relationships among peers, try out new social rules, advance cognitive development, and practice and explore new competencies -Play therapy is a very successful form of childhood counseling treatment, since it allows children to feel less threatened while working out conflicts and expressing their unresolved feelings Types of play: -Functional play -Constructive play -Pretend or imaginative play (fantasy) -Rough-and-tumble play -Games with rules play

Neoclassic drama

-Plays of the neoclassic period, or plays modeled after them, in which Renaissance writers attempted to recapture the glory of theatre in ancient Greece and Rome -Particularly in 17th- and 18th-century France, this effort was aided by the application of certain rules of playwriting, such as the unities (action, place, time), the enforced use of rigid verse forms, and the general concern for "decorum" on the stage

Elizabethan theatre

-Playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson -Theatre was supported by Queen Elizabeth; patronage; raucous, open-air theatre; language of the educated; satire -William Shakespeare (late 1500s and early 1600s) write comedies, histories, and tragedies; Globe Theatre (open-air)

Encourage practice

-Practice can be spaced out over time (distributed practice) or completed in one instructional period (mass practice) -Distributed practice generally leads to more effective learning, especially in the early stages -Therefore, students practice a number of different skills during each class period -Practice can involve the entire skill (whole practice), or the skill can be broken down into small unites (part practice) ---Example: The triple jump involves a hop, a skip, and a jump. Whole practice would involve performing the hop, skip, and jump together. Part practice would involve practicing the hop, then practicing the skip, and then practicing the jump.

Nonlocomotor skills: Pushing

-Pushing is a controlled, forceful action performed against an object ---It moves the body away from the object while applying force -Pushing should exert force with steady, even, and controlled effort ---The student accomplishes this action by broadening and supporting the base of the body while placing the body in a forward stride position -The line of force is directed toward a specific target -Teachers should instruct students to maintain a reasonable alignment in their back as the body builds up force for the push

Elements of dance: Force

-Quality of energy: sustained (smooth), suspended (light), swing (under-curve), sway (over-curve), collapsed (loose), percussive (sharp), or vibrate (shudder) -Degree of energy: strong, weak, heavy, light, dynamic, static, flowing, or tense

Translative skills

-Reading and writing music -As children become familiar with reading and writing the language of music through notation, they develop cognitive associations of meaning -Their experience with sound helps children link visual symbols of music notation with sound -Learning is enhanced when teachers use learning in conjunction with singing and playing music ---For example, using memorization to understand time signatures would not produce the same benefits as if the students participated in playing or singing

Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Rebirth of Greco-Roman classical forms; development of cities (Florence, Venice, etc.); art patronage: church or court/private collectors (Medicis); Humanism (individuality and self-worth); sculpture ("David"—life from marble); art and architecture (Sistine Chapel—perspective; anatomy; emotion; oil painting techniques) -Art influenced by religion (pyramidal structure); Raphael—unity of subject, style, and technique ("Madonna and Child"); Humanism; depictions of the natural world; study of light and perspective; complex and crowded space -New technology: printing press; use of oils—lasting (egg tempera used previously); landscapes -Drawings: Michelangelo's studies -Influence of Northern Europe/Flemish: surface details; realistic light; religious; portraits

Renaissance and Reformation Theatre (1400-1600)

-Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, culture, and literature -Theatre reemerged with professional actors and set design -Open stages, "apron stage," to proscenium arch (framed and divided stage from the audience; painted sets and scenery) -Emphasis was on the performer -Protestant Reformation (moving away from Catholic teachings) led to secular works; Commedia dell'arte (improvisation; acting groups; situational comedy) -State licensed official theatre companies

Object Permanence

-Recognition that objects and events continue to exist even when they are not visible Example: In the absence of object permanence, an infant will not search for the object when the object is hidden—"out of sight, out of mind" -Piaget believed this ability could not be mastered until about 8 months old, but more recent studies have shown that infants as young as three months old appeared to know that objects did not disappear when out of sight

Primary colors

-Red, yellow, and blue -These colors are the foundation for the color wheel (hue) and are the only colors that can be mixed to create secondary colors

Animism

-Refers to children believing that non-living objects have lifelike qualities -It can be demonstrated in imaginary friends, etc. (preoperational, ages 2-4) Example: When it begins to rain, a child might exclaim, "The sky is pouring water on me."

Social dance

-Refers to dances in which socializing is the main focus; therefore, a dance partner is essential -The popularity of competitive social dancing has helped many of these dance styles become household names -Social dance styles include hip-hop, line dance, ballroom, waltz, foxtrot, tango, rumba, jive, and swing

Pitch

-Refers to hearing a note and being able to reproduce it either vocally or with an instrument -Vocal cords and musical instruments produce vibrations in the air; as the frequency of these vibrations change, the pitch changes -The faster the vibration, the higher the pitch -The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch -Intonation refers to whether the pitch of a particular note is played in tune, sharp (higher), or flat (lower)

Classical

-Refers to the lexicon of dance as taught in the original academies -This is also used in reference to ballets as created during the Imperial Russian days, such as The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, and Swan Lake -This also refers to a style of performing that was developed over the years in France, Italy, Denmark, and Russia, or the kind of dancing that comes from that style

Style of music

-Refers to the unique sound and style of a composer, culture, country, or period in history

Style of music

-Refers to the unique sound and style of a composer, culture, country, or period in history -Compositions created around the same time period often have similar styles based upon the historical influences from that era

Assimilation

-Refers to the way children incorporate new information with existing schemes in order to form a new cognitive structure -Children fit this new knowledge into a template of existing schemes Example: A preschool child calls a lion "doggie" because the child only knows one type of four-legged animal.

Average physical changes that occur in children

-Represented by periods of: ---Rapid growth from infancy to early childhood ---Slow, steady growth in middle childhood ---Rapid growth spurts during puberty ---Gradual, measured, slow growth during adolescence -Changes in body proportions have an important influence on how movement skills and fitness activities are preformed ---Example: The rapid changes in the length of a child's legs can affect movement activities that require running.

Contrast

-Represents two things that are opposite -Artists use contrast to help a composition depict two dramatic differences -This helps to make objects become apparent to the viewer Example: Contrasts can be heavy and light, curved or straight, or positive and negative.

Early 20th Century

-Revolutionary aspects of Ballets Russes (Russia): stretched the boundaries of classical ballet; new movements ("turnout") -Revolutionary aspects of early modern dance: appreciated the qualities of the individual; primitive expression and emotion; "new freedom" of movement; choreography of Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham and their harsh break from restrictive classical ballet and tutu; broadening the minds of the public ---Explosion of modern dance in the early 20th century ---It was during this period that ragtime jazz emerged, and the "flapper" era influenced fast-moving dances like the Charleston

Elements of dance: Time

-Rhythm: countable patterns -Tempo: fast or slow speed -Beat: even or uneven -Meter: 2/4 time, 3/4 time, etc. -Syncopation: a rhythmic pattern produced when a deliberate pattern is upset -Rhapsodic rhythms: non-metric (e.g., breath, water, or wind)

Schemes/Schemas

-Schemes are the way children mentally represent and organize the world -Children form mental representations of perceptions, ideas, or actions to help them understand experiences -Schemes can be very specific, or they can be elaborate Example: While sitting in a highchair, an infant repeatedly drops a plastic cup onto the floor while thinking, "If I drop my cup, someone will pick it up." This action helps the infant understand that this schema has a cause-and-effect relationship.

Patterns of attachment

-Secure attachment -Anxious-resistant attachment -Anxious-avoidant attachment -Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Instructional programs that are effective in promoting a positive self-image

-Self-responsibility -Goal-setting -Social interaction -Group interaction

Body awareness exercises

-Shape -Balance -Quality -Space -Exploring

Shape (form and contour)

-Shape and form help to define objects on a piece of art -Shapes are often defined by a continuous line that meets to create a closed shape -Artists use contour line to create dimension -Shapes have two dimensions, height and width; and form has three dimensions, height, weight, and depth -Geometric shapes (e.g., circles, squares, etc.) have uniform measures, but natural, organic shapes are related to things that appear in the natural world (e.g., plants and animals) -Repeated shapes and forms create patterns Example: This painting of a woman bathing a child by Mary Cassatt (1893), The Bath, is a good example of the use of form. Inspired by the work of Edgar Degas and Japanese prints, this artist uses bold circular contour shapes of figures, a basin, and a pitcher. Notice the rounded, natural forms created to illustrate clear, crisp, lively patterns.

Locomotor skills: Skipping

-Skipping is a series of step-hops completed with alternate feet -Primary school children love to skip ---To help them learn to skip, have them take a small step and a small hop on the same foot and then ask them to shift to the other foot ---Set a goal of smoothness and rhythm, rather than speed and distance

Locomotor skills: Sliding

-Sliding is accomplished by movement on one side of the body ---It is a one-count movement; as the leading foot steps to the side, the other foot quickly follows -Sliding is done on the balls of the feet while shifting weight from the leading foot to the trailing foot -Teachers should have the children change direction so both sides of the body can practice -Sliding should be performed in a smooth and controlled manner, without bouncing

20th Century

-Social upheaval from World Wars I and II -Early 20th century: new movements such as realism, naturalism, symbolism, and impressionism (meaning of the average man; actors portrayed likeness to life; ordinary life on stage) -Commercial theatres (Ziegfeld Follies to musical Oklahoma!, opera Porgy and Bess, and musical The Phantom of the Opera) -Serious drama (playwrights Eugene O'Neill, Arthur Miller, and Tennessee Williams) -Comedy (playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon) -Actor's Studio (Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg) -Experimental theatre (against naturalism) -Community theatre and ensemble theatre (group)

Elements of movement

-Space -Shape -Time -Force -Flow -Rhythm

Elements of dance

-Space -Time -Levels (dynamics) -Force (energy)

Staff

-Staff (staves) is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces -This is where notes are positioned -The higher the note on a staff, the higher the pitch

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson's Classical Conditioning

-Stated that behavior is learned based upon repetition, association, and anticipation -Pavlov conducted stimulus-response experiments in which dogs learned to involuntarily respond, by salivating, each time a bell rang at feeding time -The dogs were conditioned to respond to the bell, not to seeing or smelling the food -Watson applied this stimulus-response manipulation to children and claimed that based upon his observations, the behavior of children is easily conditioned -Children respond automatically, since they have formed an association between a stimulus and the response

Object manipulation skills: Striking

-Striking takes place when an object is hit with an implement such as a bat, a racket, or the hand -Striking involves movement of the body to create the force necessary for the maximum speed of the object -Instruction should include practice on stationary objects in primary grades before children can progress to moving objects ---Example: T-ball, in which the ball is placed on a "T" stand and struck

Self-responsibility

-Students learn to accept personal responsibility for health-related fitness and their own fitness performance without blaming others -This includes responding respectfully to winning or losing

Social interaction

-Students learn to be empathetic toward others as they respect individual differences -This respect involves including others in activities and motivating others to achieve success

Musical analysis

-Students should compare their listening and playing exercises -Students should be encouraged to verbalize their musical analysis

Early grades

-Teachers help students become aware of space, basic movement, effort, and cooperative activities -Students are expected to make smooth transitions between sequential locomotor skills -Activities should be noncompetitive

Influences of social development appear in:

-Team activities -Self-responsibility -Social interaction

Middle Ages (500-1400)

-The Church attempted to restrict pagan dance, often associated with fertility, but folk dances evolved from earlier ritual dance (e.g., Maypole dance; origins in primitive fertility rituals [dancing around a pole]; associated with spring) -Characteristics of folk dance: there are many regional differences; all had recreational aspects and basic steps such as running, walking, hopping, and skipping; all are linked to culture, music, and the history of a group; they take the form of a circle -Current examples in the 20th century: polka, square dances, historic dances—Cossack dance of Russia, polonaise of Poland, Czardas Hungarian tavern dance, and Mexican El Jarabe Tapatio (hat dance)

Transitive Interference

-The ability to draw conclusions about a relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship to a third object (concrete operations) -If A = B and B = C, then A and C are equal Example: If you know that Danielle is taller than Ghazaleh, and Ghazaleh is taller than Maria, then Danielle must be taller than Maria

Drama

-The category of literature intended for the stage -Involves the reenactment of life situations for entertainment and human understanding ---In general usage, the perception that a series of real-life events have the kind of meaning commonly experienced in the theatre or films, as in "a dramatic rescue" or the "drama of a summit meeting" -Dramatic expression does not necessarily require a live-formal audience

Gravity

-The center of the human body can be associated with the "center of gravity: -It is the point around which the mass of the body is equally distributed -The body has a balanced base of support and is affected by height, position, and changing movements -During movement and exercise activities, the body adjusts to maintain its stability

Hue

-The characteristic feature by which we distinguish one color from another, but it does not distinguish the color's value (dark from light) or intensity (bright from dull) -The hue of a color simply refers to a particular point on the color spectrum -Hue colors, like the rainbow, are in a sequenced order ---The colors on a rainbow are primary and secondary colors: yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, and green

Broadway theatre

-The commercial model that dominated the American theatre from the end of the 19th century until shortly after World War II -Named for the New York boulevard that runs through the Manhattan theatre district, this kind of theatre is essentially a profit-making enterprise in which shares of a production are sold to investors with the expectation that, after meeting the initial expenses of production, they will receive a substantial return on their investment -To enhance these profits, Broadway theatre aspires to very long runs of a single play, frequently using star performers appearing in vehicles with the widest possible audience appeal

Acting

-The development and communication of characters in formal or informal productions or improvisations -Acting techniques include physical and vocal warm-ups, pantomime and mime, improvisation, voice and diction exercises, theatre games, performance, monologues, and script reading -Sensory elements are movement, sound, and spectacle -Expressive qualities are mood, emotion, ideas, and dynamics

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

-The distance between a child's actual performance and a child's potential performance -Represents the amount of leaning possible by a student given the proper instructional conditions -If provided with guidance by someone more skilled, such as an adult or older peer, the child may exhibit a higher level of competency and move beyond what he or she was capable of doing unassisted

Prenatal influences

-The fetus is vulnerable to environmental agents that can cause abnormalities known as teratogens -Teratogens prevent or modify cell division so the potential danger to the embryo is the greatest during the embryonic stage (2-8 weeks) when the infant's body parts and major organs are forming -Common teratogens to avoid: ---Alcohol, which can cause mental retardation from fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), low birth weight, and unusual facial characteristics ---Nicotine, which can cause miscarriage, low birth weight, and poor respiratory functioning ---Drugs, which can cause birth defects, premature births, low birth weight, neurological disturbances, high startle rate, learning disabilities, and slowed motor development -Other considerations in the development of the fetus: ---Mother's age (older women and adolescent women are at risk for birth complications) ---Mother's nutritional care during pregnancy

Dramatic question

-The first and most important element in rising action -As soon as conflict has been established, the next question must be, "How will this turn out?" -The dramatic question then raises the issue of which the conflicting parties will prevail and, in doing so, begins to develop suspense

Proscenium staging

-The form of physical configuration between actor and audience encouraged by (some would say demanded by) the proscenium arch -It consists of a fairly narrow array of audience members gathered on one side of the stage only -There is a clear distinction between the areas occupied by the actors and the audience; in traditional proscenium theatres, there is also an effort to keep the audience directly in front of the center of the proscenium arch

Environmental staging

-The form of physical relationship between audience and performers in which there is little or no clear definition between the space dedicated to each -The conventions of environmental staging dictate that audience and performers use the same space during the course of the experience

Theatre

-The formal presentation of a scripted play -It incorporates elements such as acting, directing, designing, and managing Organizational principles: -Plot and conflict -Setting -Character -Language -Rhythm and unity

Upper elementary and middle grades

-The fundamental movement skills developed earlier are applied as activity-specific motor skills in a wide variety of settings -Classroom objectives are to increase competency in building motor control, motor skills, and movement patterns already established and refined in earlier grades -Students are expected to demonstrate more complex skills combining locomotor and manipulation skills (e.g. dribbling a basketball) -Activities should be related to sports

Melodrama

-The genre of theatre that is normally placed between tragedy and drama and which shares some characteristics with each -It is largely serious in tone, placing its major figures in great jeopardy, but unlike tragedy, saves them from destruction at the end -The moral stance of melodrama is always clear: the good characters are very good, the bad ones very bad

Anxious-Resistant Attachment

-The infant becomes anxious before the caregiver leaves and is upset during the caregiver's absence (e.g., child cannot separate to explore or play; the child may hit, cry, or kick upon the parent's return) -Children who are anxious-resistant might feel skeptical about trying new things, feel that others can't be trusted, feel angry much of the time, and push away those why try to get close

Anxious-Avoidant Attachment

-The infant readily separates from the parent and actively avoids the parent upon reunion (e.g., child moves away, looks away, or ignores the parent upon the parent's return) -Children who are anxious-avoidant tend to have difficulty trusting, avoid playing with other children, and become anxious if someone tries to get too close

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

-The infant shows insecurity and shows signs of being disoriented (e.ge., child looks dazed, confused, and sometimes fearful upon the parent's return) -Children who experience disorganized-disoriented attachment often feel confused or misunderstood, feel that others are unreliable, and are often fearful about new situations

Secure Attachment

-The infant uses the caregiver (parent) as the secure base to explore the environment (e.g., child freely separates from parent to play) -Children who are securely attached are relatively comfortable with others, believe that most others are trustworthy, and don't worry about abandonment

Music notation

-The language system of writing music so the reader can see what is being communicated -Similar to using written words to communicate thoughts and ideas Elements: -Staff -Clef -Measure and bar lines -Note values -Time signature/meter -Scale

Transfer learning

-The learning of one skill can have a positive or negative effect on the learning of another skill -When the impact is positive, it is called a "positive transfer of learning" -When the impact is negative, it is called a "negative transfer of learning" -Providing students with information about the ways in which skills are similar helps them positively transfer the appropriate learning from the first learned skill to the second ---Example: The overhead movement pattern is used in the overhand volleyball serve, tennis serve, and badminton smash. When learning the tennis serve, after having learned the volleyball serve, students should be alerted to the similarities between the two serves. -Differences between skills are brought to the attention of the students to minimize the potential interference of the first skill in the learning of the second skill ---Example: At the elementary level, students are alerted to the differences between galloping and skipping at the time when the second skill is taught.

Proscenium arch

-The major architectural feature of Western theatres since the Renaissance, the proscenium arch is essentially an opening in the wall between two rooms -In one room (the stagehouse), the actors perform; in the other room (the auditorium), the audience is located -The arch itself can range from extremely elaborate and intrusive to nearly undetectable

Connotative meaning

-The meaning conveyed by connotative symbols, symbols that are vague in terms of strict definition, but rich in poetic meaning -Much connotative meaning evokes an emotional rather than intellectual response

Nonlocomotor skills: Stretching

-The most valuable of all nonlocomotor movements -Its movement carries body parts away from the body's center core and moves joints and muscles through a range of movements -All physical education activities should begin with a stretching warm-up exercise -Teachers should understand that some discomfort is normal, but stretching is necessary for maintaining and increasing flexibility -Ask children to stretch as far as is comfortably possible while keeping their movement smooth

Tempo

-The pace of the beat -The speed at which a composer desires his musical composition to be performed -Measured by the number of beats per minute -A metronome is a machine that helps musicians adjust rates of speed (tempi) for faster or slower beats -The faster the tempo, the more beats per minute -Tempo is an important component to change the expressiveness of character and mood of the musical composition ---For example, if the tempo is fast, the mood of the music changes to reflect more energy, aggression, or vitality -Most marches are performed at a rate of 120 beats per minute Italian terms that define tempo: -Presto: very fast -Allegro: fast -Moderato: moderate -Adagio: slow -Largo: very slow

Rhythm

-The pattern of musical movement through time -What makes music move and flow -Measured in units of time and organized by sets or patterns that can be repeated -The way sounds beat within different lengths and accents that combine into patterns -Rhythm is a steady pulse (beat), but it can also have different kinds of beats (i.e., some stronger or longer) -The first beat of a bar is typically a strong beat -It is typified by a waltz in 3/4 time

Arena staging

-The physical configuration of audience and actor in which the audience essentially surrounds the playing area -It is also known as "theatre in the round"

Thrust staging

-The physical configuration of audience and performers in which at least some part of the stage extends into, and is surrounded by, the audience -In thrust staging, the audience surrounds the acting area to no more than 270 degrees; beyond that, the configuration is called arena staging

Exposition

-The playwriting device of providing information to the audience -Retrospective exposition usually occurs early in the action and gives the audience important information about what has occurred before the play begins; current exposition provides information about events offstage happening during the play

Art

-The process of purposefully arranged elements that appeal to aesthetic and emotional senses -It is through the cognitive processes of creating images and thought that the conception of all tangible expression takes place

Newton's second law

-The relationship between an object's mass, acceleration, and applied force -Continuity of movement is responsible for producing the maximum force and velocity Example: To illustrate this concept of force, teachers can have upper-grade students sit in a chair while trying to throw a basketball into a hoop. Students should recognize their inability to follow through with motion. They should then ask the students to throw the basketball when standing up. The force of the entire body in motion should produce an accelerated velocity that results in a force-producing movement to achieve the desired result of the ball reaching the basketball hoop.

Form

-The relationship of all the parts of plays of a certain type considered apart from any single example of that type, as in the form of farce and the form of the well-made play -What emerges is a model or ideal of a theatrical experience that can be used to describe specific examples

Unity

-The sense that all components of a composition belong together -The intention of every successful artist is to master unity -The elements of art such as shape, line, and color appear to fit together as the viewer gazes upon the piece of art, with nothing left to complete, delete, or change -Unity creates a sense that the artwork is self-contained and has a life of its own, whole and complete

Plot

-The series of incidents that make up the action of the play -These incidents are selected from a series of events which, when described chronologically, make up a story

Tone

-The sound produced by an individual instrument or singer -Each family of instruments and type of instrument is distinct from all others ---For example, the tone of a brass instrument is easily distinguished from the tone of a string instrument, a woodwind instrument, etc.

