COMM 407 Exam 3 v2
What are the necessary elements for coercive control to be effective?
-Violence itself • Willingness to punish if necessary (threats, intimidation) • Surveillance (monitoring) • Wearing down partner's willingness and ability to resist
What is socialisation of the young?
...well integrated, heightened self-esteem, social harmony, social cohesion...
Kids Help Phone
1-800-668-6868
What are distributive/integrative/designated power styles like?
Distributive power = Power OVER or AGAINST another Integrative Power = Power WITH another "joining forces" Designated Power = Power TO someone, giving up individual power
Identify the primary reason why families seek help from a family or couples counselor
Most problems for which families seek help are system-wide problems that are caused, maintained, or exacerbated by family interactions.
Bowen's Intergenerational Model
Provides framework for understanding how patterns of family interactions: ~become established ~affect personal adjustment of family members, ~are carried into future generations
(Public Health) Focus is on status, risk factors of the ______________
Public
Public Health Definition
Public health nursing is the practice of promoting and protecting the health of population using knowledge form nursing , social, and public health
What is Physically Attacking?
Pushing, shoving, throwing things during conflict
What are reason of avoidance to end-of-life conversations?
Avoidance 1) Feeling they can talk is crucial for the patient and others 2) Avoiding the topic or not listening is common 3) Reasons Self and other protection Maintain hope and normalcy Family standards and norms Avoidance Processes 1) Denial: denying the topic is worth discussing 2) Segmentation: being open about some topic, closed about others 3) Being open while avoiding: maintaining feeling of openness while implicitly avoiding.
Which conflict strategy can be either destructive or constructive?
Avoidant
Empty Nest
Begins when your children leave home. Results in this
Serial monogamy
Series of marriages and divorces throughout life
Family of origin processes in depression
affectionless control, family conflict, extreme cohesion, low support acceptance confirmation, child abuse
What is net migration?
difference between numbers immigration and the numbers emigrating, and this is expressed as a net increase or net decrease due to migration
Family's organizational system
encompasses the manner in which family subsystems are organized, the hierarchical relationships between family subsystems and the clarity of the boundaries within and between subsystems.
If long-term relational partners do not resolve the three developmental challenges of commitment, power and closeness early in their relationship, they can still find satisfaction in the later stages of their relationship as long as they have more adaptable personalities.
false
In the ABCX model, A represents the crisis
false
types of family rituals
family celebrations, family traditions, patterned family interactions
felt obligations
family obligation, contact and assistance, felt obligation, norms for independence from family, obligation of adult children to parents, guilt, distress, sense of duty
family secrets
family relationships are shaped, in part, by what is shared and what is held secret by family members
Role allocation:
family's role assignment pattern
two key phases in the development of stepfamily relationships
fantasy stage, immersion stage
selection hypothesis
healthier people are more likely to marry and stay married versus non married people
optimal bonding
high care, low overprotection
Dysfunctional rules:
hinder communication and increase opportunities for chaos and resistance
3. Poor problem solving skills
if couples don't have coping skills than how can they have problem solving skills
exposure
if i was confronted or it would of been found out anyways
permission
if my family members thought it was okay to tell
C:
importance to stressor
explanations for well being of children in step families models
stress models, stepparent involvement model, stepparent role model
Role models:
individuals who we believe exemplify the behaviors of the role we expect to play
Non normative Family Stressors
stressors that are not a part of every day life and are not predictable patterns that most people expect as a part of living.
ABC- X Model
some families function better after the experience of a stressor than they did before
HMS Windrush
(windrush generation) (increase in migration) - post war - those from asia and africa encouraged to come UK to rebuild country - racism, treated poorly
Theoretical explanations of the effect of divorce on children: life stress
*Accumulation of stressors that have negative effects on children *Is it the divorce causing problems? Or is it the amount of stressors?
Parental divorce and age: how do adolescents process parental divorce?
*Can make sense of the divorce better than younger age groups *Have to integrate the divorce with their own developing identity *Difficulty coping: 3x more likely to need psychological help
A03 McKeown
- does not ecplain why women, who receive smaller share of food supply live longer than males - why did measles and infant diarrhoea arise in time of improving nutrition?
AO3 for Engels?
- not based on historical evidence
Duncan and Phillips
- reserch for British Social Attitudes - 1 in 10 adults are Living Apart Together - reflects trend towards less formalised relationships - cannot afford to live together - public attitudes to LAT are favourable - minority want to live apart, for instance to keep own home
How has childhood improved?
- rights and responsibilities of children - protection from abuse (childline) - legislation (Children Act 2004) - changes in ages -
Samantha Punch
- rural bolivia - children as young as 5 expected to take responsibility by working on farms - tasks taken on without questioning - responsibility at an early age
Reasons for changes in position of women?
- sex discrimination act - equal pay act - marital rape act - greater success in education - availability of benefits ( no longer financially dependent)
Family Communication Stressors
-Major Life changes (i.e marriage, addition of children, death in the family, transitions) -Work Stress -School Performance -Health
What is abuse? What five types of abuse were discussed in class? (abuse definition is family violence definition)
-Physical -Sexual -Psychological/emotional -Financial/material -Neglect
What does it mean to say "power is relational?"
-Power is RELATIONAL, not objective -We have to ENDORSE the resources someone has, agree that they have capacity to influence us "to have power, someone has to recognize our power first"
Elements of a home visit
-Prepare -Initial phone call -Anticipate what will be needed during HV and bring it -Assessment tools; intervention materials (include teaching materials, resources, etc) -Appointment to visit including directions
Focus of Public Health
-Prevent Disease -Prolong Life -Promote Health and Efficiency
Population-Focused Care
-Specifc groups of people -Health Promotion and disease prevention -Subgroups or "sets" population (families) -Nursing process -Use Scientific data and knowledge for care
How do the two types of family privacy orientations vary from one another?
-high permeability (unlikely to keep secrets) -moderate permeability -low permeability (most secretive)
Interactional Communication Deviance of people with Schizophrenia
-idea fragments -unintelligible remarks -contradictions or retractions -ambiguous references -extraneous remarks -tangential inappropriate responses -odd word usage/ odd sentence construction *often types the family of the schizophrenic uses these as well
How are cross-episodic patterns framed as important to study in chapter 8?
-interconnected patterns that show diffidence's in power use
Illness Mourning Processes (Impact)
-learning of a disease -characterized by anxiety and tension -disorganized family response
Marital Communication/ Depression (5)
-negative communication -increase of conflict -poor problem solving skills -role shifts for individual & spouse -parental communication
4) Death and dying
-patients and families would rather have a bad diagnosis, than none -dying family members are very concerned with relationships with other family members -there are many informational and disclosure issues related to chronic illness and dying
2 possible explanations for marriage/mortality
-selection hypothesis -protection hypothesis
How many calls do Childline get eacher year from children saying they have been sexually or physically abused?
20,000
Civil Partnership Act
2004
what is the rate of abuse in america?
3 million reports ( more than 6 million children)
recumbent length for infants up to age ________________plus weight and head circumference
36 m
standing height plus weight plus BMI after age
37 m
How many marrriages end in divorce?
40%
what percentage of the US population will have a diagnosable psychological problem during their lives?
48% most families will have a member go through a mental health issue
cycle of abuse
A model that explains how relationships go from healthy to unhealthy over time
openness
the ease with which members and info cross the boundary from one system or subsystem to another.
accumulative effect of abuse and delinquent behavior
the more forms of abused they were in contact with, the higher the percentage that they would engage in delinquent behavior
coping resources
those properties, attributes, or skills individuals, families or societies have at their disposal when adapting to novel and demanding situations. Coping resources serve to minimize vulnerability to stress
Couples in the early parenthood stage do not experience very much conflict.
true
Resilient families are those that rely heavily on each other rather than community or religious support systems
true
Taking a life-course perspective when a crisis occurs suggests that interruptions to careers, educations, or incomes may cause more changes than timing in family stages
true
When children experience blame, anger, and bargaining after a parent's death, this is the recoil stage of loss
true
Relationship Quality and Relationship
Behaviors/Interactions predict physical health far better than Relationship Status
Beginning Family
The married couple establishing their home but do not yet have children.
Generational diversity?
Generational - different generations have different atttidues which reflects periods they lived in e.g. morality of divorce, cohabitation
Life-course perspective
How events and their timing in the lives of individuals affected families Individual time (age) having a baby at 16 vs 32 Generational Time (positions and roles in families) Historical time (things from the era, Millennials)
PREP: Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program
Howard Markman and Scott Stanley
John and Martha are in love and have a sexual relationship. Martha is also John's aunt. In most states, this meets the legal definition of: A. Rape B. Sexual Assault C. Incest D. Family Violence
Incest
Key developmental task for Stage 4
Increasing flexibility of family boundaries to include children's independence
Which of the following is not one of the short term effects of divorce?
Internalizing and externalizing
Violence in Gay and Lesbian Relationships
No matter the sexual orientation, research shows that people use physical aggression to establish power and control over their partner, and this has far little to do with one's gender than once thought.
Retirement
Not working, free from raising children. You can enjoy your hard work.
Communication Deviance
Odd and unfocused styles of interacting Ambiguous speech, No clear referent, Odd use of words, Non-strategic repetition, Off-topic comments Known as Word Salad Parents with CD are more likely to have children with learning disabilities
Selection Hypothesis
People with chronic illness tend to have a more difficult time with dating/mate-selection, so in that sense people who marry are "selected" for good health
Child Abuse
Physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare
aA:
Pile-up changes in response
Family typology (4 types)
Pluralistic, Consensual, Laissez-Faire, Protective
Assimilation
Policies which aim to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture
2. McMaster Model of Family Functioning
Problem-solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavioral control
Pivot generation
The adult children, mostly women, who care for both parents and own children
Conversation Orientatio (typology)
The degree to which family members create a climate where all are encouraged to participate freely in interaction without limitations regarding time spend and topics discusse
Child Sexual Abuse
The engagement of a child in sexual activities for which the child is developmentally unprepared and cannot give informed consent Low Adaptability and Cohesion Family Isolation Parental Absence Boundary Violation/Role Confusion Conflict Intergenerational Family Dysfunction
Stage 6 is.....
The family in later life
Stage 4 is.....
The family with adolescents
Stage 3 is.....
The family with young children
Lorena shot her husband after years of physical abuse at his hands. Her behavior is best classified as A. Mutual Violent Control B. Violent Resistance C. Intimate Terrorism D. Common Couple Violence
Violent Resistance
How is chidhood characterised?
Vulnerability, innocence, dependent
Rules
Well established or recurring strategies define limits of acceptable behavior tells you what to expect
Family with Teenagers
When the oldest child is between the ages of 13 and 20.
Family stories
Verbal accounts of personal experiences that are important to the family, and typically involve the creation and maintenance of relationships, depict rules of interaction, and reflect beliefs about family and other social institutions" (Fieses et al, 2001, p. 6)
Marriage: In general adults tend to be healthier and have Lower mortality rates than unmarried adults. Why?
Who benefits more in terms of health? Also, the quality of married couples' interaction can influence health
Family Systems Theory
a "lens" for understanding family interaction and outcomes
Family rule:
a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
subsystem
a group formed within a larger system that shares common functions or other features such as gender, generation, or interest.
empty nest
a household in which one or more parents live after the children have left home
blended family
a married couple and their children from previous marriages
alliance
a pattern of interaction formed when two family members share an interest with oen another that is not shared by others.
@ Schizophrenia
a thought disorder characterized by bizarre delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized inability to initiate and persist in goal directed activity
confidant
a trusted person with whom you can share personal information
What are the four horsemen of the apocalypse, and what do they predict?
a. Criticism b. Defensiveness c. Contempt d. Stonewalling
Coalition
an interactional pattern characterized by one family member siding with a second member against a third.
Family
an interdependent group of individuals who have shared sense of history, experience some degree of emotional bonding, and devise strategies for meeting the needs of individual members and the group as a whole.
Gangs
an organized group of individuals that share an identity (may engage in criminal activity)
According to Jackson Katz, a bystander is:
anybody who is not the perpetrator or a victim in a given situation but who is embedded in the relationship with the people in the situation
2. Increase in Conflict
arguments and fighting that could become serial
Criticism:
attacking a spouse personality of character usually with blame
How are authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parents different from one another?
authoritarian (low responsiveness) authoritative (high responsiveness and high demandingness) permissive (low demandingness)
Behavioral flexibility:
being prepared to adapt to changes and being flexible enough to adopt new ways of responding to changes
Stress
is the response to the stressor
Demoralizing Event
job loss, unwanted pregnancy, homeless
cC:
meaning given to crisis, added stressors
When two people get married, the most turbulent family tie in the extended family network tends to be ____
mother-in-law and daughter-in-law
More cases of child abuse are perpetrated by _____________ than any other group.
mothers
The most common form of elder abuse is
neglect
Loneliness
not a diagnosable condition. Discrepancy between a persons desired and achieved level of social interactions
family size
not homogenous: closeness to 1 or 2 siblings and distance from others (in larger families)
stages of the life cycle- launching children
o adjust back to a marital dyad o develop adult relationship with grown children o expand family super-system for in-laws o cope with death/disability of elderly family members
stages of the life cycle- family with young children
o adjust marriage to make room for children o childrearing and socialization o adjust relationships and grandparents
stages of the life cycle- family with adolescents
o adjust relationships with child for higher autonomy o manage parent-child conflicts o refocus on middle stage of marriage o care for elderly parents (grandparents)
differences between routine and rituals
o amount of emotion involved • more energy and emotion in rituals o amount of symbolism- higher in rituals o behavior in rituals is relatively unique and out of the ordinary o rituals inolve unique staging: preparation, enactment, and then return to normal o routines are converted to rituals when they more from instrumental to symbolic acts • rituals can downgrade to routines and routines can upgrade to rituals depending upon how much emotion you involve with the event
family obligation
o duties you have to person to accompany your family role
perceptions of family obligations- conflict avoidance
o family that wants to preserve harmony, avoids conflict; not suppose to fight with family members i.e. biting your tongue
therapeutic functions
o get distressed families back on their feet; keep them going
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- boundary violation/role confusion/role reversal
o happens in families where roles get confused o younger child will often enter into these practices by the older adults trying to cultivate special relationships and making it seem like normal even though they are being victimized o family conflict are pretty high in these environments; not very good relationships within the family
fiery foes
o intense anger, no acceptance of partners right; use the child as a pawn to punish the ex parent; no cooperation at all; still emotionally attached to each other
family traditions
o meaning is specific to each family • reunions, birthdays and anniversaries
socializing
o transmitting values
reservoir of family wisdom
o usually grandfather, helps with family decisions
Crisis
over whelming disturbance in the families equilibrium that involves server pressure on and incapacitation of the family system.
Role messages:
overt communication about behaviors that make up a role
COAs are 2-4 times as likely than non-COAs to be exposed to:
parental divorce, separation, unemployment, or death in addition to parents' alcoholism also experience more physical, sexual, verbal abuse than non-COAs family stressors that go along with parental alcoholism may be as responsible, if not more so than parental alcoholism
sex
sex > brothers & sisters + brothers
be aware of ____________needs; allow time for pt to speak without parents in the room
privacy
Gender role socialization:
process by which men and women learn what roles are appropriate to their sex
conflict:
process whereby family members perceive a disagreement about goals, rules, roles, culture, and/or patterns of communication
good marriages
promote better physical health
Methods of Improving Family Communication and Relationships: Primary Prevention
promote skills in functional families Educational in nature, marriage preparation classes/counseling "Before it happens" EX: getting ready to have kids so you take a class
predictors of sibling contact (e.g., proximity, family size, etc.)
proximity, family size, sex, presence of other relationships
what do you use to measure the bodys composition of muscle and adipose tissue
skinfold thickness and arm circumference
Physical Health
researchers focus on 3 relationship variables
B:
resources (money, time, friends)
Theories of Physical Child Abuse
social learning theory= children don't have a positive role model Family Systems Theory Attachment Theory= anxious and ambivelent
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- adaptability
sometimes you'll see very high adaptability where the family roles get all mixed up o most abuse cases happen when there is low cohesion and low adaptability
Strategies
specific methods and procedures used to accomplish common tasks
Empty Speech
speech that fails to convey much meaning, using general words instead of specific pronouns or names.
Contempt:
stage in which partners insult and psychologically abuse each other
conflict interaction:
strategies, message tactics, and communication patterns used in a conflict
A:
stressor
formal style
clear boundaries between parent and child and don't interfere o let parents be the parent
Depression
clinical depression is a medical disorder and affects how you interact with others Physical changes in the brain RM slow waves Complex interactions between genes
three components of family narratives
coherence, interaction, relationship beliefs
family environments associated with child sexual abuse
cohesion, adaptability, family isolation, parental absences, boundary violation/role confusion/role reversal
Emotional Allergies
combination of SLT and Talking tips, includes a lot of self reflection.
X:
crisis, Amount of disruption to system
Four Horseman Stages
criticism defensiveness contempt stonewalling
family expressed emotion
criticism, over-involvement, over-protectiveness, excessive attention, emotional reactivity that creates a vulnerability to relapse and poor social judgment among schizophrenic patients
Communication Privacy Management Theory
details how people manage privacy , and specifically applied to family groups -People feel they have ownership over private information the right to control the flow of such information -Individuals set rules for how to control this information Cultural expectations Gender expectations Individual motivations Judgments about the benefit/risk ratio The context
major depressive disorder symptoms
depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more, worthlessness, lack of pleasure, lethargy, sleep and appetite disturbances 12 weeks on average
Conflict Strategies: Distributive
destructive
Conflict Strategies: Avoidant
destructive and constructive
plan for__________________________________ during times of stress
developmental regression
nurse should always make communication
developmentally appropriate
Alcoholism Effects on Family
drinking produces negative effects on family ( long term outcomes) alcoholism directly influences perceptions in individual interactions and negativity and may influence agressivness
less affection
exchanged between divorced parent and children; especially pronounced in fathers because so few children of divorce actually grow up living with their fathers
a patient may require a detailed ______________of treatments
explanation
Adaptation
how the family reorganizes its structure in response to internal demands and external social or environmental events.
Abuse
improper treatment(physical, emotional, mental) of a person in a trusting relationship
what is the data on children of alcoholics?
extensive research at risk population parental alcoholism leads to disrupted and dysfunctional family environment that has ill effects on kids effects are not entirely straightforward and not uniformly negative
The stage of conflict in which one family member becomes angry with another because one is keeping the other from some goal or satisfying some need is called the prior conditions stage.
false
Circular Causality
families interact in complex circular patterns- no beginning or end!
Rigidly ritualized
families who cannot adapt to their rituals over time -ritual behavior are closed. prescribed, and must occur the same way everytime
interdependence
family members are so interrelated that they are dependent on each other for functioning
basic family role functions
gender roles, nurturing and emotional support, individual development, kindship maintenance and family management, providing basic resources
Control over children's times?
have controlled routine of 9-3 at school, breaktimes, lunchtimes Contrasts to Holmes finding that among Samoans, where "too young" is not a reason for a child not to do something
Erica is experiencing psychological abuse and fears her husband's violent outbursts are becoming more dangerous. Erica is most likely experiencing
intimate terrorism
Stressor
is any event ( perceived or real) with the potential to create change in the family system.
Defensiveness:
when neither spouse is willing to take responsibility for his or her behavior
family-work conflict
when role pressure at home interferes with functioning at work
emotional violence
when someone says or does something to make a person feel stupid or worthless
What is the definition of Conflict?
who two interdependent people perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from each other in achieving their goals.
play can serve as a
therapeutic intervention - reduce the trauma of illness and hospitalization
Continuity statements( + rituals)
there will be a tomorrow with a event to expect
conventional secret
this goes along with topics that are not necessary wrong but family member feel inappropriate to discuss. Particular with nomination (personality conflict)
morphogenesis
those processes operating within systems that foster systematic growth and development.
