COMM 101 - Final Exam
Most relationships pass through cycles of progression and regression. The important thing is to aim for more positive momentum. People in satisfying relationships tend to maintain at least a ___ to ___ ratio of positive to negative statements.
5/1
A pleasant term substituted for a more direct but potentially less pleasant one is referred to as _________________.
A euphemism.
Interpersonal communication is most likely to occur between _______________.
A father and his youngest son, discussing potential options for college.
Which definition best fits the description of a dialect?
A version of a language with its own distinctive words and meanings.
Showing both fear and happiness at the same time is an example of a(n) __________.
Affect blend.
The degree to which we like or appreciate others is known as ________________.
Affinity.
Which of the following encounters exemplifies interpersonal communication?
After class, you share with your roommate your concerns about some upcoming assignments because you know he will be able to relate to your concerns.
Immediately after a period of conflict, effective groups move to ______________.
An emergence stage.
A deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way is referred to as _________________.
An equivocation.
The type of statement that cannot be proved or disproved is called _________________.
An opinion statement.
A movie star is convincing the general public about the dangers of immunizing children. This is an example of a(n) ______________.
Argumentum ad verecundiam fallacy.
For our purposes here, _____________ means pronouncing all the parts of all the necessary words and nothing else.
Articulation.
In _________________ you pay attention to a signal. What you pay attention to depends on your needs, wants, desires, and interests.
Attending.
People who spend excessive time on the Internet may begin to experience problems at school or work and withdraw further from their offline relationships. Which social media communication competence could help?
Balance mediated and face-to-face time.
Every speech outline should follow the ___________ that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Basic speech structure.
The area in the Johari Window that represents information of which you are unaware but that the other person knows is the ________________.
Blind.
The social penetration model is used to describe which two dimensions of communication?
Breadth and depth.
Another technique for effective informative speaking is to employ ____________, which involves using precise wording and avoiding jargon.
Clear, simple language.
The degree to which members feel connected with and committed to their group is called ____________.
Cohesiveness.
Which of the following is true of communication?
Communication is something we do with others.
It's a mistake to think that communication competence is a trait that a person either possesses or lacks. That's because __________________.
Competent communication is both situational and can be learned.
Nonverbal cues that reinforce a message are known as __________.
Complementing.
Messages that show you are valued are called _______________.
Confirming responses.
After members understand the problem and become acquainted, a successful group enters the ___________.
Conflict stage.
A _____________ focuses on the subject being discussed.
Content message.
Close friends and lovers often develop special terms that serve as a way of signifying their relationship. Using the same vocabulary sets these people apart from others, reminding themselves and the rest of the world of their relationship. This is referred to as ______________.
Convergence.
Listeners who are more concerned with making their point than with understanding the speaker are called_________________.
Conversational narcissists.
The most common mistake in articulation is ________, or leaving off part of a word.
Deletion.
When constructing an effective argument that you hope will change the behavior of your listeners, you should: structure your basic argument, describe the problem, describe the solution, and _______________.
Describe the desired audience response.
If a relationship can be described as interpersonal, we can be confident that _______________.
Despite ups and downs, there will never be another one quite like it.
Messages that deny the value of others have been labeled _______________.
Disconfirming responses.
Stammering—the use of "uh," "um," "er," and so on—is also called ________________.
Disfluency.
Communicators who want to set themselves apart from others adopt the strategy of ______________.
Divergence.
The term "filter bubble" is used by researchers to describe the echo-chamber effect created when search engines and social media reinforce the pre-conceived ideas and beliefs that people have. Which stage in the preparation of a speech is made especially important by this tendency?
Double-check your sources.
According to the textbook, _______________ are typically judged to be appealing and trustworthy.
Effective listeners.
__________ describe deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have precise meanings known to everyone within a cultural group.
Emblems.
_______________ contains words that sound as if they're describing something when they are really announcing the speaker's attitude toward something.
Emotive language.
You prefer classrooms with natural light and a view of the campus through the window. This preference is related to which contextual element of nonverbal communication?
Environment.
Words that have more than one definition are called _________________.
Equivocal words.
Rather than thinking about race, it's more fruitful to think in terms of ___________, which is a social rather than a biological construct.
Ethnicity.
An attitude that one's own culture is superior to others is called ________________.
Ethnocentrism.
Research shows that the notion that men and women communicate in dramatically different ways is __________________.
Exaggerated.
