COMM 2020 Test Three

outline rules

-introductions & conclusions are done in roman numerals ONLY -if there is an A, there must be a B -if there is a 1, there must be a 2

guidelines for outlines

-keep it simple -use two outlines: preparation (full sentences) & speaking (short, simple phrases) -use consistent symbols/outline notations -they are hierarchical in how they are constructed

guidelines for using language

-use language you know & are comfortable with -eliminate wordiness -know when to use a thesaurus -use active, rather than passive voice -use "i, me, we" language -respect differences in others -avoid "ist" language

what an introduction should include

1. get the audience's attention 2. preview speech topic 3. establish credibility 4. connect to audience 5. thesis statement

ways to open & close with impact

1. joke 2. quote 3. statistic 4. anecdote 5. rhetorical question

what a conclusion should include

1. signpost the end is near 2. restatement of thesis 3. clincher - close with impact

types of informative speeches

1. speeches about objects 2. speeches about processes 3. speeches about events 4. speeches about concepts

general purpose statement

a brief statement of what the speaker intends to do - overarching goal of the speech (TO INFORM)

specific purpose statement

a narrower version of the general-purpose statement (identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it....)

myth

a rhetorical construction that tries to explain natural events or cultural phenomena and is used to identify with a group and justify the performance of actions or beliefs

thesis statement

a verbalized foundation of the speech

"the university allowed too many athletes in without proper grades" is an example of: a. active voice b. passive voice

a. active voice

a student wants to end his speech on a very strong note. he decides to end with a: a. clincher b. summary c. signpost d. argument

a. clincher

a single-word approach that is ill-defined, powerful, & may push people toward action is: a. ideograph b. simile c. metaphor d. ideologue

a. ideograph

a student is giving a speech about the history of Mardi Gras. What kind of speech is this? a. speech about an object b. persuasive speech c. speech about an object d. speech about a process

a. speech about anobject

which of the following is NOT true? a. the speaking outline uses full sentences b. speaking outline is truncate form of preparation outline c. speaking outline can have delivery cues embedded d. speaking outline is shorthand version of prep. outline

a. the speaking outline uses full sentences

informative speeches about a concept are likely to be organized in which of the following ways? a. topically b. spatially c. organizationally d. chronologically

a. topically

the ladder of abstraction starts with most abstract & then narrows down to most objective a. true b. false

a. true

ideograph

an ill-defined, politically powerful term or phrase that can push people to action (terror)

arguments from the past

appropriating historical events, facts, or people to justify present or future actions or explain events in the here-and-now (relation the 9/11 attacks to Pearl Harbor/WWII)

4 characteristics of language

arbitrary, ambiguous, abstract, hierarchical

word-cluster approaches

arguments from the past, myth

"now i the time to deride, defeat, and destroy gender discrimination" is an example of: a. repetition b. alliteration c. parallelism d. antithesis

b. alliteration

which of the following fits a persuasive speech? a. today, i want you to celebrate with me the life of... b. at the end of my speech, the audience will be encouraged to... c. today i will tell you the steps of... d. today is the first day of the rest of your life

b. at the end of my speech, the audience will be encouraged to...

which of the following fits an informative speech? a. today, after hearing me speak, i plan on you making the... b. at the end of my speech, the audience will know how... c. today let's take note d. all of the above

b. at the end of my speech, the audience will know how...

which of the following is not part of the introduction? a. attention getter b. evidence c. thesis statement d. preview statement

b. evidence

the Protestant Reformation would make a terrific topic for a speech about a process a. true b. false

b. false

the speaking outline should use full sentences a. true b. false

b. false

the first statement you create for your outline is? a. specific purpose b. general purpose c. transitory phase d. internal preview

b. general purpose

______ provide information in as neutral an environment as possible where the speaker.... a. persuasive speeches b. informative speeches c. epideictic speeches d. all speeches

b. informative speeches

structure, building, dwelling, hose, townhouse is an example of what? a. arbitrary b. ladder of abstraction c. ideograph d. all of the above

b. ladder of abstraction

the notion that language is hierarchical means that: a. it is ambiguous in nature b. language places values of more and less on everything c. it is both abstract & concrete d. language has negatives

b. language places values of more and less on everything

the outline that lets you gather & organize information is what type? a. key word b. preparation c. speaking d. manuscript

b. preparation

a photography major is preparing a speech about the steps taken in developing film. this is a: a. speech about an event b. speech about a process c. speech about an object d. concept speech