Assault
threat or attempt to injure (legal term)
As elongated generational structures become the norm, great grandparents may be another part of the lives of school-aged children.
true
Instead of dissolving a family system, divorce alters it.
true
Which of the following mental health problems has been associated with (at least occasionally) functional or adaptive marital outcomes?
substance abuse
instrumental parentification
taking on responsibilities for household tasks and the care of siblings
it is important to give older children an opportunity to do what?
talk without the parents being present
Which is an example of a negative family role?
tattletale
adaptibility
the capacity of the system to change its rules and strategies in response to situational or developmental stress.
in early childhood you should focus on
the child in ur communication - use words she/he will understand - be consistant - involve parent - allow to touch medical equipment
hierarchy
the clear distinctions between the levels of a well organized ssytem.
Epidemiology is the study of
the distribution of health, disease and determination
Feminists are concerned about power differentials built into the family system, including
the expectation that husbands should have power over wives
Gender roles:
the expectations assigned to masculinity and femininity
calibration
the function of maintaining stability in a family
wholeness
the idea that systems must be understood in their entirety, which is distinctly different from the simple sum of the contributions of the individual parts.
permissive
undemanding & responsive
What did Parsons say about personalities?
"Personalities are made, not born."
Carol Smart?
"The Sociology of Personal Life" - rejects argument for decline in family life - prioritises the bonds between people, the importance of memory and cultural heritage, the significance of emotions - relationships individuals see as significant is family "family" holds judgements about ideals, "personal life" is flexible - e.g. relationships with friends, gay and lesbian "chosen" - fictive kin (those treated like family, mother's friend as auntie) - unlike functionalism the personal life perspective recognises that relatedness is not always positive'
Baudrillard (2001) & Bradley (1996)
"pick n mix identities" - - lesbians had more choice and diversity, less constrained by traditions
family violence
"the intentional intimidation, physical and/or sexual abuse, or battering of children, adults, or elders by a family member, intimate partner, or care taker
Elizabeth Bott
(1950) Distinguishes between types of conjugal roles - segregated...couple have separate roles...breadwinner and carer...links to parsons - joint - couples share tasks such as housework, childcare, also spend leisure time together teasing remarks from friends reinforce gender roles, however geographic mobility eased this
Ford's application of warm bath theory?
(Ford employing married men in 1980s)
ABC- X Model of Stress and Coping
**Hill A= event/situation B=the families resources C= families perceptions of the event X= stress or crisis
Types of Abusive Spouses
**Holzworth-Munroe & Stewart Family only Dysphoric/borderline Impulsiveness, unstable relationships, identity disturbance, mood swings, boredom Generally violent/antisocial Uses violence to resolve conflict in various situations
*What are "good" divorces? What is the good divorce hypothesis?
*Half of the couples in the study had "good divorces" *38% were cooperative colleagues and 12% were perfect pals *In a good divorce, a family with children remains a family...The parents--as they did when they were married--continue to be responsible for the emotional, economic, and physical needs of their children. The basic foundation is that ex-spouses develop a parenting partnership, one that is sufficiently cooperation to permit the bonds of kinship--with and through their children--to continue."
The Intergenerational transmission of divorce: what is it?
*If children's parents have been divorced, they are at an increased risk of divorce themselves
Modeling theories of intergenerational transmission
*Ineffective marital communication skills --Parental divorce (for women) was associated with more communication problems for both spouses *Attitude of non-commitment to marriage --Teaches kids that divorce is a viable option for bad/problematic marriage ----More accepting of divorce and less committed in relationships --High levels of parental conflict after the divorce predicts less positive attitudes toward marriage
Parental divorce and age: how do infants process parental divorce?
*Infants react to parent's mood (lose appetite, spit up more, etc.) *Feel they have caused their parents divorce (egocentric at this age, can't take perspective of others) (3-5 yrs) *The weakest attachments are reported among those whose parents separated or divorced in first 5 years of life
Parental divorce and age: how do school-aged children process parental divorce?
*Most difficult time for adjustment compared to other age groups *Very difficult to adjust because can't understand or control their reactions *Anger is expressed
Theoretical explanations of the effect of divorce on children: the family conflict perspective
*Most divorces are preceded by family hostility and conflict *High levels of marital conflict is associated with lower levels of warmth from moms
How strong are the negative effects of divorce on children?
*Negative effects of divorce on children are weak
Theoretical explanations of the effect of divorce on children: the parental absence perspective
*One parent household vs. two parent household *Both parental divorce and parental death led to lower psychological well-being of child *Is it the divorce causing problems? Or is it the lack of another parent?
How strong of an effect does divorce have on adult well-being?
*Parental divorce led to lower well-being of grown adult children *Effect sizes were weak in magnitude, however *42% of children of divorced families have higher well-being than children from intact families *25% of adults who experience parental divorce experience serious social, emotional, or psychological problems (compared to 10% from intact families)
What are the negative effects of divorce on children?
*Risk of externalizing problems, internalizing problems, poorer academic achievement, and problematic social relationships
Prevalence of children who will experience a parental divorce
*Roughly 50% of children will experience parental divorce
Theoretical explanations of the effect of divorce on children: the economic disadvantage perspective
*Single mothers are at a disadvantage because they don't have the resources that they would have in two-parent households *Is it the divorce causing problems? Or is it poverty?
What counts as technology, according to our class discussion?
- "humankind's modification of its biological and physical surroundings." -Changes boundaries -Changes social dynamics -Changes expectations
Fletcher and patterns
- "ideology of romantic love" - higher expectations on love - less willing to tolerate unhappy marriage...rising divorce - marriage used to be economic bc unit of producition or duty to one's family
Silver and Schor
- "the death of the housewife role" - housework has been commercialised - goods and services that had to be provided by housewives now mass produced - supermarkets, fast food outlets, ready meals reduce housework - women working means they can afford to buy these
Murray and the underclass?
- "underclass"...underpineed by dissolution, dysfunction (parents lack responsibility) and dadessness - if fathers see state maintaining children, abandon responsibilities
Legislation backing divorce?
- 1923 (equalised grounds for divorce) - 1971 (irretrievable breakdown) - 1949 (lowered cost)
Nazi family policy
- 1930s, pursued two fold policy - encouraged "racially pure" to build "master race" - official policy to keep women to "children, kitchen and church" - sterilised 375000 disabled people - later murdered in concentration camps
Robert Chester? What family does he put forward?
- 1980s - recognises increased family diversity - only important change is move from nuclear to "neo-conventional" family - neo-conventional is dual earner most families are neo-conventional, or will be once in their life - due to lifecycle - as a child, widows, divorced,
The Griffiths Report
- 1988 - problem of meeting escalating costs of health and social care for growing numbers of old people - concerns over "pensions time bomb"...how to meet cost of providing pensions
Free Childcare and Nursery
- 1997-2010 - Labour - Free 5 half days of nursery education for children ages 3-4 - Assumes mothers can work around this
Reduction
- 25% - Family becomes a single-parent family, one biological parent, step families could live there, but still not family
George Peter Murdock looked at who and what did he find?
- 250 Societies across the world -- found nuclear was universal.
Augmentation
- 28% - Adding onto the family, biological and stepfamilies are all family
Retention
- 33% - children considers their biological family, family
What does Gottman suggest to couples regarding their conflict behaviors? What is his "magic" ratio?
- 5:1 positive to negative affect = positive sentiment override
What is the definition of conflict we used in class?
- A process whereby family members perceive a disagreement about goals, rules, roles, cultures, and/or patterns of communication. -Incompatible -Interference -Interdependence
Smart and May
- Agree with Beck and Giddens that there is more diversity but disagree with the explanation they give. They British the individualisation thesis due to: - exaggerating choice. - it wrongly sees people as disembedded, it ignored the fact that choices are made in a social context. - It ignores social factors.
Wilmott and Young (1950s)
- Bethnal Green - family was asymmetrical. - segregated conjugal roles. - - men were breadwinner women were expressive. - men allocate money due to access to employment and so the woman is financially dependent. - compensate by taking dual burden - stressful and demanding. - decision making is left in to the man - power can be exercised through abuse, .
Gershunny
- Found that women working full-time did less domestic work. - However, full time working women are doing 73% of housework. - 'Lagged Adaptation'...men are behind in equality of roles, but are getting better. - as wives move from part time to full time, men do more work. Slow progress of joint conjugal roles, women do crucial roles.
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim
- believes we live in a "risk society," - tradition is no longer marriage, but the beliefs of the people in a relationship. - we are much more aware of risk because we have choice, which we didn't before - choice means calulating - greater gender equality and individualism, which has led to 'the negotiated family.' - negotiated does not conform to any one standard or traditional family norm - - varies according to the wishes and expectations of their members who decide what is best for themselves through negotiation - they enter the relationship on an equal basis - HOWEVER, less stable as free to leave any time
pediatric health history
- birth history - dietary history - previous illness, injuries, operations - allergies - current medications - immunizations - growth and development - habits - family structure/psychosocial history
Postman
- childhood is disappearing / lost - children being given same rights as adults - television and media exposes children to adult world too son (information hieracy) (print to media) - in middle age, children were illiterate, couldn't read, joined adult work force -19th century - media went to print - children couldn't read - now television, they are exposed to illness, death, war and sex - 'social blurring' - little distinction between adults and children - child games disappearing - speak and dress like adults - committing adult crimes, murder e.g. Robert Thompson and Jon Venables murdering James Bulger
Wagg
- childhood isn't separate - not universal - no single universal childhood experienced by all - distinguished from 'mere immaturity' - other cultures don't see a difference - all share physical development, not experience - "there is no single universal childhood, experienced by all."
Iona Opie
- childhood not disappearing - alongside her husband - Peter - researched children songs, games, - strong evidence of continuation
Sue Palmer
- children are experiencing a "toxic childhood" - rapid technological and cultural changes have damaged children's physical, intellectual and emotional development - replace interaction with them -junk food, computer games, marketing to children and importance of testing - "pester power" by manipulating parents nd raising own status among peers HOWEVER, technology such as phone keeps them safe
Fletcher's functions?
- couple satisfy long term sexual and emotional needs- - raising children in a stable environment...parents' supplement learning in schools by providing advice and help more effectively than in the past - provision of a home to which all members return after work or school....constantly buying computers, washing machines or holidays
Thomas McKeown
- decline in death rate a result of - improved nutrition increased resistence to infection and increased survival chances of those infected - better food tehnology (irradiation makes last long) - globalisation ( more fruits, more nutritious - public health and welfare (NHS 1948) (PE AND PSHEC) - sophisticated medication e.g.epidurals - government laws e.g. smoking in car with children, banning in certain places
Reasons for increase in births outside of marriage?
- decline in stigma - increase in cohabitation
Reasons for increase of cohabitation?
- decline in stigma - increased career opportunities...financially dependent - however, robert chester claims a part of process of marriage
What is organisational diversity?
- differences in way roles organised e.g joint conjugal roles and wage earners
What is cultural diversity?
- different cultural, religious and ethnic groups have different structures e.g. higher proportion of female headed among african caribbean families
Global experience of childhood?
- different culture - Indian caste system - sex workers - agriculture - factories
Privitisation of the family
- disagree -can't rely on family to ease tension - habits change after marriage - more disagreements - man angry - wife leaves, divorce
China's one child policy
- discouraged population growth - women had to seek permission to become pregnant - those who comply get extra benefit such as free child healthcare and higher tax allowances - pay fine if has child
Reasons and trends for stepfamilies?
- divorce and separation ( Giddens pure relationship ) - children more likely to stay with mother, from previous marriages - greater risk of poverty ( Ferri and smith)
Edgell
- edgell interviewed serveral middle class couples - found men were the main decision makers. - three types of decisions - very important decisions, important decisions and less important decisions. - whilst women made frequent but unimportant decisions, men made infrequent but important decisions - men have control over important financial decisions because they are the earners. - women are dependent on men because they earn less. - very important consist of moving house or starting a new job, important include a child's education or holiday and less important include food purchasing and home decorating.
Dobash and Dobash
- emphasise male violence in marriage against women. - men exert their power through physical violence and verbal abuse... - the conflict in marriage between the man and the woman arises because the woman feels exploited by the triple shift she faces and when confronts him, this may lead to physical violence. - their research focuses on the inequality in structures in society and we can see these most present in religion where women are relegated domestic tasks, in politics where they do not have much of a role, in work and employment and in sports.
Margaret Benston
- emphasises value of unpaid work in family by women. - reserve army of labour - unpaid labour in housekeeping - nurture next workforce
growth differences
- ethic - gender - expected rates a dif ages - head circum. - note TREND not individual measurement
Shaw
- ethnographic study of british pakistani muslims - young people internalise islamic tradtions - generational conflict over fashion, dating marriage - resolved through compromise - otherwise, shame on family - sense of familial duty
Brannen
- found asian parents more likely than other parents to be stricter towards their daughters
Dunscombe and Marden
- girls are trained to become emotionally skilled in empathy - can actively participate in 'emotion work' - occupations which keep others happy. - dissatisfied by the lack of their partner's emotional support. - triple shift - housework, paid work and emotional work
Jeffery Weekes?
- great change in attitudes of the last 60 years. - believes secularisation has reduced the influence of religion in marriage - growing acceptance of sexual morality and family diversity. - still believes the nuclear family is the most typical, but believed other types of family are accepted - increasing same sex cohabitation - gays creating families based on "friendship as kinship," where friendship becomes kinship network - "chosen families" - offer same security and stability as heterosexual families
Describe suburbanisation?
- growth of large residential areas surrounding major cities - however, recent years outflow of population from inner city
Control of access to resources
- have to be in school, excluded from work
Heida Mirza
- higher rate of lone parentood among black families reflects the high value black women place on independence
Pahl and Vogler
- identify two types of control over family income - Pooling...both partners have access to income and joint responsiility for expenditure - joint ank account, increasingly common - Allowance system...men give wives an allowance from which they need to udget to meet family's needs - any surplus income goes to himself. Even when there was pooling, men made most decisions.
Arranged marriage
- ideology of love doesn't look at compatibility, this does - shared beliefs, values, interest and goals - based on commitment, will wor trough difficulties - Epstein says those who marry out of love blinded by lust and passion
Forced marriage
- illegal - can involve emotional abuse - hard to stop, same on family
Decline in infant mortality rate?
- improved housing and better sanitation - reduce infectious disease, asthma - better nutrition - hygiene - better maternity leave - improved services for mothers and children, antenatal and postnatal
Reasons for decline in death rate?
- improved nutrition e.g. McKeown - medical improvements e.g. antibiotics, widespread immunisation blood transfusion - public health measures and environmental improvements (housing, drinking water, improved sewage disposal) e.g. Clean Air Acts reduced air pollution, such as the smog that left to 4000 premature deaths - decline of manual occupations such as mining - higher income ( healthier lifestyle)
McRobbie (Gender socialisation)
- in need of greater protection - bedroom culture (girls play in room - sleepover) - boys go out - stricter controls on girls - dangers of sexual harrassment (roaming radius)
Reasons for increase in lone-parent family?
- increase in divorce and separation - declining stigma to births outside of marriage - usually female headed - woman an expressive role, women get custody, men less willing to give up work to care for children, - never married women having children (can support bc equal opp)
Why was there an increase in one person households?
- increases in separation and divorce - decline in marriage - opting for "creative singlehood" (Peter Stein)...deliberate choice to live alone - too few in their age group (older widowes)
Conflict view of childhood ( reasons )
- inequalities among children - Brannen, McRobbie and poor mothers more likely to have low-birth weight babies, linked to delayed development - neglect and abuse (baby peter, controlled and oppressed gittins) - control over childrens space and time and bodies and access to resources
Dunne
- investigated same sex couples to see housework patternss - survey of 37 cohabitating lesbians with dependent children - saw they balanced work...not conforming to gender scripts, won't conform to gender norms. - Relationship much more egalitarian and symmetrical - 40:60 split of tasks. - - Familial and patriarchal ideology ignored. - Blames deeply ingrained "gender scripts" - - heterosexual couples under pressure to conform to feminine and masculine found when one did more paid work, time spent on housework unequal which suggests paid work more important
Firestone and Holt
- march of progress sociologists see oppression and control of children is care - "protection" from paid work is not benefit, but inequality - forcibly segregating children making them more dependent, powerless and subject to adult control - this view is known as "child liberationism"
What is meeting it's member's economic needs?
- meeting it's members economic needs...food, drink, shelter, stable economy
Engels
- monogomous nuclear family encouraged by ruling after industrial revolution - property and money inherited - way of being certain of paternity as well as passing on wealth - need heirs through legitimate children - form of legalised prostitution...sex and heir for financial security
Why are women having children later or not at all?
- more opportunities
What patterns does Chester identify?
- most households are headed by a couple - most marry and have children - most marriages continue until death - divorced increased, but most remarry - cohabitation increased, but temporary pleasure before marriage and children
Jane Pilcher
- most important feature is separateness - emphasised through different laws controlling what children can do and dress - 'golden age' of happiness and innocence - seen as vulnerable and in need of protection - live in sphere of education and family, excluded from paid work, play all the time
Globalisation affecting population
- national boundaries less important - interconnection more important - awareness and understanding of other cultures increasing - rapid, cheap, safe travel - INCREASED MIGRATION
Peter Townsend
- negative attitudes around elderly - old age a social construction of dependency by creating requirement at which expected to stop working - rely on benefits that push people into poverty
What are the five types of family?
- nuclear - same-sex - reconstituted - lone parents - households
AO3 for Postman
- overemphasises cause being television - doesn't consider changes in law or rising living standards
How are PNT and child noncompliance present in maltreating vs. nonmaltreating families? (Pg:250)
- parental PNT and child noncompliance are higher in maltreating than nonmaltreating families.
In chapter 13, what does PNT stand for?
- parental physical negative touch (PNT) and/or child noncompliance in abusive, neglectful, and comparison families.
Ronald Fletcher (general) (Family)
- parsons is wrong. . - - family more affective now than ever before. - children were neglected, now social services intervene, putting more pressure on parents. - welfare state limited - mothers often look after elderly and children. - rather than being a unit of production, family is now a unit of consumption, especially children which have "pester power." - consumption motivated workers to buy family/home orientated - - family serves three different functions, and society does supports the family. NHS supports health
David Cheal
- police and prosecutors reluctant to get involved in domestic abuse cases for three reasons - family a private sphere...state should have limited access - family good, agencies neglect dark side = individuals are free agents...if woman experience abuse, she is free to leave, however women financially dependent
Leonard?
- policies appear to support women, reinforce patriarchy - act as social control - e.g. maternity leave - more generous than paternity - encourages mother roe
Donzelot?
- poor families seen as "problem families"...targets of improvement - donzelot calls this is policing of familes - professionals are agents of social control
Sarah Womack
- poorer children will have worse experience of childhood - more likely to be obese, self-harm, drug and alcohol abuse
Stacey?
- post modern families in sillicon valley, CA - women have been main agents of change in family - had worked, returned to education as adults, divorced - calls new family the "divorce-extended family" - members connected by divorce, rather than marriage - Pam Gamma created divorce extended, married in 1950s, divorced, cohabitated before remarrying. - formed divorce extended with woman cohabitating with first husband, Shirley - helped each other domestically, financially - shows postmodern families as diverse - shape families themselves by choosing themselves
Germaine Greer
- radical feminist - to escape patriarchy - argues for creation of all female households "matrilocal" households
Goody and Mitchel
- rapid decline in stigma attached to divorce - socially acceptable - more willing to resort - normalises it
Elsa Ferri and Kate Smith?
- reconstituted similar to first samilies in all major respects - stepparents involvement is positive - however, greater risk of poverty
Immigration affect on dependency ratio?
- reduces as most are of working age - increases as women are generally increasing fertility rate
What is stabilisation??