Growth and development: Adolescence (12-18 years)

-The start of this period begins with puberty -It is a time of growth spurts for both boys and girls -Around age 12, girls tend to be taller than boys and weigh almost 3 lbs more -Around age 13-14, girls lose their edge on growth, and boys exceed girls in height and weight -By age 18, boys are about 4 inches taller and 20 lbs heavier -Acceleration of large motor physical strength in boys -Boys tend to be clumsy at first due to the fast growth of their arms and legs, but quickly acquire an ease of movement -Participation in athletics improves physical strength and coordination -If the adolescent is successful at athletics, his self-esteem can be highly boosted since this brings him approval from his peers -Teens show a considerable interest in body image -Since body image is so important to teens, some teens may struggle with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (intense fear of gaining weight) or bulimia nervosa (binge-and-purge eating pattern)

Song form

-The structure of a song in which the first section of a simple ternary form is repeated—for example, AABA ---A simple ternary form is music in three sections, with the third generally an exact repetition of the first, ABA

Stage

-The structure where all drama and theatre takes place -Many structures have similar components ---For example, proscenium theatre, arena theatres, and amphitheatres are a permanent part of the structure -In a black box theatre, the acting area is undefined so that each theatre may adapt specifically to a particular production; there may also be offstage spaces that are adaptable

Scale

-The succession of notes arranged in an ascending order -7 of the 12 pitches (tones) that create an octave in western music are named after the first 7 letters of the alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G -This sequence repeats itself over and over

Conventions

-The temporary "rules" of the performance -The conventions of the theatre are specific to particular cultures, styles of theatre, and even individual productions

Scaffolding

-The temporary support system from a teacher or older peer to support the child until the task can be mastered alone -Essential elements of scaffolding: ---The use of mediators for learning ---The emphasis of language and shared activity for learning ---Shared activity, which strongly improves the child's problem-solving abilities (e.g., a fifth grader helping a first grader read a book)

Multiple plots

-The traditional element of theatre plotting in which more than one story line is presented, usually simultaneously -Frequently, the plots are kept separate until late in the play, at which point they intersect in some ingenious way -Multiple plots work best when each separate plot is somehow a treatment of the same theme or in some way shares an important theatrical element with the others

Personality

-The unique characteristic patterns of a person's thoughts, emotions, and behavior -Debate about an individual's traits being inherited vs. adapted influences from one's environment

Timbre

-The unique tonal quality of a musical sound -The tone "color" -It could be described as bright, shrill, brittle, or light; or it could be dull, harsh, forceful, or dark -Not only does each type of instrument have a distinct tone, but each instrument can also have a different tone from other similar instruments -Timbre makes one instrument sound different from another -For this reason, timbre has a great effect upon the mood of the music -For example, all violins have the same tone qualities, as do all clarinets and all trumpets, yet each instrument, due mainly to its manufacturer, has a different timbre or tone quality

Example of line: American Gothic

-The vertical lines in American Gothic (1930), by Grant Wood, extend upward toward the sky or toward the heavens -Notice the vertical lines in the pitch fork -This painting was a chronicle of history of mid-western moral values during the Great Depression -These rigid, upright characters were a symbol of the bond between God and hard work -Notice the horizontal church roof, a "house of God," and the farmer holding a pitch fork -The horizontal lines on the roof are symbolic of the inseparable stability that the church and God can provide during difficult socioeconomic times

Dynamics

-The volume or intensity of a tone -Music can be played loudly (forte) or softly (piano)

Dramatic criticism

-The work of a drama critic -It consists of commentary on a play or script intended to enrich the experience of seeing the play or reading the script by others -Dramatic criticism can appear in written form in periodicals, as media presentations, or in public talks

Medieval Theatre (500-1300)

-Theatre buildings were not permitted; minstrels, traveling groups, and jugglers from Greek-Roman period; open stage areas -Church/liturgical dramas: written in Latin/Bible stories; intended to educate regarding religious events, not to entertain -Dramatic form to illustrate religious holidays to an illiterate populace; "Everyman"; allegory -Genres: Passion play, miracle play, and morality play with themes of religious loyalty -Theatre groups evolved into town guilds

Strings

-These curvy, wooden-shaped bodies are the largest family of the orchestra -Strings stretch over the body and neck of the instrument and attach to small ornamental heads where they are tuned by turning pegs -The violin, viola, cello, and double bass form a symphony orchestra's string section -The smaller instruments (violin and viola) make higher-pitched sounds, and the larger instruments (cello and double bass) produce low, rich sounds -They are usually played with a bow, but they may also be plucked (pizzicato) -Harp and guitar are two other string instruments that are not considered part of the string section of the orchestra; they are often plucked rather than bowed

Object manipulation skills: Throwing

-Throwing requires an object to be propelled into space ---Movement force originates from flexing the hip and moving the shoulder forward while extending the elbow ---With the coordinated body movement, the object accelerates into space with greater speed and velocity -Primary school children need to proceed through preliminary stages of tossing (e.g. beanbags) before entering the stages of throwing a ball with accuracy ---In time and with practice, most children will develop a throwing skill pattern during grades 3 to 5 -Teachers should allow children to practice throwing a variety of objects that have varying weight and size ---This helps the child to understand how different objects can travel at different velocities

Chronological time

-Time as a linear experience related to cause and effect -Most history is written in chronological order, but much theatre chooses to take liberties with the chronological presentation of facts -The earliest modification was to leave out long and unimportant passages of time in order to present scenes that capture the essence of the story in an episodic plot -Later developments include the flashback and the flash-forward

Block (verb)

-To decide upon the gross movements of the actors upon the stage; assign the physical relationship of actors and the locations of entrances and exits; create stage "pictures" -Frequently, early rehearsals (blocking rehearsals) are devoted to this task

Constructive play

-Toddlers and preschoolers use objects to make something (i.e. building blocks), combining sensorimotor movements and the creation (construction) of something

Woodwinds

-Traditionally made of wood -Today, they are made of wood, metal, plastic, or some combination thereof -These instruments consist of narrow pipes with an opening at the bottom end and a mouthpiece at the top (and holes throughout the pipe) -As air blows through from the mouthpiece (the "wind" in "woodwind"), sound is produced -Metal caps called keys cover the holes -Some of the mouthpieces are made up of a thin piece of wood, called a reed ---The reed is used on the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, and bassoon ---Clarinet and saxophone use a single reed made of one piece of wood ---Oboe and bassoon use a double reed made of two pieces joined together -The smaller woodwinds play higher pitches, while the longer and larger instruments play the lower notes

Nonlocomotor skills: Twisting

-Twisting is the rotation of a body part around its own long axis, such as turning the head on its neck or wrapping the arms around the body -Twisting is different from turning in that twisting involves movement around a body part, and the focal point of turning is on the space where the body is moving -Twisting instruction should include asking children to twist as fully as is comfortably possible, and then to twist in the opposite direction while holding the supporting body parts steady

Harmony

-Two or more tones played simultaneously that support the melody and give music texture or mood -A group of notes that are played behind the melody -For example, when you play several different notes at the same time on a piano, you are using harmony -You can change how music sounds by changing the harmony

Texture

-Used to describe the way a composition might actually feel, or the way it might appear to feel with our eyes -Texture depicted in three-dimensional art has a tactile quality that can be physically touched (e.g., sculpture and architecture) -Texture depicted in two-dimensional art gives you a "sense" of how an object might feel when touched, but you cannot physically touch the object ---Examples: Collage or other works of art where artists creatively use color, line, and shape to simulate the object

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

-Used to measure verbal and performance abilities, including verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed -Each subtest is scored separately to help pinpoint strengths and weaknesses ---Example: If a child does well on performance subtests, but is weak on verbal subtests, this may indicate a language disability -The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is frequently administered to adults

Color

-Visible light reflected off objects -Artists use color to imitate the colors of reflected and refracted light -Can be used in a composition to create a symbolic representation of mood and emotion Example: The colors red, orange, and yellow are warm colors. When gazing at a composition with warm colors, people often feel their body temperature rise since these warm colors are symbolic of the sun, heat, and fire. The opposite is true for the colors green, blue, and purple, which suggest cooler colors. People tend to have relaxed, calm, and peaceful feelings with cool colors. Three main qualities: -Hue -Value -Intensity

Types of learning disabilities

-Visual-Perceptual Disability (Dyslexia) -Auditory-Perceptual Disability (Hearing Difficulty) -Attention and Hyperactivity Disorders -Perceptual-Motor Disability -Mental Retardation (Educationally Delayed)

Classroom fitness activity

-Warm-up exercises -Instructional components -Physical activity -Cool-down exercises -Discussion and evaluation

Classroom fitness activity: Warm-up exercises

-Warm-up exercises Involve muscles to be used during the physical activity -Try to isolate muscle groups and be sure to ask students not to overextend or bounce -Fitness activity always begins with a sufficient warm-up activity (e.g. light aerobics, calisthenics, walking, slow jogging, etc.)

Interpreting works of art

-What dominant object stands out as you first look at the composition? -What is your first emotional response to the composition? What is the mood? -What do you believe the artist is trying to convey? -What is the historical, cultural, or social context? What is the time, style, and place of composition? Apply these answers to the the elements and principles of art: -How are the lines in the composition arranged (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally)? -How is color used to show contrast, highlight an area, or create a mood? -What are the spatial relationships? Are objects far or near? -Where are the light and dark areas in the composition? How does light enhance directionality? Does it "lead" the viewer? -What types of shapes are used? Geometric? How do the various shapes affect the composition as a whole? -What textures are used in the pictures? What feelings do the textures convey? -Does the composition include depth, linear perspective, or atmospheric perspective? -Is the composition balanced (symmetrical or asymmetrical)? How is the balance achieved? -What elements are repeated? Do the various elements contrast with or complement each other?

Context

-What is portrayed in theatre; namely, the interaction of at least one character with some aspect of his or her environment -Since the portrayed interaction is normally with another person (or an aspect of the natural environment endowed with human qualities), the content of theatre is a character-character interaction

responsibility level of physicl education particpatnts

1, irresponsiblity,, self control, involvement, self responsibility and caring.

Educational implications of attachment

1. Although infant attachment is not the only path to social competence in children, teachers should recognize the importance of secure attachment as a key role in observable secure relationships 2. Teachers should be aware that cultural diversity is an important variable in the effects of social competency among children 3. Teachers should recognize that the emotional bond between the child and his parent may be unconsciously transferred to the relationship between the teacher and the child 4. Children who can securely self-regulate and who believe they can achieve have a greater ability to successfully face difficulties and master academic learning material

Four assumptions of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Children are organically inspired to think, learn, and comprehend 2. Children see the world differently than adults 3. Children's knowledge is ordered into mental structures called schemas 4. All learning consists of assimilation and accommodation

Interpreting theatre: Worth

1. Involves a value judgement 2. Includes assessment of the knowledge, insight, wisdom, or feeling imparted by a work

Interpreting theatre: Effectiveness

1. Involves the degree to which a dramatic work succeeds 2. Includes the evaluation of the work's success in such things as entertaining, informing, illuminating, persuading, inspiring, amusing, engaging, shocking, and instilling awe

Interpreting theatre: Structure

1. Involves the interaction of all elements 2. Includes, but is not limited to, design, rhythm, climax, conflict, balance, and sequence

Educational implications of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides an alternative to behavior theorists' belief that children are merely passive learners. Children actively move through operational stages. 2. Piaget quantified the conceptual-learning process, suggesting that there are predictable and orderly developmental accomplishments. Children can be tested at each stage to verify their level of cognitive understanding. 3. Piaget suggested that a child's mind seeks a state of equilibrium. At each stage, children form a new way to operate and adapt to the world. 4. By understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development, teachers can avoid presenting material in the classroom that is beyond the child's cognitive ability.

Educational implications of classical conditioning

1. Teachers can be assured that through repetition (and based upon the child's experience), learning is predictable 2. Teachers can help children be successful by making their world more orderly and predictable 3. Teachers will recognize that a child's learned experiences can account for later behavior patterns

Educational implications of temperament

1. Teachers can better manage the classroom by knowing the different temperaments (the introverted child, the conversationalist, the class clown, etc.) 2. By understanding that temperament is different for each child, teachers can plan individualized approaches specific to each child 3. Teachers can help children feel validated by affirming their temperament attributes. This helps children to look at themselves positively 4. Teachers should be aware that environmental manipulations, such as culture, influence temperament

Educational implications of psychosocial stages of development

1. Teachers can better recognize developmental themes as they appear in the classroom with a greater appreciation of the child's limited strengths and weaknesses (i.e., children who demonstrate an inability to express feelings, inability to trust others, or lack feelings of autonomy) 2. In understanding age-specific psychosocial tasks, the teacher can better develop curriculum related to specific grade levels 3. Teachers can recognize developmental deprivations in order to provide instruction that might better fit the child's mental capability 4. Teachers can use social and emotional development models to identify age-appropriate behaviors, activities, and materials

Educational implications of physical development

1. Teachers can prepare daily age-appropriate opportunities for children to freely express themselves through gross and fine motor activities 2. Teachers should understand individual physical differences and design activities accordingly 3. Teachers can identify physical differences in gender development

Educational implications of operant conditioning

1. Teachers can use behavior modification in the classroom as a learning tool (altering the environment or situation to produce a more favorable outcome) 2. Teachers can reinforce positive behavior to produce subsequent desirable behaviors (e.g., positive feedback, praise, or gold stars) and not reinforce undesirable behaviors

Educational implications of language development

1. Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is multifaceted, including physical sounds, cognitive thought, and social interactions 2. Teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically, and emotionally begins at home. Parents play an active role in teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and labeling 3. Teachers should recognize that children will acquire the use of English even when their native language is the only language spoken at home 4. Since the work of Vygotsky supports the notion that language is essential to the development of thinking, teachers should support appropriate private speech in order to help children self-regulate and access a higher level of functioning

Educational implications for children with LDs

1. Teachers must be responsive to the varying individual differences among uniquely different children 2. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), all children with disabilities are guaranteed a free, appropriate public education. An individualized education plan (IEP) can be designed for children with LD. According to the IDEA, children should be educated in the least restrictive environment. Many children integrate in a regular-classroom setting, inclusion program, but there are some children with LD who meet part time in a regular classroom and part time in a special education classroom, mainstream program 3. Since many children with LD have difficulty processing information, teachers should consider using methods of instruction that communicate to all parts of the child's sense. This helps the brain make mental pictures (e.g., physical movement, visualization tools, music, dance, etc.) 4. Guidelines for teachers to help children with learning disabilities

Educational implications of play

1. Teachers must encourage play since much of the child's cognitive advances in learning take place during play 2. Teachers must be aware of age-appropriate forms of play for classroom activities and encourage imaginative play whenever appropriate 3. Teachers can use play to help children release physical energy 4. Teachers should be aware that play helps children to build social interactions among peers

Educational implications of moral development

1. Teachers must recognize that children internalize what is right and wrong based upon their basic values and sense of self 2. Teachers must recognize the sequential foundation upon which higher moral principles are based 3. Teachers must recognize that children respond differently to various moral dilemmas depending upon age, education, and socioeconomic influences

Educational implications of intelligence

1. Teachers should appeal to a balanced combination of all intelligences 2. Teachers can develop programs to instruct students using multiple domains to help students feel socially valued 3. Teachers should develop a student's learning portfolio based upon the individual intellectual strengths of each student, including assessments that take into account the diversity of intelligences 4. Teachers should offer a variety of assessment types to allow students to show their strengths and evaluate their weaknesses

Educational implications of child abuse

1. Teachers should know that children of abuse frequently have difficult adapting in school, but professional intervention and treatment can provide children with hope and stability 2. Teachers should be aware that children of abuse show signs of developmental learning difficulties such as poor concentration, anti-social behavior, and lack of trust 3. Teachers should recognize warning signs of abuse and report to authorities as necessary

Educational implications of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

1. The importance of social and multicultural education should be emphasized in the classroom 2. Classroom teaching should emphasize inclusion, providing an environment for all students to think and learn. Isolating a child inhibits his ability to develop 3. When assessing a child, teachers should understand the difference between what a child can do on his own and what the child can do with some help (zone of proximal development) 4. Teachers should recognize that children can often perform, with an adult's or older peer's help, a task that they may have otherwise been incapable of completing on their own (scaffolding) 5. Teachers should be organizing, not dictating, a child's development using guided practice. Teachers initially assume responsibility for problem solving, but gradually allow the responsibility to transfer back to the child 6. Parents play a key role as significant contributors in the child's intellectual development

Visual art assessment

1. Whether it succeeds in its purpose; 2. If the artist has spoken with a unique voice-regardless of style-or could this artwork just as easily be the work of someone else? 3. If the style is appropriate to the expressed purpose of the work; 4. If the work is memorable and distinctive; and 5. If the artist has used all the technical elements available to the particular discipline.

3 different categories of temperament

1. easy child- generally in a positive mood and adapts easily to new situations 2. difficult child- tends to cry frequently and slow to accept change to new situations, this child has irregular routines 3. slow-to-warm-up child- slow adaptations to new situations, but slowly accepts new situations when repeatedly exposed.

PE instructions should include...

1. establish a safe environment a) actual physical activity and b) psychological subjective environment of the students. 2. class management 3. employ effective teaching behaviors 4. transfer learning 5. encourage practice

gardner outlines 8 types of intelligence

1. linguistic- verbal ability (aka poets, authors, speakers) 2. logical- mathematical ability (aka scientists, engineers) 3. spatial ability (aka architects, artists) 4. bodily-kinesthetic ability (aka surgeons, dancers) 5. musical ability (aka composer, musicians) 6. interpersonal ability (aka teachers, salesperson, politician) 7. intrapersonal ability (aka theologians, psychologists) 8. naturalist ability (aka farmers, botanists, ecologist, landscaper)

components of fitness

1. muscular strenght=amt of force exerted w/ muscles 2. endurance=ability to sustain physical effort for a long period of time 3. flexibility=movement which joints and muscles move through a full range of motion *helps prevent injuries and improve posture 4. body compositon= proportion of body fat to lean body mass *measured by the thickness of selected skin folds 5. cardio-respiratory=the ability of hte heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to sustain work by delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body over a period of time.

prepare students

1. review the previous day's material w/ a question or two. 2.

patterns of attachment

1. secure attachment, 2. anxious-resistance attachment, 3. anxious-avoidant attachment, 4. disorganized-disoriencted attachment

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs), 2. preoperational (2-7), 3. concrete operations (7-11), and formal operations (12-18)

elements of scaffolding

1. the use of mediators for learning, 2. the emphasis of language and shared activity for learning, and 3. shared activity, which strongly improves the child's problem solving abilities (e.g., a fifth grader helping a first grader read a book)

stage 1 (basic trust vs. mistrust)

1.5 years old; gaining a sense of trust during infancy helps set the stage for a lifelong expectation of feeling safe and secure vs. an absence of trust and feeling suspicious, guarded, and withdrawn from relationships.

stage 2 (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)

1.5-3.5 years old; the toddler learns how to explore, experiment, make mistakes- "terrible twos" -> help gain a sense of self-reliance & independence. if autonomy is inhibited or punishment is inflected, the child my feel a sense of shame, dislike for himself, and also may feel reluctant to try new activities.

Soccer

11 players, Most goals wins.

Field Hockey

11 players, most goals wins.

formal operational

12 yearws on

physical development; adolescence

12-18 years old; puberty and growth spurts; around 12 years old girls taller, weight 3 lbs more; around 12-14 years old boys exceed in growth; by 18 years boys are 4 inches taller, 20 lbs heavier; boys tend to be clumsy due to fast growth

stage 5 (identity vs role confusion)

12-18 years old; teens push to figure out who they are, which helps them to cement a solid sense of self. failing to do this may result in confusion over life goals and self-identity.

Donatello

1386-1466 Sculptor. Exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. "Gattamelata," the first equestrian statue since the Roman era.

Michelangelo

1475-1564 An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

15th century, headed the project to create a set of bronze doors for the baptistery of the cathedral in Florence. His "Gates of Paradise" showed old testament scenes created with sense of visual perspective that was considered revolutionary for the time.

Francisco de Goya

1746-1828 Spanish Romantic painter and printmaker, he created a model for many painters to come, his art was subversive and imaginative with bold colors. Imbued subject from literature, the Bible, exotic lands, and current events with dramatic and heroic intensity.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756-1791 Considered to be the greatest composer of concerto, symphony and opera. Was a 6 year old prodigy. Wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Gained instant celebrity. Died at 35. Music helped define a new style of composition. Exquisite works approach perfection of form while adding to music inventive melodic diversity.

George Balanchine

1904-1983 was one of the 20th century's foremost choreographers, a pioneer of ballet in the United States, co-founder and ballet master of New York City Ballet: his work created modern ballet, based on his deep knowledge of classical forms and techniques. A choreographer known for his musicality; he did not illustrate music but expressed it in dance and worked extensively with Igor Stravinsky, his contemporary.

Benjamin Bloom

1976. Suggested that students' cognitive entry skills and intelligence account for about 50% of what students achieve academically; 25% can be attributed to the quality of instruction students; and 25% can be attributed to affective characteristics of the students.

Flavell

1979, explained that metacognition is necessary for the oral communication of information, oral persuasion, oral comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, language acquisition, attention, memory, problem-solving, social cognition, self-control, and self instruction.

Carol Gilligan

1982. Gilligan notes that the research done on these theories has largely been conducted by men on male subjects. This has led to distortions when applied to females. Her argument centers not on the stage concept, but on the bases for changes to be more cognitive for men while more based on a sense of self for women.

Sternberg

1985 Triarchic theory of intelligences is a theory taking into account three features of learning [a] the mechanics or components of intelligence including both higher order thinking processes, [b] the learner's experiences; and [c] the learners context including the adaptation to and the shaping and selecting of environments.

Hoffman

1987. The ability to make moral judgments and to react, behave in a moral fashion depends on the child's ability to empathize, correctly assess another's point of view - especially when the other person is in discomfort.

Baxter-Magolda

1992, offered three principles to guide teachers to lead to greater effectiveness in the classroom; validate students as knowers, question authority by example and let students know that they, as teachers, can be questioned. and third, teachers can value students' opinion, ideas, and comments.

David and Myra Sadker

1994. Teachers both male and female, all grade levels, more likely to call on male than female students, more likely to give positive reinforcement to males' correct responses than to those of females and provide coaching instruction help to males when their responses are incorrect than to females. However, the bias can be eliminated once teachers become sensitive to its debilitating effects on students.

physical development: early childhood

2-6 years old; "baby fat" disappears -> arms and legs grow longer; no more "pot belly" look (pot belly because internal organs grow faster than the body cavity); decrease in weight due to walking; fatty tissues grow at a slower rate; girls then to have more fatty tissue than boys; boys have more muscle; b & g measure in weight and height somewhat equal; boys tend to be slightly taller and heavier

Maximum Heart Rate (MRH)

220 - age

maximum heart rate

220-age

formula for target heart rate

220-age=THR

stage 3 (initiative vs guilt)

3.5-6 years old; children at this age feel free to try new things and assume greater responsibility for their bodies and their behavior. positive view of self and confidence. the absence of initiative may leave the child feeling guilty, disappointment

Basketball

5 players, most points at the end of the game wins.