Which of the following is a tip for accomplishing the goal of critical listening?
Examine the speaker's evidence and reasoning.
This type of power comes from what team members know or can do.
Expert power.
"If we allow the administration to raise tuition this year, soon they will be raising it every year, and before we know it only the wealthiest students will be able to go to school here." This is an example of an ad hominem fallacy.
F
A complete sentence that describes precisely what a speaker wants to accomplish is called a motivated sequence.
F
A memorized speech has the added benefit of being a highly effective training aid that teaches you to think on your feet and organize your thoughts quickly.
F
An article in the print edition of a magazine is an example of organizational communication.
F
Authority rule is always an ineffective way to make decisions.
F
Because internet security has improved, it is generally okay to send sensitive information electronically.
F
Child care professionals or parents who interact with children every day are exceptionally skilled at determining if children are telling the truth.
F
Competent communication is direct communication.
F
Denotative meaning involves thoughts and feelings associated with words.
F
Exaggerated generalizations about a group are called prejudice.
F
Good leaders exercise only one type of leadership style for any given situation.
F
Group norms are less important than group rules.
F
Group work is always the quickest way to solve a problem.
F
If you want to signal "job well done!" in Japan, you should use the thumps-up sign, whose meaning is universal.
F
Leaders' speaking skills are always more influential than their listening skills.
F
Self-esteem is generally boosted by posting unrealistically positive images of oneself online using social media.
F
Tears are an easy form of nonverbal communication to interpret.
F
The elements in a speech which speak to the heart rather than the head are referred to as logos.
F
When the emotions conveyed via verbal and nonverbal messages are at odds, people tend to believe the verbal message.
F
When you give a persuasive speech, you attempt to enlighten audience members by describing, explaining, or instructing a non-controversial topic.
F
When you give a speech to entertain, you attempt primarily to move your audience to a new belief, attitude, or behavior.
F
When you increase audience involvement in your speech by announcing a question and answer period at the end, it is important to respond in as much detail as possible about all aspects of the question.
F
People draw closer when they share a similar aim or when their goals can be mutually satisfied. Which tip for building cohesiveness is that statement connected to?
Focus on shared and compatible goals.
Roles explicitly assigned by an organization or group are called ___________.
Formal roles.
The term __________ describes the tendency of some groups to support ideas without challenging them or providing alternatives.
Groupthink.
The study of touch is called __________.
Haptics.
What are the three most common misconceptions about listening?
Hearing and listening are the same, listening is a natural process, and all listeners receive the same message.
Which statement below best explains the difference between listening and hearing?
Hearing is the physiological ability to perceive the presence of sounds in the environment and listening occurs when the brain reconstructs these electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning.
The physiological ability to perceive the presence of sounds in the environment is referred to as ________________.
Hearing.
Research shows that being a "minority member" is especially challenging and not conducive to open communication. Which tip for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the pitfalls of multicultural teams is this connected to?
If possible, achieve an even distribution of people from various cultures.
Communication scholars use the term ____________ to describe the degree of interest and attraction we feel toward and communicate to others.
Immediacy.
The personal motives of each member are called ___________.
Individual goals.
A(n) _____________ is generally worded to stress audience knowledge, ability, or both.
Informative purpose statement.
In a(n) _____________, the speaker will generally present a noncontroversial topic.
Informative.
Listeners that are not able to look beyond the stated words and/or nonverbal cues of a speaker to understand the real meaning are called ________________.
Insensitive listeners.
_________________ involves interaction between people who are part of a close and irreplaceable relationship in which they treat each other as unique individuals.
Interpersonal communication.
Which of the following statements is true about nonverbal communication?
It helps define relationships.
Which of the statements below is true of empathy?
It is impossible to achieve total empathy.
When political candidates carefully check every new opinion poll, and adjust their speeches accordingly, what fact about persuasive speaking is being demonstrated?
It is incremental.
Which option best applies to metacommunication?
It often gets at underlying meanings.
The specialized vocabulary that functions as a kind of shorthand for people with common backgrounds and experiences is called _________________.
Jargon.
A collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals is referred to in the chapter as _________________.
Language.
Which of the following is most clearly an example of nonverbal communication?
Laughter.
When the brain reconstructs electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning, this is called ________________.
Listening.
When an academic study showed people interrupting female speakers more than male speakers, even though all the speakers were trained to say much the same thing, this indicated that _______________.
Men and women encounter different conversational climates.