- relax - acts as a safety valve - safe haven - functional for efficiency
Criticisms of Murdock
- reproduction seen as a choice - parents no longer only influenes, media, leading to anti-social behaviour - Kathleen Gough - ethnocentric (reflects white american middle class and imposes this on others)
Mary Bolton
- research supports Ann Oakley - fewer than 20% of husbands had major role in childcare - W&Y exaggerate men's contributions - however wives exaggerate, embarassment from men and women, don't understand how little they do
Wilmott and Young (1970s)
- slum clearance - council housing is introduced and the family becomes isolated nuclear with loose kinship (can't be placed near.) Husband and wie closer - only friends offer companionship - education is change, becoming compulsory in 1944, encouraging greater job opportunities for both sexes, allowing women to be financially independent - women going to work is a major social change s a result, the family can afford more labour saving devices and decrease the effort put into domestic tasks. As a result, the effort of women's contribution to the survival of the family is more equal to that of the man's - women have been given more rights, such as the 1967 abortion act and free contraception act. It allows them to put more pressure on men to do more at home. Willmott and Young believed the family to be more egalitarian in modern family life.
Examples of childcentredness?
- smaller familes - legislation - welfare state - leisure activities - pester power - compulsory education - separations - restrictions
Social class diversity?
- social class - differences in family structure a result of income differences, different rearing practices
AO3 Silver and Schor
- standards are higher - discredits advancements in products, women having jobs doesn't mean easier as spend more time and energy looking for better products - difficult and more responsiility - higher standards mean more pressure. = gnores poorer women, does not prove couples are sharing work equally.
Effects of ageing population?
- strain on public services (consume larger proportion of health services) however, many remain in good health - one pensioner households (men die before women, usually younger than husbands) - the dependency ratio - economically dependent (griffiths) (Hirsch)
Examples of control over children's space?
- stranger danger...home radius...cunningham - signs in shops "no school children"
Becky Tiper?
- study of children's views of family relationships, that children frequently saw their pets as 'part of the family' - dead relatives who live on in people's memories
Mcrobbie
- suggests experience on childhood is different for girls and boys - girls are seen as needing more protection - stricter parental controls - spend more time home than their brothers
Hardill
- supports Pahl and Vogler and Edgel in men making important decisions - 1997 - - study of 30 dual-career professionals - found important decisions taken by man - his career takes priority when moving house for new job
Hugh Cunningham
- the "home habitat" of 8 year olds has shrunk to one-ninth of the size it was 25 years ago
Effects of changes in fertility?
- the family...smaller means women can go work - dependency ratio...in short term, reduces "burden of dependency" on population, in long term increases it - public services and policies...fewer schools needed, lower cost of paternity maternity leave
Foucault?
- theory of surveillance - power diffused within society - foucault sees professionals such as social workers and doctors exercising power with expert knowledge
Hirsch
- traditional age pyramid is disappearing, more equal - by 2041 as many as 78 year olds as 5 year olds - ageing population a result of 3 factors - increased life expectany...people living longer - declining infant mortality...less people die younger - declining fertility....fewer young people produced in relation to number of older people - social policies needed to tackle ageing population - need to finance - paying more taxes, working for longer - reverse trend to earlier retirement - redistribute educational resources to older so can iprove and keep earning - his view illustrates old age as social construction, not biological fact
Communist Romania
- tried to drive up birth rate - restricted contraception and abortion - divorce more difficult - lowered legal age of marriage to 15 - childless couples pay extra 5% income tax
William Beveridge
- want - introduced welfare state (benefits, taxation, social services) - disease - NHS (1946) - squalor (get rid of council housing) - ignorance - Education education complusory - idleness - encourage getting jobs, full employment, opportnities
May
- we are social beings - choices are made within a "web of connectedness" - live within networks of existing relationships which strongly influence our decisions and range of options. - believes a family is far more than just a couple, it cannot be simply walked away from. - when relationships become interwoven and linked, they are impossible to end.
Fran Ansley
- women absorb anger and frustration of men that is a result of capitalism and exploitation. - women are "takers of shit." - frustration takes form of abuse. - this is dark side of the family.
New Right view of policy
- women into work distracts them from natural calling as mothers - led to maternal deprivation...return to work broken psychological bond with baby...child will act out through crime
Patricia Morgan
- women will use abortion as a form of contraception and promotes promiscuity - abortion undermines sanctity of life - free contraception undermines marital fidelity and encourages affairs, prevents children from affairs - benefits undermine "self supporting family structure" - encourage people to stay home and not look for work - allowance is a "nanny state" - gay families are "unnatural" as only outcome of children is through "loving sexual union of a man and woman" - motivation of gay families which wish to adopt...wish to acquire children to imitate heterosexual life..."trophy children"....they suffer bullying and stigma because of their gay parents
How was the study in Chapter 11 undertaken? Who was studied?
-10 expecting women were asked to keep a diary and record all unsolicited disclosure-advice about childbirth and pregnancy that they received in a week. Asked to record how they reacted.
What are our possible responses to boundary turbulence?
-Boundary fortification -Boundary negotiation
What two patterns of communication did we discuss being created/fostered by cell phone use in families?
-Chance socialness vs. chosen socialness -Present absences
How could a child's cognitive/physical development impact family communication?
-Children become more interested in technology as they age, parents use technology with children
Issues with disease as a family "secret"
-Choice to "shield" family members from distressing information can complicate treatment and interactions with physicians -If a family confronts an issue openly, this can help prepare them for later bereavement processes
Goal in the Home Visit assessment
-Client Involvement -Health Promotion -Disease Prevention
What is involved in the explanatory model of conflict, and how does it help us to understand conflicts?
-Distal context (what happened way before) -Proximal context (what happened right before) -Conflict interaction (what happened during) -Proximal Outcomes (what happened right after) -Distal outcomes (what happened way after)
What was the approach towards discipline described in Ch. 12?
-Domestic authority
What ICTs were used most often by parents in the study? Least? Did developmental stage associate meaningfully with any of the differences predicted in the study?
-Email and texting uses most, skype used least
Healthy People 2020
-Federal Government (USDHHS) Focus on increasing health of US citizens
Aggregate-focused care
-Focus is community to determine health ness, Implement programs, evaluate effectiveness -Work with individuals as small groups but the broader emphasis (on the aggregate) is the difference! -Various activities that strive to meet the health needs of the greater group
Focus in the Home Visit assessment
-Individual Members -Family Unit
What three "dark side" areas of internet use did we discuss related to family functioning?
-Infidelity -Pornography -Addiction
Essential PH Services and CHN Interventions for FAMILY
-Inform, Educate, empower -Enforce laws, and Regulations (protect and safety) -Link to services and assure provision -Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, quality of health services
What are common causes of sibling conflict? Which children tend to guide conflicts?
-Interdependence and frequent interactions -Ownership issues -Division of labor -Objectionable behaviors -Older children guide conflicts -Initiate conflict behaviors -Engage in more counterattacks -Offer more justification and elaboration
What is the #1 way children preserve privacy when parents try to violate it?
-Lies
How are micro and macro views on power in the family different from one another?
-Macro looks at society -Micro looks at couple's behaviors
In chapter 13, what is the most common form of child abuse?
-Neglect (2 types, active and passive)
What do one-up, one-down, one-across mean? How are they useful?
-One up moves = dominance -One down moves = submission -One across moves = equal power
How do attributions relate to reception of unwanted disclosure, according to Chapter 11?
-One way for the recipient to assess intended meanings for disclosures
How did chapter 16 suggest that we study trends in families and technology?
-Systems theory -Social network analysis
What best characterizes the findings regarding parents' views of themselves mediating and endorsing their child's internet use, and that child's perception (from chapter 17)?
-This study investigated mediation, motivation, and home environment to better understand children's Internet use and attitudes. -results, parents see themselves as engaging in more active mediation than do children. -Children feel they are free agents in the Internet world, with the endorsement of their parents. Parents disagree.
Coping with Illness
-Usually involves two parts: 1. problem solving 2. emotional adjustment -influenced by the ability of family member to communicate in a direct and support manner -influenced by type of illness (e.g. breast cancer versus alcoholism)
What physiological difference between men and women may account for the demand/withdraw pattern of conflict?
-Women reduce intensity of initiation and use humor during conflict -men have stronger physiological reactions to stress and conflict and that this is why they often avoid conflict or try to withdraw from it.
Addiction
-addiction affect the whole family -Codependency -▷Is there communication among family members that actually enables the unhealthy behavior?
What factors predict a child's amount of Internet use
-age -relaxation motivation -perception of endorsement
Illness Mourning Processes (Grief)
-anger and sadness -questioning of why disease and/or suffering had to happen
Illness Mourning Processes (focusing outward)
-beginning process of seeking info, discussing options, asking for help, expressing feelings, and/or forming support group -move towards dealing with problem
Researchers will classify families with a schizophrenic present into 3 types ...
-benign -intermediate -poor .. based on their levels of support, criticism, guilt, induction, and intrusivness
Language Brokers
-bilingual children taking on role creating generational reversal
"Call Me"
-call parent when in a dangerous situation and you won't get into (as much) trouble
Depression and medication
-change will push someone out of depression or more into depression (coming off medication) -give up on medication before it has tie to alter brain
mental health
-clear links between communication and mental illnessses -many compound metal illnesses due to an inability to communicate and cope -stigmas prevent appropriate treatment
what are the 3 communication patterns that occur in relation to schizophrenia?
-communication deviance -expressed emotion -family affective style
affiliation and separation
-death of someone close requires 2 processes: affiliation (being available, physically and emotionally) and separation (contemplating a future without that person). These can both be difficult, for different reasons. -as with someone who is ill, people often avoid those who are grieving, simply because they don't know what to say
death, dying and bereavement
-denial about the reality of death shuts down discussions about the topic and may negatively affect both the dying person's and his or her support network's ability to cope with that death AND -saying that some has gone to their eternal rest or is lost in some ways negates the finality of death and may continue to shut down certain emotional responses and direct other responses as more appropriate
what are the 4 types of mental illnesses family communication focuses on?
-depression -schizophrenia -eating disorders -alcoholism
Illness Mourning Processes (Denial)
-disbelief -often more difficult for family embers to hear about the problem -
Contingency:
-example: if you do drink, don't drive -used for alcohol and risky sexual behaviors
Family Characteristics and Health Rules
-families with higher expressiveness tend to be less compliant with health rules, less likely to articulate health rules, and have fewer consequences for violating health rules -families with higher conformity to authority more likely to have shared understanding of health rules
Causes of Eating Disorders
-poor problem family solving -disturbed effective expression -inconsistent parental reward and punishment -lack of parental care ....we are not consistent with these as a family vs.... being over protective
disclosure issues
-problems with bad news delivery and the lack of clarity of treatment plans were second only to poor pain management as sources of distress for families of cancer patients -key questions: What to say, when, to whom, and how -information needs: the timing, management and delivery of the info and the perceived attitude of the care provider played important roles at all stages of the illness... families particularly desired info regard their love one's prognosis and avenues for maintaining hope
How was the study in chapter 9 undertaken? What topic/methods did they use?
-reactions to marital and parent-adolescent conflict of both parents and adolescents -analog paradigm where adolescents and their parents listened to a series of specially prepared tapes depicting conflicts between parents, as well as between parents and adolescents, and then responded to questions about those tapes and their reactions -conflicts about household tasks (untidy adolescent room, sharing tasks between husband and wife, and bringing in washing)
Illness Mourning Processes (closure)
-reconciliation with reality -adaptation to ill family member's needs -return to more normal levels of quality of life (though this varies)
Childrens' perspectives on this activity are mixed:
-some see the activity as normal -some enjoy language brokering as it gives them feelings of pride and knowledge of their cultures -some feel pressured, frustrated, and/or burdened
Abstinence
-sometimes called "no tolerance" rules -example: dont drink until you are 21 -used for alcohol and risky sexual behaviors -used for tobacco
2) Substance abuse
-substance use: rules agains alcohol use, parental communication against it, and parental responsiveness to questions were unrelated to adolescent alcohol use -but generally, parental communication must matter -research consistently points to use/abuse patterns- children are more likely to abuse substances if parents do -open conversation and monitoring makes big differences here -best substance prevention efforts involve family conversation
more on support
-support is critical to the physical well-being of a patient. And, as we've already discussed, having one person ill in a family can affect the entire family -sometimes people will avoid an ill person, being unsure what to say or how to act -and-- even well-intentioned support may not be successful -couples in which one partner had a heart transplant felt that communication and involvement with each other declined and continued to be suppressed 5 years after the surgery
early points
-the importance of family to health is unequivocal -the family plays a central role in the development of health attitudes and behaviors and usually serves as the primary source of caregiving during a health crisis
According to chapter 13, child physical abuse is a function of what two factors?
-the number of discipline confrontations that occur day to day and -the percentage of these confrontations that can be resolved quickly without parental physical aggression.
Langage brokers re more likely to be:
-the oldest child and/or female, as well as exhibit social qualities such as: -confidence, extraversion, friendliness, and empathy
3) eating disorders
-there appears to be a relationships between dysfunctional family communication and developing eating disorders (but lots of other factors too) -disordered eating can be an extension to unresolved conflict between fathers and daughters -eating disorders are becoming more of an issue for young men
1) sexual health/sexuality
-these conversations are infrequent and often uncomfortable, though very valuable as cited research suggests -mothers do most of the talking, even though some research suggests sons prefer talking to fathers -daughters hear more of "the talk" than sons do
socia support and caregiving
-types of support: instrumental, emotional, informational, etc. It can be difficult to ask family for support-- and also very difficult to give it. People may feel a familial duty to do so, whether they want to or not -can be dissent in family involving caregiving choices -typically one person ends up being the primary caregiver -usually, it involves a spouse, parent, or adult child
Conflict interactions are most successful between parents and children when __________?
-when parents adapt to age of child (gain attention, use directives, give suggestions, explanations, reasons)
What are 3 things that help with end-of-life conversations?
. Stressors non-normative 2. May have to deal with this but dont want to face it 3. Dont know what the right thing to do is...keep alive or let her die; also who is responsible
What is reproduction of the next generation?
...encourages fidelity (betray children) give marriages more meaning, strengthen
What are the effects of stable satisfaction of the sex drive?
...encourages fidelity through emotions and intimacy, social goal of society being marriage
What are 4 Step Family Challenges?
1) Establishing legitimacy 2) Loyalty dilemmas Parents feel caught between new relationship and children Parent feels caught between different children Children feel caught between parents 3) Regulating Boundaries 4) Different Patterns and rituals
Family
1) Have a shared sense of History 2) Share emotional ties to one another 3) devise strategies for meeting the needs of individual family members and the group as a whole.
3 Myths/ Truths about IVP
1) IPV only occurs in poor, poorly educated, or dysfunctional families. Truth: IPV can happen in all types of families 2) IPV only occurs when conflict gets out of hand Truth: OPV can occur unprovoked. 3) Victims of IPV should just leave their partners Truth: Leaving is a complex process
What are 6 strategies of Constructive Conflict?
1) Listening Active listening and paraphrasing 2) Fair fighting Equal time for each view no one dominates 3) Soliciting disclosure Getting partners perspective 4) Supportive remarks Showing understanding and acceptance 5) Acceptance of Responsibility Attributing blame to self or to both 6) Managing the Environment Preventing emotional flooding (time and location)
What are the Stages of Change in the process of leaving?
1) Pre-contemplation- Does not recognize abuse as a problem, does not want to change; blames self 2) Contemplation- Recognized abuse as problem; increasing awareness about pros and cons of change 3) Preparation- Recognizes abuse as problem; intends to change; develops a plan 4) Action- Actively engaged in making changes related to ending the abuse 5) Maintenance- Taking measures to prevent relapse/returning to the abuser.
Murdock's four functions?
1) Stable Satisfaction of the Sex Drive 2) Reproduction of the Next Generation 3) Socialisation of the young 4) meeting it's members economic needs
there are 10 criteria whether someone will disclose a whole family secret
1) intimate exchange 2)exposure 3) urgency 4) acceptance 5) convo appropriateness 6) relational security 7) important reason 8) permission 9) family membership 10) Never
Assumptions of FST
1- structurally complex 2- comprised of multiple subsystems 3- have common purposes and tasks 4- devise strategies to accomplish tasks
What are Gottman's 4 Horsemen?
1. Criticism Attacking a partner's personality or character "You never listen to me" "You always forget to empty the dishwasher" 2. Contempt Insulting/psychologically each other "You're a terrible parent" "You disgust me" 3. Defensiveness Neither partner is willing to take responsibility for his or her behavior Denying responsibility, making excuses 4. Stonewalling Listener responds to the speaker with meaningless expression like "uh hun" or "hmm"
*What are the three things that can help children adjust to divorce?
1. Decrease in exposure to interparental conflict --Children need to be exposed to some conflict, hiding them from all conflict would lead to them feeling confused about parents splitting up, and they need to learn how to manage conflict 2. Co-parenting and adequate maternal and paternal involvement --Nonresidential fathers see their children only 4x/month following a divorce and about 20% of children have no contact with their fathers 2-3 years after divorce --Children's well-being increases when nonresidential fathers are involved in a positive way (quality > quantity) 3. Social support (both formal and informal support) --Support from family members, society, therapist, etc.
What are 3 Motivations for secret keeping?
1. Evaluation 2. Maintenance 3. Bonding Reasons can have both positive and negative outcomes
Healthy People 2020 4 Foundation Measures
1. General Health Status 2. Health-Related QOL and Well being 3. Determinants of Health 4. Disparities
What are 4 Strategies for destructive conflict?
1. Gunny Sacking 2. Kitchen Sinking 3. Physically Attacking 4. Gottman's 4 Horsemen
What are the assumptions of CPM theory?
1. Humans are choice makers 2. humans are rule makers and rule followers 3. human's choices and rules are based off the consideration of others as well as self.
What are the stages families deal with illnesses?
1. Impact 2. Denial 3. Grief 4. Focusing outward 5. Closure
What are the six sources of power from our reading on power?
1. Legitimate power 2. Informational power 3. Referential power 4. Coercive power 5. Reward power 6. Expert power
Rules for the Listener SLT
1. Paraphrase what you hear. To paraphrase the Speaker, briefly repeat back what you heard the Speaker say, using your own words if you like, to make sure you understand what was said. 2. Don't rebut. Focus on the Speaker's message. While in the Listener role, you may not offer your opinion or thoughts.
What are 4 tenets of of communication privacy management theory?
1. People/ Families "own" private information 2. Rules help us decide when to reveal/conceal 3. Families manage exterior and interior boundaries 4. Throughout boundary coordination and boundary turbulence
How do children's perceptions of family membership related to stepfamilies differ?
1. Retention 2. Substitution 3. Reduction 4. Augmentation
Rules for the Speaker SLT
1. Speak for yourself. Talk about your thoughts, feelings, and concerns, not your perceptions or interpretations 2. Talk in small chunks. 3. Stop and let the Listener paraphrase. After saying a bit, perhaps a sentence or two, stop and allow the Listener to paraphrase what you just said.
Rules for Both Parties SLT
1. The speaker has the floor. Use a real object to designate who has the floor. 2. Share the floor. You share the floor over the course of a conversation. 3. No problem solving. When using this technique you are going to focus on having good discussions.
According to chapter 8, what three topics have conflict scholars mainly studied?
1. cognitions 2. behaviors 3. structure
infant and toddler vital sign measurement (1-5)
1. count respiration first (before disturbing child) 2. count the apical HR 3. measure temp last 4. compare w normal-range values for each age group
phases of adjustment to widowhood
1. loosen bonds to the spouse (long time) 2. reality demands of daily functioning 3. new activities and interest in others
4 proposed reasons for revealing whole family secrets (Vangelisti & Caughlin)
1. topic 2. reasons for secret keeping 3. family satisfaction 4. relationship with the disclosure recipient
How much of UK is urban?
10% 90% is green belt
Depression is the leading cause of disability in the U.S
10-25 % women 5-12% Men
percentage of other/unknown abuse?
10.8%
major depressive disorder facts
16.2% in US adult population 33-35 million, women 2X as likely
Some scholars believe that a new developmental stage should be created to include _____
18- to 29- year olds
percentage of physical abuse?
18.3%
According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey, _____________ percent of women are raped or experience an attempted rape while in college. A. 25-30 B. 20-25 C. 15-20 D. 10-15
20-25
What was net migration of 2004? Why?
223,000 (highest since 1991) - expansion of EU to include 10 new member states (Poland biggest share) - generally young, more likely to be male than female - study or work
percentage of neglect?
78.3%
percentage of psychological maltreatment?
8.5%
percentage of sexual abuse?
9.3%
Gittins
= "age patriarchy" describes inequality between adults and children - age domination and child dependency - "family" originally referred to power of male head over other family members
foster family
A family in which adults temporarily care for children whose biological parents are unable to care for them.
Affective Style
A family's verbal behavior during a discussion of a conflict-laden issue with the patient present Support (+) Criticism (-) Guilt Induction (-) Intrusiveness (-)
Model of Family Stress
A model of family crisis in which A ( the stressor event) interacts with B (the family's resources for meeting a crisis) and with C (the definition the family formulates of the event) to produce X (the crisis)
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire group of people, often based on race or gender.
ABCX model
A, B, and C determines much much X disrupts family
Parental Rules About Risky Behavior (3)
Abstinence, contingency, "call me"
Key developmental task for Stage 1
Accepting parent/offspring separation
Family Violence
Act(s) carried out with the intention, or perceived as having the intention, of hurting another person **(Gelles & Straus, 1979)
Parson's warm bath?
Acts as a warm bath...manages resentment...de-stress...less likely to restrict work because of family, don't want to threaten income
Additional changes in Stage 3
Adjusting marital system to make space for children, taking on parental roles, realignment of relationships with extended family to include parenting and grandparenting roles
Direct Stressor
Affect all family members EX: mom losses her job
Physiological effects of communicative stress
Allostatic Load (McEwen)
Routines
Also, repetitive behaviors However, routines lack the symbolism and the "compelling anticipatory nature" that rituals posses
Criticisms of Peter Laslett
Although not registered, still lived within same area. Close extended kinship network. No information on quality of life - doesn't add much to argument.
Rape occurs primarily A. by strangers attacking women B. among acquaintances, with physical violence C. among acquaintances, with mild or threatened violence D. in committed relationship
Among Acquaintances, with Mild or Threatened Violence
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa= excessive exercise or low calorie intake Bulimia Nervosa= purging/binging behaviors Low cohesion Extremely high or extremely low adaptability Inappropriate parental pressure Stressful mealtime or food-related communication Low levels of family communication Social Learning Theory: modeling from mother Childhood abuse
sexual violence
Any form of unwelcome sexual conduct directed at an individual, including sexual harassment, sexual assault, and rape.
Wilson
Argues religious institutions and ideas are losing influence e.g church attendance, weddings etc have been declining steadily
How did greater choice and equality occur?
As a result of: - contraception allowing intimacy without reproduction being sole function - women gained independence through feminism and greater opportunities in work and education
The LEAST likely victim of family violence is a woman of _____________ race/ethnicity. A. American Indian B. Asians C. Hispanics D. Whites
Asians
Divided Working Class
Assimilationist ideas may encourage workers to blame migrants for problems such as unemployment, benefits capitalism by dividing working class
Tertiary Prevention
Assist families in distress, Family is already in trouble Interventions from highly trained professionals Couples therapy, family therapy "Before it's too late
Stage 1 is.....
Between families: the unattached young adult
Most common communication problems presented by couples seeking help from counselors
Blaming partner for negative events Not taking partner's perspective when listening Criticizing or putting the partner down
Levels Of Family Stress
Burr and Klein
How would a nurse admitting a 4 yr old child for elective surgery preform the health history? A. ask the child yes or no questions B. ask the child open ended questions C. ask the caregivers open-ended questions and observe nonverbal ques D. ask the caregivers to complete a questionnaire while weighing the child
C
How illness and disability can affect our families (per systems theory)
Causes communication patterns, networks, and roles to shift dramatically. Impacts entire family system and patient tends to assume central position in family, shifting focus away from others EX: PARENTIFICATION
Positive effects of rituals for...
Children Child involvement Continuity statements Giving the child voice Adolescents Dealing with illness
Developmental Stage
Children are growing older, entering school and more activities focus outside of the home.
Language Brokers:
Children who serve as translators and interpreter for non-fluent parents and extended family in complex,"adult" situations
Trial marriage
Cohabitation - testing - part of risk - Beck
3. Family Typology (Fitzpatrick & Koerner)
Cohesion vs conformity
1. Olson's Circumplex Model
Cohesion vs. adaptation
Olsons Family Stress Model
Cohesion: family cares very much for one another the closer the family is, the better the family can utilize intra-family resources. Cohesion can also produce more denial and opinions Family member is the stressor, can cause high cohesion and result in co-dependence
Key developmental task for Stage 2
Commitment to new system
Rituals
Communication that is acted out in a repetitive, systemic fashion over tim
Effects of parental substance abuse on children
Conduct and academic problems Emotional difficulties Potential causal effects on earlier onset of drinking More likely to have problems with substance abuse (social learning and/or genetic transmission?) Problems associated with ineffective parenting
What are 3 Types of Ex-Spouses?
Cooperative colleagues: able to separate parental responsibilities form spousal discontent. Dissolved duos: discontinue most contact; one parents may disappear completely from children's lives. Fiery foes: let anger persist and pervade all family relationships.
Defensiveness
Counter-attack or act like an innocent victim
Depression effects of Marital interactions
Creates negative interactions and negative feelings about the spouse People with depression are less likely to reciprocate positive behaviors Negative interaction pervades the family system Living with a spouse with depression can create or exacerbate symptoms of depression in other family members
Speaker - Listener Technique
Creating a climate of mutual care and concern. Best used for sensitive or potentially conflictual topics
Ann Oakley?
Critise W&Y - family not symmetrical - Domestic Division of Labour - Interviewed suburban wives - found only 15% of husbands had high participation in housework, 25% in childcare - Husbands would take children away for weekends, play in evening - took rewards of children, left with housework
___________________ is the horsemen most closely associated with unwillingness to take responsibility.
Defensiveness
What is the nuclear family?
Defined nuclear as two heterosexual parents with sexual relationship and dependent children, all whom share a common residence.
The Smith family includes a child with a major illness. Currently, the Smiths are denying the correctness of the child's diagnosis. Which stage is the family in?
Denial
Alcohol
Different drinking patterns have different effects on family interactions Episodic alcoholism- alternate between periods of binge drinking and sobriety Steady alcoholism= you drink regularly
Additional changes in Stage 1
Differentiation of self in relation to family of origin, development of intimate peer relationships, establishment of self in work
Marital distress is positively related to which conflict communication behaviors? It is negatively related to which other conflict communication behaviors?
Distress related + a. Personal complaints b. Criticism c. Mind-reading d. Counter-complaints e. Demand/Withdraw Distress related - f. Behavioral complaints g. Positive non-verbals h. Agreement statements i. Responsiveness
The ___________ model of stress recognizes the fact that family stress unfolds over time and that families develop new perceptions and new resources after they initially experience the event or situation.
Double ABC-X
Maladaptation
Dysfunctional strategies lead to reduction of effectiveness in meeting family members needs, fails to adjust to changing demands on family resources. Emotion Focused Coping
Stonewalling
Emotional withdrawal from conflict generally male
What is socialisation?
Equip with basic skills and societies values - the norms and values - integrate and social cohesion.
Launching Stage
Exit of children from the family home.
Eli Zaretsky?
Family benefits capitalism and ruling class in three ways... 1) offers a "haven" 2) family socialises children into capitalist ideology 3) unit of consumption and goods...pursuit of consumerism and materialism...benefits ruling class and distracts working...
three Family interaction patterns
Family interaction patterns 1. Olson's Circumplex Model Cohesion vs. adaptation 2. McMaster Model of Family Functioning Problem-solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavioral control 3. Family Typology (Fitzpatrick & Koerner) Cohesion vs conformity
Parent-Child communication and child substance use
Family support and communication Emotional support is a protective factor Open and frequent communication among family members is also protective Parental support and communication have a wide impact on other variables related to adolescent substance use, adolescents' self-control, competence, and peer affiliations
How our families can affect our health.
Focus on: physiological effects of family and communicative stress (e.g., family conflict)
Additional changes in Stage 2
Formation of marital system, realignment of relationships with extended families and friends to include spouse
Pull factors?
Free healthcare, education, welfare, housing, tolerance
Childbearing Family
From birth of the first child until that child is 2 ½ years old.
Parental Stage: Expanding
From birth of the first child until that child is 2 ½ years old.
Aging Family
From retirement till the death of the surviving marriage partner.
Empty Nest
From the time the children are gone till the martial couple retires from employment
Launching Center
From the time the oldest child leaves the family for independent adult life till the time the last child leaves.
Bonadaptation
Functional strategies lead to the family continuing to meet needs of the family members in new or improved form. Problem focused coping
What is the definition of coercive control?
Getting someone to do something they do not want to do by using threatening negative consequences for noncompliance
Types of Abusive Spouses
Gottman Type 1 (Cobras) Lower heart rate upon initiating conflict interactions than they did at resting baseline More emotional aggression (contempt, belligerence) More likely to come from chaotic family backgrounds Higher rates of personality disorders More likely to be violent in other circumstances Type 2 (Pitbulls) Anger builds slowly and lose control as conflict escalates More emotionally dependent on wife Control usually out of fear of abandonment
Chosen families
Groups of people who are treated like and seen as family members when they are not related by blood or marriage. Friends can be chosen families.
Which destructive conflict style involves letting an issue build up over time?
Gunny-Sacking
Control over bodies?
How children dress, hairstyles, body piercings, cuddled, not suck thumb
What methods are commonly used to study this? How do we create stress?
How do we create stress? -Artificial lab tasks that induce stress -Stressful, conflict-inducing interactions -Then take measures such as EKG, blood pressure, and/or saliva tests for hormones
Illness Mourning Processes (5)
Impact, Denial, Grief focusing outward, closure
Where does 3/4 rape take place?
In the home
Neoliberal welfare services
In which individuals are encouraged to use the market rather than the state to meet their needs e.g. Through private care of elderly
Migration trends?
Industrial revolution ( rural to urban) for factory jobs (textiles, mining) 20th century - this industry decline, (urban to rural) (motor cars, electrical engineering and chemicals) Recently, London and South East have had pull bc growth of finance and service industries located there
Stress
Info transmitted to the system about whether established interactional patterns require alteration.
Which of the following is not one of the types of goals people manage in end-of-life conversations?
Instrumental Demands
What to say to make someone Feel Better
Instrumental= help the person through emotionally tough time Self-Identity= appear to care and help Relationship= maintain the relationship
Marital or Intimate-Partner Violence
Intentional violent or controlling behavior by a person who is currently, or was previously, in an intimate relationship with the victim
According to the text, family violence is usually characterized by A. individuals with personality disorders. B. power differentials between abuser and victim. C. religious convictions on the role of men and women. D. intimacy where the individuals interact in private.
Intimacy Where the Individuals Interact in Private
The current term used by the federal government for violence between partners who are in, or were in, a romantic relationship is A. Domestic Violence B. Violence Against Women C. Intimate Partner Violence D. Family Violence
Intimate Partner Violence
Erica is experiencing psychological abuse and fears her husband's violent outbursts are becoming more dangerous. Erica is most likely experiencing A. mutual violent control B. violent resistance C. intimate terrorism D. common couple violence
Intimate Terrorism
____________________ is mostly perpetrated by men.
Intimate Terrorism
Intimate Terrorism vs. Situational Couple Violence
Intimate Terrorism: 1) Mostly perpetrated by men 2) Estimated 2 million a year 3) Systematic Pattern of control • Violence is only one tactic among many • Dynamics rooted in control • May be met with violent resistance vs. Situational Couple Violence 1) Perpetrated by men and women 2) Estimated 6 million a year 3) No motive to control partner • Violence arises out of specific conflicts • Dynamics rooted in the situation • May be mutual or one sided
Psychotherapy
Involves a trained professional entering a therapeutic relationship with a patient(s) for the purpose of helping the patient with symptoms of a mental illness, behavioral problems, or personal growth A condition is diagnosed, and a mental health professional proposes a course of treatment in order to "cure" or manage the problem Marriage and family therapy generally works this way
Talking Tips
Is a wheel that helps couples communicate their feelings to their partners
Which statement based on research is false?
Later births of more children caused more major changes than first ones
Stage 5 is.....
Launching children and moving on
Which of the following is true about leaving an abusive partner?
Leaving does not mean non-violence.
Statistics on violence in same-sex partnerships are limited but indicate that A. lesbian and straight women are equally likely to be victims. B. lesbian women are less likely to be victims than straight women. C. gay men are more likely to be victims than straight men. D. lesbian women are more likely to be victims than straight women.
Lesbian and Straight Women are Equally Likely to be Victims
What is Gunny Sacking?
Letting issues build up until they're suddenly released in anger.
*Post-divorce relations: typology of post-divorce relationships
Looks at two dimensions: level of interaction and quality of communication 1. Dissolving duos --Couples who have little to no communication --Prerequisite: no children 2. Perfect pals --High scores of both dimensions --Couples that break up, but still remain friends --Still emotionally attached 3. Cooperative colleagues --Moderate levels of interaction, high levels of quality communication --Remaining friendly for the sake of the children --Business-oriented relationship 4. Angry associates --Low levels of interaction, moderate quality communication --Lot of anger and resentment from partners --Parallel parenting --Kids with parents like these have loyalty problems 5. Fiery foes --Low on interaction and quality of communication --Most intense anger imaginable --Use kids as pawns and ammunition
PARIS Example
Love Knots A love knot is a subconscious assumption we have about love and relationships. These hidden "rules" are based on what we need and expect in relationships that are usually built from experiences with others
Additional changes in Stage 6
Maintaining own and/or couple functioning and interests in face of physiological decline; exploration of new familial and social role options, support for a more central role for middle generation, making room in the system for the wisdom and experience of the elderly; supporting the older generation without over functioning for them, dealing with the loss of spouse, siblings, and other peers and preparation for own death; life review and integrations
Which of the following is an example of a non-normative stressor??
Major family illness
Substance Abuse
Maladaptive pattern of substance use that is associated with adverse effects Failure to function on social, occupational or domestic level Physical hazards or legal problems Continued use despite interpersonal problems that are caused or exacerbated by its use Dependence: tolerance, withdrawal
Cultural childhood differences
Malinowski - among Trobriand islanders of southwest Pacific = adults took attitude of tolerance & amused interest towards child's sexual explorations & activities.
If George's parents fail to take him to school on a consistent basis, they A. May be guilty of neglect B. May be guilty of abuse C. May be bad parents, but not legally so D. May be within their rights as parents
May be Guilty of Neglect
Double ABC-X Model of Stress and Coping
McCubbin and Patterson** A(stressor) EX: oatmeal B(Resources) EX: eat the oatmeal anyway C(perception) EX: attitude aA(pile up) initial stressor event, family life changes/coping EX: eviction bB(existing and new resources) EX: painting, jobs cC(perception) EX: mom upset worse than eviction xX( Adaptation) continued addressing how family functioning is important.
Why is quantity of time a family important?
More hours eating together = less behavioral problems (Hofferth & Sandberg) More leisure time together = higher family satisfaction (Orthner & Mancini, 1990) True for both parent-child and marriage relationships More time conversing daily events = happier couples
A03 for Fran Ansley
More protection of women now...recognised through marital rape act 1991
One way that family and communication with close others can affect our health:
More stress may= potential for greater susceptibility to disease
Beginning Stage: Independence
Most critical stage. Separate emotionally from your family
AO3 for care in the community
Most women become care takers - familistic regime
nuclear family
Mother, father and children living together
More cases of child abuse are perpetrated by _____________ than any other group. A. Mothers B. Fathers C. Other family members D. Strangers
Mothers
AO3 to the roles of the couple?
Mothers aren't biologically suited. Hamzah Khan was neglected by mother, starved to death. Baby Peter, beaten to death.
Allostatic Load (McEwen)
Multiple, chronic stressors (e.g. conflict) can wear away at body; "wear and tear" on the body is called "Allostatic load" -we often measure stress via hormone levels and changes (e.g. cortisol, epinephrine)
______________ are difficult to foresee because they happen somewhat at random and do not occur in every family.
Nonnormative family stressors
How many women have been assuaulted by a partner at some time in her life?
One in four
PAIRS has a two pronged approach to teaching couples to relate more effectively:
One is to increase positive feelings and the pleasure partners experience in their relationship The second is to decrease destructive behaviors associated with conflict.
Depth Interviews
One-on-one interviews that probe and elicit detailed answers to questions, often using various techniques to uncover hidden motivations.
Family Interaction and Sexual Health
Parent-child sexual communication associated with parents' attitudes/beliefs about sex and sexuality Co-viewing media and using "teachable moments" may cultivate skepticism and social resistance skills in regard to risky sexual behavior
Adopted Family
Parents with adopted children (not related by blood)
What are Developmental Stressors?
Part of the human developmental process predictable and expected life events Examples: Transition to parenthood, Launching children, Retirement from workforce, Family cargiving (sandwich generation), Annual Events
Family Systems Theory
Part or elements of a system that are interconnected and strive for balance as they define boundaries and achieve goals.
Protection Hypothesis
People in successful marriages tend to receive "protections" to buffer poor health
Same sex family
People of the same sex are the primary caregivers of one or more children.
Supportive Communicaton
Perceived availability of support= is sometimes more important than the support itself Stranger support is less effective Invisible support is more effective than visible
Criticisms of Parsons
Peter Laslett - looked at church documents, there were nuclear families.
how marriage can influence health?Poorer health is predicted by:
Poorer health is predicted by: 1. spousal conflict 2. spousal over-involvement 3. inequality in decision-making Conflict is a particularly strong predictor of health, and has a more negative effect on wives' health than husbands' (e.g. blood pressure)
Designing a Family Communication
Poorly Regulated Arguments can result in psychological adjustments problems, for partners and children and poorly regulated conflict is the BEST predictor of relationship instability.
What happened to population in cities between 1700 and 1830?
Population doubled.
How do positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment differ?
Positive Reinforcement = presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus Negative Reinforcement = when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed Positive Punishment = presenting an aversive consequence Negative Punishment = reinforcing stimulus is removed
Depression Can affect parent-child communication
Positivity Suppression- the tendency for a positive message by one family member to be met with either a negative or problem solving message by other family members Children of mothers with depression typically exhibit a behavioral pattern indicative of rejection Children of parents with depression are at a greater risk for behavioral, cognitive and emotional dysfunction, and are 4-8 times more likely to experience depression.
PAIRS
Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills Increase positive feelings ad the pleasure partners experience in there relationship.
Human Relationship Development Model
Pre-Stage 1: Perceive, attend, listen and respond. Stage 1: Concreteness, genuineness and self Disclosure. Stage 2: Empathy, warmth and respect. Stage 3: Confrontation and immediacy.
What does this theory propose about private information?
Privacy: rules, CPM helps us see how people depend on rules to guide them in making decisions about when to disclose, thereby opening their privacy boundaries, and when to remain private, thus keeping them closed
Goal of Population-Focused Care
Promote healthy communities
function of family secret
Protection from negative consequences Relationship maintenance
Expressed Emotion
Quality of communication about emotions in family with a person who suffers from a mental illness Three particular patterns are associated with occurrence of psychiatric illness and relapse: Hostility - Family members blame the patient for the illness Emotional Over-Involvement - Family members blame themselves for the illness Critical Comments - Combination of both in attempt (intentional or unintentional) to control the patient's behavior
Open Ended Questions
Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want, does not prompt a yes or no answer.