Volleyball

6 players, two out of three games. Winner scores twenty-five points with a margin of two.

stage 4 (industry vs inferiority)

6-12 years old; industry refers to children learning to work with others while developing skills and feeling a sense of achievement. have ability to organize and meet goals. if inferiority outweighs industry, low self-esteem may result. children may appear lazy or lack of goals and motivation

daily recommended fitness

60 minutes

physical development: middle childhood

7-11 years old; grow 2 inches per year till 11 years old; significant changes; differences in fine and gross motor skills; boy's leg and arm muscles tend to be stronger in coordination -> helping jump farther, run faster, catch, throw, and kick balls farther; handwriting instead of printing; girls have edge on fine motor skill abilities -> coordinated hand-manipulated skills

concrete operational stage (age)

7-12 years

lower limit threshold for heart rate

70 perecent of MHR

Lower Limit Threshold

70% of your MHR

Target Heart Rate (THR)

70% to 85% of your MHR (lower and upper threshold)

upper limit threshold for heart rate

85 percent of MHR

Upper Limit Threshold

85% of your MHR

Softball

9 or 10 players, most runs at the end of seven innings wins.

Flag football

9 or 11 players, can be modified to fit ability and size of the class. Six points for a touchdown, one or two for a point after, and two for a safety.

Passe

A "passing" position in which the foot passes by the knee of the supporting leg

Organic architecture

A belief that form of a structure should be dictated by its natural surrounding, purpose, and building materials.

Golf

A carry over activity that can be taught on campus, at the golf course, or both. Requires coordination, concentration, and depth perception.

Seriation

A child's ability to arrange objects in logical progression (concrete operations) Example: A child arranges sticks in order from smallest to largest

Noh

A classical Japanese form created in the fourteenth century; emphasizes minimalism as a reflection of the influences of Zen Buddhism. Dance-dramas with stylized scenery and acting.

Kabuki

A classical Japanese theatre form that combines colorful song and dance, flamboyant characters, and extravagant plots in a popular art that has retained its wide popularity since the early 17th century

Language

A communication system of words that are symbolic representations of objects, actions, and feelings

Perceptual motor competency

A consideration in body management. perceptual motor concepts that are relevant to physical education include those that give attention to balance, coordination, lateral movement, directional movement, awareness of space,, and knowledge of one's own body.

Line

A continuous mark that can change direction, creating a shape - or contour - used to create dimension

line dance

A dance in which individuals line up without partners and follow a choreographed pattern of steps, usually to country music.

ABA

A dance in which the second section contrasts with the first section, and the third section is a shortened or lengthened version of the first section

folk dance.

A dance that has been developed through the traditions of culture and has been passed down from generation to generation.

Opera

A drama, either tragic or comic, that is sung to an orchestral accompaniment

Saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products, but the calcium found in them is vital to health also.

Character

A figure portrayed in the play; the sum total of the actions that define a person so portrayed

Folk dance

A form of cultural dance, originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate

Fugue

A fugue is based on a short theme called a subject, contains both rhythmic and melodic motifs, each voice enters separately

striking pattern

A fundamental motor skill in which an object is hit, with or without an implement.

Cooling off

A good program of exercise ends with a cooling off period. Without cooling off, blood will pool and slow the removal of waste products.

combative activities

A group of physical activities that utilize basic combatives--pulling, pushing, defiances, stands, and guards. Some examples include wrestling, fencing, boxing, kickboxing, martial arts, and self-defense.

Dislocation

A joint injury in which bone ends are moved out of place at the joints and ligaments holding them are severely stretched and torn. Immobilize and seek medical help. Some people advocate "popping" the dislocation back into place, but this can be risk for both the inured person and person giving the first aid/liability.

Movement

A large section of a lengthy composition

Grand jete

A leap from one leg to the other in which the working leg is kicked or thrown away from the body and into the air, pose and direction differ

Grand jeté

A leap from one leg to the other in which the working leg is kicked or thrown away from the body and into the air; the pose achieved in the air differs, a does the direction the leap takes

Metronome

A machine that helps musicians adjust rates of speed for faster or slower beats

Folk music

A major element in the works of the English composers and often in the music of Stravinsky and the Soviet Union's Sergei Prokofiev.

Oratorio

A major orchestral piece with solo voices and chorus

Measure and bar lines

A measure is formed by barlines (vertical lines on the staff) and contains a set number of beats as determined by the time signature

Gregorian chant

A monophonic, unaccompanied style of liturgical singing that takes its name from Pope Gregory the Great.

Strain

A muscle injury caused by overwork. Use ice to lessen the swelling, some heat after can be beneficial. Opinion on the value of heat varies.

plyometric exercise

A muscular activity that involves an eccentric contraction (i.e., muscle is lengthened) of a muscle, followed immediately by a concentric contraction (muscle is shortened) of the same muscle. Plyometric exercises are often used to increase power.

Rondo

A musical form whose main feature is the return of the main theme, which alternates with secondary themes

Rondo

A musical form whose main feature is the return of the main theme, which alternates with secondary themes For example: -Simple rondo: ABABA -Second rondo: ABACA -Third rondo: ABACABA

Lifts

A part of pas de deux in which one dancer is lifted off the ground by another

Romantic era

A period from about 1820 to 1870 in which ballet was characterized primarily by supernatural subject matter, long white tutus, dancing on the toes, and theatrical innovations that permitted the dimmimg of the house lights for theatrical illusion

Romantic Era

A period from about 1820 to 1870 in which ballet was characterized primarily by supernatural subject matter, long white tutus, dancing on the toes, and theatrical innovations that permitted the dimming of the house lights for theatrical illusion

adapted physical education

A physical education program designed to meet the unique needs of an individual with a disability who is unable to fully participate in the general physical education program

long-handled implement

A piece of equipment used in performing motor skills. The long handle positions the hand some distance away from the surface of the implement that comes in contact with the ball. Some examples include a hockey stick, bat, tennis racquet, and lacrosse stick.

short-handled implement

A piece of equipment used in performing motor skills. The short handle positions the hand close to the surface of the implement that comes in contact with the ball. Some examples include a racquetball racket, a paddle used in paddle games, and a modified lacrosse stick.

Lighting plot

A plan of the stage showing the location of each lighting instrument, its size and characters, and the area of the stage where its light will fall

One-act play

A play of short duration (usually less than an hour) that can be presented without an intermission and without major changes in scenery

Pantomime

A play or story performed without words by actors using only gestures; to express in this way. romans enjoyed dancing as entertainment and pioneered the use of pantomime.

Arabesque

A pose in which the working leg is extended with a straight knee directly behind the body

Arabesque

A pose in which the working leg is extended with a straight knee directly behind the body (both the height of the leg and the position of the arms are variable)

Attitude

A pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Bologna in which the working leg is extended behind the body with the knee bent or held in front of the body

Attitude

A pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Giovanni Bologna in which the working leg is extended behind the body with the knee bent; it can also be held in front of the body

physical fitness

A positive state of well- being with a low risk of premature health problems and with the energy to participate in a variety of physical activities. It is influenced by regular, vigorous physical activity, genetic makeup, and nutritional adequacy.

intensity

A principle of training that estab-lishes how hard to exercise.

overload

A principle of training that establishes a minimum threshold and requires one to exceed that threshold to benefit from the chosen physical activity.

specificity

A principle of training that establishes a particular kind of activity for each component of physical fitness.

regularity

A principle of training that establishes exercise on a regular schedule. A pattern of physical activity is regular if activities are performed most days of the week, preferably daily; if moderate-intensity activities are performed five or more days of the week; or if vigorous- intensity activities are performed three or more days of the week.

frequency

A principle of training that establishes how often to exercise.

progression

A principle of training that establishes increases in the amount and intensity of physical activity needed to provide improvements over periods of time.

time

A principle of training that establishes the amount of time for each exercise period.

type

A principle of training that establishes the specific activity to use or the muscles to target during an exercise period.

individuality

A principle of training that takes into account the particular needs and abilities of the individual for whom it is designed.

Dithyramb

A processional Greek dance employing poetry and narrative, from which Greek drama arose.

Motif

A recurring group of notes

Motif

A recurring group of notes, such as the four notes played at the beginning of (and restated throughout) Beethoven's Fifth Symphony

1970s American music

A return to romanticism, reflected in the renewed interest in the music of Samuel Barber and David Diamond and in the lush scores of David Del Tredici.

Syncopation

A rhythmic effect produced when the expected rhythmic pattern is deliberately upset

Barre

A round rail attached to the wall horizontally, about 3 1/2 feet above the floor, for dancers to hold during the first half of technique class; it is also used for stretching the legs by placing the feet or legs on it

Barre

A round rail attached to the wall horizontally, aout three and a half feet above the floor for dancers to hold during the first half of technique class

target heart-rate zone

A safe range of activity intensity that can be used to enhance the level of aerobic capacity.

Balance

A sense of visual stability in a composition

Staff

A set of five horizontal lines and four spaces

Ethnocentrism

A sociological term used to describe the natural tendency of viewing one's own cultural or familial way of doing things as the right, correct, or best way. A natural tendency where all people are likely to engage in ethnocentric thinking and behaviors at times.

Symphony

A symphony is an elaborate musical composition, many of which are between 20 and 45 minutes in length, a classical usually consists of four movements intended to stir up a wide range of emotions

Linear perspective

A technique for representing three dimensional objects on a flat surface, when converging lines meet at a vanishing point the human eye perceives objects at a distance, when our eyes focus on the VP all shapes and objects become smaller giving us the illusion of depth and distance

Postmodern dance

A term coined in the 1960's by those who wanted to create movement outside the influences of any of the then-traditional modern dance pioneers

Postmodern dance

A term coined in the 1960s by those who wanted to create movement outside the influences of any of the then-traditional modern dance pioneers, such as Cunningham, Graham, Humphrey, Limón, and Taylor

Metacognition

A term used to describe what, how, and why people know what they know when they know it. It is thinking about thinking and knowing about knowing. A characteristic of higher ordered, mature, and sophisticated thinking.

Lied

A type of German song

Gymnopedia

A vigorous Greek dance for athletic young men.

Asymmetrical

A visual emphasis, or pull to one side of the composition (informal balance)

perceived exertion index

A way of rating how hard one feels the body is working during physical activity; it is based on physical sensations experienced, including increased heart rate, increased respiration or breathing rate, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue.

Time signature (meter)

A way to measure rhythmic units, top number denotes hte number of beats and the bottom number denotes what type of note will receive the beat

Opus

A work, usually identified by a number

attention and hyperactivity disorders

ADHD- these children show symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity. there are also children that only show inattention, and that is known as ADD. behaviors shown: difficulty with paying attention, easily distracted, show hyperactivity, become frusterated easily, have difficulty with controlling muscle or motor activity (constantly moving), have difficulty staying on task, show inappropriate over-activity. *more boys than girls diagnosed. *drugs prescribed- ritalin, concerta, and adderall

Athenian drama

Accompanied by the "aulos" or double-piped oboe, an instrument used in the worship of Dionysus. Choral songs were heard between recited passages.

Ancient Greek music

Accompanied the recitation of poetry with the stringed lyre. Dances of the ancient civilizations were often reserved for priests and religious rituals. Dancing was held in high esteem, establishing many different styles for different purposes.

Intraindividual knowledge

According to Flavell is what the learner knows or understands about him- or herself. It is important that learners have opportunities to learn about themselves, their interest, abilities, and propensities. Have opportunities to learn about their own learning style and their perceptual strengths and examine their personalities, values, and goals.

Interindividual knowledge

According to Flavell, it is how learners are alike and how they are different. As they learn about their own learning style, learners observe that their classmates have some similarities and some differences. It is increased as students realize that there are many different ways to learn.

Universal knowledge

According to Flavell, it is the knowledge that there are degrees of understanding. To examine students' understanding of universal knowledge, teachers might ask student to identify what they know about learning.

Task knowledge

According to Flavell, task knowledge includes several different variables. It enables learners to plan appropriately for undertaking tasks and tells them how to go about accomplishing the task.

Preoperational stage 2

According to Piaget describing cognitive behavior between the ages of two and seven is characterized by egocentrism, rigidity of thought, semi logical reasoning, and limited social cognition; some cognitive psychologists have observed that this stage seems to describe how individual think more in terms of what they can't do than what they can do.

Sensorimotor stage 1

According to Piaget the four stages of cognitive development begin with the sensorimotor stage describing individual from birth to around the age of two.

Information processing approach

Acknowledges that not only are individuals influenced by their environments and adapt to those environments, individuals also are active in shaping their own environments.

Teaching skills

Acquired through processes of introspection, observation, direct instruction, self-evaluation, and experimentation.

Teacher's role

Activate the learner's prior knowledge and help the student connect new information with what is known already. Today's education model, the student is seen as an active learner who brings much to the classroom.

modified/lead-up game

Active games that involve the use of two or more of the sport skills, rules, or procedures used in playing the official sport.

Accommodation

Adjusting prior knowledge gained through former experiences and interactions

Imaginary audience

Adolescents preoccupied with their own physiological changes, often assume that others are equally intrigued by these changes in appearance and behavior; they may feel that others are staring at them, watching their every move, scrutinizing their behavior for one misstep or their appearance for any flaws.

Cardiovascular fitness

Aerobic capacity, the ability of the entire body to work together efficiently, to be able to do the most amount of work with the least amount of effort

Italian ballet

Affiliated with the opera company at La Scala in Milan.

Riboflavin/B2

Aids in the production of red blood cells, good vision, healthy skin and mouth tissue, and production of energy. Found in lean meat, dairy products, liver, eggs, enriched and fortified whole grains, and green leafy vegetables.

Opera

The masterful works by Puccini and Weill succeed on very different levels, and were created using different styles and for different purposes.

Goodness-of-fit

The match between a child's temperament ad environmental demands the child must deal with (e.g., a 4-year-old "difficult" child who is expected to sit still for a five-hour plane ride)

Kathakali

The most theatrical of the Indian dances: actor-dancers perform stories based on mythological tales, and extensive use is made of costumes, masks, drums, makeup, and shouts.

Representational art and abstraction

The new freer form of art, centered around the personality of the artist and celebrating personal style and the manipulation of form and color. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries evolved in a number of directions.

Oscar Wilde

An Irish-born author of the late 19th century, who spent most of his career in England. Wilde was famous for his flamboyant wit and style of dress. His best known works include the play "The Importance of Being Earnest". He urged Art for Art's Sake. Drama was more psychological and sought to reveal truths about real people and their inner and interpersonal conflicts.

True aerobic conditioning

An activity must require a great deal of oxygen, it must be continuous and rhythmic, it must exercise major muscle groups and burn fat as an energy source, and it must last for at least 20 minutes at an individual's target heart rate.

Promenade

An adagio movement in which the dancer pivots completely around on one foot while maintaining a pose with the working leg

Promenade

An adiago movement in which the dancer pivots completely around on one foot while maintaining a pose with the working leg

Lyre

An ancient harp

Dance

An art form based on physical movement and expression-by humans singly, or in couples or groups. Folk and tribal dancing are often related to communal celebrations or religious rituals. Dance created to entertain an audience by one person may be choreographed and worked out in strict steps and gestures, such as in ballet or musical theater.

Barbizon

An association of French landscape painters, c. 1840-70, who lived in the village of Barbizon and who painted directly from nature. Theodore Rousseau was a leader; Corot and Millet were also associated with the group.

Sprain

An injury to a joint caused by the joint being moved too far or away from its range of motion. Both ligaments and tendons can be injured. Ligaments joint bone and tendons join muscle to bone. R.I.C.E. - rest, ice, compression, and elevation.

Orchestra

An instrumental ensemble composed of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion

Morality

An internalized set of subjective rules influencing the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of an individual in deciding what is right and what is wrong

fundamental movement skills

An organized series of basic movements that involve the combination of movement patterns of two or more body segments. They may be categorized as stability, locomotor, or manipulative movements.

movement patterns

An organized series of related movements.

weight-bearing activities

Any activity in which one's feet and legs carry their own weight. Examples include walking, running, tennis, and aerobic dancing.

Fractures

Any break in a bone is a fracture. Fractures can be simple - a break in the bone, comminuted or shattered - many breaks in the bone, or compound - a break in the bone and skin. Immobilize, use ice to control swelling, and seek medical aid. In case of compound it is important to stop the bleeding.

Fillipo Brunelleschi

Architecture revived the Greek elements and took a scientific, ordered approach, one similarly expressed in painting, with the emphasis on the calculated composition of figures in space known as perspective.

Nonlocomotor skills

Are done in place or with very little movement from place to place. Example of nonlocomotor skills are bending and stretching, pushing and pulling, raising and lowering, twisting and turning, and shaking and bouncing.

Manipulative skills

Are skills used when the child handles a play object. Most manipulative skills involve using the hands and the feet, but other parts of the body ay be used as well. Hand-eye and foot-eye coordination are improved with manipulative objects.

Austrian composers

Arnold Schoenberg, Anton von Webern, and Alban Berg employed twelve tone system, which was highly intellectualized method of composing music without a fixed key and by establishing an arbitrary "tone row."

Romanesque style

Art and architecture preeminent from 800 to 1200. Common features of Romanesque churches are round arches, vaulted ceilings, and heavy walls that are ornately decorated primarily with symbolic figures of Christianity, the realism of which had become less important as they were subordinated to the message.

Classical iconography

Art became more emotional and dramatic, color and movement were heightened, compositions were more vigorous, and there were increased references to classical iconography and the pleasures of an idyllic golden age.

Adagio

As in music, the opposite of allegro, or a slower tempo

Equilibration of accommodation

Assimilation cycles or processes. When individuals are innately endowed with certain cognitive predisposition and capabilities encounter a new or novel stimulus, they are brought into a state of disequilibrium.

Stage 3 (3 1/2-6 years)

Autonomy vs. guilt -Building upon the successes from the previous stages, children at this age feel free to try out new activities and assume greater responsibility for their bodies and their behavior -This new balance of responsibility helps the preschooler have a positive view of self, gives confidence to his decision-making ability, and imparts a willingness to take risks -Unique aspirations surface, and children begin to show definite signs of emerging personalities -The absence of initiative may leave the child feeling a sense of guilt, sometimes about almost anything -The child may feel like anything he does may disappoint people around him

Stage 2 (1 1/2-3 1/2 years)

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt -The toddler learns how to explore, experiment, make mistakes, and test limits in order to gain a sense of independence and self-reliance -Toddlers are into everything at this age, and many people refer to this period as the "terrible twos" -It is difficult to keep the toddler under control -If autonomy is inhibited or punishment is harshly inflicted, the toddler may feel a sense of shame -Shame leaves the toddler feeling a sense of dislike for himself -He may also be reticent to try new activities

Hamstrings

Back thigh muscles

Bauhaus aesthetic

Based on idea of functionalism, and truth to materials. Centered on utilitarian design for "the new man" through the marriage of art and technology.

Theatrical dance

Based on music, songs, dialogue, and dance

Social development

Based on what can be observed and learned through experience in the child's environment Learning behavior theories: -Ivan Pavlov's and John Watson's classical conditioning -B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning Social theories in understanding child development: -Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory -Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory -Albert Bandura's social learning theory

body management

Basic skills focusing on the ability to control the body and body parts in actions such as those involving traveling, balancing, rolling, and supporting body weight.

Stage 1 (1 1/2 years)

Basic trust vs. mistrust -Gaining a sense of trust during infancy helps to set the stage for a lifelong expectation of feeling safe and secure in the world -The infant can count on others to satisfy his or her needs, while feeling loved and cared for -This basic experience of interacting with an attentive caregiver gives the infant a lifelong feeling of security and predictability -The absence of trust can result in leaving the infant feeling suspicious, guarded, and withdrawn from relationships

Instruments in wood family (5)

Bassoon, oboe, saxophone, clarinet, flute

Situate learning

Baxter-Magolda final principle for teachers is to situate learning in the students' own experiences. Suggests this be done by letting students know they are wanted in class by using inclusive language, avoiding ethnic and cultural bias and stereotyping, instead using gender-neutral and inclusive language and focusing on activities.

Jointly constructing meaning

Baxter-Magolda says it is important for teachers to dialogue with students and emphasize mutual learning. Recommend teachers reveal their own thinking processes as they approach subjects and as they analyze and understand new subjects as they solve problems and reach decisions.

Social interaction

Being a member of a team provides many opportunities for social interaction. The team concept emulates life situations. Team members can practice leadership and followership skills. Students can learn to win and lose gracefully when playing any sport.

Tribal Communal Dance

Believe through imitative dance they can gain knowledge of the mysterious powers of nature and influence the unseen world. Most dancing of this kind is communal.

hyperflexion

Bending a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

Tactile, Kinesthetic learners

Benefit from study groups, discussion groups, role-playing situations, lab settings, computer activities, learning games, and by using flashcards and other manipulatives. must get involved in class by asking questions and participating in discussions. Learn best when convert what they are learning into real-life, concrete experiences.

physical activity

Bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle and that substantially increases energy expenditure, including exercise, sport, dance, and other movement forms.

Immovable

Bones of the adult cranium

Cranium

Bones of the head

Modern dance

Born in the 20th century as a result of dancers resisting the rigid structure of classical ballet dance

Early Christian period

Borrowed the basilica form of Roman architecture for its churches, particularly evident in churches in the town of Ravenna in northeastern Italy. The seventh-century church of San Vitale echoes the mosaic mastery of the eastern Roman or Byzantine, empire in Constantinople.

Sternum

Breast bone

Intensity

Bright from dull

Gluteus maximus

Buttock muscles

Music

The organization of sound in time Basic properties and elements that distinguish music from other sounds: -Dynamics -Harmony -Pitch -Rhythm -Tempo -Tone -Timbre

Tempo

The pace of the beat

obesity

CDC (center for disease control) considers teens to be obese when their bmi (body mass index) is higher than 95% of other teens, in the same age group and same gender. a) overweight= bmi is in the 85th to 95th percentile. b) obese= bmi is in the 95% percentile.

Gastronomies

Calf muscles

Dance

Can be done individually or with a partner. good at developing spatial awareness and the ability to follow instructions. Dance also provides an excellent framework for multicultural education. many dances are indigenous to certain cultures, and students can learn about different races and cultures while learning dances.

Instruction Style Inventory

Canfield & Canfield 1988, identifies instruction styles in four general categories as; social, independent, applied, and conceptual.

Applied style

Canfield & Canfield, applied style is one that stresses real-world experiences and avoids lecture and preparatory reading, but focuses on practicums and site visits, and so forth.

Independent style

Canfield & Canfield, independent style describes the teacher who emphasizes working alone and is likely to rely on self-paced, individualized, and programmed instruction.

Social style

Canfield & Canfield, social style is one that describes the teacher who values classroom interactions, who stresses teamwork and group work.

Conceptual style

Canfield & Canfield, the conceptual style is one describing the teacher who is language-oriented and like highly organized materials and tends to depend on lectures and readings.

CPR

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Technique used to provide artificial circulation and respiration. Remember: A=airway, B=breathing, C=circulation. check the airway to make sure it is open, and check breathing and circulation.