Social scientists use the term ________________ to describe messages that refer to other messages.
Metacommunication.
An important five-step organizational pattern for persuasive speeches is referred to as ___________.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence.
Which visual aspect of delivery helps you to extend the "action zone" - the center area at the front of the room where you are speaking - so that you can establish a connection with more of your audience?
Movement.
Research has demonstrated that ________________ are more than just a simple means of identification: They can shape the way that we view ourselves and how others treat us.
Names.
A message expressed through nonlinguistic means is called __________.
Nonverbal communication.
When you find a joke funny, but your friend hears the same joke without laughing, you are showing that _______________.
Not all listeners receive the same message
Interpersonal relationships of any depth are virtually impossible if the individuals involved do not have much of a(n) ________________.
Open.
Another type of feedback, termed _______________, involves restating in your own words the message you thought the speaker sent, without adding anything new.
Paraphrasing.
High self-monitors are usually more aware of their identity management behaviors, while low self-monitors are not. This is because __________________.
People differ in their degree of competence in identity management.
Which of the statements below is true of perception checking?
Perception checking minimizes defensiveness.
A tool for helping to understand others accurately instead of assuming that your first interpretation is correct is called ___________________.
Perception-checking.
Which type of speech can be classified by: (a) a belief in whether something is true or not, (b) a belief in whether someone or something has worth or not, or (c) a belief in whether a course of action should be followed or not?
Persuasive.
The rules that govern how words sound when they are pronounced are called ________________.
Phonological rules.
The term _______________ refers to episodes in which people snub those around them by paying attention to their phones instead.
Phubbing.
In a series of ongoing exchanges, one person's confirming message leads to a similar response from the other person. The first person is then even more reinforcing in turn. This situation illustrates how _______________ works.
Positive spiral.
According to one communication theorist, a degree of stress when acclimating to a new culture is a good sign, because it shows _______________.
Potential for adaptation and growth.
Consider the statement below and choose the answer that best applies. "Um, I hate to ask, but can I borrow your pen perhaps?"
Powerless language.
A 45-year-old man tells an unrelated teenage girl she looks pretty. Which rules explain why this might be an awkward situation?
Pragmatic rules.
An unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group is called ________________.
Prejudice.
We are often wrapped up in personal concerns that seem to be of more immediate importance to us than the messages others send. This indicates the impact of ________________.
Psychological noise.
Someone adjusting to life in a new culture who reports being pleasantly surprised after making friends with people they first took to be odd is demonstrating the benefits of which method of reducing culture shock?
Reaching out to others
The goal of this type of listening is to emotionally connect with others.
Relational listening.
Fast or slow, small or large, smart or stupid, and short or long are examples of _____________ words.
Relative.
Determine the true statement about religious cocultures.
Religion shapes how and with whom many people communicate.
Through ________________, you recall previously introduced information.
Remembering.
Official guidelines that govern what the group is supposed to do and how the members should behave are referred to as ____________.
Rules.
Listeners that respond only to the parts of a speaker's remarks that interest them are called ________________.
Selective listeners.
The rules that deal with the meaning of specific words are called ___________________.
Semantic rules.
When considering the social penetration model, disclosures are considered deep if they are ________________.
Significant or private.
Words or phrases that emphasize the importance of what you are about to say are referred to as a(n) _____________.
Signpost.
The principle of __________ holds that a leader's style should change with the circumstances.
Situational leadership.
The language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group is called _________________.
Slang.
A limited number of people whose members interact with one another over time in order to reach goals is called a _______________.
Small group.
The difference in communication style between men and women is rooted mostly in _______________.
Social expectations.
Good communicators can flourish in the workplace. Social scientists have labeled this skill __________, the capacity to effectively negotiate complex social relationships and environments.
Social intelligence.
Determine which statement is true of developing intercultural communication competence.
Spending time with people from other cultures can lead to positive outcomes like: reduced prejudice, greater productivity, and better relationships.
A person's name, accent, usage of powerful and powerless speech, and affiliative language can affect their ______________.
Status.
Listeners who assume that particular accents are invariably proof of specific abilities and traits are exhibiting _____________.
Stereotypes.
In ________________, the primary aim is to help the speaker deal with personal dilemmas.
Supportive listening.
Arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thoughts are referred to in the chapter as _________________.
Symbols.
How do you differentiate sympathy from empathy?