Marital Violence
Relationship Dynamics: Negativity in Marital Interactions Verbal Aggression, Husband Initiation and Reaction/Wife Reaction, Struggle for Relational Control, Demand Withdrawal Communication Social Context and History: Intergenerational Transmission of Spousal Abuse, and Patriarchal Social Structure
Problems can be addressed by family/marital education
Relationship issues/Preventing Divorce Maintaining or reigniting marital intimacy Improving conflict behavior Creating realistic expectations (pre-marital education) Helping couples identify sources of instrumental help
Family stories: functions
Remember events (referential function) Interpret and judge events (evaluative function) Socialize members Affirm belonging Connect generations
Additional changes in Stage 5
Renegotiation of marital system as a dyad, development of adult-to-adult relationships between grown children and their parents, realignment of relationships to include in-laws and grandchildren, dealing with disabilities and death of parents (grandparents)
Psycho-education
Requires specific training, but not typically a license or degree Teaches specific skills rather than delving deeply into cognitive andemotional experiences Learning takes place in groups with a classroom type environment There is no diagnosis or treatment, just learning concepts and skills
Qualitative Research
Research that considers qualities instead of quantities. Descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas.
Quantitative Research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
What caused structural differentiation?
Rural to urban migration, work in factories in cities. Encouraged to move away and marry - less familial duty or pressure - enjoyed.
Risk factors for children being abused include all of the following EXCEPT A. Poverty B. Mental Health Issues C. Single Parenthood D. Lack of Social Network
Single Parenthood
What were the two irreducibile functions of the nuclear family, according to Parsons?
Socialisation and Stabilisation.
Schizophrenia
Some evidence that family communication patterns influence the development and course of the disorder
PREP Approach
Speaker-Listener Technique is equivalent to "active listening" PREP's philosophy is that it is better for couples to first talk about their feelings regarding a disagreement before trying to solve the problem so those things do not get mixed together.
Alcohol Abuse
Strong relationship between alcohol abuse and increased risk for family violence Approximately 80% of spouse to spouse violence is alcohol related Physical abuse of children involves 20-30% of parents who are heavy drinkers The child abusing parent is often under the influence of alcohol when the incident occurs
Family Communication and Suicide
Suicidal teens have less frequent communication with their parents (Hollenback, Dyl, & Sprinto, 2003). Suicide risk increases when both parents are perceived as distant. The problem is exacerbated when a parent or significant family member leaves or dies (Wagner, et al., 2000). Unavailable or distant father seems more detrimental to an adolescent's risk of suicidal behavior than a distant mother
Sarah and her partner are fighting, and she wants to show understanding and acceptance of his perspective. Which constructive conflict strategy is she most likely to use?
Supportive Remarks
types of family secret
Taboo secrets Rule violations Conventional secrets
conformity orientation(typology)
The degree to which families create a climate that stresses homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs versus heterogeneous attitudes, values, and beliefs
Physical Child Abuse
The infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, kicking, biting, burning, shaking or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may not have intended to harm the child, rather the injury may have resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment Low Adaptability and Cohesion, Problematic Parenting Behaviors, Conflict are predictors of physical child abuse
Stage 2 is.....
The joining of families through marriage: the newly married couple
family tasks, family strategies
The key to any effort to understand family patterns of interaction is an understanding of the relationship between ___________ and _______________.
organizational complexity
The organizational structure whereby family systems are comprised of various smaller units or subsystems that together comprise the larger family system.
cognitive coping strategies
The perceptions and appraisals that people and families make with regard to specific stressor events.
Family Life Cycle
The stages you pass through from childhood to your retirement years as a member of a family.
Criticism
This is your problem, I'm perfect and you're defective (not to be mean but be constructive)
Today, how many married women in UK are economically active, as opposed to 1971?
Three quarters of women today, whereas fewer than half in 1971.
Globalisation of childhood?
Through media, campaigns about children in third world countries reflect views about what childhood should be - childhood spreading, rather than disappearing
The roles you have in your family may be different from your roles outside the family.
True
Families can affect our health and our health can impact ally dynamics (a mutual influence between health and family communication)
True.
Nelson
USA - helicopter parents excessively hover around children - stifles development - spoilt and immature children - entitlement as adults - arrogant
Rituals: negative outcomes
Underritualized Rigidly ritualized Skewed ritualization Hollow ritualization Interrupted ritualization Adaptable ritualization
non-normative stressor events
Unexpected events that create unanticipated hardships and require adaptations or alterations int eh strategies used by the system to execute some or all of its basic tasks.
What are Unpredictable Stressors?
Unexpected events that result from unique circumstances for which the family is unprepared Examples: Illness, Disability, Natural Disasters, Job Loss
Parent-Child conflict and child substance use
Use of competitive conflict behaviors has substantial positive correlations with substance use Several studies have linked parent-child conflict (especially with step parents) to adolescents' disengagement from the family and entry into deviant peer networks
Family with Preschoolers
When the oldest child is between the age of 2 ½ and 6.
Family With School Children
When the oldest child is between the ages of 6 and 13.
What are 4 reasons people don't leave abusive relationships?
Why doesn't she leave? • Leaving is a process, not an event • Leaving is a multidimensional (more than just staying vs leaving • Linear and non-linear trajectories of leaving Leaving is complex • Change in one area does not mean immediate change in another • Disentangling connections • Agency vs barriers • Leaving does not mean non-violence.
Who is more likely to be the victim of domestic violence?
Women
Talcott Parsons and roles of the couple?
Women = expressive, nurturer (biologically suited) Men = instrumental, breadwinner
Beginning Family: Coupling
You explore the ability to commit to a new family and a new way of life. When you join families through marriage, you form a new family system.
circular causality and puntuation
a child repeating bad behavior for attention, yet receiving not affirmation of good behavior (because parent expects the good)
Role conflict:
a condition in which a person faces incompatible role-related expectations
single-parent family
a family in which only one parent lives with the child or children
wholeness
a family system is different from the sum of its parts
victim
a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of violence
5 key concepts of Family Systems Theory
a. Interdependence b. Wholeness c. Boundaries d. Calibration/Feedback e. Circular causality & puntuation
4 types of parenting styles
a. authoritarian b. permissive c. authoritative d. neglectful
4 defining characteristics of families
a. blood b. legal connections (marriage) c. nurturing newborns (adoption) d. past history, present reality, and future interconnections
people who endorsed these 4 motivations for secret keeping were less likely to reveal secrets
a. evaluation b. maintenance c. defense d. privacy
6 motives for secret keeping
a. evaluation b. maintenance c. defense d. privacy e. bonding f. communication
5 love languages
a. gifts b. service c. physical touch d. affirmation e. quality time
3 types of family secrets
a. held by the entire family from outsiders b. concealed by some family members from other members c. kept by individuals form the family
Violence
any behaviour that causes physical or psychological harm to a person or damage to a property.
Contrary to stereotypes, children are least likely to be abused _____________.
by a friend or neighbor
expectation of victimization
children begin to develop expectations that they are going to be victimized- put themselves in situations and act a certain way where it will be more likely for them to be victimized; have come to accept that this will happen to them no matter what
who is most vulnerable to child abuse?
children with medical problems those labeled as having a difficult temperament combination of high risk parent with high risk child protends abuse
Giving the child voice (+ rituals )
choosing bedtime snack
parent-child conflict
common in divorce households; between custodial mother and son have high conflict levels
The communication in families with a schizophrenic member is characterized by odd, idiosyncratic, illogical, and fragmented language, even when the mentally ill family member is not present. This style of family interaction is called:
communication deviance
the most important feature of family systems
communication; relationships are established, maintained, and changed by communication among members
taboo secret
concern topics that are condemned or stigmatized by the family/ or society ex: abuse
_____________________- with limits
confidentiality (suicide and crime)
Ambiguous Boundaries
create confusion about who family members perceive as being part of the system and/or what roles members play in the system.
Schizophrenia and Family Expressed Emotion (EE)
criticism, overinvolvement, overprotectiveness, excessive attention, emotional reactivitiy, high EE have high expectations, don't understand illness and are frustrated and resentful, predicts relapse 50% EE vs 20 non-EE
Schizophrenia
delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms
authoritative
demanding & responsive
authoritarian
demanding & unresponsive
Overt Rules
explicit and openly stated rules.
@ Depression
extreme sadness that creates the incapability of complete functioning (many causes, may be long lasting)
Conflict between two members of a family only affects those two members
false
Couples who have been married for 40 years or more find that conflict is just as much a part of their lives as it was when they were in earlier years of their marriage.
false
Husbands are more likely to plan to leave a marriage for a longer time than wives are.
false
If a couple cohabitates before marriage, the act of bonding or institutionalizing the relationship through marriage does not really change the relationship dynamics very much
false
In studies, researchers have found that when relational partners both have negative responses to disagreements, the couple fights less often.
false
In the long run, it is basically impossible for a family to change their interaction patterns.
false
Maldaptation, an outcome of the family's stress over time, refers to the positive outcomes of managing the stress
false
Parent-teenager conflicts are more likely to occur around drugs or sex than around simple topics such as clothes, food, or chores
false
People tend to be more skillful communicators when they are depressed because they are afraid of making other people angry.
false
Sibling competition is less evident when children are close in age and the same sex.
false
Some families are able to resolve all their conflicts.
false
Soon after a crisis, a wise communication strategy is to get the affected members of the family to refrain from retelling the experiences during the crisis
false
The "chilling effect" occurs as a reaction to conflict, when one partner punishes another by withholding affection and attention
false
The life-course approach recognizes all family members go through changes in similar ways at about the same time and in spite of economic or environmental factors
false
Tom has an argument with a colleague at work. Consequently, that night, he comes home in a bad mood, and argues with his wife about who is supposed to cook dinner. This behavior is called disqualification.
false
▷Research on conflict and stress "contagion"effects in families:
families exposed to regular conflict may be more susceptible to physical and mental health issues
perceptions of family obligations
family contact and participation in family ritual, assistance, conflict avoidance, self-sufficiency
Boundary ambiguity can make coping difficult for families because ______
family members are uncertain about who "belongs"
1. Communication Deviance
family members develop and odd pattern of interacting that is largely unfocused and use idiosyncratic, illogical, and fragmented language ( even when the schizophrenic member is not present)
Functional rules:
foster communication, strengthen relationships, and empower family members to reach their goals
sandwich generation
generation of people, typically in their thirties or forties, responsible both for bringing up their own children and for the care of their ageing pare
what are protective factors against abuse?
genes may protect against negative psychological effects of abuse and possibly other negative life events (good self regulation, good temperament) environmental conditions such as close relationship with at least one non abusive adult classrooms and teachers who provide clear rules, predictability, consistency
proximal outcomes:
immediate results or consequences of a conflict episode
modeling theories of intergenerational transmission
ineffective marital communication skills, the attitude of non commitment of marriage, lower relationship efficacy
what leads to these negative outcomes for COAs?
ineffective parenting higher rates of conflict in COA families more susceptible to ill-effects of high conflict with parents parental alcoholism generates parental disregard for child --> low self worth for child
Family Systems Theory
influenced by General Systems Theory, developments in biological and physical sciences
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- cohesion
is low; weak emotional bond between family members; lack of concern for the welfare of the family members o very dangerous to not care a whole lot about each other; it's just waiting to explode later on
@Alcoholism
it is not always easy to determine the effects of alcoholism on the family not uniformly negative, may lead to positive family interaction-- if we were all drunk we could get along better
If George's parents fail to take him to school on a consistent basis, they
may be guilty of neglect
4. Role Shifts for individual & spouse
may not be equipped to do, often shifting roles into (caretaker) for the person who is experiencing depression
3. Affective Style
measure of verbal behavior of family members during discussion of a conflict-laden issue with the schizophrenic patient present
sources of role expectations
media, significant others, complementary others sources of role expectations
two types of health issues we look at with communication?
mental physical
negative feedback
minimizes change in a family and helps create homeostasis
what is the definition of child abuse?
mistreating or harming a child physically, emotionally, or sexually
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse:
model of marital conflict proposed by Gottman consisting of 4 stages of escalating intensity: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling
▷Research on affection & physiological responses:
more affection tends to correspond with less stress via hormonal indicators
collectivist culture:
more emphasis on group goals and a we-ness
what are the outcomes for children of alcoholics?
more problems with alcohol/substance abuse and psychological issues than those without alcoholic parents social learning contribute to these outcomes (not genetic alone) more relationship issues
Sue and Larry are both hotheads and often physically battle for control in their relationship. They are likely engaged in
mutual violent control
work support
negative association with WFC (help to relieve WFC) • Instrumental support from spouse + support from supervisor= better marital and family outcomes
Two types of alcoholism
non genetic genetic -if moms an alcoholic, outcomes tend to be worse
infants are
non verbal and use crying as communication
Underritualized
not a lot of meaning or consistency with the ritual (dont do it)
traumatic bonding
o Common with mother and daughter, very close relationship during the divorce process; step father is like what about me
building solidarity as a family unit
o Introduce child to new family rituals. Create new family identity
vying for resources
o May be space, privacy, etc. Stepfather is now in the family home, in your space, do you share that with the person? Can you share the car?
discrepancies in conflict management styles
o Stepfather has different conflict management style, need to adjust
providing basic resources
o U.S. requires this o What you feed your kids, etc, minimal level of have to provide, becomes a law, it may seem pathetic i.e. providing 3 meals a day may be hard for a parent to provide
ambiguity of parental roles
o Who has the authority, can step parent group you or punish you? Or is that biological parents job?
conflict
o a lot of negative emotion and negative energy within the family
anorexia
o a refusal to maintain a normal body weight o an intense fear of gaining weight o disturbance in body image perception • don't see themselves as we see them o masters of disguise- keep other people from really seeing it
stepparent role model
o because they are disengaged show less affection, disengaged hands off person living in households, does not teach them morals etc.
lower relationship efficacy
o belief in your ability to solve relational problems o cui et al. studies adults romantic relationships o parental divorce was associated with high parental conflict o parental conflict > lower relationship efficacy o lower relationship efficacy > higher conflict o conflict> lower relationship quality o parent conflict/divorce> low relationship efficacy > offspring conflict > poor romantic relationship quality
cooperative colleagues
o business partners who deal with parenting for the sake of the kids; almost always co-parenting (no real friendship, compromise for children's benefits)
divorce prone personality hypothesis
o certain qualities that make him/her likely to be divorced by their partner o traits people might have: cheater, frivolous spender etc.
3 categories of abusive family processes
o child maltreatment o marital/intimate partner violence o elder abuse
the attitude of noncommitment of marriage
o children learn that marriage is not permanent o attitude of divorce has a viable option for resolving marital problems o people whose parents divorced hold weaker, less positive attitudes toward marriage (i.e. marriage need not last forever, divorce is a solution to a bad marriage) o however it is family origin conflict, not parental divorce per se that causes these weak marital attitudes
feeling caught
o competing loyalty of parents; if one parent asked me to do something, will it be ok with the other person?
dissolving duos
o couples who go off their separate ways and never speak, see each other even again; difficult to do if you have children; common communication pattern in divorced couples without children (no contact after divorce)
1. Loosen bonds to the spouse (long time)
o create space in long term memory for spouse, not short term: turning experience into long term memories
family celebrations
o culture specific and affirm family's ties to community • rites of passage: baptism, graduations, weddings, funerals, bar mitzvah, quinceanera
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- family isolation
o don't have a lot of people focusing on you and your actions so you are free to act as you please without judgment; no surveillance; a family environment with no close ties do not have anyone stopping by and checking on them
perceptions of family obligations- assistance
o expecting family members to provide assistance when needed; call a family member for help, turn to family members
perceptions of family obligations- self-sufficiency
o family members expect members to carry weigh of life
stabilizing and protecting functions
o help deal with stressors and transitions • funerals and weddings
individual development
o helping family members develop individual identity; who am I? o how are you different from siblings/society/appearance- clothes, hair style/color
• become a private communication that helps bonding
o hidden messages- I care about you, you're part of my family, I value you
perceptions of family obligations- family contact and participation in family ritual
o i.e. thanksgiving with the family
parental verbal aggressiveness
o if they are willing to attack the self-concept of the child verbally, they are most likely willing to be physically aggressive—a real risk factor of physical abuse o an argumentation skill deficit; their own incompetence in handling problems through communication
obligation of adult children to parents
o if you take care of your parents after they have taken care of you...what is the obligation? The law delineates the care for the elderly; very prevalent in Asian countries, not a U.S. law
felt obligation
o is the expectation for appropriate behavior as perceived within the context of specific, personal relationships with kin across the life cycle; varies from family to family
training school hypothesis
o learn dysfunctional patterns of interaction and problem solving in their first marriage, then take those patterns into second marriage; taking something learned and transferring it over (people develop bad habits in one marriage and continue them in another)
stages of the life cycle- families in later life
o maintain couple interests in face of physical disabilities o cope with death/disability of family members o negotiate relationships for assistance with self-care o review life goals and prepare for death
the expansion hypothesis
o multiple roles bring rewards such as monetary income, self-esteem, power to delegate undesirable role obligations, opportunities for social relationships, challenges • can have energizing effects on people • the benefits of one role (spouse, parent) can buffer against the ill effects of others
maternal depression is associated with negative responses to child
o negative trait perceptions of child o negative affective reaction o lower relationship satisfaction
stages of the life cycle- join families through marriage
o negotiate exoectations for marriage o recalibrate idealized feelings towards partner o negotiating/reconstructing social networks
trickle down effect and mortality reminder
o next in line to die, as you lose grandparents, own parents, reminded that you are the next in line to pass (your own mortality is more salient)
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- parental absence
o no parental supervision so the young adults in the family can do as they please when home by themselves
ineffective marital communication skills
o observing parents use ineffective communication techniques in unfolding conflict etc. o engaged couples: sanders et. Al. • if a woman's parents were divorced > more communication problems, more physical aggression • parental conflict is the culprit (centerted on dysfunctional ways of resolving conflicts) • husbands whose parents divorced exhibited more anger and contempt in their marital interactions
stress models
o parenting is stressful o marital disruptions are stressful o parental competence compromised o conflict o economic deprivation: divorce takes you down socio-economically o incomplete institutionalization hypotheses: no socio norms, don't know how to act, don't know norms of discipline
• problematic parenting behaviors
o parents not handling the problems with their kids in the most effective ways o they get frustrated with their own kids even though they are really just frustrated with themselves because their parenting techniques are not working but they take out these frustrations on their children through violence
dysfunctional beliefs hypothesis
o people enter into remarriage with unrealistically high expectations, perhaps fueled by the certainty that they have learned from their past mistakes; when expectations aren't met the remarried relationship is dissolved
angry associates
o people who are very resentful to each other; everyone does their own thing without the cooperation or regard for the other parent (both active as parents but in parallel not collectively
willingness to leave marriage hypothesis
o people who divorce have an obvious track record for seeing divorce as a solution to marital problems
kinship maintenance and family management
o promoting family welfare and keeping the family together o i.e. do we get together for the holidays? Who cooks? Who cleans? • Planning activities for the family
supportiveness may promote:
o psychological well-being o health enhancing behaviors • you take better care of yourself • you have a responsibility to be healthy for your partner's sake- someone is dependent on you o personal care and health maintenance • when men are married they see the doctor more often because their wife pressures them to do so
immersion stage
o reality sets in, the stepparents tends to feel like an outsider, expectations tend to be shattered or dashed; children become more aware of the relationship between their biological parent and stepparent and can generate feelings of jealousy, resentment, and confusion
bulimia
o recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating o may maintain a normal body weight o inappropriate compensatory behaviors to control weight gain • self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics o and an undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluations
stages of the life cycle- leaving home
o redefine relationships with parents—less dependent o develop intimate peer relationships o establist self- identity
patterned family interactions
o regular interactions • customary bedtime, dinner time, weekend leisure activities, regular vacations
fantasy stage
o represented by hope and perhaps expectation that the new spouse will be a better partner and parent than the previous spouse; starting out a new family with great expectations; lofty goals, happiness and bliss; unrealistic
perfect pals
o respect for each other after divorce, maintain open communication, attend family rituals, keep in contact with one another; more likely where both spouses remain single (remain good friends after divorce)
2. Reality demands of daily functioning
o self support o 1 yr. later o get on with life o household management, life demands (bills, kids, etc.)