Gliding joint

Carpal and tarsal bones

Adaptation

Children adjust to new information about their environment in order to function more effectively Fundamental concepts: -Assimilation -Accommodation

Jean Piaget

Cognitive psychology, his theory of cognitive development is based on the notion that cognitive abilities are developed as individuals mature physiologically, and they have opportunities to interact with their environment.

Clavicle

Collar bone

Sculpture

Concerned with molding shapes in three-dimensional forms. May be cast-molten metals poured into molds to create cast bronze figures or carved-from wood, stone, or marble-shaped from clay, or in the twentieth century, welded together from metal pieces.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. His rejection of eclectic decorative styles of the precious century's architecture and use of new engineering techniques paralleled the Bauhaus aesthetic.

health-related physical fitness

Consists of those components of physical fitness that have a relationship to good health: body composition, aerobic capacity, flexibility, muscle endurance, and muscle strength.

French artists

Continually blurred the boundaries of realism and abstraction, and the landscapes and everyday-life painting of such Impressionist artists as Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, and others, giving way to more experimental arrangements of form and color of the great Post-impressionist.

After WWII music

Continued to employ the intellectual methods of Schoenberg and to experiment with tape-recorded sound and conceptual music based on indeterminacy or chance.

Technical support tools

Costumes sets, lights, props, makeup, and sound

Tertiary colors

Created by mixing secondary colors

Rhythym

The pattern of musical movement through time

Theater

The performance, for the sake of an audience's education or entertainment, of a story, usually of drama, comedy, or some combination. Requires vocal declamation, acting, costumes, sometimes masks, scenic backdrop or a constructed set, and poetic expressions.

Creative movement

Dance movement that is primarily and nonfunctional, with emphasis on body mastery for expressive and communicative pruposes

Creative movement

Dance movement that is primary and nonfunctional, with an emphasis on body mastery for expressive and communicative purposes

Pointe

Dancing on the toes

Value

Dark from light, changed by adding white or black

strategies

Decisions made by individuals or a team about the overall play of the game.

Hereditability studies

Demonstrate that both nurture and nature contribute to the child's trait makeup. The amount of each contributes to any given trait cannot be precisely stated, no exact number or weight can be assigned.

Intensity

Describes the brilliance or dullness of color Example: Brighter colors in a composition are often associated with stronger emotions and heightened energy, while subtler, dull colors are associated with a weaker, anesthetized state of energy

Texture

Describes the way a composition might actually feel or the way it might appear to feel with our eyes

Renaissance artists

Developed new forms and revived classical styles and values, with the belief in the importance of human experience on Earth. Great sculptors approached true human characterization and realism. Sought to produce works of perfect beauty and engaged in a constant search for knowledge, most often portraying religious subjects and wealthy patrons.

Social interaction

Developing social interaction among students including communication, cooperation, encouraging and praising others, practicing respectful criticism, and accepting individual differences

Classroom fitness activity: Discussion and evaluation

Discussion and evaluation provide students with the needed feedback on activities that include proper body mechanics, sportsmanship, learning objectives, and social aspects of the activity

Inductive Reasoning

Drawing conclusions from specific examples to make a general conclusion, even when the conclusion is not accurate (concrete operations) Example: All of the balls on the school playground are round. By developing a mental schema, a child may reason inductively that all balls are round. This would be an inaccurate conclusion since a football is not round.

Emphasis

Draws your eye to a visual focal point

Note values

Each note has a specific duration represented by a solid black or hollow oval shape

Downstage

The portion of the proscenium stage that is closest to the audience

Classroom environment

The primary responsibility of a teacher is creating a classroom environment that recognizes the different environmental factors affecting each student and that encourages each learner to excel, and to achieve his or her personal best.

principle of overload

The principle of exercise that states that placing a greater-than-normal physical demand on the body will require the body to adapt to the greater load by increasing the body's efficiency and strength.

resistance principle

The principle that the use of an implement, a device, or the body weight as a resistance can enhance some physical characteristic, such as strength or muscular endurance.

Movement education

The process by which a child is helped to develop competency in movement. Defined as learning to move and moving to learn. Enables children to make choices of activity and methods they wish to employ.

Art

The process of purposefully arranged elements that appeal to aesthetic and emotional senses

body composition

The proportion of fat-free mass (e.g., muscle, bone, vital organs, and tissues) to fat mass in the body.

Rococo Art

Early eighteenth century turned the agitated drama of the baroque into light, pastel-toned, swirling compositions that seem placed in an idyllic land of a golden age.

Ancient world music

Egyptian, Sumerian, and Hebrew cultures used song and instruments such as lyres, harps, drums, flutes, cymbals and trumpets.

Table Tennis

Either doubles or singles. 21 points by a margin of two.

Badminton

Either doubles or singles. Winner in doubles 15 points, singles 21 by a margin of two.

Tennis

Either doubles or singles. four points-fifteen, thirty, forty, and game. Tie at forty-deuce. winner must win by a margin of two. Love means zero points in tennis.

Shuffleboard

Either singles or doubles. 50, 75, or 100 points. Determined by participants before the game begins.

European Renaissance

Emphasized a renewed interest in the visible world, and revealed an emphasis on the symbolism of minutely observed details and accurate realism based on observation of reality rather than prescribed rules.

Visual and Performing arts

Encompass the categories of sculpture, painting and graphics, architecture, dance, music, and theater.

Magnesium

Energy production, normal heart rhythm, nerve/muscle function, and prevents muscle cramps. Found in dried beans, nuts, whole grains, bananas, and leafy green vegetables.

Traditional elements of ballet

Enlarged by the use of more abstract patterns, nontraditional steps and forms, greater individual expression, less virtuosic display, greater athleticism, and more incorporation of folk/popular-dance elements.

Industry and Inferiority

Erikson; If the child who enters school, achieving initiative, acquires the skills, including academic skills - reading, writing, and computation, as well as social skills in playing and communicating with others, forming friendships, that enable her or him to be successful in school, the child achieves a sense of industry; failure to achieve these skills leads to a sense of inferiority.

Intimacy and Isolation

Erikson; Individuals at this stage of development begin to think about forming lasting friendships; marriage. Erikson would argue psychosocial problems experienced by young adults have their origin in the individual's failure to achieve identity during preceding stage; the young man/woman who does not know who he/she really is cannot achieve true intimacy.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson; When children are able to function independently of parents; "initiative", or when children are not able to move away from total parental attachment and control they experience a sense of "guilt."

Identity

Erikson; around junior high, achieving identity, the struggle to achieve identity is one of the most important developmental tasks and one that creates serious psychosocial problems for adolescents. Erikson believed that if adolescents find out what they believe in, what their goals, ideas, and values are, then they attain identity achievement; failure to discover these things leads to identity diffusion.

Warm-up

Essential to aerobic capacity, an effective warm-up will increase body temperature and blood flow, as well as guard against strains and tears to muscles, tendons and ligaments.

Vitamins

Essential to good health but must be careful not to take too much of certain vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, stored in the body in excess will cause some dangerous side effects. The remaining are water soluble and are generally excreted through the urinary system and the kin when taken in excess.

Native American tribal dance

Essentially ritualistic such as the ghost dance of the Paiutes, hoop and eagle dances of the western Indian peoples are theatrical and intricate.

uneven-beat locomotor skill

Examples include galloping, sliding, skipping, and leaping.

even-beat locomotor skills

Examples include walking, running, hopping, and jumping.

Temporary disabilities

Examples of temporary disabilities are pregnancy, broken bones, and recovery from surgery and/or disease. Modifying exercise to fit the needs of the handicapped child.

Rome culture

Excelled in engineering and building, whose purpose it was to efficiently organize a vast empire and provide an aesthetic environment for private and public use. The massive-domed temple of all the gods, the Pantheon, is today one of the most perfectly preserved of all classical-period buildings.

anaerobic activity

Exercise of short duration that is performed at a more strenuous level, so increased respiration and heart rate cannot provide sufficient oxygen to the muscle cells. Anaerobic activity is used to build muscle mass and to improve one's ability to move quickly and to deliver force. Examples of anaerobic activity include sprinting, weight training, curl-ups, gymnastics, and some team activities, such as softball and football.

aerobic activity

Exercise that can be performed for a long duration because the energy required can be provided by the burning of fuel, which normally occurs in muscle cells in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic activity may help control body weight, reduce the percentage of body fat, improve the circulatory function and respiratory functions, and reduce blood pressure. Examples include aerobic dance, cycling, jogging, power walking, in-line skating, step aerobics, kickboxing, and super circuit.

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. "Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles."

Allegro

Fast

Unsaturated fats

Fats that remain liquid at room temperature. Found in vegetables. Are preferable to saturated fats because they appear to offset the rise in blood pressure that accompanies too much saturated fats.

Kinesthetic awareness

Feeling the dance movements of others in one's own muscles

Albrecht Altdorfer

First landscaper, Battle of Alexander and Darius on the Issus, St. George in a Landscape, The Fall and Redemption of Man.

Assimilation

Fitting together the new information with what has been previously known or understood, individuals come to know or understand that which is new.

Shakespearean plays

Five acts with three to five scenes within each act. Presented in theaters, merely stages set against the side of a building with spectators gathered around the stage on three sides in the yard or in galleries, with no provisions for scenery.

cool-down exercises

Five to ten minutes of light to moderate physical activity. Cool-down exercises help the body recover from exercise. This process maintains blood pressure, helps enhance venous return, and prevents blood from pooling in the muscles.

Metacognitive control

Flavell 1987. Control is in the hands of the learners. Teachers cannot control learners' behavior although they can encourage and admonish.

Metacognitive knowledge

Flavell 1987. What learners need to know. The three types are person knowledge, task knowledge, and strategy knowledge.

Strategy knowledge

Flavell's final category takes into account how learners can best accomplish particular tasks and how they can be reasonably certain that they have reached their cognitive goals. Equips learners to monitor their cognitive activities and to gain confidence in their abilities.

Person knowledge

Flavell. There is three types of person knowledge; Intraindividual knowledge, interindividual knowledge, and universal knowledge.

Gothic art

Flourished in Europe for the next 300 years, 1200-1500. The cathedrals are of the purest expressions. Stylistic features conveying a verticality, and reach toward heaven, the unbridled adoration of God. Construction using elements; flying buttresses and pointed arches and vaults, and decorated by a profusion of sculptures and stained-glass windows that were, for the worshippers, visual encyclopedias of Christian teachings and stories.

Spotting

Focusing the eyes on one point in the distance in order to keep balance while turning

Performing arts

Folk dance and music are a natural outgrowth of a community's recreational, entertainment, celebratory, and ritualistic needs. Great masterpieces of ballet, opera, and classical music each represent the conscious manipulation of form and idea in a new way to create an individualistic work.

Folk dancing

For pure recreation is also an important tradition, and in the West among the most significant dances are the Scottish Highland fling, the Italian tarantella, the American Virginia reel and square dances, and the Argentine tango.

Measure

Formed by bar lines and contains a set number of beats as determined by the time signature

Empowerment

Four components; self esteem, self-efficacy, self-respect, and self-knowledge.

Instruments in brass family (4)

French horn, trombone, trumpet, tuba

Principles of FITT

Frequency, Intensity, Type, and Time

Allegro

From the musical term, this refers to quick or lively movements

Quadriceps

Front muscles of the thigh

Thiamin/B1

Functioning of nerves, muscle growth, and fertility. Also, production of energy, appetite, and digestion. Found in port, legumes, nuts, enriched and fortified whole grains, and liver.

Specificity

Gear students training toward those adaptation that are important to them. Performance improves when the training is specific to the activity.

Seizures

Generally caused by epilepsy. Clear the area so victim is not injured during the seizure, do not place anything in the mouth, and seek medical help after the seizure if necessary.

Symmetrical

Gives the feeling that the weight is evenly distributed (formal balance)

hyperextension

Greater-than-normal stretching or straightening of an extended limb.

Instruments in string family (6)

Guitar, viola, violin, bass, cello, harp

Realist pioneers

Gustave Courbet, Jean-Francois Millet, and Honore Daumier, renowned as a political caricaturist. Traditional means of composing a picture, academic methods of figure modeling, of color relations, accurate and exact rendering of people and objects, rejected in favor an art emphasized quickly observed and sketched moments from life, the relation of shapes and forms and colors, the effect of light, and the act of painting itself.

Visual fine art

Has come to mean a self-conscious creation of aesthetically sophisticated works, usually by one individual, in an attempt to further knowledge, expand style and technology, and create beauty.

Pivot joint

Head of the spine

Vitamin B12

Healthy nerve tissue, energy production, utilization of folic acid, and aids in the formation of healthy red blood cells. Found in dairy products, liver, meat, poultry, fish, and eggs.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)

Heart rate taken while standing still (average of three heart rates taken before getting out of bed in the morning)

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of human needs is a model applicable to many diverse fields. Identifying different levels of individuals' needs in a hierarchical sequence, meaning that lower level needs must be satisfied before individuals could ascend to higher levels of achievement.

Heat stroke

High fever, dry skin, and may be unconscious. Attempt to cool off gradually, get into the shade, and seek medical attention immediately.

HDL

High-density lipoproteins, cholesterol levels can be raised by exercise.

FITT Guidelines: Intensity

How difficult is the activity level (mild to moderate)? -Intensity gives an indication of how difficult the activity might be -This principle is important to monitor so that instruction can be increased or decreased, depending on the intensity of the activity -Always monitor cardio-respiratory exertion

FITT Guidelines: Time

How long does it take to perform the activity? -The duration of the activity is dependent on the intensity and type of activity -The minimum of aerobic activity should be 8 to 10 minutes, but the ideal aerobic time should be at least 20 minutes during a 1-hour activity

FITT Guidelines: Frequency

How often does the activity occur? Frequency is the number of sessions that the activity might take to achieve the desired results.

Information processing theory

How people learn, determine the processing demands of a cognitive challenge or problem to solve necessitating a detailed task-analysis of how the human mind changes external objects or events into a useful form. The way a computer programmer programs a computer to perform a function, focusing on the process, how the learner arrives at a response or answer.

Stage 5 (12-18 years)

Identity vs. role confusion -The physical changes in adolescents awaken the search for self-identity, breaking dependent ties and providing a framework for adult life -Teens push to figure out who they really are, which helps them cement a solid sense of self -This sense of self is interpreted as unique from others and instills an identity that is communicated as an inner confidence and sense of one's place in the world -Experimenting with identities is common during this age -Failing to make this transition may result in confusion over life goals and self-identity

Teachers goal

If the teachers' goal is to increase teaching effectiveness by facilitating learners' knowledge and skill acquisition, then teacher will engage continuously in a process of self-examination self-evaluation.

Space

Immediate area surrounding the body, the area in which bodies can move at all levels

Space

Immediate area surrounding the body; the area in which bodies can move at all levels

Puberty

Important physiological change, with puberty comes changes in primary sexual characteristics and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics. In addition to bodily characteristics, there is a change in bodily feelings, and there is an increase in sex drive.

Benefits of Exercise 1

Improved cardiac output, improved maximum oxygen intake, and improvement of the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

Musical comedy/drama

In Europe and America have produced enduring theatrical masterpieces: the operas of Rossini, Verdi, Puccini, Bizet, Wagner, Weill, and Gershwin; the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan, and musical comedies.

Paleolithic people

In Europe painted animal pictures on the cave walls at Lascaux and Altimira about 15,000 to 13,000 B.C.E.

Sumerians

In Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago, the peoples of the world have continued on a consistent path in the area of fine, applied and performing arts.

Action

In a character-character interaction, the total array of purposeful activity, both external (physical) and internal (psychological), by which characters attempt to achieve their objectives

Stage left

In a proscenium arch configuration, the side of the stage to the left of an actor facing the audience; sometimes called "audience right"

Stage right

In a proscenium arch configuration, the side of the stage to the right of an actor facing the audience; sometimes called "audience left"

Upstage

In a proscenium staging, the portion of an acting area that is farthest from the audience

Dysfunctional families

In addition to the normal stressors that everyone experiences, some students are living in dysfunctional families, dealing with substance abuse and addictions; and some sexual abuse.

Artistic expression

In dance, theater, music, and the visual arts has undergone many stylistic changes in the passing centuries of the world's civilizations. Can be affected by the era's spirit, evolving economic and social changes, and by religion.

Printmaking

In etching, woodcuts, lithographs, and the many variations on these methods, multiple copies of a drawing are made by creating either a raised or recessed surface - metal, wood, or stone; that takes ink and pressing paper against the surface.

texture (music)

In music, texture is the way the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition

Director

In the modern theatre, the major interpretive figure, whose job it is to bring to life the vision of the playwright or otherwise provide artistic meaning to the theatre experience

Ancient Greeks

In theater, twentieth-century drama may emphasize psychological portraits of individuals and realistic dialogue. Using masks and chorus commentary on the main action-great themes of fate, honor, and pride.

Grand jete en tournan (tour jete)

In this leap, the dancer turns halfway in midair to land facing the direction in which the movement started

Grand jeté en tournan (tour jeté)

In this leap, the dancer turns halfway in midair to land facing the direction in which the movement started

Percussion

Includes any instrument that produces a sound when it is being hit, shaken, rubbed, or scraped, many

Rhythmic

Includes ball gymnastics and other activities that may require music. Enables students to develop music appreciation as well as spatial awareness.

Body movement

Includes locomotor (moving from one place to another) and axial (contained movement around an axis of the body)

Body movement

Includes locomotor (moving from one place to another) and axial (contained movement around the axis of the body)

Gymnastics

Includes tumbling. Excellent activity for developing coordination and grace. Also requires strength, which is developed by the activities done.

Piagetian theory

Including Neo-Piagetian theory describes learning in discrete and predictable stages. Describes learners moving from simpler ways of thinking to more complex ways of problem-solving and thinking. Conversational interactions with adults are a key component in cognitive development, especially the acquisition of formal operation or higher-ordered thinking skills.

Manipuri

Indian dancing is strictly religious and one of the annual village dance festivals and is a ballet of the creation of the world.

tactics

Individual movement of players or teams to accomplish an immediate goal or accommodate a situation. Tactics take place within the game as an ongoing part of game play and include decisions an individual makes about when, why, and how to respond to a particular situation.

Javanese Gamalen

Indonesian, an orchestra of tuned percussion instruments consisting of up to eighty pieces, played softly to accompany song and gentle dancing, and powerfully for heroic dances.

Stage 4 (6-12 years)

Industry vs. inferiority -Industry refers to children learning to work with others while developing skills and feeling a sense of achievement -Children who have successfully completed this stage feel a greater sense of competence in adult life -If successful at accomplishing a sense of industry, the children demonstrate the ability to organize and meet goals -If inferiority outweighs industry, low self-esteem may result -Sometimes these children may appear lazy or lack goals and motivation

Tibia

Inner bone of the lower leg

Surrealist artists

Inspired by the psychoanalytic writing of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. The subconscious and the metaphysical became another important element in art.

Body awareness exercises: Balance

Instruction in concepts of balance in the body Examples: -"Balance on one foot" -"Balance on your hands while stretching your body" -"Form a tripod with your body"

Body awareness exercises: Shape

Instruction in concepts of how the body can form different shapes Examples: -"Allow your body to form different shapes, wide or tall" -"Stand like a pole"

Body awareness exercises: Space

Instruction in concepts of sharing space with others Examples: -"Run in a zigzag fashion without bumping into others" -"Point to a spot and see if you can run straight toward it, touch it, and run back without touching someone else" -"Do warm-up exercises one arm's length apart"

Body awareness exercises: Exploring

Instruction in the concepts of moving over, under, around, and through, and leading with certain body parts Examples: -"Make a bridge with a partner and then have a third person go under the bridge" -"Lead with your head when walking"

Body awareness exercises: Quality

Instruction in the concepts of speed, contrast, force and relaxation Examples: -"How fast or how slow can you move?" -"Tense one part of your body and then relax another part of your body"

Classroom fitness activity: Instructional components

Instructional components provide students with step-by-step instruction as stated in the components of fitness, the FITT model, and the guidelines for developing a lesson

Friction

The resistance of motion of two moving objects Example: When children play kickball on grass, the ball may move more slowly than when they play kickball on asphalt. There is more resistance because of the friction of the coarse, grassy surface.

Unity

The sense that all components of a composition belong together

Baroque music

The seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries employed a greater complexity of contrapuntal, or multimelodic, form, and the beginning of harmony, the use of colorful instrumental ensembles, and great drama and emotion.

Tempo

The speed with which incidents that make up the action take place

Choreography

The steps of a dance as put together for performance or the art of composing dances

Song form

The structure of a song in which the first section of a simple ternary form is repeated

biomechanics

The study of human movement and how such movement is influenced by gravity, friction, and the laws of motion. It involves the analysis of force, including muscle force that produces movements and impact force that may cause injuries. It explains why motor skills are performed in explicit ways in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness

Scale

The sucession of notes arranged in ascending order

Clef

The symbol at the beginning of each staff indicating the pitch or the range of sounds that should be played

Chinese music

The system of tonal scales and preferences often unique to a culture: the Chinese prefer the pentatonic scale of five notes, the West has primarily used a scale of seven notes, eight with the repeated first note for an octave.

Centration

The tendency for a child to focus on only one piece of information at a time while disregarding all others (preoperational) Example: A child is playing outside on a swing when his mother decides to bring him in for a nap. The child becomes upset because all he can focus on is riding the swing.

Aerobic exercise

Involves both muscle contraction and movement of the body. Requires large amounts of oxygen and when done will condition the cardiovascular system.

Interval training

Involves several different aerobic activities performed at intervals to comprise one exercise session.

Interpreting theatre: Intent

Involves the objective, purpose, theme, or basic idea of a work of drama

Self-respect

Is believing that one deserves happiness, achievement, and love. It is treating one's self at least as nicely as one treats other people. Many students are not aware of their internal voices. Internal voices are constantly sending messages, either positive or negative.

Locomotor skills

Is moving the body from place to place; walking, running, skipping, leaping galloping, and sliding. Skills that move the body upward, such as jumping or hopping, are also such skills.

Self-efficacy

Is one's confidence in one's own ability to cope with life's challenges, Refers to having a sense of control over life or, better, over one's responses to life. It is important that teachers attempt to help all students achieve coping skills and a sense of self-efficacy.

Applied art

Is practical and often evolves directly from the needs, culture, and tastes of a community; crafts and decorative art, utilitarian or commercial object in which quality of technique is primary, are examples.

Low-impact aerobics

It is an option for all ages and levels of fitness, it is easier to monitor your heart rate, and there is less warm up and cool down required because one foot is on the ground at all times, there is less chance of injury.

Gender equity

It is important to choose both girls and boys equally. Lack of gender equity can contribute to serious self-esteem problems for girls.

Self-esteem

It is what is my opinion of me, your opinion of you. It is what we think and believe to be true about ourselves, not what we think about others and not what they think about us.

Caravaggio

Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light 1573-1610. "The Calling of Saint Matthew"

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo, filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper 1495 and Mona Lisa 1503.