b. speech about a process

preparation outlines use full sentences next to: a. letters b. symbols/outline notations c. numbers d. grammar cues

b. symbols/outline notations

a speech about the logical division of a topic would use which organizational pattern? a. chronological b. topical c. problem-solution d. spatial

b. topical

speeches about concepts

beliefs, values, theories, love, depression, politics, economy, etc. -topical pattern of organization

internal previews and internal summaries are considered: a. signposts b. interwoven essentials c. connectives d. redundant features

c. connectives

the first thing the speaker does in the introduction is: a. introduce him/herself b. announce the topic c. get the audience's attention d. preview the speech body

c. get the audience's attention

a device that states what is coming up in a particular point is a/an: a. internal summary b. thesis statement c. internal preview d. summary

c. internal preview

the ______ is one sentence that tells the audience exactly what the speaker will address: a. attention-getter b. research question c. thesis statement d. overview

c. thesis statement

ways to organize body of speech

chronological, cause-effect, problem-solution, spatial, & topical

profanity

coarse & irreverent language

speeches about event

combine aspects of both objects & processes; might be about people or show the process of the event unfolding -chronological, topical, spatial pattern

simile

comparison using "like" or "as"

which is a characteristic of language? a. arbitrary b. abstract c. ambiguity d. all of the above

d. all of the above

speeches of self-presentation are about the speaker ________ to the audience: a. introducing a guest b. introducing an opposing position c. introducing a keynote speaker d. introducing himself/herself

d. introducing himself/herself

which of the following is NOT an element of the introduction in the outline? a. thesis statement b. connecting with audience c. credibility statement d. main point

d. main point

a ________ lets the audience know you are moving from one main point to another in the body of a speech a. summary statement b. speech tip c. clincher d. signpost/transition

d. signpost/transition

Abdul said "today i'm going to describe to you the terrain of the state of Texas." his pattern is: a. problem-solution b. problem-cause-solution c. chronological d. spatial

d. spatial

if a speech was about the geography of a location the organizational pattern would be... a. problem-solution b. problem-cause-solution c. chronological d. spatial

d. spatial

Joshua had created a good preparation outline and knew he needed to then create a: a. key outline b. manuscript c. draft essay d. speaking outline

d. speaking outline

after getting her general-purpose statement done, Mary knew she next needed to create: a. thesis statement b. transition c. internal summary d. specific purpose statement

d. specific purpose statement

Jeremy gave a speech to his class on life & achievements of Napoleon Bonaparte. This is a: a. speech of self-presentation b. speech about a process c. speech about a concept d. speech about an object

d. speech about an object

hierarchical

language is structured according to higher or lower, more or less

inclusive language

language that avoids certain expressions, phrases or words, especially gendered pronouns that intentionally or unintentionally exclude groups of people

ambiguous

language that does not have precise, concrete meanings

dehumanization

making people seem less than human in order to more easily motivate action against them

speeches about objects

may include self-presentation, other people, places, & things

single word approaches

metaphor, simile, ideograph

internal previews

often work in conjunction with transitions by using two statements to segue way between the two points

transition

one sentence between body 1 & body 2 and body 2 & body 3

repetition

repeating either the same phrasing pattern for main points, or a phrase you just stated, in order to maximize the audience's ability to receive the information

alliteration

repeating the same consonant or vowel sound a the beginning of sub-sequence words

4 ways to structure language

repetition, alliterations, parallelism, & antithesis

hate speech

rude & crude speech that attacks or demeans a particular social or ethnic group, many times with the intent of inciting action against that group

metaphor

shows how two things are alike in an important way despite being different in most ways

parallelism

similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses

ladder of abstraction

starts with most abstract then narrows down; human - musician - British - Adele

internal summaries

statements which summarize what you already covered & can precede transitions

arbitrary

symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things (used to make connections)

3 types of general purpose statements

to inform, to celebrate, & to persuade

true or false: first, practice with the preparation outline then practice with the speaking outline

true

true or false: speaking outlines do NOT use full sentences

true

true or false: the preparation outline uses full sentences

true

true or false: the specific purpose statement is one single, declarative statement

true

antithesis

two ideas that sharply contrast with each other & are juxtaposed in a parallel grammatical structure

speeches about processes

use a chronological pattern of organization, "how to" speeches

active voice

where the subject of the sentence performs the action

abstract

words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations