COMM 210 Chapter 1

extemporaneous speaking

a speech done in a conversational manner, introduction or conclusion may be memorized, spontaneity is key

didactic method

a teaching or instructive approach (relate support to ideas)

what is communication apprehension?

A broad-based fear of anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons

problem-solution order

explains the nature of the problem and the way to solve it (5 patterns of organization)

Explain the components of a speech

1. Introduction; Provide a good basic foundation for leading intot he speech 2. Body; Main Content of the speech, explain ideas, give examples, compares ideas, give statistics, ect. 3. Conclusion; speech ending, summary of the key information, helps audience remeber relevence

How do we improve our listening?

1. Note-taking 2. Preview-Review 3. Concentration 4. Interaction 5. Consider the context 6. Observe non-verbal cues 7. Listen for ideas

concentration

focus on exactly what the speaker is saying

why should we practice for our speech?

1. feel more familiar with the material 2. have a chance to visual speaking situation and audience, thus helping reduce nervousness 3. able to test plans with visual aids 4. Find out timing of speech

analysis of the situation and occasion

A speaker needs to take into account the size of the audience, the characteristics of the physical environment, and the nature of the speaking occasion.

encodes

The source encodes/creates the message by putting ideas into words and actions. An effective source encodes messages in a way that's appropriate for the intended receivers.

values

our general rules for living and our basic goals in life. (honesty, privacy, etc.)

Situational CA

Don't like communicating in high pressure situations (eg- job interview or meeting parents)

How can we nonverbally display that we are listening?

How can we nonverbally display that we are listening?

difference between listening and hearing

Listening refers to the psychological process of attaching meaning to sound waves we detect. Hearing refers to the physiological process of detecting the frequencies, duration, and volume of sound waves.

ways to conduct an audience analysis

Observation, Interviews, Surveys

What are the three types of audience analysis?

Psychological Sudience Analysis Demographic Analysis Analysis of the situation and occasion

What is the difference between a self-centered and audience-centered speaker?

Self-Centered Speakers; focus on issues that are important to them, act as though everyone has had the same experiences, lack respect for diversity among human beings, and focus on their speaking performance Audience-centered Speakers; present material to which audience can relate, use words familiar to the audience, respect differences of audience members, avoid attacking or insulting the audience.

Dance's Helical model

The bottom of the helix is small. As the helix moves upward it becomes larger. But movement up the helix is slow- a process of circular, back-and-forth motion. in the beginning, communicators share but a small portion of themselves in their relationships. Through a slow process of give and take, their relationships develop as, little by little, they commit more of themselves.

David Berlo's Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model

The model helps us focus on the elements that must be operating effectively for communication to occur. THe model helps us identify the location of potential barriers to effective communication. More comprehensive models also serve as elements:feedback, noise, and communication context.

sterotyping

What are the benefits and limitations to the different types of analysis?

cognitive restructing

a process by which individuals can change their thinking. You restructure your thinking by replacing the negative experiences of the past, or unrealistic expectations of failure with positive images of the future.

special devices

a variety of stylistic devices can signal the audience to movement in ideas like themes, key phrases, and memory aids (transitions)

spatial order

arranges ideas according to location or geography ( a good way to examine structures, or geographical development over time) (5 patterns of organization)

size

as size increases or decreases, the speaker is likely to become either more informal or formal

monroes motivated seqence

attention, need (why they need to learn it), satisfaction (satisfy the need), visualization (see the future), action (make a specific appeal or call for action)

apathetic audience

audience that has no knowledge or interest in the speakers purpose

hostile audience

audience that is opposed to the speakers purpose

friendly audience

audience that is positively disposed toward a speakers purpose

neutral audience

audience that is undecided about the speakers purpose

communication is circular

because the sender and receiver encode and decode simultaneously through feedback, communication is a circular, ongoing process.

internal summaries

before moving on to a new point the speaker stops to repeat or emphasize the major ideas already presented. (ex. in a child abuse speech "we have seen there are 4 examples of child abuse") (transitions)

eye contact

being able to look at the audience, away from your notes

amplification

being prepared for situations with a microphone (environmental/situational elements)

topical order

categorical order, categorizing our topic by comparing to the familiar to the unknown or reverse. common with problem or policy speeches (5 patterns of organization)

physical environment

characteristics of the location can influence the effectiveness of a presentation, consider ways to make the environment as a way to make your speech goals possible

communication is irreversible

communication is not something you can take back, if you say something stupid, everyone will refer you to that guy as that guy who said something stupid forever. however you can build on that.

chronological order

considers ideas over a period a time, usually from the longest back to the most recent (5 patterns of organization)

body of the speech

contains the claims and forms of support that develop your central idea or thesis (outline elements)

speaking from manuscript

delivering a speech word for word from a typed manuscript

interpersonal communication

dyadic communication, occurs between two people. Brief exchanges between strangers, conservations between friends, ongoing discussions with a significant other all fall into this category.

causal order

examines the causes and effects of a phenomenon or a problem. (5 patterns of organization)

listening for pleasure

for fun (types of listening)

Why do we outline?

helps plan out key ideas and identify where you need to support/identify your ideas. Helps you to prepare speaking notes as well as where transitions need to be.

pitch

how high or how low you are speaking during your message

volume

how loud you talk, you want to be loud enough to be heard (vocal elements)

message

includes verbal elements(content) and nonverbal elements (delivery) - what speakers must say and the way they say it.

speaking from memory

involves delivering a speech from a manuscript with out the manuscript.