Hinge joint

Knee

Patella

Knee cap

Axiom "use it or lose it"

Lack of activity can cause many problems, including flabby muscles, a weak heart, poor circulation, shortness of breath, obesity, and a degenerative weakening of the skeletal muscles.

Noam Chomsky

Language Acquisition -Language learning is innate -Chomsky believes that children are prewired to learn language and that infants have a language acquisition device (LAD) built-in neurologically so that they can intuitively understand grammar -There is a critical period when children find it easy to learn language

Lev Vygotsky

Language shapes thought -To acquire knowledge, thought is a fundamental necessity -It must be "thought about" before any new ideas can be formulated (e.g., a student who is learning English as a second language must be competent in his primary native language before he can "think" or understand new concepts in another language) -Initial emergence of language and thought are separate from each other, until about the age of 3 when a transition takes place in the child from the external to the internal -Children practice private speech (self-talk) to become more competent ---The use of private speech helps children to self-regulate through organizing, guiding, and controlling their behavior ---Private speech is responsible for all higher levels of mental functioning

Strings

Largest family of the orchestra

Agnes De Mille and Jerome Robbins

Leading figures of ballet-dance used in American musical theater. their folk-and jazz-inflected dances added significantly to the ballet idiom and revolutionized the American musical-De Mille with Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma" and Bernstein's "West Side Story."

Auditory learners

Learn attention-directing activities. Learn to use audiocassettes as learning aids. Learn to ask questions in class and participate in class discussions. Taught how to summarize and paraphrase. May need teacher to repeat or to restate ideas.

Auditory learners

Less than fifteen percent of the school-age population is auditory, much of the classroom instruction takes the form of teachers telling them information. Females more likely to learn auditorially then males.

Casual reasoning changes over time

Level 1 (age 3): Reality is defined by appearance -"When I move along, the clouds move along too." Level 2 (age 5): Child appeals to an all-powerful force -"God moves the clouds." Level 3 (age 7): Child appeals to causes in nature -"The sun moves the clouds." Level 4 (age 10): Child now approaches an adult explanation -"Clouds move because of wind currents."

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Judgment

Level I: Preconventional (4-10 years) Level II: Conventional (10-13 years) Level III: Postconventional (13 years-adult)

Pas de deux

Literally, "a step for two", this refers to a specific codified from that is choreographed in many classical ballets, any section of dance performed by two dancers together

Pas de deux

Literally, "a step for two"; this refers to a specific codified form that is choreographed in many classical ballets; this is also used to refer to any section of a dance performed by two dancers together

LDL

Low-density lipoproteins. Encourages the build up of plaque in the arteries. Can be controlled through proper diet.

warm-up exercises

Low-intensity exercises that prepare the muscular/skeletal system and heart and lungs (cardiorespiratory system) for high-intensity physical activity.

Ulna and Radius

Lower arm bones

Benefits of Exercise 2

Lowers the risk of heart disease by strengthening the heart muscle, lowering pulse and blood pressure, and lowering the concentration of fat in both the body and the blood.

Greek Hellenistic period

Mainland Greeks of the classical period were fascinated by physical beauty. Their Olympian gods were fashioned in the human image, and a universe of perfection, guided by a master plan, was recreated in their idealized and gracefully proportioned sculptures, architecture, and paintings.

Physiological needs

Maslow's first need is to have hunger and thirst satisfied, to have sleep needs met, to be adequately warm, and so forth must be met before students can perform school tasks.

Safety

Maslow's second need is to have safety that students must feel safe from harm and danger before they are ready to learn.

Affiliation

Maslow's third level of need, according to Maslow's theory, is the need for affiliation or the need to belong and to be accepted by others. Refers to the social environment. Students need the opportunity to develop social relationships and to establish friendships among their peers.

Diego Rivera

Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.

Moderato

Moderate

moderate physical activity

Moderate-intensity physical activity generally requires sustained rhythmic movements and refers to a level of effort a healthy individual might expend while, for example, walking briskly, dancing, swimming, or bicycling on level terrain. A person should feel some exertion but should be able to carry on a conversation comfortably during the activity.

Secular dance

More formalized steps and forms became important among the upper classes after the Renaissance period. Stylized and formalized dances included the pavanne, the galliard, the sarabande, the gigue, the minuet, the gavotte, and the chaconne.

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Most influential figure of the Roman Baroque whose sculpture emphasizes drama and incites the viewer to respond to it rather than sit and observe; also influential in architecture, "Saint Teresa in Ecstasy" in Italy.

travel

Movement of the body from one point to another.

nonlocomotor movements

Movement that is organized around the axis of the body, including bending and stretching, pushing and pulling, raising and lowering, twisting and turning, shaking, bouncing, circling, and swinging.

Improvisation

Movement without previous planning

manipulative movements

Movements in which skills are developed while using an implement. Examples include throwing, catching, punching, kicking, trapping, rolling, dribbling, striking, and volleying.

Factors of folk dance (4)

Movements must predate the 19th century, performed by peasants or royalty, choreography is derived from tradition, there is no teacher

components of health-related physical fitness

Muscle strength, muscle endurance, aerobic capacity, flexibility, and body composition.

large-muscle groups

Muscles that work together and have a large mass relative to other muscle groups in the body. Examples of large-muscle groups are the muscles in the arms, back, and legs.

Chamber music

Music played by 1-20 performers

Chamber music

Music played by one to twenty performers

Polyphony

Music with two or more melodies blended together.

19th century music

Musical development continued in the direction of a greater richness of harmony, varied use of musical instruments and orchestral color, a greater use of chromaticism. Use of ethnic influences or folk melodies and music of a nationalistic vein, popular song - often linked to composers who were outstanding melodists and harmonic innovators.

recovery rate

The time necessary for an exercise-induced elevated heart rate to return to a normal resting heart rate.

Basic skills

Must be mastered before the child can develop specialized skills. Can be divided into three categories; locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills.

Visual learners

Must sit where they can see in class, see the teacher and the board. Need opportunities to draw pictures, diagram, take good notes, create mind maps, use flashcards. Taught how to visualize the abstract concepts being taught, and need opportunities to practice these techniques. Also learn comprehension strategies.

Romantic literature

Narrative art combined in the nineteenth century with -Goethe, Byron, Shelley, Scott, Wordsworth, and others, and political events to produce works with a political point of view or a story to tell, in a variety of styles.

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature the internal variables and nurture the environment play equally important roles in determining the outcome of individuals' growth and maturation.

Vitamin A

Needed for normal vision, prevention of night blindness, healthy skin, resistance to disease, and tissue growth and repair. Found in spinach, carrots, broccoli, and other dark green or yellow orange fruits and vegetables, also found in liver and plums.

rebound principles

Newton's Third Law: An object, when struck, will rebound in the opposite direction with the same amount of force with which it was hit.

Weight training

No scoring involved but the benefits are many. Muscles are toned and strengthened through the use of weight training. It is important for students to learn the proper techniques and principles of weight training so they an reap the benefits while avoiding injury.

Timbre

The unique tonal quality of a musical sound

Color

The visible light reflected off objects, with three main qualities hue, value, and intensity

Alignment

The way in which various parts of the dancer's body are in line with one another while the dancer is moving

Sodium

Normal water balance inside and outside cells. Blood pressure regulation and electrolyte and chemical balance. Found in salt, processed foods, bread and bakery products.

Edvard Munch

Norwegian painter best known for expressing emotional distress as seen in "The Sick Child," "The Vampire," and "The Scream."

David Elkind

Noted two developmental characteristics of adolescence that share a relationship to the physiological changes accompanying maturation; imaginary audience and personal fable.

Risk factors

Obesity, smoking, using drugs, having unprotected sex, and stress. Education is the key to minimizing the presence of these risk factors. Unfortunately, because of the presence of peer pressure and the lack of parental control, the effect of education is sometimes not enough.

Pattern

Objects in a composition that are repeated

Abstract Expressionism

Obsession with self and with abstraction led to the major American art movement after World War II. Other Americans took this movement into the area of color-field painting, a cooler, more reserved formalism of simple shapes and experimental color relationships.

Accommodation

Occurs when children take existing schemes and adjust them to fit their experience Example: A preschool child plays with the keys on a piano to hear the different sounds of musical notes. When he tries this with an electric keyboard, he quickly learns that the keyboard must be turned on before it can be played. He must accommodate this new information to fit the experience.

Ancient Civilization artists

Of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria were skilled in carving even the hardest rocks, such as granite and basalt, into narratives of battles and historical records.

French painters

Of the nineteenth century concentrated more and more on the reporter like depiction of everyday life and the natural environment in a free, painterly gesture and brushwork style.

Romantic music

Often associated with grandiose concepts and literary themes, and increasingly more colorful instrumentally. Art songs, piano concertos and sonatas, and symphonic poems which seek to paint a musical picture or tell a story became important forms for romantic composers.

Cultural dance

Often carry important historical significance from ancient civilizations

Maypole dance

Often danced on May Day in various European nations involving ribbons

Japanese Kabuki

Theater employs masks, singing, and dancing in a highly stylized manner.

Academic tasks

There are academic skills that are generally applicable to all content areas such as study skills, but that are foundations skills for all learning. Including time management, direction attention, processing information, finding main ideas, studying, and taking tests.

Dance-pointe

On the ball of the foot or half toe

Dance-pointe

On the ball of the foot, or half toe

Warning signs of abuse

One or two symptoms do not necessarily mean the child is being abused 1. Physical abuse—bruises, sores, burns with a child's vague or reluctant response about where the originated 2. Neglect—poor hygiene (soiled clothes, dirty hair, or body odor), or poor nutrition (excessive hunger or weight loss) 3. Sexual abuse—age-inappropriate sexual behavior or knowledge, difficulty walking or sitting, sudden onset of wetting, or inflicted self-harm

Antagonistic muscles

Opposing groups of muscles; triceps and biceps, hamstrings and quadriceps, need to be equal or body parts may become improperly aligned.

health

Optimal well-being that contributes to the quality of life. It is more than freedom from disease and illness. Optimal health includes high-level mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and physical wellness within the limits of one's heredity and personal abilities.

Secondary colors

Orange, green, and violet, created when mixing two primary colors

Underweight

Our society can often place too much value on losing weight, especially on women. Weighing too little is associated with higher risk of anemia, osteoporosis,bone fractures, heart irregularities and amenorrhea. correlated to depression and anxiety, inability to fight infections, trouble regulating body temperature, decreased muscle strength.

Complementary colors

Pairs of colors that sit opposite one another on the color wheel and do not share any common characterisitcs - purple to yellow

Aesthetic

Pertaining to a sense of the beautiful or to the philosophy. Having a sense of the beautiful; characterized by a love of beauty.

Hawthorne effect

Phenomenon where teachers expected became reality, demonstrated when teachers were told that some students in their classes were extremely intelligent whereas others were extremely slow or mentally retarded. In fact, all students had normal range intelligence. It was demonstrated that teachers' expectations for students often become self-fulfilling prophecies.

adventure/outdoor activities

Physical activities centered in natural settings. Examples include orienteering, backpacking, hiking, rope activities, canoeing, cycling, skating, and rock climbing

individual activity

Physical activities that require only one participant. Examples include weight training, yoga, archery, and jogging.

dual activities

Physical activities that require two participants. Examples include tennis, racquetball, and badminton.

Stage theory

Piaget predicted that certain behaviors and ways of thinking characterize individuals at different ages, his theory is considered a stage theory. Stage theories share the common tenet that certain characteristics will occur in predictable sequences and at certain times in the life of the individual.

State of disequilibrium

Piaget, when you are thrown off balance; they do not know or understand that which is new or unfamiliar.

Formal operations 4

Piaget; Last stage of cognitive development and opens wide the door for higher ordered, critical thinking. Ages of eleven and fifteen, constitutes the ultimate stage of cognitive development. Engage in logical, abstract, and hypothetical thought; engage in both deductive and inductive reasoning and operate on verbal statements exclusive of concrete experiences or examples.

Concrete operations 3

Piaget; development during the times that most students are in school, is the beginning of operational thinking and describes the thinking of children between the ages of seven and eleven. Learners at this age begin to decenter. Are able to take into consideration viewpoints other than their own. perform transformations, they can understand reversibility, inversion, reciprocity, and conservation.

Examples of percussion instruments

Piano, triangle, xylophone, snare drum, cymbals. tambourine

Early Christian era

Plainsong, or unaccompanied religious chant was codified and arranged with early forms of music notation by pope Gregory the Great in the late sixth century.

Physiological change

Plays a significant role in the development of children as they increase their control of bodily movements and functions and refine their motor skills.

Japanese Noh

Plays which originated in the fifteenth century and derive from Zen Buddhism, five plays separated by three comic interludes are marked by stylized acting, masks, mime, and folk dance.

Medieval drama

Primarily religious, with the stylized mystery and miracle plays often presented in cathedrals and monasteries.

Play and sing with movement

Primary school children love to play and sing with movement in the simple sing-along dances of London Bridge, Hokey Pokey, Ring Around the Rosie, The Farmer in the Dell, B.I.N.G.O., Pop Goes the Weasel, and Skip to My Lou

principles of training/principles of exercise

Principles to follow in planning an exercise program to effect physiological changes in the human body related to health and performance: frequency, individuality, intensity, mode/type, overload, progression, regularity, specificity, and time.

Bass

Produce sound through breath as the vibrations from the players' lips buzz against a metal cup shaped mouthpiece, can play loudest, originally made of different materials now primarily brass

Vitamin D

Promotes absorption of calcium phosphorus, and normal growth of healthy bones, teeth, and nails. Formed by the action of the sun on the skin. Also in halibut liver oil, herring, cod liver oil, mackerel, salmon, and tuna, and added to many milk products.

Niacin/B3

Promotes energy production, appetite, digestive and nervous system, healthy skin and tongue.

Empathy

Promotes opportunities for moral teachings, it can also assist in recruiting a child's willingness to give aid or assistance. Empathy can be used to generate remorse for causing another person's discomfort.

Self-responsibility

Promoting responsibility for one's self, including self-appraisal

Weight loss

Proper diet and exercise is the key to successful weight loss. Exercise speeds up metabolism and caused the body to burn calories.

Vitamin E

Protects cell membranes, seems to improve elasticity in blood vessels, also may prevent formation of blood clots and protect red blood cells from damage oxidation. found in wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds, raw wheat germ, almonds, pecans, peanut , and cod liver oil.

Public Law 94-142

Provides the legal definition for the term "handicapped children." States that these children need special education and services. The challenge in teaching physical education to handicapped children is tailoring activities to fit each child.

Vygotsky

Psychologists that considered play activity to promote a child's ability to "behave beyond his average age as though he were a head taller than himself. These qualities or play apply to both growth toward cognitive complexity as well as to emotional growth and awareness of others.

Aesthetic merits

Questions 1. what is the purpose of the work? Religious? Entertainment? Philosophical? Emotional? Didactic? Pure form? Social or political commentary? 2. To what culture does it belong, and what geographical region and time period. 3. Is its origin and/or function popular or commercial? 4. What style is it in?

Ragtime music

Ragtime, blues, jazz, and other popular folk, dance, and commercial music provided material for some of the most innovative and exciting work in twentieth century music.

Extension

Raising the leg to a straightened position with the foot very high above the ground, the ability to lift and hold the leg in position off the ground

Extension

Raising the leg to a straightened position with the foot very high above the ground; the ability to lift and hold the leg in position of the ground

Pyridoxine/B6

Red blood cell formation and growth. Found in liver, beans, pork, fish legumes, enriched and fortified whole grains, and green leafy vegetables.

Iron

Red blood cell formation, oxygen transport to the cells, and prevents nutritional anemia. Found in liver, lean meats, dried beans, peas, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, and whole grain cereals.

Primary colors

Red, yellow, and blue, foundation for every color on the wheel

Perceptual strengths

Refer to students' learning modalities, such as whether they are visual, auditory, tactile, or kinesthetic learners. Refer to whether students learn best by seeing, hearing, or doing.

Self-knowledge

Refers to an individual's strengths and weaknesses, assets and liabilities; self-knowledge comes about as a result of a realistic self-appraisal and can be achieved by an examination of learning styles. Achieving self-knowledge requires students have opportunities to explore their goals and values.

Social dance

Refers to dances in which socializing is the main focus, therefore a dance partner is essential

Pitch

Refers to hearing a note and being able to reproduce it vocally or with an instrument

Personal fable

Refers to the belief that "my life is different from everyone else's; therefore, no one can understand how I feel or what I think. This out-of-focus view tends to support both a feeling of isolation and a willingness to engage in risky behaviors--"It won't happen to me."

Classical

Refers to the lexicon of dance as taught in the original academies, kind of dancing that comes from style

Tone

Refers to the sound produced by an individual instrument or singer

Innotation

Refers to whether the pitch of a particular note is played in tune, sharp, or flat

Phosphorus

Regulates blood, chemistry and internal processes, strong bones, and teeth. Found in meat, fish poultry, and dairy products.

Force

Release of potential energy into kinetic energy

Music notation

Representing pitch through the use of a staff, was invented by the Italian Benedictine monk Guido d'Arezzo.

Contrast

Represents two things that are opposite

Specialized skills

Required to perform sports and have very clear techniques. Related to various sports and other physical education activities such as dance, tumbling, gymnastics, and specific games.

Movement competency

Requires the student to manage his or her body. Necessary to develop both basic and specialized activities.

basic resistance principles

Resistance is the weight or force that is used to oppose a motion. Resistance training increases muscle strength by pitting the muscles against a weight, such as a dumbbell or barbell. The type of lift; intensity, volume, and variety of training; progressive overload; rest; and recovery constitute the basic principles of resistance training.

indicators of increased capacity

Responses of the body due to changes in the intensity of, duration of, frequency of, or time spent participating in physical activity. Indicators may consist of changes in muscle fatigue, breathing, and heart rate.

Neoclassical sculpture

Revived the aloof severity and perfection of form of ancient art - a style also reflected in Thomas Jefferson's architectural designs for his Monticello home and the University of Virginia.

Opera innovators

Richard Wagner sought to create a new form of music drama using continuous music and relentless swirling harmonies to underlie massive spectacle and recitative, or sung dialogue. Traditional larger forms and emotional , dramatic, and colorful tone pictures and sonatas, using oriental tonalities and free rhapsodic forms.

Physiological factors

Rita and Kenneth Dunn. Include students' preferences for food or drink while they study, what time of day they learn best, their mobility needs, and their perceptual strengths.

Environmental factors

Rita and Kenneth Dunn. Include students' reactions to such stimuli as sound, light, temperature, and room design. An effective teacher will take into consideration the learning styles of all students and experiment with different room designs and study centers, and create different environments in the classroom.

Emotional factors

Rita and Kenneth Dunn. Includes motivation, persistence, responsibility, and structure. Intrinsically they undertake and complete tasks because they see the value in doing so. Extrinsically they undertake and complete tasks because they desire to please others or to earn good marks.

Sociological factors

Rita and Kenneth Dunn. Whether or not social learners-preferring to work in pairs or in groups-or whether they are independent learners-preferring to work alone.

Italian Renaissance

Roots are found as early as the 1300s when the painter Giotto began to compose figures into groups and depict expressive human gestures.

Bowling

Scoring is unique and good math skills are encouraged.

Track and field

Scoring varies with event. Individual sport.

Ballet

Self-consciously created dances as a form of theater been used alone or as part of a larger production. Has its origins in both the ancient Roman pantomime and the Italian "commedia dell'arte." France created a theatrical tradition of opera ballets, and dance rules and steps were strictly formalized.

Movement materials

Sequences, motifs, and phrases developed as the choreographed dance

Goal-setting

Setting and achieving realistic, personal fitness goals; including goals that are progressively more varied at different skill levels

Chord

Several notes sounded together

Ball and socket joints

Shoulder and hip

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Deltoids

Shoulder muscles

rhythmic skills

Skills that develop an understanding of and a feeling for the elements of rhythm. Examples of physical activities that allow students to express themselves rhythmically include creative movement, folk dance, square dance, and interpretive dance.

Adagio

Slow

Carol Tavris

Social psychologist and author of the book, "Anger the Misunderstood Emotion" notes emotion plays a significant role in students' perceptions. Identified anger a primary emotion experienced by many students and one plays a significant role in shaping their academic perceptions. forming their reality of classroom experiences.

Renaissance architects

Sought to express their rediscovery of ancient humanism and the search for knowledge, as well as their newfound join in earthly life and beauty, through the application of perfect proportions, the use of classical engineering techniques, and by perfecting of the art of dome construction.

Bharata Natyam

Southern India, is the oldest form, whose principles were described in Hindu scriptures 2,000 years ago. Requires extensive body movements, complex rhythms for the feet, and complex facial movements and hand gestures.

The elements of dance movements (4)

Space, time, levels, force

Study strategies

Specific strategies for studying are; outlining, mapping, or summarizing text, marking text, participating in group review sessions, comparing notes with a friend, tutor, or teacher; getting extra help, and going to the library for alternative sources.

Renaissance music

Spirit of humanism and rationalism pervaded polyphonic music, technical problems of composition resolved, seen as mark of culture.

stability movements

Stability reflects balance and equilibrium, which are important components in performing many motor skills. Stability movements include those that are vital for the body to maintain balance while moving. Examples include moving the arms while walking or running and lowering one's center of gravity when stopping quickly.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy -Age: birth-2 years -Characteristics: Infant's physical response to immediate surroundings Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood -Age: 2-7 years -Characteristics: Egocentric—Focus on symbolic thought and imagination Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood -Age: 7-11 years -Characteristics: Mastery of conservation—Child begins to think logically Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence -Age: 12 years-adult -Characteristics: Thinking based on abstract principles

Erik Erikson

Stage theorist who described psychosocial development in eight stages. Preschoolers and primary-school aged children must be able to function in the outside world independently of parents.

Post-assessment

Sternberg. Following instruction, teachers would conduct a post-assessment or post-test to evaluate the result of instruction. Further instruction would be based on the results of the post-assessment, whether students achieved expected outcomes and whether teacher achieved instructional objectives.

Preassessment

Sternberg. Pretest to determine what students already know.

Instructional outcomes

Sternberg. Teachers would analyze the objectives in terms of identifying the instructional outcomes., those being the tasks or assignments that students can perform as a result of achieving the instruction objectives.

Cognitive skills

Sternberg. The mental processes required to perform those tasks or assignments.

Instructional objectives

Sternberg. What should student be able to do as a result of instruction.

Abdominals

Stomach muscles

Four components of cardiovascular fitness

Strength and power, endurance, movement speed and flexibility, and agility.

Calcium

Strong bones, teeth, nails, muscle tone, and prevents osteoporosis and muscle cramping. Helps the nerves function and heart beat. Found in milk, yogurt and other dairy products, and dark leafy vegetables.