gender roles
o sexuality with partner and gender model for children o being a mother, roles as husbands and wives o people have these roles, learn them and bring them to marriage
distant figure
o stays out of their lives until certain times; least amount of contact o only present in traditional gathers (Christmas and other holidays)
stepparent involvement model
o stepparent can maybe pull the biological parent away from the child; you re-orient attention to the new spouse when you remarry
nurturing and emotional support
o teaching them manners, to read, write, talk etc. o listening to problems and concerns
remarriage market hypothesis
o the selection of available mates is often not as good the second or thid time around; divorced people in search of a future spouse may feel "all the good ones are taken" (the pool of potential quality mates is not as good)
recalibrate relationships with parent
o too much reliance on parents after moving out may threaten their sense of independence and accomplishment, whereas too little may leave them feeling abruptly disconnected—want to reach a balance of autonomy and closeness
contact and assistance
o when needed, expected to provide contact and stay in touch with your family
• mean more than their component action
o when the ritual is performed, it has greater meaning than just going through the motions
• delineate boundaries
o who's in the family and who's not in the family o who's invited to the weddings? The funerals
norms for independence from family
o you need some freedom from your family, family should be able to solve things on their own i.e. not being all together every holiday (you can be with your own immediate family)
Most of the elderly who report abuse are abused by
other family members
A particularly noxious interpersonal phenomenon characteristic of the mothers of daughters with eating disorders is:
overprotectiveness and less caring
2. Expressed Emotion
parents become over involved over emotional (video of schizophrenia
Chronic Depression
people who will be depressed their entire lives and families have to learn to cope with that
Constantine's Model of family conflict, attachment & Depression
perceived family conflict -> parental attachment (trust, communication, low alienation) -> depression
what do studies show no differences between COAs and non COAS?
perceived social support social skills, social maladjustment anxiety use of nonverbal communication behaviors self-esteem fear of intimacy depression
family narratives
reflect how the family makes sense of their world and co-constructs meaning • narratives= the form of stories • three components
System
regular and enduring patterns create family system. emphasis on PATTERNS!
what are better predictors than relationships themselves?
relationship quality & relationship behaviors and interactions
evaluative
relationships, behaviors, community, society; help us to make sense of what is going on; to understand what is right and what is wrong o sharing personal experiences so that family members don't have to make the same mistakes or can follow in the same footsteps if it was successful
Bill mourned for Nellie for over a year. After his wife died, he didn't seem to care to live. Gradually he began to function in his old, sure ways. He decided to take a trip and later to sell the farm and close out the house and part with furniture and mementos of forty-seven years. These behaviors nonverbally signal that Bill has moved from one crisis stage to another. In which stage is he when he moves away from "the old home?"
reorganization
any possible positive outcomes for COAs?
resilient and functional alcoholism doesn't occur in a vacuum; other adverse factors come into play
distal outcomes:
results of the conflict that are removed and delayed
parentification
role reversal when the child takes on the roles/responsibilities as the parent (common in divorced households); parent may be over burdened and unable to fully care for the child
Depression/ Marital Destress
roughly 90% of depressed adolescents who marry will get divorced, get married in the first place because they think it will help their depression *often cyclical, even at behavioral level
In "Why Domestic Abuse Victims Don't Leave" video, why did Leslie stay?
she didn't know he was abusing her
Additional changes in Stage 4
shifting of parent-child relationships to permit adolescent to move in and out of system, refocus on midlife marital and career issues, beginning shift toward concerns for older generation
Risk factors for children being abused include all of the following EXCEPT
single parenthood
functions of family rituals
socializing, stabilizing and protecting functions, therapeutic functions
Family roles:
socially constructed patterns of behavior and sets of expectations that provide us a position in our families
Normative Family Stressors
stressors that come with ordinary life events addition of a family member death caring for a dependent/disabled chores/children
surrogate parent
substitute parent, provide primary care, some reason o parent working full time/ unemployment/ in prison
1. Negative Communication
takes the form of anger and hostility directed at each person ( depends on family and if there are children involved)
financial abuse
the act of stealing, taking advantage of, or improperly using the money, property, or other assets of another
coping efficacy
the adequacy of the efforts undertaken by the family to reduce stress.
Maintenance Resources
the amount of time, energy, and money that family has available to accomplish its maintenance tasks.
verbal aggressiveness
the characteristic tendency to be verbally aggressive towards others
coping
the cognitive and behavioral problem-solving strategies that are used to respond to a stressor event.
boundaries
the concept used to delineate one system or subsystem from other systems or subsystems from other systems or subsystems, or from the surrounding environment.
disengaged
the concept used to describe systems boundaries characterized by a high tolerance for individuality.
Enmeshed
the concept used to describe systems' boundaries characterized by a low tolerance for individuality.
stress
the degree of pressure exerted on the family to alter the strategies it employs to accomplish it's basic tasks.
permeability
the degree to which the family's boundaries are relatively open or closed.
normative stressor events
the expected and ordinary developmental transitions affecting the family. Their key distinguishing features are that they are expected, occur regularly over time, and carry with them ordinary difficulties.
Level 3 Stress
the fabric of the family is in trouble, basic philosophy must be reexamined
neglect
the failure to provide for a child's basic needs
Interdependence
the idea that individuals and subsystems that compose the whole system are mutually dependent and mutually influenced by one another.
disengagement
the lack of involvement among family members that results from rigid boundaries.
second-order tasks
the responsibility that all families have for adapting their strategies and rules in response to stress, information, and change.
context
the set of circumstances of facts that surround a particular even, situation, individual, or family.
strategies
the specific policies and procedures the family adopts to accomplish its tasks. Also the unique patterns of interaction that each family establishes to execute its basic tasks.
pile-up of stressor events
the total number of events both normative and non normative, that a family must contend with at any point.
behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dysfunction with children with depression
these symptoms can be probable because they could be associated with just being a bad child instead of having depression, hard for parents to tell if child has depression
Most people who do not report intimate partner violence to the police fail to do so because
they are afraid of the consequences
interrupted ritualization
this would like if you went to your grandma every year for Christmas and this year it was not held at her house (death, illness, war)
explanatory model of interpersonal conflict:
to best understand the conflict going on in relationships. one has to examine the conflict episodes
"Marker events" represent transition stages in human development, such as ending use of diapers for a child, a Bat Mitzvah, or graduation from high school
true
A crisis such as suicide or a drug arrest may force openness in some families and also create closeness that did not previously exist.
true
As strange as it might seem, some families voluntarily enter situations that can be very stressful.
true
Births managed through new reproductive technologies create new privacy issues for families to resolve.
true
Conflict is present in functional and dysfunctional marriages.
true
During family conflicts, Leah goes after what she wants, unconcerned about other family members' concerns or needs. Leah would be classified as having a competitiveness type of conflict style
true
Families-of-origin are important in socializing a child to conflict behavior that they might use in their own relationships when they grow older
true
Horizontal stressors move across time and include developmental predictable stressors as well as unpredictable crises that disrupt the family system
true
In successful conflict management experiences, partners go through validation sequences
true
Marriage and committed partnership affects not only the two individuals involved but also their extended families as well as future generations.
true
Premarital counseling programs do not seem to have any effect on eventual divorce rates for couples who participate.
true
Rigid family boundaries prevent a family from receiving the kinds of support needed from extended family members in times of crisis.
true
Rituals for dealing with death may help family members through the grieving process
true
Stepfamilies may have specific types of conflict that other types of families do not have.
true
The severity of stress depends, in part, upon the family's resources and their interpretation of the events surrounding the stressor event.
true
Wives are more likely than husbands to have relationship-sensitive, other-directed thoughts during active conflicts with their spouses.
true
Child involvement (+ effect of rituals)
turning on bath water
socialized into subservient role
twisted form of self-identity; internalize being someone else's servant and always have to please people that make them the victim
neglectful
undemanding & unresponsive
Isolators
using formal terms to communicate separateness
intrapersonal hypothesis
verbal aggressiveness will be associated with depression within the individual, because of the hostility inherent in depression
In countries were men have greater educational and occupational advantages
violence against women is more common
Lorena shot her husband after years of physical abuse at his hands. Her behavior is best classified as
violent resistance
Push factors?
war, famine, poor economy, intolerance
Gender schema theory:
way for us to understand the organization of the world around masculinity and femininity
Behavioral coping strategies
what the family actually does to manage stress.
what is anticipatory guidance
what the parent needs to know about how to care for the child at home
in school age children, you should explain...
what, how and why - touch medical equipment - therapeutic play
boundaries
whatever separates people from others (external v internal)
Intrapersonal role conflict:
when a person is called to perform a role that is incompatible with his or her personal perceptions, behaviors or values
Cultural Violence
when a person is harmed as a result of their cultural practices
spiritual violence
when someone uses an individual's spiritual beliefs to manipulate, dominate or control that person
psychological violence
when someone uses threats and causes fear in an individual to gain control
Interpersonal role conflict:
when two or more family members wish to enact the same role behaviors
health effects of poor marital adjustment (e.g., immune system, risky lifestyle)
• 32 separarted/divorced males + matched married controls o poor marital adjustment led to more distress; a longing for something that you don't have- feeling of loneliness o poor adjustment led to lower immunology o non-initiators fare better; the people who did not initiate the break up-people who broke it off have to deal with the guilt and feeling like they are the ones who ruined all of it o quality interpersonal relations attenuate immunological changes associated with distress
marital communication and endocrine (hormone) functioning
• 37 married couples stayed 24 hours in hospital • created a blister wound on their forearms when they got there • then asked couples to engage in a social support interaction task where they speak positively to each other • positive communication behaviors (Acceptance, self-disclosure, humor) predicted higher oxytocin ( the feeling you get when you are kissing someone) in the blood of the person with the wound and that has the needle drawing blood at the same time that the couple is interacting • fewer negative communication behaviors (hostility, withdrawal) predicted higher vasopressin in the blood o so not just positive communication, but also less negative communcation predicts better blood samples • oxytocin and vasopressin levels predicted faster wound healing- they are actually healing their wounds faster due to the positive interaction that are producing these levels in the blood
prevalence of children who will experience parental divorce
• 38% white, 75% black children will experience divorce before 16
how common is family violence/abuse?
• Annual rate of intimate partner violent victimization is 5 per 1000 for women and .5 per 1000 for men • Some kind of violence transpired between spouses in the past year in 16% of households • Men experience intimate partner physical assault as frequently as women do • 25% of all couples report at least one act of physical violence at some point in their marriage • 10.1 per 1000 children were maltreated in 2009 • 11% of all females and 4% of all males age 15 or over have been victims of severe sexual abuse • these are fairly common phenomenon even though we would hope that this wouldn't be the case
cultural differences in grandparent status
• Asian, American Indian, African American grandmother and grandparents have high status • American Indian culture: hands on and intense, getting involved in child rearing and care
communication across step parent households: who initiates contact? for what reasons?
• Channels: telephone (57%), face-to-face (23%), email (15%), messages sent through children (4% • Topics: issues related to child (67%), parent needed info (14%), adult issues (10%) • Reasons: info exchange (55%), requests (22%), decision making (10%); interpersonal reasons (6%)
critical vs. hostile family relationships—which have the strongest effect no health?
• Critical or hostile family relationships have a stronger influence on physical health than do supportive relationships o Criticism, aggression, violence has strong negative effects o A bad relationship in the family will hurt your health more than a good relationship will help it
does divorce have any effect on children when they become adults? if so, how strong of an effect?
• Divorce has an effect on children as the become adults • Effects of parental divorce on young children are wak in magnitude and tend to diminish as children become adults • However adults are still affected due to the sleeper effect • Amato & Keither o Parental divorce> lower well being in adult children (offspring of a parent who was divorced) o Psychological adjustment, conduct problems, marital happiness
What are the long-term effects of divorce?
• Divorce proneness • Attitudes toward commitment.
the effects of divorce on children over time (from the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s)
• Effects seem to be decreasing • Studies in the 50's-60's reveal much stronger effects for parental divorce than do studies conducted more recently • Negative effects of divorce were lowest in the 1980's but started to gradually get stronger in the 1990's • As divorce becomes more common, negative effects decrease in magnitude
what is the most important type of support from family members?
• Emotional support- listening, empathy, sense of being cared for
how strong is the effect of family relationships on health, compared to other health risk factors?
• Family relationships have an influence on health that is as powerful as the influence of most traditionally recognized medical risk factors o As strong as smoking, obesity, blood pressure
retirement and the division of household labor-does it change?
• Maintenance of roles and division of labor • Husband's incorporation into the home • Negotiate how to spend and pass time • Success in earlier transitions > success at retirement • Loss of employment role > dissatisfaction, spillover into marriage
how do grandparents and grandchildren stay in touch?
• Majority reported communication either a few times a year or a few times a month • Only 8% said they communicate less than once per year • Face-to-face and telephone were more common than written communication • Face-to-face communication increasingly rare with increased physical distance • Psychological closeness of young adult-grandparent relationships positively correlated with frequency of communication
relationship beliefs
• Manageable, reliable, safe vs. dangerous, unfulfilling, and restrictive; what does the story project of the family system Reflects the family's view of the trustworthiness of social world and expectation for reward from others
what are parent-child relations like during the launching stage?
• Many parent-child relationships improve during this stage because the children acquire their independence and parents are still there to act as parents in terms of emotional support and giving advice without the many constraints and responsibilities of having the kids at home • Adult children usually develop a newfound appreciation for their parents and a re less critical of them • Frequent visits, letters, and phone calls are common to maintain a relatively close relationship
how do parents continue to act as parents?
• Many parents stay in touch in order to maintain role • Exchange of emotional support and advice
how quickly do divorced people get remarried?
• Median time between divorce and remarriage is 3 years • This suggests that people do not move into remarriages with great caution
how are power and decision making affected by remarriage?
• More equitable o Personal experience in prior marriage and living single cause women to seek more power o Women bring greater resources o Previously married think differently about marital roles o Women who are reluctant to marry gain power o Men concede more during conflicts
how common are remarriages?
• Most people whose marriages end before they reach the age of 60 remarry • Half of marriages are remarriages for at least one of the partners • 75% of all divorced will remarry
parental modeling of substance use and abuse
• children who observe parents using alcohol as a means of relaxation, coping with stress, celebration, etc. would naturally be expected to imitate this behavior that their parents regularly modeled during the formative years • even though genetic transmission might explain why children of alcoholics are at elevated risk for drug and alcohol problems, social learning processes also contribute to the increased risk
factors that increase contact between siblings in later life
• contact decreases • but contact increases with: o need to care for ailing parents and death of parents o widowhood
social exchange theory and the decision to leave home
• decision to move out: social exchange theory o weigh family living situation vs. what other living situations are available—choose which one yields the most valued benefits
factors that promote FWC
• greater home demands leads to higher FWC (Bakker) • higher FWC leads to work-related exhaustion • FWC is driven by: high levels of family conflict and family stress, and low levels of family support and time spent together
marital satisfaction in later life
• high and stable satisfaction levels • survival effect: very worst marriages have been taken out; the marriages that have been survived are obviously the good ones • communication disengaged: low rish disclosures; not as intense; laid back in nature and easy going • communication is laid back; fewer marital problem • continuity: qualities of marriage carry through
the revictimization effect
• history of childhood sexual abuse= higher risk of subsequent abuse by other gamily members • =higher risk for rape and other forms of sexual assault in adulthood • unconsciously "seek out" abusive relationships because it is familiar and they are used to those types of relationships • people usually end up in abusive relationships if they were abused as a child because they are attracted to the familiarity of those relationships
association between marital violence and physical child abuse
• husband-wife violence leads—parent-child violence • adults who abuse their spouses often abuse their children • physical aggression toward wives—authortarian, controlling, negative behaviors toward children • risk factors for spouse and child abuse are the same (Age, race, income, poverty, family size, isolation, verbal aggression, etc.)
o quality interpersonal relations attenuate immunological changes associated with distress
• if you have quality personal relationships you can deal with the stressors in your life very well, but if you lack these relationships then the stressors will take a toll on your body and create illness because these people can't cope with the stress by themselves
stepfamilies and children's departure
• in step familes 5-6x more likely to leave home • particularly prone to leaving home in order to get away from conflict and establish independence
sex differences in widowhood
• life expectancy: men 72 years, women 79 years • many women marry older men • 4x more widows than widowers • 2/3 of all women over age 75 who have ever been married will be widows
positive relationships and allostatic load
• long term stress from bad relationships creates high allostatic load • animals are able to turn off this stress response immediately, but humans cannot just turn this off so bad relationships cause this to be high all the time and cause major stress on the body
symptoms of schizophrenia
• major disturbance in the content of though (thought broadcasting, thought insertion, delusions of being controlled) • major disturbance in the form of thought (poverty of speech content) o the words (communication) does not really make sense o perceptual distortions (hallucinations—hearing or seeing things)
interdependent psychological well-being in cancer patients and their partners
• negative affect and stress experienced by women with breast cancer leads to higher depression in their partners (spouses, daughters, sisters) o it not only stresses us that they have cancer but also how the illness is causing them to react- with worry, stress, sadness, depression • over time, the more depressed and stressed patients are, the worst their partners negative affect becomes o partners can influence patients and patients can influence partners psychological state • patients and partners on a similar psychological trajectory o they either get better or worse emotionally as time goes one • family systems concepts of mutual influence and interdependence • the way the cancer patient handles the experience is the way the rest of the family will most likely handle the situation as well
interaction behaviors in violent marriages
• negativity in their interactions; belligerence, criticism, contempt, putting each other down • husband and wife roles: husbands tend to be initiators of violence and wives are more reactors of violence o husbands violence is also harder to stop than wives • verbal aggression is higher
husband-wife relations and alcoholism
• often the care that verbal and physical aggression go hand in hand in marriages with an alcoholic husband • alcoholic males think their wives are domineering • change with intoxication (often OK when sober) • competition • in some cases facilitates affect expression
coherence
• organization or syntax of the narrative indicates how the family makes sense of their world; reflects individuals identities and life histories
parental alcoholism and child self-esteem
• parental alcoholism is negatively associated with child self-esteem • parental alcoholism leads to disregard for the child o not the same level of attention as having sober parents • parental alcoholism: decreased family, conversation orientation, increased family conformity orientation
childhood experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect) in the family of origin and later depression
• parental rejection, over-protectiveness, emotional unavailability family of origin leads to depression in adulthood • abuse, neglect in family of origin leads to depression
role identity theory
• parents essentially continue to be parents long after their children leave the home • despite physical absence of children, they still stay in close touch with each other • adjust role that brings them joy/identity
association with children leaving home
• positive outcomes for parents • increase positive mood for well being • decrease negative mood and daily hassles • "empty nest" parents no more depressed than those living with children • new freedom, diminished responsibility, increase privacy • parents must realign relationships with children
functioning of parents whose children leave home
• postive outcomes for parents • more positive mood and well-being • less negative mood and daily hassles • "empty nest" parents no more depressed than those living with children • new freedom, diminished responsibility, increased privacy • parents must realign relationships with children • situate parents in expanding family structure
family routines
• repetitive behaviors- very regular basis • crucial to the structure of family life • lack the symbolism and the "anticipatory nature" that rituals possess • often activities that family members have to do rather than want to o such as having to clean the house on Saturday morning • rituals that lose their meaning or become mundane can take on routine status • ex: meals, household chores, watching TV together, shopping together • define rules • can be specific events, annual happening, daily occurrences • mean more than their component action
depression and marital distress
• research has shown that depression and marital distress go hand in hand • as depressive symptoms worsen or improve, so does the relationship quality with the spouse • depression is associated with poor communication during problem solving interactions, negative self-evaluations and statements of negative well0being, and problems establishing intimacy
benefits of family rituals
• research shows rituals are associated with: o marital satisfaction o children's health o stronger family relations o adolescents have a sense of personal identity and have better academic achievement o they are a sign of the health of the family
signal function
• signal: a member of the system is under stress • alcohol can prompt affect expression, expose conflict, etc. that stabilizes the dyad • alcohol can temporarily resolve family stress (steinglass)
sexual abuse, family violence, and female delinquency
• studied 141 mother-daughter pairs in the late 1990s in Tucson • recruited abused women and children o 39% of the girls witnessed marital violence o 31% had been victims of sexual abuse o 54% of the girls reported at least 1 nonviolent offence o of the three types of abuse (witness marital violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse) sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of delinquent behavior-motivating them to get in trouble with all kinds of things that are not good for them o the psychological damage is bad enough but it also acts as a motivator for bad behavior
parental subsidizing of child departures
• subsidize childrens departure for privacy and freedom o consciously deciding to exchange their resources ($) such as paying rent for child in order for them to move out o children get newfound appreciation for parents
effects of elderly family member's death on subsequent generations
• successful adjustment o communication between spouses about death: planning arrangements for burial etc. • remarriages until age 50 (particularly women) after 50 most will not remarry • greater than 75% of wildows prior to age 30 remarry, but only 6% of those widowed between 50-75 remarry • trickle down effect and mortality reminder
effects of arguing with a spouse and feeling understood by spouse
• successful midlife development study o how often does your spouse argue with you • physical symptoms highest for people who said "often" o how much does your spouse understand the way you feel about things • the more the men and women feel understood by their spouse, the less health symptoms they have o same pattern for chronic illness o presence of good and absence of bad qualities of marriage are associated with better health
Language brokering research findings
▷Positive brokering feelings->less cigarette use (negative correlation)
Specific issues with children's care or language brokering
▷Reluctance to ask authority figures for clarification ▷Reluctance to probe parents' "private" information ▷Older children sometimes more comfortable with these questions than younger children ▷Upside: children learn to understand others' perspectives
Brokers' perceptions of the healthcare environment
▷Sometimes more difficult and upsetting than other contexts (e.g., school, errands) ▷Struggle with technical language ▷Parents sometimes prefer child brokers to bilingual support staff whose primary job is not translation ▷Parent/child interdependence
Language brokering benefits
▷Sophisticated vocabulary in both languages ▷Higher cognitive and problem-solving abilities ▷Ability to interact more maturely whether brokering is linked to positive or negative outcomes may depend on how it is perceived by broker
Divorce Reform Act
1969
emotional parentification
acting as confidant and provider of emotional support
family environments associated with child physical abuse
adaptability & cohesion, problematic parenting behaviors, conflict, verbal aggressiveness
In the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation model of marriage, marital communication most commonly functions as which element?