Sympathy means you feel compassion for another person's predicament, whereas empathy means you have a personal sense of what that predicament is like.
The rules that govern the structure of language—the way symbols can be arranged—are known as ___________________.
Syntactic rules.
A relational message conveys the affective and social relationship between two or more individuals.
T
A style of presenting your supporting material that functions like a story with a beginning, middle, and end is called a narration.
T
Acting as a critic can fulfill a task role.
T
Developing a group norm that legitimizes disagreement is one way to minimize the risk of groupthink.
T
Establishing interdependence will help build group cohesiveness.
T
Factual claims can be proven to be either true or false.
T
Glancing at your phone can be a regulating behavior.
T
If you want to feel more confident before an interview, you should assume a power pose.
T
Improving your communication skills will help you to become a better leader.
T
Men and women speak roughly the same number of words per day.
T
Not communicating can still send a message.
T
People remember comments accompanied by gestures more than those made with words alone.
T
People tend to use nonverbal markers to declare which territory is theirs.
T
Posture, gestures, facial expressions, and other behaviors can increase the attractiveness of an otherwise unremarkable person.
T
Statements explaining why your claims are true, along with evidence that backs up those claims are called proof.
T
Task-oriented listening is designed to secure information necessary to get a job done.
T
The ability to show flexibility by adapting to the norms of multiple cultures is known as frame switching.
T
The believability of a speaker is called credibility and is a perception in the minds of the audience.
T
The level of commitment and attention that listeners devote to a speech is called audience involvement.
T
The primary components of reasoning are claims, subclaims, and evidence.
T
The process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others is called self-disclosure.
T
The verbal and nonverbal ways we act to show a positive image of ourselves to others is called facework.
T
These individuals don't feel that their biological sex is a good description of who they are transgender.
T
When working with a difficult boss, you may need to consider moving on to a different employer.
T
People in Western cultures tend to view _______________ as desirable and use it for social purposes as well as to perform tasks.
Talk.
Which of the following is an example of intrapersonal communication?
Tanya is asked to speak to the school board and she thinks, "I'm not a good enough speaker to do that."
The presidents of universities often have the largest offices on campus. This is an illustration of which nonverbal contextual element?
Territory.
Which choice below best characterizes message overload?
The amount of information most people hear every day makes careful listening to everything they hear impossible.
Which statement below best represents the conclusion from intercultural communication research that states you should engage in mindful thinking?
The answer is not to ignore our differences, but to recognize that each of us reflects such a unique collection of experiences and cultures that generalizations cannot describe us.
Which sentence below best represents that meanings are in people, not in words?
The meanings people associate with words have far more significance than do their dictionary definitions.
Sometimes we disclose how we honestly feel about our bodies and sometimes we don't. This is because of the private nature of ________________.
The perceived self.
Analyze the statements below and identify the statement that exemplifies the need step establishing the problem.
The prevalence of plastic waste is cluttering waterways, endangering wildlife, and damaging scenery on our planet.
At this stage, not only do members accept the group's decision, they also endorse it.
The reinforcement stage.
Which statement below breaks down the differences between the linear and transactional models?
The roles of sender and receiver are separate in the linear model, but they are considered communicators in the transactional model.
Which statement below best relates to perceived physical noise?
The sound of traffic, music, others' speech, and the like may interfere with your ability to hear well.
The ___________ tells your listeners the central idea of your speech and is the one idea that you want your audience to remember after they have forgotten everything else you had to say.
Thesis.
The term ______________ is used to reflect the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them.
Uncertainty avoidance.
Which of the following pieces of advice is recommended as a way of enhancing awareness of issues related to gender and communication?
Understand traditional patterns that may help people avoid the assumption that their way is the only way or the right way to offer comfort.
Through _______________, you make sense of a message.
Understanding.
Attitudes based on preconceived ideas about appearance, age, and socio-economic status are prone to lead to _______________.
Unfair discrimination.
Which choice below is most closely related to rapid thought?
We have a great deal of mental "spare time" to spend while someone is talking.
Before committing yourself to helping another person—even someone in obvious distress—make sure your support is _________________.
Welcome.
At which stage of analyzing a problem does conducting a force field analysis typically occur?
When you identify supporting and restraining forces.
Which of the following assertions about gender and nonverbal communication is true?
Women are typically more nonverbally expressive than men.
A large national retailer uses Twitter to send messages to its customers. In this case, social media is __________________.
more like mass communication.