Team activities

Students interact in group social dynamics that encourage interpersonal strategies for teamwork, including motivating others, taking turns, working together cooperatively, and accepting the physical strengths and limitations of others

Overload

Students must exert themselves to a far greater degree than their normal daily activities, the rate of improvement and adaptation is directly related to the frequency, intensity, and duration of training.

Motivation

Students say they like teachers who can motivate; teachers are not responsible for students' motivation, it is a student's responsibility; motivation comes from within the student. Effective teachers will help students develop self-discipline, self-control, and self-motivation.

Internal factors

Students' personality characteristics their self-concept and sense of self-esteem, their self-discipline and self-control, their ability to cope with stress and their general outlook on life.

ergogenic aids

Substances, devices, or practices that enhance an individual's energy use, production, or recovery.

Target heart rate

Subtracting 80% of your age from 220.

Art Nouveau

Symbolists, expressionists, and exponents of art nouveau pursued formal innovations and seemed the most direct call for the total destruction realistic depiction showing a subject's multiplicity of aspects and dissolving time and space.

Heat exhaustion

Symptoms include, cold clammy skin, nausea, dizziness, and paleness. Not as severe as heat stroke but must be treated by increasing water intake, replacing salt, and getting out of the heat.

Heart attack

Symptoms may include any or all of the following: shortness of breath, pain in the left arm, pain in the chest, nausea, and sweating. Elevate the head and chest, give CPR if indicated, and seek medical assistance.

Calculate your Target Heart Rate (THR)

THR = 220 - your age x 70% to 85% (0.70 to 0.85)

Zinc

Taste, appetite, healthy skin, and wound healing. Found in lean meat, liver, milk, fish poultry, whole grain cereals, and shellfish.

Theory of cognitive development

Teachers teaching should be directly related to how learners learn. Theories of cognitive development are [a] the Piagetian or Neo-Piagetian theory and [b] the information processing theory.

Irene and Vernon Castle

The American dance team in the period during and after world War I. Popular dances have included the Charleston, the jitterbug, the fox trot, the twist, and increasingly after the 1950s, other youth-oriented dances related to rock music.

Public Law 94-142

The Educational of All Handicapped Children's Act: guaranteed a free, appropriate public education to each child with a disability in every state and locality across the country (1975).

Kathak

The Moslem-influenced dance of northern India, which values virtuosity and emotional expression.

core muscles

The abdominal, back, hip, and pelvic floor muscles.

muscle strength

The ability of a muscle to exert force. Strength is measured as the amount of force a muscle can produce.

Physical fitness

The ability to carry out tasks with vigor and alertness

muscle endurance

The ability to contract the muscles many times without tiring or the ability to hold one contraction for an extended period.

Elevation

The ability to get up into the air and remain there long enough to perform various movements or poses

flexibility

The ability to move joints of the body through a normal range of motion.

proprioception

The ability to sense the position, location, and orientation of the body.

Illumination

The act of casting light upon an otherwise darkened stage

Muscles

The active movers in the body, muscles move by shortening or contracting, proper form should be taught so the student can get the most out of an activity.

base of support

The area of the base or foundation that supports the body. The base of support may include one or more body parts and the distance between them. The ability to stabilize the body is directly proportional to the area of the base of support. For example, if the two feet are close together, the base of support is narrow and stability is limited. If the two feet are separated by some distance, the base of support is increased and provides more stability.

Line

The arrangement of head, shoulders, arms, torso, and legs while dancing

Music

The arrangement of sounds for voice and musical instruments, and, like dance, requires training and repetitive practice. For most of history, music has been an outgrowth of a community's and/or an ethnic group's need to celebrate, and has often been linked to story-telling or poetry.

Dance

The art of movement and expression, organization of moves with a befinning, middle, and end

locomotor movements

The basic patterns used to travel (walking, running, leaping, hopping, jumping, galloping, sliding, and skipping).

Conflict

The central feature of a dramatic action; the arrangement of the objectives of two or more strong characters in such a way that those objectives are completing and mutually exclusive

Hue

The characteristic feature by which we distinguish one color from another but not the value

Symbolic Function Substage

The child uses words and images (symbols) to form mental representations to remember objects without the objects being physically present Example: A child's dog is lost, so the child scribbles a picture of the dog; or the child pretends that a stuffed animal is the missing dog

Consonance

The combination of tones that produces a quality of relaxation

Dissonance

The combination of tones that produces a quality of tension

Middle Ages dance

The common folk enjoyed dancing, much of it related to fertility or seasonal rituals such as Maypole and wedding dances, and dances in parades and pageants were also popular.

Architecture

The conscious organization of space and form to provide a structure for living, working, worshipping, or for other residential or civic needs.

Tactile and kinesthetic learners

They learn from movement and motion, from being able to touch, handle, and manipulate objects. Often these students may have been identified as having learning disabilities.

External factors

Things outside the student personally but which impact on the student. They include the home environment and family relationships, peer relationships, community situations, and the school environment. Constitute the context in which the student lives and learns.

Muscular balance

This is equal strength in opposing muscle groups.

Innate characteristics

Those the individual is born with play the most important role in determining who the individual will become and what he or she will do versus those who believed that environmental characteristics are most important.

Process of learning

To better prepare students for the real world, teachers need to focus on the process learning, teaching students how to think and learn. Teaching metacognitive awareness and fostering the development of metacognitive knowledge are steps in the right direction.

volley

To strike a ball upward.

Pirouette

To twirl or spin, a turn on one foot that can be executed outward, away from the body, or inward, toward the body

Biceps

Top muscles of the upper arm

Intelligence testing perspectives

Traditional IQ tests -Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5) for ages 2 to 85 -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) for ages 6 to 16 Multiple intelligence tests -Gardner's Multiple Intelligence -Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Tabula rasa

Traditional view of education saw the learner as a tabula rasa, a blank slate, upon which the teacher wrote knowledge. The student was assumed to be an empty vessel; he or she came into the classroom knowing nothing. It was the teacher's responsibility, as the expert, to impart knowledge or to fill the empty vessel.

Woodwinds

Traditionally made of wood, some of which are made of thin pieces of wood (reeds)

Cognitive Development

Transformations in a child's thought, language, and intelligence Theories: -Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development -Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development -Multi-theoretical perspectives of language, intelligence, and children with special needs

Shock

Traumatic shock is a severe compression of circulation caused by injury or illness. Symptoms include cool clammy skin ad a rapid weak pulse. Minimize heat loss and elevate the legs without disturbing the rest of the body. Seek medical help.

Muralist and Social Realists

Trend in American art in the twentieth century were reflective of a democratic and consumer society. Between the wars, art was created that was physically interesting and whose subjects were accessible to the average person.

Sternberg

Triarchic theory of intelligence is learners' use of the mechanics of intelligence is influenced by learners' experiences. Intelligent thinking can be taught. He urged teachers to identify the mental processes that academic tasks require and to teach learners those processes.

Concert music

Twentieth century endeavored to enlarge the boundaries of rhythm, form, and harmony, seemingly parallel to the direction in the visual arts away from traditional structure and melodic-harmonic connections with listeners and toward more personal or intellectual experiments in abstraction.

Harmony

Two or more tones played simultaneously that support the melody and give music texture or mood

Painting

Two-dimensional recreating reality or arranging abstract forms in color on a flat surface. Wooden panels, canvas, paper and parchment, objects as vases. Applied with brush using pigments. Includes watercolor, oil, tempera, acrylic; frescoes, applied directly over wet plaster to seal in the art on a wall or ceiling.

Modern dance

Type of creative dance involving specialized movement techniques, emphasis is on expression on communication

Modern dance

Type of creative dance involving specialized movement techniques; emphasis is on expression and communication

Sonata

Typically, a multi-movement instrumental work for solo keyboard, or keyboard and another instrument, or small chamber ensemble

Triceps

Underneath muscles of the upper arm

Overweight

Unfortunate reality that fat people do not live as long, on average, as thin ones. Being overweight has been isolated as a risk factor in various cancers, heart disease, gall bladder problems, and kidney disease. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure are also aggravated by, or caused by being overweight.

Egocentrism

Until about age 5, young children cannot differentiate between their own perspectives and feelings and someone else's (preoperational). Example: While speaking on the phone with her father, a child says, "See my new shoes."

Humerus

Upper arm bone

Femur

Upper leg bone

Rembrandt

Used expressive brushwork and mysterious light contrasts to enliven genre painting and portraiture, particularly of groups. His influence has remained powerful, since his art appears to impart universal truths, and sections of his compositions glow with a mysterious inner light often unrelated to realistic effects, "The Night Watch."

Atmospheric perspective

Used to create depth and dimension, artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects

Cognition

Used to refer to all the processes whereby knowledge is acquired; the term can be used to cover very basic perceptual processes, such as smell, touch, sound, and so forth, to very advanced operation, such as analysis, synthesis, and critical thinking.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ushered in romantic school of symphonic music. His symphonies and piano sonatas, concertos, and string quartets explode with dramatic passion, expressive melodies and harmonies, complex thematic development.

Mexican Muralists

Usually concentrated on political themes and brought their work to the public both in Mexico and in the United States; Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Siqueiros

Popular American social dancing

Usually requiring two person in the twentieth century has adopted many Latin American dances, including the rhumba, mambo, and tango, and is related to both popular songs and jazz-band arrangements - first spread through sales of sheet music, then records, and often derived from musical theater and films.

Tintoretto

Venetian artist, the radiating "Last Supper" and "El Greco in Spain," baroque period of the seventeenth century produced artists who added heightened drama to the forms of Renaissance art. Linked with a style mannerism that grew in popularity in the late 16th century. Figures from dramatic angles, Tintoretto used small figures as models and arranged, rearranged them until had the most dramatic effect. Used dramatic contrasts of light and dark called chiaroscuro to heighten the emotional impact of his subjects.

Partially moveable

Vertebrae

Bar lines

Vertical lines on the staff

Presto

Very fast

Swimming

Very good for cardiovascular conditioning and can be done almost anywhere there is water. Individual sport.

Largo

Very slow

vigorous physical activity

Vigorous-intensity physical activity generally requires sustained, rhythmic movements and refers to a level of effort a healthy individual might expend while, for example, jogging, participating in high-impact aerobic dancing, swimming continuous laps, or bicycling uphill. Vigorous-intensity physical activity may be intense enough to result in a significant increase in heart and respiration rate.

Potassium

Volume and balance of body fluids. prevents muscle weakness and cramping, important for normal heart rhythm and electrolyte balance in the blood. Found in citrus fruits, leafy green vegetables, potatoes, and tomatoes.

FITT Guidelines: Type of activity

What kind of activity is it? -The type of activity describes the mode of activity -Most activities can be adapted to comply with the FITT model, so teachers should focus on activities that will help them achieve their desired instructional goals -All activities should include a warm-up, strength development, aerobic activity, and a cool-down

Newton's first law

When an object is in motion, it will remain in motion until there is an outside force that acts upon it Example: When a basketball is thrown toward a basket, there can be few outcomes. If the ball is thrown using very little strength, the effects of gravity (an outside force) will overcome the velocity of the ball and it will fall short of the basket. If the ball is throw with too much strength, the ball will overcome the effects of gravity and hit the back board (another outside source) and change its direction.

Personal empowerment

When students assume responsibility for their own motivation they are learning a lesson of personal empowerment and is probably one of the most important lessons anyone ever learns, it is a lesson infrequently taught in classrooms.

Learning styles

When teachers assess students' learning styles and begin to teach to empower students to learn more effectively and perform tasks with greater proficiency, the result is students learn a tremendous lesson about diversity.

Retire

When the passe position is held, as in pirouettes, with the foot of the working leg resting against the knee of the supporting leg

Melting pot

Whereby members of various racial, ethnic, religious, and national origin groups have contributed to the wealth of our culture.

Drawing

With graphite pencil, ink applied by pen or brush, and chalk or crayons.

Pure abstraction art

With little or no relation to the outside world, was approached in the more emotional, expressionistic, and color-oriented paintings. More cerebral arrangements of abstract geometrical shapes and colors were the mark of those stripped-down, simplified, and usually geometrically oriented aesthetic influenced architecture, industrial and commercial design, sculpture , and the graphic arts for half a century.

Minimalists

Work is built upon gradual shifts of consistently repeated melodies and harmonies.

Complex carbohydrates

Would comprise at least half of the diet. This is important because these nutrients are the primary and most efficient source of energy. High in water content, which is vital to the functioning of the entire body.

Angular joint

Wrist and ankle joints

flat

a cavnas covered rectangula frame that is part of a set.

pirouette

a complete turn while balanced on one foot

law of exercise

a conditioned response can be strengthed by repeating the response (practice)

canon

a dance in which performs create the same movement, starting at different times, similar to a round in singing

alignment

a description of how the body aligns with the base of support and the line of gravity

lawrence kholberg

a developed psychologist at harvard university in the late twentieth century. he conducted extensive research in the field of moral education. "kholberg's stage theory of moral reasoning"- 3 levels

monolith

a figure sculpted or carved from a single block of stone

parquet

a floor made of woodn tile

column

a free-standing cirucla pillar. Sevearl differen styles exist

collaboration

a joint effort, usually in playwriting

spike

a mark that shows th palcment of set pieces

tone

a musical sound with the properties of pitch, duration, volume and timbre.

overture

a musical, orchestrial indroduction

axial movement

a nonlocomotor movement around a fixed body part, such as a foot

fresco

a painting applied to wet plaster

mural

a painting made on or atatach to a wall

bandura's concept of reinforcement

a positive result of the behavior is reinforced, and therefore likely to be repeated. he believed that peer group modeling and images from the media provided very strong suggestions for new behvior patterns.

balustrade

a raiing usually supported by balusters

obelisk

a rectangular block of stone, often with a pyrmadal stop

course

a row of bricks or stones

ivan pavlov

a russian psychologist, proved through experimentation that behavior could be learned according to a system of stimulus and response.

bust

a sculpture showing the head and shoulders

call and response

a second dancer(s) enters a performance in response to the first dancer(s), often associated with african dance

a dance

a sequentila rhythmic movement in two or three dimensional space. a dance has a beginning middle and an end

kiosk

a small both with a roof and open sides

baluster

a small curved post or pillar

aria

a song set off from the rest of an opera

arena stage

a stage with the audience all around, such as a circus

accent

a strong movement or gesture

modern dance is

a style of theatrical dance that moves away from the limitations of ballet and focus on original movemens dervied from an expression of inner feelings

homophonic texture

a texture in which two or more parts move together in harmony, the relationship between them creating chords

modern dance

a theatrical dance from born in the 1900s

tempera

a type of painting that binds the pigment with a mixture of egg and water or egg and oil

casement

a veritcally hinged window frame

niche

a wall recess

linear

a way of reprsenting three diemsnioanl space int wo dimensions

smymphony

a work for an orchestra in three to five movements

garner "spatial intelligence"

ability to create and manipulate mental images. they are perceive spatial relationships in the world accurately and can use both the mental and actual perceptions to solve problems. ie. artist and navigators

garner "musical intelligence"

ability to recognize and reproduce rhythm, pitch, and timbre- the 3 fundamental elements of music. ie. composers and musicians

garner "interpersonal intelligence"

ability to understand and respond to the emotions and intentions of others. ie. psychologists and salespeople

garner "intrapersonal intelligence"

ability to understand and respond to your own emotions, intentions, strengths, weaknesses, and intelligences.

garner "bodily-kinesthetic intelligence"

abitliy to consciously and skillfully control and coordinate your body's movements and manipulate objects. ie. athletes, dancers

kinesiology

about how the body's muscles move the skeleton

asymmetry

achieved when color and the lightenss of different parts of a work create a sense of bhalance. For example a lighter area may balance a darker area. Asymmetrial works tend to create a sense of formality

symmetry

achieved when one half of anartwork more less reflects the other half. Symmetrical works tend to create a sense o fromality

centerof piaget's theory

action and logic versus perception

arch

acurved span

new framework

adaptation- figure out something else based on what's new or different about the situation

S.T.A.T.= sternberg triarchic abilities test

addresses 3 components: 1. analytical (componential)- memory, critical thinking, problem solving, 2. creative (experiential)- create, design, imagine (this child doesn't usually relate well to school demands), 3. practical (contextual)- ability to use, apply, implement ("street smart," doesn't work well with demands from school)

motor control

addresses the relationship between the nervous system and muscular control and how cognitive development and cognitive activities and cognitive activities are related to motor skill development

motor development

addresses what motor skilsl look like. It describes the essential qualities of motor skills. It addresses how motor performance is related to heredity as opposed to learning and the environment.

erikson stage of psychosocial development: identity vs. role confusion (12-18 yrs)

adolescents answer the question "Who am I?" commonly teenagers rebel. erikson believed this social structure in the USA was a healthy one, it offered the opportunity and leeway to try out different personalities and roles, and decide which one suit them best. acceptance by peer groups is of extreme importance.

morality of cooperation (autonomous)

age 10 years, when children view each dilemma and consider the consequenes before making a moral decision

growth spurts for girls

age 11-13 3 inches per year

growth spurts for boys

age 13-15 3.5 inches per year

Level 2: conventional

ages 10-13, concerned with the opinions of peers, want to please others, while trying to figure out what it means to be a good person, pleaser

Level 3: postconventional

ages 13 to adult, decisions are based on your own internal judgement and morals, outside factor or eternal sources of authority do not get factored in decision making, independent

Level 1: preconventional

ages 4-10, children obey, strictly on consequences, fear of being punished, obident

skill related fitness

agility, balance

skill-related components

agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, reaction time

extrinsic

aka external, motivation that comes from outside factors

intrinsic

aka internal, movitvation that comes from within. the long term goal is that sutdent's motivation for learning be intrinsic.

ceramics

all porcelain or pottery

what is most likely to result in maximum learning?

all time on task at a child's level of development

pavlov

alleged experimental basis for behaviorism,

saturation

also called chroma or intensity — describes the brightness or dullness of a color

dominance

also called emphasis, means to use color, size or positioning to draw the attention of the viewer to the most important elemtn or elements in a work.

multiple intelligence test

also includes a measure of a child's cognitive future potential. 2 theories emphasize multiple dimensions of a child's

styles of dance associated with

alvin ailey, kathryn dunham, martha graham, and lester horton

george balanchine, jerome robbins, and arthur mitchell

american dancers credited with continued development of the modern ballet

charles weidman

american pioneer of modern dance

doris humphrey

american pioneer of modern dance

martha graham

american pioneer of modern dance

ruth st denis

american pioneer of modern dance

ted shawn

american pioneer of modern dance

language development

an ability that emerges as the brain develops and matures. language is a communication system. parents play an active role in language development

madeline hunter

an educational psychologist, expanded on the basic idea of direct instruction and broke the process into discrete steps.

skipping

an example of free flow

flood

an unfocused beam of light

vygotsky on "scaffolding"

another fundamental to vygotsky's notion of social learning. it's about providing children with help from more competent peers and adults. as the child becomes able, they take on more responsibility, and the supporter diminishes the support.

piaget's sensorimotor stage

approximate age 0-2 years; object permanence- the concept that things continue to exist even though you can't see them ("peek-a-boo"); early development of goal-oriented behavior (ie. a very yong child who is able to roll over at will, but not yet able to crawl, may consciously roll over multiple times to reach a bottle or favorite toy.

piaget's formal operational stage

approximate age 11 years old to adulthood; not all students reach this stage; some theorists estimate that only about 35% of the adult population ever achieves this stage; ability to solve abstract problems involving many independent elements; the thought process necessary to frame and solve such problems is called hypothetical-deductive reasoning

piaget's preoperational stage

approximate age 2-7 years; children are developing language skills quickly; they also begin to use symbols to represent objects; children in this stage will be able to think through simple problems, but only in one direction- they won't be able to reverse the steps mentally; they will also have difficulty seeing things from another's point of view (egocentrism)

piaget's concrete operational stage

approximate age 7-11 years; children develop the ability to perform a mental operation and then reverse their thinking back to the starting point, a concept called reversibility; they demonstrate the concepts of transitivity and seriation; important concept is that of conservation; children also understand the concept of class inclusion; can solve concrete, hands-on problems logically

children moving as a gentle breeze or as a strong as a thunderstorm

are exploring force

basic movement skills

are the foundation to more complex skills sets needed to exercise, play games, and sports.