adaptive processes
Indirect Stressor
affects only one member of the family, but the resulting behavior of the stressed family members affects as a whole. EX: oldest son gets a D in spanish
Bullying
aggressive bahaviour that is repetitive and involves an imbalance of power
positive feedback
allows a family to be morphogenic
positive feedback
allows a family to change, grow, create, and innovate
Code switching
alternate between formal, familiar, and familial
Treatment for people with eating disorders
always begins with impatient therapy/care today changes are very high of a relapse in eating disorder
Rape occurs primarily
among acquaintances, with mild or threatened violence
The decrease in family violence has been attributed to
an increase in working women
harrassment
ongoing behavior that is threatening or offensive to other people
Explicit rules:
openly discussed by family members and agreed on by most family members
Key developmental task for Stage 5
Accepting a multitude of exits from and entries into the family system
Key developmental task for Stage 3
Accepting new members into the system
Rapoports?
- identified 5 types of family diversity 1) organisation 2) cultural 3) social class 4) life stage 5) generational
Substitution
- 13% - Someone is taking the place of the family member, kids define family was who they live with
Formal
"my dad's wife"
Relations with divorced parents: the issues associated with divorce for parents and children
*There is less affection towards parents who get divorced, especially so for fathers *Parentification --When children assume the responsibilities of a parent --Instrumental tasks (mowing the lawn, cleaning the house) --Emotional tasks (providing emotional support, usually adopted by girls) --Harmful because children can lose their "childhood" *Parent/child conflict is higher with divorce *Parental disclosure is associated with child well-being --Disclosing to children may feel better for parent, but not for child *Feeling caught between parents when they argue
Do some explanations have more support than others? What do the results suggest?
*While divorce seems to contribute to the negative outcomes for children, it might be the loss of contact with parents, economic difficulties, stress, parental adjustment, and/or interparental conflict that is really the culprit *It is hard to disentangle the reasons since they typically go hand in hand with divorce
What did Engels say inheritenced turned women into?
- "a mere instrument for the production of children"
What does Eileen Drew identify?
- "gender regimes"...social poicies that can encourage/discourage familial inequality - "familistic gender regimes"...male breadwinner, expressive female - "individualistic gender regimes"...husbands and wives treated equally e.g. Sweden....equal opportunities policies, state provision of childcare
During 2004, what were reasons for immigration?
- 1/4 to study - over a fifth to do specific job
Linda Pollock
- Aries wrong - more correct to say society had a different notion of childhood from todays - not a social construction - didn't not exist
When is family conflict most likely?
- Family conflict tends to be more frequent at times of transition
Ethnic differences in families?
- Black Caribbean and Black African - lone parents (argued slavery - when couples sold seperately, children stay with mothers, unemployment among black males_ Heidi Mirza - independence) - Asian Families- Bangladeshi, Pakistani and India - larger, extended, ( reflect value among extended, younger age profile of britsh asians, since a higher proportion are in childbearing age groups than population as a whole, support when migrating to Britains
Who were immigrant groups to UK after 1950s
- Black immigrants from Caribbean - South Asian and East African Asians
Chapman and gender socialisation?
- Boys tone down emotional and familial intimacy - boys more reserved -adult roles as wage earners
What is power? Why do we endorse it in certain people?
- Capacity to influence another's goals, rules, roles, and/or patterns of communication
Increase of divorce?
- Changes in the law - declining stigma and changing attitudes - secularisation - rising expectations - changes in position of women
Troubled Families Programme
- Coalition - 2011 - Aimed at 120,000 truant children, those involved in crime, anti-social behaviour, adults who had never worked, the welfare dependent and those who claim from the state - Highest trends of lone parent families are African-Caribbean women (Familistic)
Married Tax Allowance
- Coalition - 2015 - encourages couple to get married to pay less tax
Reasons for rising expectations of marriage?
- Fletcher (ideology of romantic love) - Beck - Giddens - Weekes
What different types of family privacy dilemmas did we discuss in class?
- Confidant dilemmas (disclosure of unexpected private information, mandate to keep it classified) - Accidental dilemmas (inadvertent discovery of personal information) - Illicit dilemmas (harmful information discovered through snooping/spying) - Interdependence dilemma (disclosing information is beneficial either ONLY personally or ONLY for others)
Equal Pay Act
- Conservative - 1970 - Women paid equally to man
Divorce Reform Act
- Conservative - 1971 - Marriage cheaper and easier (Individualistic)
Marital Rape Act
- Conservative - 1991
Child Support Agency
- Conservative - 1993 - Making sure fathers financially support child (Family regime)
Free contraception
- Conservative - 1961
Reducing welfare benefits
- Conservatives - 1980s/1990s - Increases poverty
Solutions to divorce?
- Desertion (leave but remain) - Legal Separation (separated legal and financial affairs) (not free to remarry) - Empty shell, couple live together but married in name only)
Reasons for living apart together
- Duncan and Pillips
How were the family an institution of education?
- Education - boys taught to use on farm, girls taught childcare, mother role
Elements of Home Visit (Evaluation)
-What is the progress toward meeting the clients goals -Change the plan if need
Giddens and the pure relationship?
- Giddens realised that many are believing in the 'pure relationship' which satisfies a person's needs and wants
How did the family function for healthcare?
- Healthcare - looked after themselves, high death rate and high infant mortality
Evidence of oppression
- Hockey and James - use strategies of "acting up" to resist control - act like adults - swearing, smoking, drinking - may act down with baby talk - this is also a way of resisting control
Life course analysis
- Identified by Haraven - a method of research, which uses in depth unstructured interviews - gain insight on how each individual family member will view their relationships and choices.
Who were largest immigrant groups to UK between 1900 and 1950? Why?
- Irish (econonomic reasons) - Eastern and central European Jews (refugees fleeing persecution) - Majority of immigrants were white
Reasons for changes in the position of children?
- Legislation....restricting from child labour (assets to burden,) compulsory schooling, period of dependency, 1989 children act made welfare of child a fundamental principle - declining family size and lower infant mortality rates ( shorter ) - children's health and development and scientfic area - theories of child development appeared in 19th century - industrialisation - need educated workforce - compulsory schooling - age restrictions...drinking, sex, smoking - higher standards of living and welfare...lower infant
Confluent Love
- Love that is dependent on partners benefitting from the relationship rather than on unconditional love - doesn't last (Giddens)
AO3 for Smart
- by including a wide range of personal relationships, we ignore what is special about relationships that are based on blood or marriage
Abortion
- Labour - 1967 - Free and accessible
Sex Discrimination Act
- Labour - 1975 - Prevent harassment, equal op
Care in the Community
- Labour - 1980s - encouraged families to take care of elderly members
New Deals
- Labour - 1998 - help lone parents get into work
Adoption and Children Act
- Labour - 2002 - Same sex couples have right to adopt child (individualistic regime)
Child's Tax Credits
- Labour - 2003 - Extra money for children of which parent's or guardians are on a low wage - Paid to mothers...mother has responsibility (Family regime)
Minister for Education appointed
- Labour - 2003 - showed a child focus - lifted children out of poverty - 50% went to university EMA - education, maintainance, allowance SURESTART - formally known as head start
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act
- Labour - 2009 - Legally recognised lesbians and their partners in cases of in vitro fertilisation or assisted/self semination (Individualistic regime)
Benston AO3
- catherine hakim - some women enjoy running home and raising children - shouldn't undermine their choice
Reasons for declining stigma?
- Mitchell and Goody - Weekes - Beck - more common - more acceptable
In what three contexts were parental communication through ICT investigated?
- Parent to child - Parent to parent - Parent to non-residential family member
What does it mean that we position others through power in discourse? On what level of communication does that tend to happen?
- Relational level of communication - We position power through recognizing who has more power in a situation
Plastic sexuality
- Sex for pleasure, rather than children (Giddens)
Reasons for decline in birth rate?
- changes in the position of women - decline in infant mortality rate - children are econmic liability / burden - child centredness
Why is marriage in decline?
- changing attitudes to marriage (was economic - fletcher) less pressure to marry (beck) - secularisation (weekes) - cohabitation - better opportunities for women - fear of divorce (beck)
What happened to family during industrial revolution, according to Parson?
- Structural differentiation...not live in workplace anymore. - Extended family became nuclear as they were a more "functional fit," - could become geographically mobile as nuclear, and thus socially.
How were the family a unit of production?
- Unit of Production - worked in agriculture, children financial assets
How were the family a welfare unit?
- Welfare - lent money, looked after elderly in exchange for childminding
Examples of changes in position of women?
- abortion - contraception - sex discrimination
Depression for Children
- are not aware of what is going on -more likelihood of being agitated and irritable because they have no good explanation for what is happening to them
distal context:
- background or personalities of individuals; prior success or failures in handling conflict - relational environment in which conflict occurs
Sharpe and Oakley (socialisation)
- based on cultural expectations of femininity and masculinity - looked at qualitative decorations - girls had pink roms, furnishings, mother orientated toys, passive play activities, play at home, domestic chores - boys had active play, boys had blue painted rooms, traditional chores, - girls sympathised with when hurt, boys told not to cry
How have relationships changed?
- before, marriage was financial stability, it is now about wants so often divorce is a result of this. - stay together only for love, happiness, sexual satisfaction - the marriage is no longer religious due to secularisation, but a result of the personal beliefs of the two participants. - self-discovery
AO3 for Murray
- benefits far from generous...lone parent families more likely to be in poverty because - lack of affordable childcare, preventing from working - benefits are inadequate - most are women, who generally earn less anyway
AO3 for Troubled Families Programme
- language is punitive and vindictive - ineffective (3/4 still commiting crime, not going to school, unemployed - poorer families not at fault, victims of economic policy - is a moral panc (every 200 years "troubled families"
Reasons for secularisation?
- less religious influence - Weekes
Life stage diversity?
- life stage - structure differs acc to stage in life cycle e.g. newly weds, retired couples whose children left home
Charles Murray?
- lone parent increasing - overgenerous welfare states - providing for unmarried mothers and their children- - created "perverse incentive" as it rewards irresponsible behaviour - creates "dependency culture" - assume state will support - should abolish welfare benefits - benefits threaten work ethic of young men - encourages work shy
Phillipe Aries
- looks at documents from 10-13th century - childhood an "invention" - merely "depicted on a smaller scale" - "mini-adults" - same clothing, doing same tasks - notions of childhood develop 13th onwards - schools specialised in education of young - influenced by church - saw young as fragile "creatures of God" - growing clothing distinction by 17th century - 18th century, books available - live in "cult of childhood"...obsessed with children
• adaptability and cohesion
- low adaptability and low cohesion; not flexible and not open o affectionless control
Key developmental task for Stage 6
Accepting the shifting generational roles
How many women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime?
1 in 3
How many children involved in paid work?
1 in 5 of world's 1.5. billion children
Managing stepfamily identities
1. Communicate solidarity: convey that you're close, one family 2. Separateness: put distance between people in family 3. Managing balance: trying to balance different relationships
What are 3 Types of Commitment?
1) . Personal • Feeling like you want to stay married • Influence: communication 2) Moral • Feeling you ought to stay together • Influence: parent's divorce, religion 3) Structural • Feeling like you have to stay married • Influence: finances, network, children
What are multiple goals at the end of life?
1) End of life conversations are about more than just gaining information 2) Goals we manage: Identity protection (own and other) Emotional support Negotiate conflicts
What are 3 types of family secrets?
1) Taboo Topics 2) Rule violations 3) Conventional
Edward Shorter
1975 - High death rates encouraged indifference and neglect, especially towards infants - not uncommon to name baby after dead sibling - refer to baby as it - forget how many children they have
Legisation and border controls?
1999 Immigration and Asylum Act (difficult to gain entry) (tougher for asylum seekers)
Incidence and Prevalence
2/3 Americans say it is hard to determine whether someone has been a victim of domestic abuse, and 90% of Americans fail to define repeated emotional, verbal, sexual abuse and controlling behaviors as patterns of domestic violence and abuse 54% of Americans say they have been in situations where they believed domestic violence had occurred, but didn't act because they did not know what to do
family and health
2 key functions: 1) Socialization-- from families, we learn about diet, exercising, health-related rules- even the very importance of health -can be some key conversations, but often are just daily interactions with a cumulative effect. My mom never told me that exercise was important-- but I saw her do it every single day 2) Nurturing-- families can be primary sources of support and caregiving
percentage of medical neglect?
2.3%
How much welfare goes to pensions?
2/3
What is Kitchen Sinking?
Adding on new issues or bringing up old fights
Family roles stay the same during your whole life.
False
Contempt
Identify as superior, therefore talk down to them Best predictor of divorce Predictor of infectious illness
Why are Wilmott and Young march of progress?
In 20 years, saw change in attitudes. See family as becoming more egalitarian
3 Types of Rules
Overt- explicitly stated Covert- not stated Meta-Rules- manage and refine overt rules
Infant mortality rate in 1900 and now
Then - 154 Now - 4
How do age, experience, and knowledge play a part in family roles?
They help in the changing process of roles.
antagonizer
a person who influences others into stirring up trouble
scapegoat
a person who is blamed when things go wrong, even if that person is not at fault
zero-tolerance policy
a policy that makes no exceptions for anybody for any reason
According to Knapp and Vangelisti, which of the following is not a characteristic of a relationship ending or "coming apart"?
a recognition of similarities
explain the diathesis stress model
a vulnerable individual who has low resiliency will have a mild disorder if faced with low stress levels and a severe disorder if faced with extreme stress levels a resilient individual will not suffer from any disorder if faced with low amounts of stress, and will have a mild disorder if faced with extreme stress
What five conflict styles did we discuss in class? How do they differ?
a. Concern for own goals vs. concern for other b. Avoidance - low for both c. Accommodation - low for self, high for other d. Competition - high for self, low for other e. Compromise - moderate for both f. Collaboration - high for both
why to study communication in families
a. socialization (personal experience) b. meaning (values) c. uniqueness of context (diversity)
What are constants of openness; parental limitations, social mores, degree of taboo, gender and maturity of the child?
a.Completely and honest disclosure about sexuality is NOT always ideal b.Multiple meaning of openness i.Open communication is important ii. The meaning of openness is contradictory iii.Openness is equated with the willingness to answer questions iv.Openness involves having an open-minded attitude v.Openness doesn't mean keeping a spotlight on the topic vi. Need to find the balance between openness and privacy vii. Openness is adjusted to the maturity of the child viii.Openness is constrained by gender ix.Openness is limited by the degree of taboo the topic x.Openness operates under social constraints xi.Openness operates under parental limitations xii.Openness is the basis of all good family communication
Rule negotiation:
ability to meditate potential conflicts pertaining to rule enactment; required if the family members are to achieve a satisfactory level of communication
bB:
ability to meet needs
Regulative
abstinence rules do NOT do this or you're dead
structure
according to Minuchin, the invisible set of functional demands that organized the way family members interact with one another over time.
parentification
an imbalance in the family's power and authority hierarchy that develops when power and control rest with the children, or when parents rely on their children for nurturance, support, and care.
Cross-generational coalition
an inappropriate alliance between one parent and a child against the other parent that undermines the executive functions and authority of the parental subsystem.
what should you always be with the patient to get them to trust you?
be honest
5. Parental Communication
between parent and child, young children may have to take care of parents take on more responsibilities for self that could result in neglect
what should you make sure off when selecting a cuff for blood pressure?
bladder width equal to 40% of the upper arm circumference
@Eating Disorders
both mental and physical problem often time the cause can be attributed the family system
structure
both the family's composition and its organization. Composition refers to the family's membership, that is, the persons who make up the family. Organization is the collection of interdependent relationships and subsystems that operate by established rules of interaction.
What is an example of a role you are born into?
brother
Marital distress
caused by high intensity conflict
rule violation
centers around the family rules that have been broken ( ex : breaking curfew).
What is the goal for men who are not abusive according to that Jackson Katz?
challenge men who are
Stress
change in the family steady state
Effective Family
characterized by patterns of interaction that enable the family to execute tasks to foster the physical, social, and psychological health and well-being of family members.
consenual
characterized by tension to agree and and interest open comm and explore new ideas -
what are the qualities of an abuser?
come from all social classes/groups more likely if parent is stressed has little support experiences changes which disrupts functioning neighborhoods characterized by poverty, transient population, social isolation, and absence of community services and social support not all parents who abuse suffer from mental disorders (1 in 10 do)
Dante and Nina have a tumultuous relationship, and occasionally there is some pushing or shoving between them during arguments. These interactions are best described as
common couple violence
An important element of both STEP and Behavioral Parent Training is the appropriate understanding and use of:
consequences for the child's behavior
Level 2 Stress
cope by making fundamental changes such as new rules, role adjustments, entire approach to discipline and or parent interactions
Level 1 Stress
cope making specific superficial changes to role expectations or rules.
socializing
create a sense of shared identity; children and new family members (in-laws)
Contingencies
don't do this...but if you do
Role evaluation:
deciding how well you play the role
Role taking:
deciding to play a particular role
referential
define family history; mark key events
individualistic culture:
direct communication and individual goals earn favor
different types of post-divorce relationships
dissolving duos, perfect pals, cooperative colleagues, angry associates, fiery foes
how do COAs tend to perceive their environment?
distressed and dysfunctional more conflict laden more troubled and stressed less cohesive
explanations for the higher divorce rate of second marriages
divorce prone personality hypothesis, training school hypothesis, willingness to leave marriage hypothesis, dysfunctional beliefs hypothesis, remarriage market hypothesis,
Skewed ritualization
do your rituals not your partners vice versa. -one side of the family is ritualized at the expense of the other
"damaged goods" effect
due to stigma: they know they have been treated badly and they think that because these bad things happened to them, they are now damaged goods and are not worth anything anymore o our own self-image usually holds us back from involving ourselves with bad bejavior but abused children think that their self image is already damaged so they don't care about what behaviors they engage in
xX:
effects of family adaptation
Chosen roles can be ______.
either positive or negative
The physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of a parent or older family member is defined as
elder abuse
protective
emphasis on conformity and obedience
According to Gottman, couples are more likely to conflict over new issues than the same old issues
false
All family roles are chosen, except for the ones you are born into.
false
Because of increases in fertility and longevity, family structures are increasing in size as more children are born into each generation and the older generation lives longer
false
communication challenges faced by stepfamilies (e.g., feeling caught, etc.)
feeling caught, ambiguity of parental roles, regulating boundaries with noncustodial parents, traumatic bonding, vying for resources, discrepancies in conflict management stylees, building solidarity as a family unit
job stress
feeling overloaded and conflict between work and family roles • people who feel job stress will most often feel that their work life and family life are at odds (competing against each other)
laisse- faire
few interaction on limited topics. Emo involvement is low and family member tend to look outside family for emo support.