creativity

involves visualizing something in an innovative, new, or unique, but useful way. (intrapersonal processes)

systematic desensitization

is a behavioral technique commonly used to treat fear, anxiety disorders and phobias. Using this method, the person is engaged in some type of relaxation exercise and gradually exposed to an anxiety producing stimulus, like an object or place (ways to overcome CA)

attitude

is a persons emotional reaction to an idea object, person, or behavior

feedback

is any verbal or nonverbal response to a source, such as a question form the audience, a puzzled look, or nod of agreement. If receivers don't provide feedback, the source and the receivers may fail to realize that they are not sharing the same meaning.

public communication

is one person communicating face-to-face with an audience. The size of the audience may vary, but the interaction between speaker and audience is more limited than in the previous levels of communication.

belief

is that which an individual considers to be a fact or statement about reality. Beliefs express what we think to be true or false

mass mediated communication

is the communication that takes place over some form of technology because the audience is so large that its members cannot be grouped together in one place. Newspapers, television, and the Internet are all examples of mass communication. A speaker does not have direct access to the audience and the audience's feedback is usually delayed.

Listening as therapy

is the form you use when a friend has a problem and needs to talk, the friend may ask for advice, but really needs you to help him or her think through a situation (types of listening)

receiver

like the source, brings to the communication situation all of his or her communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, and culture

listen for ideas

listen to main points

Demographic analysis

means the speaker considers the importance of such characteristics of the audience as: gender, age, educational level, occupational experiences, economic class, religion, ethnicity, etc.

need

n

time

not going over time, and making use of the time you have (es elements)

overview

o

observe nonverbal cues

observe facial expressions, and read between the lines

impromptu speaking

talking off the head

communication is based on our perception

perception is an individuals way of understanding reality. perception depends on a variety of influences including: attention, selectivity, and memory.

inductive method

presents the support for an idea first then draws a conclusion from it. (relate support to ideas)

preview-review

previewing a topic before it is presented, then after reviewing the topic

psychological audience analysis

psychological analysis of the audience involves considering the impact of beliefs, attitudes, and values on the behavior of listeners. our belief-attitude-value system accounts for the way we think feel and behave

movement

purposeful movement during a presentation can help you to hold an audiences attention through variety, to emphasize ideas

Intrapersonal communication

refers to the communication you have with yourself. Your thoughts, your self talk, your recognition of your own feelings and attitudes.

articulation

refers to the manner in which an individual uses the things in his mouth to produce the vowel and consonant sounds of a language (vocal elements)

Channel

refers to the means by which the message gets from the sender to the receiver (through your senses, the airwaves). Communication is more effective when multiple senses are involved and the medium has the capability to convey the intended meaning.

rate

refers to the number of words you're saying in a minute

quality

refers to the unique (musical ) characteristics of a speaker's voic caused by a variety of elements, including ones manner of breathing, level of tension in the throat, use of the soft palate, etc.

frame of reference

refers to the way you view your world. consists of all you bring internally to the communication situation (beliefs, attitudes, values, memory of experiences, cultural background etc.) (intrapersonal processes)

Audience based CA

scared of what people will think

imagined communication

self talk, talking to someone else, or talking to themselves if they were a different person. (intrapersonal processes)

the introduction

should be planned after the body of the speech, you should grab audience attention, interest them, establish youre trustworthy, and establish goodwill toward the audience (outline elements)

the conclusion

should be planned after you prepare the body and the introduction of the speech, should reinforce the key ideas, restate your central idea (outline elements)

overcoming ca

skill development, movement, practice

interaction

socializing, asking questions, etc.

bibliography

sources you found researching for your presentation (oe)

central idea

the essence of the speech, that is the main idea the audience should agree with or understand at the end of the speech (outline elements)

purpose statements

the general purposes of speaking are to inform, persuade, and entertain (outline elements) your specific purpose of your speech is the response you desire from the listeners

decodes

the receiver decodes, or translates the source's message attaching meaning and understanding to the speakers message.

internal previews

the speaker may follow up an internal summary with a statement indicating the way she or he will approach the next part of the speech (transitions)

facial expression

the speakers facial expression should reflect the meaning of the message and help establish an appropriate relationship with an audience (dont smile talking about death)

personal appearance

the way you dress for a speech, and how people judge you (es elements)

posture

the way you sit or stand, before, during, after a presentation will influence the perceptions of your listeners.

signposts

these alert the listners to a new idea, they are usually numbers (first, my 2nd reason..etc) but can include words like next and finally. these indicate where the speaker is in the presentation (transitions)

interjections

these emphasize the important ideas by drawing attention like "this is important" (transitions)

gestures

these should reinforce your message (hand gestures, arm gestures, fingers etc.)

consider the context

think of the background of the person giving the speech

source

transmit a message through a channel to a receiver

listening process

use extra time to concentrate on the message, interpret meanings, look for hidden meanings, and analyze nonverbal aspects such as facial expressions.

group communication

usually concerns three or more people who interact and influence one another in the pursuit of a common interest. A study group, an athletic team, and families are different types of groups.

The message

what must have qualities that will lead the receiver to perceive the meaning that the source intended

different messages received

when the source and receiver differ significantly in their frame of reference, the decoding process is likely to result in messages different from the ones intended.

selective listening

when you select to choose to listen to somethings while tuning out others. (mom giving commmands while you play COD) (types of listening)

passive listening

you don't exert yourself in the process, but let the messages "wash over you" (types of listening)

transitions (outline)

you should know how to relate two ideas how to each other which would make this , or be able to link intro to body to conclusion with this(outline element)