70 percent of mothers with children

are working mothers

gallop

arhtymic combination fow aling and runnign in which one leg remains in front and ther other leg lags behidn following the front leg

avant-garde

art considered ahead of its time

fine art

art created for beauty not usefulness

applied art movements

art deco and art nouveau

applied art and handicraft

art intended to be used.

style (art)

artist's way of expressing ideas including formal styles such as ghothic, high renaiisance, baroque or impressionist. In a painting or picture you can notice hwo the artist uses color. The color may blend or clash. There may be an overall dark tone to the pciture or it may be light and airy. perhaps the artist used dots of aint to rpoduce the image

strike

as in hit ball with bat or racqket

adaptive pe program eligibility

assessment and evaluation of motor skills

existing framework or schema

assimilation- apply what you already know

parten's stages of play development: onlooker play

at around 2 yrs, children watch others play without doing anything themselves or making any effort to join in. this is closely followed in the same time frame by parallel play.

erikson stage of psychosocial development: initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 yrs)

at this stage children have ideas and plans and carry out activities. certain activities aren't allowed (ie. maybe due to safety) and it's important for children to feel that their activities are important and valued by adults. if this feeling isn't there, children believe that whay they do wrong, and guilt develops, which restricts growth.

macrame

atrwork made of knotted fabrocis

static balance activities

balance activities while stationary

principles of design

balance, symmetry, asymmetry, rhythynm, dominance, proportion, unity

successful physical activity

balanced and varied progression is essential- the program should incorporate proportional emphasis on basic movement and encourage a broad range of activities

several types of dance

ballet, tap, jazz, modern and improvisiation which refers to unplanned dance

example of field game

baseball and softball

social development

based on what can be observed and learned through experience in the child's environment

field games

basica idea in these games is to hit a ball so that defenders can't effectively retrieveit

fern leaf

bass cleff

rough and tumble play

begins around end of early childhood; most popular during middle childhood. tag, chase, wrestling

functional play

begins during infancy with sensorimotor movements manipulating objects in order to receive pleasure. involves practice

garner "naturalist intelligence"

being sensitive to natural objects like plants and animals, and making fine sensory discriminations. ie. naturalists, hunters, and botanists

sensorimotor stage (time)

birth to 18 months

physical development: infancy

birth-2 years old; grow the fastest, boys and girls have about the same height and weight; girls growing only slightly slower than boys

proprioception

body awareness, how the body senses the parts of itself

health-related components

body composition, cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, muscle strength, flexibility

endomorph

body type solid and generally soft. shorter build with thick arms and legs. muscles are strong especially upper legs. likely to be obese

shapes

bounded forms in two dimensional art. The boundary of a shape is usually a line but may also be creted by color, shading and texture. A shape may be geometric or fluid

example of target games

bowling, golf (no direct opponents) croque and horseshoe players are direct opponents

bloom taxonomy level 4: analysis

breaking down a question into conceps and ideas in order to answer a question

vihara

buddhist monaster

psychological skills

build self esteem by helping others, thinking positively, joining groups or clubs, having healthy family relationships, taking on responsibilities, goal setting, working hard to succeed academically

nutritional health goals

ca state standards- include reducing dietary fat intake, calcium intake, and decreasing sodium intake. 3 sources of calorie intake: 1. fat, 2. protein, 3. carbohydrates

handicraft trades

cabinet making, corchet, mosaic, pottery, stained glass

elements of health related fitness

calculating your target heart rate, measuring the proportion of body fat to lean body mass, calculating the amount of time a muscle or muscle group can exert force prior to fatigue

mandatory fitnessgram

california instituted a mandatory fitnessgram (1982) in grades 5, 7, and 9 to assess students on components of health related fitness.

creative thinking

can involve divergent thinking, there are many possible answers and no particular answer is necessarily right or wrong. brainstorming is a great technique to use. 2 important ideas in regards to creative thinking: restructuring is a term that describes the process about an old problem in a new way. time away from the problem is an important element that encourages restructuring. also, play encourages creative thinking.

health related fitness

cardiovascular fitness, body composition

relief

carved or molded art in which the art projects from the background

latin dances

cha-cha, rumba, and samba.

mildred parten

child psychologist in the 1930s, was one of the first people to study children at play. came up with stages of play development, which are linked to different levels of social interaction.

morality of constrain (heteronomous)

children ages 4-7, they see their moral world through the eyes of justice and rules, which are unchangeable

formal operations (characteristics)

children become able to reason effectively. Children develop and demosntrate concepts withotu concrete materials or images. In this stage studnts hinkin fully in symbolc terms about concepts

children moral beliefs

children believe good actions are rewarded, bad actions are punished

transitivity

children can classify objects according to specific characteristic, even if the object has many different characteristics

space and children

children can make themselves square, tall or round. Children can make their bodies look like letters

class induction

children can think about a whole group of objects while also thinking about the subgroups of those objects.

peroprational

children develop language and are able to solve some problems. Students thinking is egocentric and they have difficulty devleoping concepts. For example, studnets in this stage may not be able to complete the conversation of number task shown above

preconventional moarlity stage 1

children do not demonstrate a conscience but do react to a fear of punishment. Children are very egocetnric

parten's stages of play development: parallel play

children do the same thing that other children are doing (imitating). there is no interaction between children.

b.f. skinner's (1938) operant conditioning

children learn from operating in the environment. when doing so, their behavior response produces a consequence of either a reinforced reward or a punishment

erikson stage of psychosocial development: autonomy vs. doubt (18m to 3y)

children learn the mechanical basics of controlling their world, including walking, grasping, and toilet training. the child pushes the limits of control and develops autonomy. children want to be independent and still rely on support system. parents should be supportive of the child's abilities rather than ashamed.

parten's stages of play development: solitary play

children play by themselves. while children may continue to this throughout their childhood, in the context of social interaction, this is usually observed in children less than 2 years of age.

preconventional morality stage 2

children still have no clear morality. Children concentrate on their egocentric needs and let others do the same. Children may not be willing to help others meet their needs even though it would help them meet their own needs [some children and antisocial adults may not pass this stage]

creative movement

children's dance movements, which is more exploratory and less purposeful than adult dance.

harmony

chords with a duration

lester wilson, jack cole and bob fosse

choreographers who are credited with developing jazz dance from its popular roots

woodwinds

clarinet

supportive techniques

clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem into steps, providing examples, and anything that helps a student develop learning independence.

3 domains of child development

cognitive development, social development, physcial development

maslow's "growth needs"

cognitive needs- knowledge and understanding aesthetic needs- appreciation of beauty and other self-actualization needs- fulfillment of one's potential

temperament

collective set of inborn traits that help to constructs a child's approach to the world. temperament is based upon the child's mood, environment, activity, and threshold for reacting to stimulation

rhythym

combinations of long and short suonds the convey a sense of movement

acrylic paint

combine most fhte of advantages of oil paint with easy clean up

team sports- upper grade

competition is factored in and this is where it's especially important for teachers to promote sportsmanship

classical music

composed in the past, and whil it Is also record for sale, is usually performed by large orchestras in "symphony halls

stages pass from...

concrete to abstract

salivation (pavlov's case)

conditioned response

neutral stimulus

conditioned stimulus

bloom taxonomy level 5: synthesis

connecting concepts and ideas to create a new product or idea

personality

consist of the unique characteristic patterns of a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. *2 theories= CSET candidates should understand to consider combining both

factors for extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

consistency- there should be consistent, regular procedures for daily activities. structure- students need structure and direction. discipline- stricking the balance on types of discipline can be challenging, but eaiser if guidelines are established. guidelines should be age appropriate. time on the task- structure and discipline serve to make sure there's as much time as possible available for actual learning. transitions- procedures should be in place for getting students from one task to another in an efficient manner.

libretto

contains the compete text of an operat, the literal meanign is "little book"

urban dance

contemporary dance that includes break dancing and hip-hop

center of gravity changes

continued growth through the elementary school grades gradually lowers the center of gravity and improve balance and stability

free flow movement

continuous

locomotor skills

crawl, creep, walk, run, jump, leap, gallop, hop, slide, skip

lines

created when poitns move and may be horizatonal, vetical, diangoal, straight, jagged or wavy.

rudolph laban

credited with being one of the founders of modern dance. He's from germany.

mary wigman

credited with being one of the founders of modern dance. She's from the germany

isadora duncan

credited with being one of the founders of modern dance. She's from the u.s.

kahtyrn dunham

credited with creating African-American modern dance. a leader in the field of dance anthropology, or ethnochoreology.

alvin ailey

credited with creating modern dance

decoupage

cutting out designs to be usedin a colalge

percussion

cymbals, snare drum, timpani, bass drum.

stipple

dab on paint

improvisation,

dance created spontaneously

ballet

dance form that originated during the european renaissance period.

retrograde

dance sequence performed forward and then in reverse order

narrative

dance that embodies and follows a particular story

AB

dance with two distinct sections that share some common elements

folk

dances associated with a specific culture and usually seen at social events or gatherings

contrast

dances performed sided by side to emphasize differences

mental retardation (educationally delayed)

defined as having a subnormal cognitive functioning at an IQ level of 70 or below. this impairment may range anywhere from MILD: IQ at 55-70 to SEVERE: IQ below 25

arteriorsclerosis

depositing plaque on artery walls

locomotor skills

describe the movements that convey the body from one location to another,

lawrence kohlberg

describes as a sequential stages that an individual pass through while gradually becoming mature in their moral reasoning

motor learning

describes how motor performance can be affected by attention and interest on the part of the child and on the type of feedback and practice that the child receives

dance style

describes the kind of dance associated with a particular style, location, or time period

etching

designs created on metal plats by applying acid to initial scratchings and the prints made from these plates

sensorimotor stage (characteristics)

develop idea of object permanence. Also exhibit poor verbal and congitive development

edward thorndike

developed form of bheaviorism called instrument conditioning. His work ahd two significant conclusions the law of exercise and the law of effect

jazz dance

developed in the us from aa jazza music as wella sother ethnic music forms

albert banduras (b.1925, social theory 1977) social learning theory

development of classroom learning experiences. emphasizes the value of learning through observations. observe and model behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others to advance in learning. children imitate behavior through socialization by learning gender roles, self-reinforcement, self-efficacy (belief int he ability to do things on their own), and other aspects of personality. "Bobo doll experiment"- adult repeatedly punching an inflated doll, children later imitated this aggressive behavior in the classroom.

John Dewey in the 20th Century

dewey influenced the development of the modern pe program by stressing the promotion of health and an acquisition of lifetime recreational skills

most music is based on

diatonic scale found the piano white keys

chord

different tones occuring simultaneously

auditory-perceptual disability (hearing difficulty)

difficulty between the differences in sounds. teachers often comment that the child is not paying attention; when child is called upon, child looks lost and confused

perceptual-motor disability

difficulty with coordination, may often appear clumsy or disoriented

maslow's hierarchy of needs

dificiency needs- basic requirements for physical and psychosocial well-being growth needs- include the need from knowing, appreciating, and understanding. people try to meet these needs only after their basic needs have been met, and these needs created more desire for them.

dogs pavlov

dogs salivate to unconditioned stimulus (food)

pavlov showed

dogs would salivate in response to any neutral stimiulus.

oboe

double reed instrument that lokos like the calrinent and is played in the same manner

linear perspective

drawing objects smaller as they get further away

eclectic

drawing on many styles

recovery

during recovery, muscles are given a chance to rest

edward lee thorndike

early behavioral psychologists, his work led to 3 major conclusions.

erikson

early childhood experiences hellped permanently shape personality. personality develops through a series of conflicts that are influenced by society during age-related time periods. *he stated that there are 8 stages of age-specific crises that we pass through in order to create equilibrium between society and ourselves.

abraham maslow

educational theorist who believed that children must have certian needs met before they're ready to learn and grow. he organized these needs into a hierarchy, and taught that you couldn't progress to the next level until you'd achieved the previous one.

amphora

egg-shaped grecian urn

ankh

egyptian hieroglyp that represents life

curled seventh

eight-rest

industry vs. inferiority

elementary grades

risks for obese teens

elevated blood pressure, elevated levels of cholesterol, and increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

social responsibility approach

emphasisezes establishing strong interpersonal relationships among students and learning tow rk together

ecological integration

emphasizes learning physical education to enable students to particpate successfully with groups in the future

self-actualization approach

emphasizes matching the curriculum to the interests and movitation of students

kenneth macmillan and anthony tudor

english dancers credited with continued development of the modern ballet

balance (art0

equlibirum of elements that create a work. balance can achived through boty symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangments

adaptation

essintial to Piaget's fundamental stages of development

general space

everything a child can touch by moving from his or her position

personal space

everything a child can touch without moving from his or her position

leap

exagerrate run in which one foot pushes off then trails behind a kneew

foreshortening

exagerrating linear psective by drawing the nar parts of an object in close proximity to the far parts of the same object

children moving as slowly as a bird walking or as quickly as a bird flying are

exploring time

stretch

extend body part or parts away form cnet ero fthe body

canopy

fabric covering

tapestry

fabric woven from silk by hand

pavlov's conditioned responses

famous experiment: conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. dog salivating to food is unconditioned (that is, innate or reflexive)- unconditioned stimulus; the ringing of the bell has no natural meaning for dogs- neutrual stimulus; sound of bell during feeding time, thereby linking the sound of the bell and the smell of the food in the dogs' minds, eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell alone- conditioned (that is, learned) stimulus

pretend or imaginative play

fantasy; begins at 18 months old and boundless during the preschool years. builds child's imagination

allegro

fast tempo

roll

first lying down around the body's vertical axis. Then roll while in a compact egg shape then a backward rol

behaviorism

first significant theory of development. It is concerned with observable measureable behavior and with those events that stimulate or reinforce the behavior

the many roots of tap dance

flamenco, african-american dance and irish and english clogging

woodwinds

flute, piccolo, clarinet, oboe, bassoon.

examples of territory games

football , scocer, basketball and water polo

august bournonville

founder of modern ballet from denmark

most common meter

four beats with an emphasis on the first beat

four modern ballroom dances

foxtrox, quickstep, tango, waltz (viennese and modern)

jules perrot

french founder of modern ballet

5 types of play

functional, constructive, pretend, rough and tumble, games with rules

basic movement skills:3-9

fundamental movement skills developed from (k-2) are applied as activity-specific motor skills in a wide variety of settings

influences on development: child abuse and neglect

fundamentally naive and vulnerable; lack of parenting skills, economic stressors, lack of education, or adults repeating generational family abuse. *4 categories of abuse: physical, physical neglect, sexual, emotional/mental. child abuse is a state crime, CA law teachers must report abuse within 24-72 hours

disneyish thing

g clef

target games

games where you try to strike a designated objective

jean piage

gcongitive pscyhologist who believed that students develop concepts through a series of stages

target heart rate

generally set at 70% of an individual's max heart capacity

Erik Erikson

german-born american psychologist, who identified eight stages of personal and social development, each of which takes the form of a resolution of an identity crisis.

sizing

gluelike material used to siffen paper or to seal a wall or canvas

filigree

gold or silver soldered to create elaborate, delicated patterns

intimacy vs isolation

grade 10-12

identity vs identity confusion

grade 6-9

hat

half rest

shared court games

handball or jai-lai

vygotsky on "culture"

has an enormous influence on what children learn; piaget argued that children are constantly developing methods of adapting to the world around them vs. vygotsky argued that environment and culture dictate what methods the children will find useful, and what their priorities will be

f major

has b flat

b flat major

has b flat and e flat

e flat major

has b flat, e flat, and a flat

g major

has f sharp

d major

has f sharp, and c sharp

a major

has f sharp, c shapr and g sharp

tone

has specific pitch and duration

less than 10 percent of american families

have children, a mother at home and a father at work

30 percetn of married copules

have no children

other things piaget believed

he believed that children could learn through an active involvment with their enviroment. He also believed tha tsudents have delvope a concept when their logical understanding overcomes their perceputal misunderstanding of the concept

howard gardner multiple intelligence

he states that children posses different intelligences with multiple dimensions

two typles of physcial fitness components

health-related components and skill-related components

erik erikson (1902-1994) psychological stages of development

helped to transform sigmund freud's (1953) traditional psychosexual perspective on human development

person's physical development

heredity, nutrition, and exercise have a direct coorelation. 1. heredity involves teh traits inherited from one's parents. 2. body composition is a measure of nutritional heath, measures bone and muscle in relation to the amount of fat in the body. 3. lack of physical exercise can be a servere health risk

piaget-morality coupled with cognitive development in 2 stages

heteronomous and autonomous

Jean Piaget

his theory proposes that cognitive development begins witha child's innate ability to adapt to the environment, and that development is a result of the child's interface with the physical world, social experiences, and physcial maturation.

articulation

how adjacent notes are connected

dynamics

how loud or soft the music is

sphape

how the body is positioned in space, such as straight, curved or twisted

newton's 3rd law

if 1 object exerts a force on a 2nd object, the 2nd object exerts an equal force on the 1st object but in the opposite direction

erikson stage of psychosocial development: trust vs. mistrust (birth to 18 months)

if children are well cared for during this time, they will become naturally trusting and optimistic. goal is for infants to develop basic trust.

Fiber

important because it promotes digestion, reduces constipation, and has been shown to help reduce the risk of colon cancer.

jazz dance features

improvisations and techniques from other music

ca state standards for pe

in earlier grades, emphasis should be on personal growth, lead-up games, health, and sports-related fitness, and healthy lifestyle choices, without introducing an organzied level of competive games, which shouldn't be initiated before the 8th grade level

movement concepts

in pe, students learn to become aware of their bodies and movements. movement concepts are referred to as the HOW, the WHERE, and the WHAT of body movement.

high space movement

in the air or standing on tip toe

erikson stage of psychosocial development: industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 yrs)

in these elementary school years, children are expected to learn and product. parental influence decreases. teachers and peers become more important. success creates high self-esteem, while failures lower self-esteem. even the preception of failure can lower self-esteem. if children can meet the expectations of themselves, parents, and teachers, they learn to be industrious. th they do not, they risk feeling inferior.

warp

in weaving, the thick fixed threads

weft

in weaving, the thin threads that are actually woven

lateral deviation in posture

indicates that the spinal column is asymmetrical. (s-curve) one shoulder higher than the other

locomotor skills

indicates the movement of the body from one place to another, in other words, you use your feet to get you someplace. skills used to walk, run, leap, jump, hop, skip, gallop, and slide

anxious-resistant attachment

infant becomes anxious when caregiver leaves. might feel skeptical to try new things, feels that other can't be trusted, push away those that try to get close. (e.g., child can't separate to explore or play)

disorganized-disoriented attachment

infant shows insecurity, and signs of being disoriented, looks confused/dazed, feel misunderstood, feel others are unreliable, fearful of/or about new situations.

secure attachment

infant uses caregiver (parent) as secure attachment. comfortable with others, believe others are trustworthy and not worried about abandonment (e.g., child freely separates from parent to play)

engraving

inscribing a design on glass, metal or some other hard surface

cause of low blood sugar

insulin; low blood sugar can be a result of voerexercise, especially in diabetics. a good option to get sugar into the system the fastest is drinking regular soda, which will get the sugar right into the bloodstream

intelligence and IQ

intelligence is a collection of abilities that allow the child to learn, think, experience, and adapt to new situations in the world

handicrafts

intended to be used as a regular part of life, and are not generally considered tob e arts and crafts

evaluating dramatic works

intent, structure, effectiveness, worth,

dance

intentional movement designed to express a thought, image, feeling, or reality

general space activities

involve moving along a path and will either be straight curved or zigzag

tape dance

involves a dance who strikes the free foot against the floor to create a pleasing and intricate rhythym.

critical thinking

involves convergent thinking, from many possible answers the student is expected to choose and defend the best one. a good teacher also seizes the opportunity to allow for TRANSFER, the application of previously learned skills or facts to new situations. 2 important aspects of critical thinking: inductive reasoning occurs when, after viewing several examples, sutdents perceive underlying rules or patterns. deductive reasoning works in the opposite direction. both inductive and deductive reasoning are important cognitive skills.

effort awareness

is awareness of the way the body moves: speed, rhythm, force, and coordination

skipping-halting

is bound flow

bound flow

is halting movement

carrying

is locomotor activity that combines lifting and walking

a child crawling direclty form one place to another

is performing a low space, straight movement in the genreal space

shared space

is the aspect of space awareness that deals with the studen'ts body in relation to other people. for example, basketball, because there is so much body movement around other people

pavlov vs skinner

is the learned response due to an automatic response or is it due to associations of an anticipated consequence

bloom's taxonomy

it is broadly encouraged and utitlized in teacher preparation and instruction. it is broken down into the six levels in which children develop thinking skills: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. bloom's taxonomy deals with skills in the cognitive area, or domain.

influences on development: nutrition and obesity

it is estimated that only 1% of population of children follow the recommended dietary guidelines. review BMI

conservation

it's a conceptual tool that allows a child to recognize that when altering the appreacne of an object, the basic properties do not change.

object handling skill

juggling

initiative vs guilt (age)

kindergarten

vygotsky on "private speech"

language use is a critical factor in cognitive development; private speech- young children frequently talk to themselves as they play or solve problems; piaget cited private speech as evidence of egocentrism in the preoperational stage vs. vygotsky believed that private speech allows children to use language to help break down a problem and solve it- in effect, the children talk themselves through it; fundamental stage in development comes when children begin to carry on this speech internally and done routinely can learn complex tasks more effectively.

mesomorph

large bone structure, large muscles and a naturally athletic physique. best body type for body building. easy to gain weight. naturally strong. gain more fat than ectomorphs, must watch calorie intake. combo of weight training and cardo.

bassoon

large double-reed instrument that plays lower notes thant eh oboe

viola

larger than violin held same way. Deeper pitch than violin

thorndike's laws

law of effect: an action that produces a positive result is likely to be repeated. law of readiness: many actions can be performed in sequence to produce a desired effect. law of exercise: actions that are repeated frequently become stronger.

albert bandura

leading social learning theorist

kinesthetic learners

learn by doing. hands on learner. traditional lecture based lessons are not good for kinethetic learners.

auditory learners

learn by hearing. they're more likely to remember by what was said about a painting they've studied than to be able to describe its appearance. traditional lecture based lessons are effective.

visual learners

learn by seeing. ie. graphs, charts, maps, diagrams, step by step instruction, rather than text or spoken summary.

children with special needs

learning disabilities (LD)- often children with average to above-average intelligence who exhibit emotional and/or physical maladaptive behavior

constructivism

learning is a contant assimilation of new knowledge and experiences into each student's unique worldview. because each student's point of view will be different from everyone else's, a strict constructivist would be in favor of guided hands-on learning rather than traditional lecture-based teaching, because hands-on learning would more likely be related to the student's own experience.

lawrence kohlberg stages of moral judgement

level 1: preconventional, level 2: conventional, level 3: postconventional

footlights

lights in front of the stage

plaster

limestone and sand or gyupm mixed with ater,w hich can be shaped andt hen ahrdened. Plaster can also be carved and is often used to finish walls and ceilings

what affects body stability?

line of gravity, support base, center of gravity

two-third of children in one parent families

live belowt he poverty line

30 percent of children

live with one step parent

maintanence of THR

long duration and low intensity activities

forte

loud

cardiovascular fitness benefit

lower blood pressure

crawl

lying on stomach but upper part of body is held alof by elbows and he moves through space using his hips and elbos. Hands are not used

bloom taxonomy level 6: evaluation

making considered judgments by breaking down and reconnecting ideas, concepts, and facts and comparing the judgments to standards. higher order of thinking skills needed, level of complexity.

hop

mean to push body upward from one foot to land on the same foot. The other foot does not touch the ground

body composition

measured by percent fat (calculated from triceps and calf skin-folds) and body mass index (calculated from height and weight)

aerobic capacity

measured by the one-mile run/walk

muscular fitness

measured by using curl-ups to measure abdominal strenght, push-ups to measure upper body strenght, trunk lifts to measure trunk extensor strenght, and shoulder stretches to measure flex.

staff is partioned into

measures

fitnessgram assessment

measures aerobic capactiy, body composition, and muscle fitness

lester horton

modern dance proponent

lawrence kohlberg

moral development= an internalized set of subject rules influencing the feeling, thoughts, and behavior of an individual in deciding what is right or wrong

boys

more physically active and younger children have short attetnion span

b.f. skinner

most influential behaviorist. Classified his aproach as operant conditioning

kholberg- level 2: conventional moral reasoning (junior high-high school)

most of society remains at this level, hence "conventional" judgment is based on tradition and others' expectations and less on consequences. individual adopt rules and sometimes put others' needs before their own. stage 3: good boy-good girl orientation- an action is right or good if it helps, pleases, or is approved by others. stage 4: "law and order" orientation- an action is right or good if it's expected out of a sense of duty or because it supports the morals or laws of the community or country. "it's right because it's the law"

growth spurts

most rapid in infancy. by 1 yr old, average babies triple their birth weight and grow up to a foot in lenght. After that, children grow slowly and stadily until adolescence.

dancing

move in a dance-like way

nonlocomotor skills

movements done in place in which the objective is body movement

manipulative skills

movements that have some effect on other thigns

weight tranfer

moving weight from one body part to another. Walking is a this type of this activity, as is oving from a lying to a kneeling position

howard gardner

multiple intelligence- hg is a developmental psychologist at Harvard University who categorized 9 types of intelligence. rarely used independently, most professions and activities are a combination of intelligences.

chamber music

music played by small ensembles, such as astring quarter, with one perform to a part

canon

musical form in which a melody is repeated in one or more parts

polyphonic texture

n music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to music with just one voice or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords.

pitch

n music, position of a single sound in the complete range of sound;

key signarture

name of that thing at the beginning of the music

legs

narrow vertical curtains

personal space activities

necessarily confined to the area immediately around the child

dangerous exercises

neck circling exercises can hyperextend the neck and should be avoided. hands behind the head sit ups can pull the head and neck into hyperextension

motion

newton's law of motion apply to all movement. the force of energy in the body causes change in physical motion

abstract art

nonrecognizable representations of real things or thoughts, perhaps using geometric shapes or designs

parten's stages of play development: associative play

normally, by age 4 or 5, children engage in associative play. it is similar to parallel play, but there is increased interaction. children share, take turns, and are interested in what others are doing.

non-traditional sports

not generally considered to be the mainstream of activities played by students. ie. inline skating, roller hockey, ping pong, biking, fishing. if looking to do a nontraditional sport, make sure it encourages cooperation and teamwork

mary ainsworth (1913-1999) "attachment"

observations of early mother-infant bonding have had a profound influence in the understanding of child development and attachment theory. study completed: strange situation- early infant-parent bonding in the development of personality. it is fundamental to a child's ability to emotionally and biologically self-regulate. attachment can predict future development.