Familiar
first names, stepmom or stepdad
Adolescents __________ between child and adult thinking and behavior
fluctuate
styles of grandparenthood
formal style, fun-seeker, surrogate parent, reservoir of family wisdom, distant figure
Hollow ritualization
go with the motion -family celebrate ritual out of obligation
proximal context:
goals, rules, emotions, and attributions of individuals
Adaptable ritualization
good thing, still has meeting just more flexible
height and weight are plotted on a
growth chart
marital interaction
has direct connection to physiology-- overall better behavior and health
extended family
household made up of several generations of family members
Secondary Prevention
help at risk families before serious dysfunction develops Married couples with newborn children - potential marital satisfaction decline Families with low incomes that live in high-stress neighborhoods - potential drug or alcohol abuse "Before it gets worse"
expressed emotion
high EE parents high expectations for their children and they are more likely unrealistic • don't understand the illness • frustration and resentment • predicts relapse
affectionate control
high care, high overprotection
pluralistic
high in convo and low in conformity - comm is open, frequent and unconstrained, and members are encouraged to think independently
proximity
higher the closer/near in distance
never
i would never tell
family membership
if he or she is going to marry into the family
urgency
if i could not hold it any longer: there were the only one i could tell.
important reason
if i thought it was essential for the person to know
relational security
if i trusted the person wouldnt tell anyone
acceptance
if the person would still accept me
convo appropriateness
if we were discussing a topic related to it
intimate exchange
if we were having a heart to heart discussion
Eating Disorders in Family Systems
inappropriate parental pressure: mothers pressuring kids to eat healthy- no ability to control what is going on with abuse past 5 years we have stopped basing eating disorders with females, happens with males too
adolescence (+of rituals)
increased self-esteem and sense of belonging (Fiese, 1992)
Interdependence
individuals and subsystems are mutually dependent on and influence each other
LGBTQ
individuals whose sexual orientation is lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered, or who are currently questioning their sexual orientation
fun-seeker
indulgent, fun, take you to a baseball game etc. o enjoy having fun with grandkids (fun individuals)
Mary is running short on money for her school books, so her mother sends her a check for $200 to help Mary out. What type of social support did Mary's mother provide?
instrumental support
what are the negative outcomes for development caused by child abuse?
intellectual deficits, academic difficulties social, emotional, behavioral issues some kids become explosively aggressive who are rejected by peers lack of empathy in response to the distress of others as adults as adults, kids tend to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and bulimia
Role expectations:
internalized sets of beliefs about the way we will function in a particular role
The current term used by the federal government for violence between partners who are in, or were in, a romantic relationship is
intimate partner violence
What is the one characteristic mostly focused on with schizophrenia?
language ***first mental health issue to be connected to communication behavior
stages of the life cycle
leaving home, joining families through marriage, families w/ young children, family with adolescents, launching children, families in later life
as an economic liability?
legislation - compulsory education, child labour changing norms - about what children have a right to expect from parents
Statistics on violence in same-sex partnerships are limited but indicate that
lesbian and straight women are equally likely to be victims
issues in relations with divorced parents (e.g., less affection, parentification, etc.)
less affection, parentification, parent-child conflict
Stonewalling:
listener responds to the speaker with trite and meaningless expressions
A common phenomenon in families of women with eating disorders is:
low cohesiveness
Parents who cannot afford to provide adequate food and shelter for their children
may also be guilty of negelct
marriage and risk
marriage=fewer risky behaviors and more healthy behaviors (eating habits) unmarried= more likely to be risky (bungee jump, skydiving, unhealthy eating)
Some spouses whose partners are in nursing homes suffering from Alzheimer's redefine their couple relationship and describe themselves as __________.
married widows
1. relationship status
married=best immune functioning separation=worst immune functioning immune=overall mental health
infant mortality?
number of deaths per 1000 between ages of 0-1
death rate?
number of deaths per 1000 per year
What is the birth rate?
number of live births per 100 per year
fertility rate?
number of live births per 1000 per women aged 15-44
3. New activities and interest in others
o 1-2 yrs. Later o sibling closeness, family relations o with family or community
regulating boundaries with noncustodial parents
o Can I still come over? Have dinner with you? Is the ex more of guest?
Stressors that create family—work spillover
o Childrens dependence on parents (46%) o Logistics and transportation (40%) o Dealing with adolescent angst (40%) • Not as hard caring for young children o Managing finances and independence of older children (27%)
Families of Anorexics
often minimize conflict and adaptability- serious problem
Developmental perspective
on-time vs off-time Normal and predicted change that occurs throughout our lives (the shoulds)
interpersonal hypothesis
one spouse's depression will be associated with the other's verbal aggressiveness, because of the effects of attack to the self-concept
importance of ________
peers
protection hypothesis
people receive protections that buffer illness
relationship with the disclosure recipient
people who felt (a) psychologically close and (b) similar to the disclosure recipient were more likely to tell him/her their family secrets
family satisfaction
people who were more satisfied with their family relationships were more likely to keep their family secrets
Ambiguous Loss
physically present but emotionally unavailable EX: drugs and alcohol
In "Why Domestic Abuse Victims Don't leave," what did first Conor do to isolate Leslie?
quit his job because he made her feel so safe and moved to New England
Kay's boyfriend had sex with her after she drank too much and passed out. This meets the legal definition of
rape
Recent update to schizophrenia
recently developed instruments to allow practitioners to predict schizophrenia
rules
recurring patterns of interaction that define the limits of acceptable and appropriate behavior in the family.
functions of family stories
referential, evaluative, socializing
Meta-rules:
rules about knowing and discussing certain rules
Metarules
rules about rules
Covert Rules
rules that are implicit rather than openly stated but are nonetheless understood by all family members.
Tasks
rules that are organized around the tasks families must manage/accomplish
topic (whole family secrets)
secrets emphasizing taboo issues; may be because of perceived social stigma
A major difficulty inherent in trying to assess the effectiveness of marital preparation programs is:
self-selection bias (the couples most at-risk usually don't participate in the programs)
what is the relationship between abusers and their own history?
tend to have been abused as children 30% of maltreated will abuse their own children (intergenerational transmission of parenting) abusive moms are often abused by their partners or parents see violence as a way to solve problems or express frustrations suffer from negative self-concepts and low self esteem
_____ prevention involves crisis-oriented therapeutic activities and interventions delivered by trained professionals to distressed individuals and/or families.
teritary
enmeshment
the over involvement among family members that results from diffuse boundaries
role
the part a person plays in a specific setting
Implicit rules:
understood at more subtle levels and are unstated; they are communicated and understood nonverbally
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
mortality risk (sex effect) greater likelihood of dieing younger
unmarried men=greater risk (250%) unmarried women= (50%)
recumbent measuring board
up to 36 m
physical violence
use of physical force to control a person
what are the macroenvironmental factors that influence family violence?
use of physical punishment being common in our society parents who use physical punishment are more at risk than those who do not become abusive if under stress child abuse is less common in societies that discourage physical punishment and advocate nonviolent methods of resolving interpersonal conflicts
presence of other relationships
used to compensate for others o sibling relationships are compensatory
Validators
using familiar and familial terms to communicate solidarity
Jugglers
using familiar and familial terms to manage balance
Gatekeepers
using familiar terms to communication separateness
Familial
using standard family: mom, dad, brother, sister
Verbal Abuse
using words (spoken or written) to mistreat or injure another person
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
usually in early 20s significant environmental component of schizophrenia as well that could be prevented
Boundaries
within the structural model, definitions of who is in the system and it's subsystems, Boundaries regulate how family members are to interact with one another.
how common are step family living arrangements?
• 30% of all children will live with a steppaprent before reaching adult hood (1/3) • 25% of cohabiting couples involve a child from a previous relationship
effects of divorce on children's psychosocial adjustment; how strong is the effect?
• Negative effects on children are weak (in magnitude) o Neg effects buffered by good relationships (with mentor, community, adult figure) • Children from divorced families scored lower on measures of well-being than did children from intact families • Step parents do not help things • Effects of parental divorce were most pronounced for primary school through high school age children • For preschool or college-age children, effects are weaker or nonexistent
why do children leave home?
• Reasons: school, marriage/cohabitation, desire for independence, military duty, employment
divorce rate of 2nd marriages
• Remarriages have higher divorce rates than 1st marriage • Remarriages that end in divorce do so quickly
who provides care to the elderly?
• Spouse is primary source • Order to care giving: spouse, adult children sibling, other relatives, neighbors • Sex of family member o Usually female provides care first
What are the short-term effects of divorce?
• Standard of living • Parental relationship • Internalizing and externalizing • School
why does marital satisfaction increase during the empty nest stage?
• Studied 123 women from college age through age 61 • When kids left home, marital satisfaction increased • Among women of the same age span, if kids were still home in middle age, marital satisfaction decreased • Seemed to be the result of increased time with partner
What are 4 Trajectories of Step Family Development?
• Upward Growth • Declining • Stagnating • Turbulent
crossover or carry over effects
• a "cross over effect" or "carry over effect" happens when one family members job pressure has effects on another family member's well-being • Bakker et Al. found that husbands and wives job demands were predictive of both their own and their spouse's work-family conflict • Job demands lead to conflict with spouse (end up doing a majority of child care, take care of things for spouse's who work 50-60 hours a week) • Husbands stressed at end of work day are more withdrawn and their wives are more angry and critical toward the husbands (Schultz, 2004) • Crossover effect can happen in parent-child relationships as well
intergenerational transmission of abuse
• abusive behaviors toward a child are modeled by parents • 20-30% of abused children become abusive parents • most abused children do not abuse their own children • 5% of parents in the general population abuse their children • a history of abuse creates a 6X increase in rates of parent-child abuse
allostasis
• autonomic nervous systems and HPA (hypothalamus and pituitary axis) driving cardiac, metabolic, and immune system responses to protect the body by responding to stress
health effects of a supportive marriage (e.g., promote psychological well-being)
• benefits from marriage depend on quality of marriage • supportive marriages leads to better health-create healthy people • distressed marriage leads to poor health • improving marital quality led to decreasing physical illness • influence is mainly through improved psychological well-being • poor marital wuality leads to psychological distress which leads to more illnesses • staying healthy means having good quality relationships • relationship between physiological change and negative marital behaviors is stronger for women then men • further evidence shows that marital distress affects cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune functioning in married people
burdens of care giving and receiving
• care giving spouses = more strain • care receiving spouses > weird to them
children of depressed parents
• children of depressed parents at risk to also have depression • depression interferes with parenting • children feel neglected and parents feel unable to relate to the children • children of depressed parents are at a much higher risk for behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dysfunction than those of depressed parents
unsatisfactory marital relationships as a source of stress
• dissatisfying marital relations= health risk • attachment disruption + separation distress o being in a dissatisfied marriage is much like an infant not having a good care giver
parenting problems
• disturbed affective expression • great deal of hostility or inability to express affection or concern • excessive parental over-protectiveness • excessive parental control • over-protectiveness + lack of warmth= affectionless control
the economic disadvantage perspective
• divorce causes a step down in standard living on the family • kids get into more adjustment and psychological problems • kids in rear headed father families get a higher standard of living and more positive than those raised by mothers with a lower standard of living • kids are in trouble with the law, experience depression and have a low self esteem
the parental absence perspective
• don't have a father or mother figure • can hurt the well being of the child • two people do better job than one • loosing a parent has a greater negative effect on kids • mere absence of parents hurts psychological well-being of kids
family adaptability and cohesion and eating disorders
• eating disorders are associated with perceptions of low family cohesion • eating disordered children give lower rating to their family's cohesiveness than their parents do • the families appear to be extreme in their adaptability (either too much or too little)
the critical transition hypothesis
• family interaction patterns change in times of critical transitions-- stressful
importance of family issues in adolescent substance abuse
• family variables important up to age 16 • then influence of peers • extreme adaptability or cohesion (rigid or chaotic) or (low or enmeshed) • alcohol problem in the family may be present
the inter-generational transmission of divorce
• increase risk of divorce for children with divorced parents • intergenerational: passed on from generation to generation • over 12 years, 10% divorce for those with no parental history • 15% if husband or wife exposed to parental divorce • 30% if both have divorced parents • among 861 adults in pima county, parental divorce increased odds of own divorce by 1.5
cultural norms on family care giving
• inevitable with longevity • cultural norms (obligations) o particularly Asians live with parents; U.S. not clear> offer assistance • spouse is primary source for support
interaction
• is the story jointly told by family members? • Reflects the family's rules for interaction; who is in charge, who can add or edit; and co-construction of historical events
the family conflict perspective (clearest evidence)
• kids exposed to a lot of hostility have higher levels of stress, depress etc. • when parents shield conflict from kids> kids become messed up • subduing conflict is a good idea • children from families of high conflict are as bad off as those ***** parents are divorced • scientists have been able to identify kids whose parents have high levels of conflicts and have reduced their kids levels of delinquency • benefit from parents divorce, that's how corrosive family conflict is
changing demographics of the elderly population
• life expectancy: 47 in 1900, 77 in 2000 • by 2005 over 59 million people (20% of populations) will be at least 65 • medical breakthroughs > new technologies • 3 & 4 generation families are common • creating more elderly people
"empty nest" marriages
• marital relationship regains prominence • could live together for 30 years after the children leave • increase in marital satisfaction • for the majority of marriages, the newfound freedom and lessened financial responsibilities appear to spill over intro greater marital happiness
health status of married, widowed, divorced, and never married in comparison to each other
• marriage is the family relationship with the most influence on physical health for adults o divorced and never married < widowed < married (health) o separated and divorced have a higher mortality risk o women who keep their feelings to themselves during marital conflict have 4X risk of mortality over following 10 years o men who experience marital disruption due to wife's employment are 3 X more likely to develop coronary heart disease
well being of children in step families
• more problems in the areas of academics, internalizing problems (depression) and externalizing behavior problems (Acting out)
maternal behaviors
• mother over-protective and less caring towards their daughters • emotional coldness, indifference, and rejection • mothers thinking that their daughters ought to lose weight o ore critical than the daughters are • mothers rated their daughters as significantly less attractive than the daughters rated themselves
what is the hallmark sign of couples who divorce after the children leave home
• never gave themselves time to just be spouses and started having kids right away • married 20 years at onset of empty nest leads to 300% increase in risk of divorce • married 35 years at onset leads to 40% decrease • divorce of empty nest accounts for 10% of divorce o EX: a hallmark sign of couples who divorce once their children leave home is.. • Early (un-delayed) child rearing
tasks for children leaving home
• new tasks that were previously carried out by parents, some of which are even outside the children's awareness how have to be undertaken (paying bills, laundry, car payments) • recalibrate relationships with parent
intergenerational transmission of spouse violence
• norm of violence in the family • small significant association between growing up in violent homes and perpetrating spousal abuse • modeling effect stronger for males • victims effect- stronger for females • witness spousal violence leads to positive attitudes towards marital violence • intergenerational effects are evident before marriage • parental verbal aggressiveness leads to young adult intimate partner violence; victimization and perpetration
communication deviance
• patients families often exhibit odd and unfocused styles of interacting with one another • difficulty established a main shared focus of attention • children are unable to relate to or understand their parents • CD is higher in parents of schizophrenic patients • The distorted form of communication is very similar in style to the communication of the person who actually has the illness • Ambiguous speech • No clear referent • As environmental stressor • Discriminates families with and without a schizophrenic member o Makes it hard for the mental person to discriminate what is going on in the family system
husband-wife differences in perceptions of obligations
• personal sharing in specific relationships o wives higher than husbands o unmarried higher obligation to parents than married (not expected to provide as much service to family of origin)
cultural myth vs. reality of launching children or empty nest syndrome
• some people have observed that parents, especially mothers, experience depression and emptiness after their children leave home • some also believe that this is a time of heightened conflict between spouses who may have kept their differences concealed while the children were living at come • despite the many challenges and tasks associate with this transition, scientific research indicates that there are many positive aspects of this stage instead
maintenance/stabilization function
• some research findings show that interaction of alcoholics and their families are actually more patterned, organized, and predictable while the alcoholic member is intoxicated o suggests that there is an "alcoholic system" in some families in which drinking is an integral part of the family system that actually maintains and stabilizes the family
family work spillover
• study: how does family stress carryover to work? • Interviewed 30 working mothers • Care-giving professions (nurses, teachers, etc.) • Stressors that create family—work spillover
family rituals and their qualities
• symbolic communication • acted out in a systematic fashion over time • family members experience satisfaction from rituals • special meaning that establist and preserve the family's identity • are a symbolic form of communication acted out within a system • facilitate family communication • maintain identity and give everyone a shared sense of belonging • maintain cohesive bonds in the family • clarify roles • delineate boundaries
similarties between routines and rituals
• they often have a similar appearance o something that is done repetively in some sort of stylized fashion o involve more than one family member o involve overt behavior o repetition of form and content o there is continuity and change in both • we modify them based on the entrance and the exit of various people in the family
work-family conflict
• whatever stresses an individual has at work will influence behavior at home o job related role demands interfere with the execution of family related roles role pressures at work interfere with family functioning • A specific care "stress transfer effect" • WFC is driven by job involvement, job stress, work support, and work hours
communication mechanisms for coping with family stress at work
• work immersion (70%) block out everything else besides work • work as social outlet (67%) get to socialize with other adults (can't always do this at home) • venting with coworkers (83%) can vent to other working moms • affirmation and assistance from coworkers (73%) getting help from coworkers • seeking advice from coworkers (63%) • instrumental support from supervisor (43%) • instrumental support from coworkers (43%) • work doesn't have to be a bad things
Language brokering research findings
▷Brokering frequency ->less risky behaviors (except alcohol)
Patient-healthcare practitioner interactions and families
▷Family members tend to act as informal healthcare advocates ▷"Interpreter" role for elderly members or others who may not understand medical terms or practices (i.e., lower in health literacy)
Some additional research findings: Practitioners' perspectives
▷From a practitioner (e.g., doctor, nurse) perspective, these interactions can be complex: -Challenge cultural norms about children's roles -Threaten perception of health organization as `competent and having resources -Difficult to communicate in same way as directly with adult
How do parents feel about all this?
▷High language brokering (both parents don't speak English) fathers report higher levels of stress and depression and lower levels of involvement with children (homework, etc.) than low language brokering (one parent is bilingual or multilingual) fathers ▷Mothers in high versus low language brokering did not appreciably differ
General background on language brokers' characteristics
▷Majority of immigrant children and adolescents serve as language brokers, starting as young as 8 years old
Challenges
▷May negatively affect normal dynamics of parent-child relationship ▷May be stressful ▷May have negative mental health consequences whether brokering is linked to positive or negative outcomes may depend on how it is perceived by broker
Language brokering research findings
▷Negative brokering feelings-> acculturation stress associated with increased alcohol use