Puberty- Girls

occur from age 8-13. actual start around 11 or 12 to age 15 or 16

painting techniques

oil, watercolor, gouache and fresco

foreshortened

ojbects painted or drawn as though they wer seen from an angle projecting into space

movement

one part of a piece of music consisting of several large parts

gouache

opaque watercolor that is often applied toa aboard

atirum

open rectangular-shaped court, often in front of a church

phrase

organization element of dance

john watson,

originated behaviorist movement in 1900s

modern ballet

originated in france and became fully developed in the 1800s

rhythym

ovement or variation characterized by the regular recurrence or alternation of different quantities or conditions, as in the heartbeat.

originally fine arts

painting, sculpture, architecture, engraing

visual art

paintings, photographs, prints, carvings, sculpture and architecture

genre

particular dance form, such as ballet, jazz, or modern

freud

people are biologically influenced by unconscious drives and defenses

postconventional morality stage 5

people at this stage differentiate between legality and morality. They have a more flexible view of right and wrong and realzie that societal needs often take precedence over individual needs

hang and swign

performed on a bar no more than twice a child's height so that injurty will not result from a fall

middle space movements

performed standing upright

low space activities

performeperformed when bending crouching, kneeling crawling and so on

balance

person's center of gravity is directly over the support base.

maslow's "dificiency needs"

physiological needs- food, sleep, clothing safety needs- freedom from harm or danger belongingness and love needs- acceptance and love from others esteem needs- approval and accomplishments

piaget's theory

piaget believed that learning happens as people adapt to their environment. when faced with a situation, your first try to use or apply what you already know, and if that doesn't work, you figure out something else based on what's new or different about the situation.

piaget's stages of cognitive development

piaget believed that this ongoing process of assimilation and adaptation leads all children to pass through identical stages of cognitive development, but not necessarily at identical times

paint techniques

pigment, binder, which holds the pigment together and solvents which permit the paint to spreado n a surface. Binders can be egg oil or wax and solvents can be water or turpentie

ionic

pillar with lines and curved things like rolled carpet at top

corinthian pillar

pillar with lines and design at the top

doric

pillar with lines and flat slab at the top

tuscan

pillar without lines and with a flat slab at the top

elements of music

pitch, rhythym, harmony, dynmaics, timbre, texture and form

music

pitch, the actual requency or sound of a note, and duration

scale

pitches eparated by specific intervals

games with rules play

play during elementary school. include rules, competition, pleasure

pianissimo

play very softly

body movements during dance may be

plocomotor or nonlocomotor

visual art is built around

points, shape, space, color, and perspective

ragtime

pop amicran piano music that led to jazz

irene and vernon castle

popularized ballroom dancing in the early 1900s

downstage

portion of the stage toward the audience

enamel

powdered glass bonded to a metal surface by firing

hunter's effective teaching model and mastery learning

prepare students to learn; use input and modeling; make sure students understand/ask both individual and group questions.

preconventional morality (age)

preschool and primary grades

teratogens

prevent or modify normal cell division so the potential danger to the embryo is greatest during the embryonic stage (2-8 weeks) when the infant's body parts and major organs are forming. common teratogens to avoid: alcohol, nicotine, drugs

oil

primary painting form.

vygotsky on "zone of proximal development"

problems that a child could solve with the guidance of someone who already know. the range of problems is what vygotsky refers to as ZPD. He believed that the real learning takes place by solving problems in that zone.

popular music

professionally composed, recorded, or performed live and represents the type of music of most current interest to the public

component of the social aspect of pe

promote risk-taking in a supportive and safe environment. *a positive self image is best developed when activities are desgined to nurture progressive successes.

martha graham

proponent of modern dance. Won presidential medal of freedom

lev vygotsky (1896-1934) sociocultural theory

proposed that at the center of a child's cognitive development is shared system of surrounding social, cultural, and historical influences. language is an essential aspect of this development and that cognitive growth and language are socially based. children's cognitive growth is a shared process with adults, adults help children master their skills

kohlberg

proposed three levels of moral development with stages at each level: preconventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality

b.f. skinner

psychologist who believed that you could use a system of positive and negative reinforcements to affect voluntary behavior.

albert bandura

psychologist, theorized that people learn behavior by watching others, trying the behavior themselves, and deciding whether the behavior is beneficial or detrimental.

eriksen

psychosocial devleopment stages. Believed emotional crisis at each stage can lead to a positive or negative result

importnt manipulative skills

pull, push, lift, strike, throw, kick, bounce

sideways bird

quarter-rest

1/4 of children

raised in one-parent families

bloom taxonomy level 1: knowledge

recalling factual information. commonly used in earlier grades.

representational art

recognizable representation of real people, places or things

dynamic balance

refers to moving blance activities,

space awareness

refers to personal and shared space, and the body in relation to dimensions in space

goodness-of-fit

refers to the method to match between a child's temperament and environmental demands the child must deal with. For example, a 4 year old "difficult" child who is expected to sit still for a five hour plane ride.

space

refers to the outerspace and innerspace of the body

rhythym

regularity of beats or meter

skinner's operant conditioning

reinforcing stimulus, or reinforcer- positive reinforcement, and the behavior that lead to the positive reinforcement is an operant. when the operant no longer leads to postive reinforcement, the behavior will decrease, and eventually stop. this process is called extinction. negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a certain desired behavior occurs. presentation punishment is what we normally think of as being punished for bad behavior.

gardner "logical-mathematical intelligence"

relates to the ability to detect patterns, think logically, and make deductions. ie. scientists and mathematicians

force

release of energy. The energy that produces a dance

benefits of play

release physical energy, gain mastery over their bodies, acquire new motor skills, form better relationships among peers, try out new social rules, advance cognitive development, and practice and explore new competencies.

benefits of physical activity

relieves stress, burns off excess energy, both physical and emotional, and builds confidence. it can also build and strengthen friendships.

reprise

repeae of a musical piece previusly played or sung

point

represented by dots and are the simplest visual element

cello

rests on the floor in front ofr musician and is is still largert han the viola

basic mechanisms of operant conditioning

reward or positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment

law of effect

rewarded responses are strengthened while punished responses are weakened.

syncopation

rhythym that emphasis weak beats

turn

rotate body around physical axis

twist

rote just a part of body around an axis

turn

rote the entire body or body part clockwise or counter clowise aroudn body's vertical axis. A turn often but not necessairly involves turing the feet

michel fokine

russian dancer credited with continued development of the modern ballet

lev vygotsky

russian educational psychologist in the early twentieth century; 4 major ideas- culture, private speech, zone of proximal development, and scaffolding

marius petipa

russian founder of modern ballet

fitness activity should be...

safe, enjoyable (promoting self-image), inclusive (active for all students) and developmentally appropriate

color has three properties

saturation, value and hue

traditional IQ test

score on intelligence test

visual-perceptual disability (dyslexia)

see letters and numbers in different positions. difficulty with reading, skipping words, reversing order. difficulty with physical education due to lack of eye-hand coordination

social learning theorists

seek to combine behavioral and cognitive learning theories along with other types of learning

instructional programs effective in promoting a positive self-image

self responsibility, goal setting, social interaction, group interaction

social approches related to teaching physical education

self-actualization, ecological integration, social responsibility approach

garner "linguistic intelligence"

sensitive to words, and the relationship between the meanings and sounds of words and the ideas and concepts taht words represent. ie. poets and journalists

melody

sequency of single notes

chromatic scale

seven notes of the diatonic scale with the five sharps and flats

Ryhthmic activities

should be introduced in kindergarten. should make up 40% of all pe activities. a drum is a typical primary grade object used to reinforce movement-in-time and rhythmics.

louvers

shutter slats

slide

sideward gallop

clarinet

single reed instrument with a wide range of notes

the most prevalent muscles

skeletal mucles

technique

skills a dancer uses as she or he performs the steps and movements of a dance. The technique may depend on the particular style and form of specific dancing training

violin

smallest string instrument in the orchestra. More violins than any other instrument

play

social activity children engage in just for its own sake; it is critical to cognitive advancement in children.

ballroom dancing

social dancing that involes two dance partners. Likley began in europe during the 1500s

annealign

softening by heating glass that has become hardened

tempo

speed of a musical work

court games

split into divid court games and shared court games. Idea in these games is to hit a ball or other objecst so that the opponent can't return it

kholberg- level 1: preconventional moral reasoning (elementary school) *rules are created by others

stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation- young children obey rules simply because there are rules, and they understand that they risk punishment by breaking them. stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation- children internalize the system from stage 1 and realize that following the rules is generally in their best interest. an action is right or good if it gets what you want. doing favors to get what you want.

aesthetic criteria

standards for judging a dance

Puberty- Boys

starts later than girls. around age 12 or 13 and can last until age 19.

noam chomsky and language acquisition

states language learning in innate. believes that infants have a language acquisition device (LAD) built in neurologically so that they can intuitively understand grammar.

sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

states that people who are intelligent posse a high level of common sense and have the ability to succeed according to their personal definition of success, within the limits of their culture and society.

sacrophagus

stone coffin

muscle fitness

strenght, endurance, and flexibility

nonlocomotor

stretch, bend, turn, twist

batten

strips of wood used as a base for plasterin or for attaching a tile

operant conditioning

studened how volluntary behavior could be shaped

in primary grade

studenst see teachers as uthaority figures and resposned well to instruction and directions about hwo they should acti nschoo

reward or positive reinfrocmenet

students are rewarded for repeating desired responses

negative reinforcement

students escape punishment by repeating desired responses

concerte operational (characteristics)

students master number conservation and other conversation tasks. But most studetns do not understand symbolic concepts. Studen'ts thinking become operational. This means that concepts become organize dand logical ans long as they are workign with or around concentre matieral sor images

goal for pe programs

students to have an understanding of the how and the why of physical activities

characteristics of industry vs inferiority

students who are acpeted by their peer group and who do well in school and students who just feel that the above is ture are more successful than those who do not feel good about themselves

characteristics of identity vs identity confusion

studetns who establish an identity and a sense of direction and who develop gender, social and occupational roles experience an easier transition into adulthood than those students who do not establish these roles

characteristics of initiative vs guilt

success children accepted and treated warmly tend to feel more comfortable about trying out new ideas. Rejected children tend to become inhibited and guilty

characteristics of intimacy vs isolation

success: relationship with member of opposite sex. Failure: unsuccessful at this stage extremly difficult transition to adult life

comprehensive pe program goals

supporting the goal is skill development in such areas as locomotor, nonlocomotor, balance, and hand-eye coordination

tradtional sports

swimming, foodball, volleyball, soccer, and baseball

jean piaget

swiss psychologist who theorized cognitive development.

bloom taxonomy level 3: application

taking an abstract concept together with specific facts to answer a question

teacher awareness to temperament

teachers can help children feel validated by affirming their temperament attributes. teachers should also be aware that environmental manipulations, such as cultur, influence temperament.

basic movement skills: k-2

teachers help students become aware of space, basic movement, effort, and cooperative activities

instructional resources should provide:

teachers with lessons- specific directions to support learning in a multitude of content areas including: rhythm, dance, team sports, fitness

body awareness

teaches children about body shapes, body parts, and relationships

during elementary school the influences of social development appear in:

team activities, self responsibility, social interaction

time

tempo, beat and accent during a dance

divided court games

tennis and badminto

force

tension that creates movement

napspe test of sit-ups

test abdominal strength

bandura believes

that a great deal of learning can take place through modeling. Students often act the way they see otehrs act or they learn vicariously by oserbing others. Bandura believe sthat verabl explanations and reinformcent are also important and that students become socialized through systematic modeling of appropritate bheavior. students can also develop cognitive skilsl by observing a problem solving process and learn procedures by observing these procedures in action

stage left

the actor's left when facing the audience

stage right

the actor's right when facing the audienc

affective domain

the affective domain includes class participation, including listening as well as speaking, defending positions, and recognizing the opinions of others.

value

the amount of lights nees or darkness in a color. Low value shades ar dark, while high value shades are ligth

body changes of puberty

the appearance of pubic and underarm hair, weight gain, voice changes, development of sex organs, and in girls, menstruation.

pit

the area belowt he front of a stage oftend used by the orchestra.

space

the area occupied by the art,.paintings. Occupy two dimensional space, while scultpure ocucpies three dimensionalspace

choreography

the art of composing dances

bend

the ball-and sock or hing joints ar eused to bring part sof the body together

balance

the be effective, exercise should require the use of different muscles and parts of the body

force

the body tension used with a a movement.

kinesthetic perception

the body's ability to sense movement. it refers to the muscle's retention of the movement and effort required to produce a dance

gravity

the center of the human body can be associated with the "center of gravity" *mass of body equally distributed. during movement activities, the body adjusts to maintain stability

hue

the color istelf. It describes the color's placement in the color spectrum.

flow

the continuity of movement

shape

the deliberate positioning of the body to create a particular appearance

vygotsky social theory- zone of proximal development

the distance between a child's actual performance and a child's potential performance. the ZPD represents the amount of learning possible by a student given the proper instructional conditions. what a child can do on their own

texture

the feel of the musicl work (terms such as staccato)

duple meter

the gruoping of beats into sets of two

conservation

the idea that the amount of a substance doesn't change just because it's arranged different. for example, conservation of mass might be demonstrated by taking a large ball of clay and creating several smaller balls of clay out of it. the child will understand that the total amount of clay has not changed.

anxious-avoidant attachment

the infant readily avoids the parent, difficulty trusting, avoid playing with other children, and becomes anxious when someone tries to get close. (e.g., child moves away, looks away, or ignores the parent upon the parent's return)

double bass

the largest string insttrument about twice as alarge as the cello

characterization

the means used to develop a character

method

the medium used by the artist

persecptive

the methods of mainupalting two-diemnaionl space to creat eth illuation of three-dimensional space

direct instruction

the most common form of teaching. a traditional model in which the teacher stands in front of the room, presents in material, and guides the class toward understanding.

form (art)

the order imposed by the artist. Form is the design of the work regardless of the content. A painting or a photograph may show strong horizontal or vertical orientation. [erja[s the wprl os su,,etroca; wotj pme [art a ,orrpr o,age pf tej ptjer/ sp,e wprls ,au be to;ted pr assu,etroca;

form

the overall structure of music

tempo

the pace of a piece of music, usually reckoned by the rate of its beats

chancel

the pat of a church reserved for clergy

house manager

the person in charge of everything offstage

focal point

the place on a work of art to which the eye I sdrawn

space

the place where movement is performed

choreography

the plan for a dance performance

context

the play's setting

drama elements

the plot, characters, theme, dialogue, music and the spectacle

golden ratino

the proprtion of apprximately 1.6 to 1 which is said to represent the most pleasing artistics proprtion for example a window 3 feet wide whoudl meet his proprtion by being 4.8 feet high

psychomotor domain

the psychomotor domain includes abilities related to physical prowess ranging from reflexes through basic motions such as catching and throwing a ball, to skilled motions such as playing tennis and playing the piano; communicating through motion, as in dancing or miming.

inner space

the real or imaginary space inside the body

newton's 2nd law

the relationship between an object's mass, acceleration, and applied force

space

the relative position of different parts of the body

scale

the relative size of an object such as the scal was one inch to one foot

proportion

the relative size of design elements and frequently to the difference in size between objects in the foreground and objectsin the background

rhtyhym

the repetition of elements in an artwork.e ffective repretition of design elements tends to create a more dynamic work

unity

the sense that "everything in the design belongs there" unit is achieved by correctly applying all of the other design elements

garner "existential intelligence"

the sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why we die, and how we got here.

movement concept of force

the sequence of body movements affects the amount of force

jamb

the sides of a window or door

monophonic texture

the simplest of textures, consisting of melody without accompanying harmony.

time

the speed at which the movement is performed. Often describe in terms of other things or events.

tempo

the speed of a dance

outer space

the sphere immediately around the body

projection

the techniqeus of repsenting buildings on a faltt surface

vygotsky social theory- scaffolding

the temporary support system from a teacher (or older peer) to support the child until the task can be mastered alone. what a child can do with help from others until they can do it on their own. *guided practice from their teacher *parents play a key role

1650

the time by which the formal steps and body positions of ballet were established

melody

the tones that produce the distinctive sound of the music

belfry

the top floor of a tower usually contain bells

genre

the type of painting — portrait landscape etc

dance medium

the types of movement used during dance, including space, shape, force, and time

pulse

the underlying beat of a dance

timbre

the unique sound produced by difference instruments, intrunetal comibnations and by the human voice

lev vygotsky- language shapes thoughts

theorized that thought development is determined by language. language is a powerful tool to shape thoughts. to acquire knowledge, it must be "thought about" before new ideas can be formulated. children transform mental thoughts to organize, guide, and control their behavior through the use of language. according to l.v., the initial emergence of language and thought are separate from each other, until about the age of 3, when a transition takes place in the child from the external to the internal.

conventional morality stage 4

these children shift from wanting to please authority figures to a more generalized sense of respect for rules and expectations. These children see their responsibility to maintain society through a strict enforcment of society's laws [many adults do not progress beyond this stage of development]

conventional morality stage 3

these children want to be good. they associate themselves with parents and other adult authority figures. They show concern for others and evidence a number of virtues and try to live up to expectations

ivan pavlov (1927) and john watson (1913) classical conditioning

they stated that behavior is learned based upon repetition, association, and anticipation. *pavlov conducted a stimulus-response experiment with dogs (trained) ->watson applied this stimulus-response with children and claimed the behavior of the children is easily conditioned

water color

thin wispy appearance and is widely used for landscape painting

metacognition

think about thinking (common through ages 7-11, concrete operatoins)

fine motor skill

think fine= small. for example, braiding, tracing and knitting. most often referred to as hand skills. fine motor skills development varies more by age than does gross motor skill development, which progresses at generally the same rate.

gross motor skill

think gross= big. for example, kicking a ball. it involves the whole body (running, jumping). in healthy children, gross motor skills are fully developed by age five or six.

grip

those who move scenary

chord

three or more tones sounded simulatnously

overload

to achieve training effect, the workload must exceed the normal demands placed on a body

purpose of timed tests

to measure endurance and strenght

bevel

to round off a sharp edge

constructive play

toddlers and preschoolers use objects to make something; ie. building blocks

cognitive development

transfromations in a child's thought, language, and intelligence

3 main categories of movement skills

traveling, stabilizing, and control (of objects)

brass

trumpet, french horn, tuba, trombone,

harmony

two sounds sounded simulatneously

string quartet

two violins, a viola and a cello

industrial design and interior design

types of applied arts

ectomorph

typically skinny. light build with small joints and lean muscle. long thin limbs with string muscles. shoulders tend to be thin with little width. difficult to gain weight. fast metabolism.

influences of development: prenatal influences

unborn infant is significantly affected by environmental influences; environmental agents can cause abnormalities known as teratogens.

punishment

undesire responses are punished

extinction

undesired responses are not rinforced

quarry tile

unglazed tile

improvisation, dance created spontaneously

unreheasrsed music

nonrepresentational art

unrelated to real things or thoughts and represents only itself

bloom taxonomy level 2: comprehension

using factual information to answer a specific question

creep

using hands along with either knees or feet to move through space

cross-pattern creeping or crawling

using opposite extermities (eg left knee right hand)

homolateral creeping or crawling

using the extermities on the same side of the body (right elbow right new

substance abuse

usually associated with low self esteem and inability to deal effectively with stress-related pressures. pe teachers can promote emotional and physical wellness

parten's stages of play development: cooperative play

usually by age 5 or 7, children play together in one activity.

folk music

usually has a rural origin,is usually not composed professionally, and is often transmitted by oral tradition

variety

varying activities reduces boredom and aids or increase motivation

postconventional morality

very few people reach this stage. Those at stage six have pure, cosmic understanding of justice and dignity. These principles always take precedence when they conflict with what is considered legal or socially accpetable.

divorce rates

very high, majority of americans under 40 will be dviorced

arebesque

very intricate designs based on plant forms

adagio

very slow tempo

strings

violins, violas, cellos and bass. A guitar is a stringed instrument not found in an orchestra.

today

visual and performing art forms, painting, sculpture, music, dance, theater, architecture, photography, printmaking, creative writing and electronic media

how do LD appear in children?

visual, auditory, language learning, perceptual-motor, attention deficit, impulsive, or hyperactive

accompaniment

voices or instruments that support a melody

benefits of volleyball

volleyball is an excellent physical activity/cooperative group activity at the upper-elementary school grade level and can address: 1. hand-eye coordination, 2. game strategy, 3. passing skills, 4. body coordination, 5. team sports concept

vygotsky on "play"

vygotsky believed that play provides an excellent environment for advancing a child's cognition.

physical activity should include...

warm-up, instructional components, physical activity, cool-down, discussion and evaluation

health benefits of regular exercise

weight management, better sleep patterns, heart and lung (cadiovascular) efficieny, higher energy levels, stress relief

content (art)

what actually appears in art: the subject matter

purpose of target heart rate

when a person achieves and maintains target heart rate to reach a level at which the aeroic training will most benefit the cardiovascular system

newton's 1st law

when an object is in motion, it will remain in motion until there is an outside force that acts upon it

assimilation

when children incorporate new information with existing schemes in order to form a new cognitive structure

accomodation

when children take existing schemes and adjust them to fit their experienes

upside down hat

whole rest