Comm 420 Exam 2

Gain an understanding of motives, evaluations, and expectations associated with convergence and divergence.

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What are the predictors of an immigrant's success in acculturation?

- Host communication and competence - how effective and appropriate the host culture is - Participation in host social communication - Participation in ethnic social communication - Host environment - Predisposition (similarity to home culture)

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Culture Shock?

----Disintegration of new cues ---(Gradual adjustment towards autonomy c. Reciprocal interdependence d. Disintegration of familiar cues and irritation with the differences in culture)

Describe Loving v. Virginia and its impact on interracial marriage.

-Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving married in 1958 but interracial marriage was banned -Their case influenced these laws all around the U.S. Changed the law that prohibited interracial marriageAt the time, the state enforced laws prohibiting interracial marriage.The couple was arrested for unlawfully cohabitating in their home

Integration

A value to maintain one's original cultural identity and build/maintain a relationship with a new culture,

Separation or segregation

A value to maintain one's original cultural identity, but not to build/maintain a relationship with a new culture

Marginalization

A value to neither maintain one's original cultural identity nor build/maintain a relationship with a new culture,

Assimilation

A value to not maintain one's original cultural identity, but to build/maintain a relationship with a new culture,

Communication Accommodation Theory: What does accommodation mean?

Accomodation is the movement toward or away from others by changing communicative behavior.

What is "an immigrant's learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture?"

Acculturation

When individuals describe the United States as being a "melting pot," this is most closely aligned with which of the following acculturation dimensions?

Assimilation

What three countries have the highest Human Development Index (HDI)?

Australia, Ireland, Norway

Chromosomal evidence and the sexual organs of an individual determines which of the following?

Biological sex

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of the Communication Accommodation Theory?

Communication does not have any influence on the social distance within the interaction.

Changing one's language or behavior to become more similar to that of the person to whom you're speaking is considered ______ according to Communication Accommodation Theory.

Convergence

In organizational interactions, engaging in ______ has been proven to be effective in creating and maintaining positive relationships.

Convergence

What is convergence? What is divergence? What is maintenance?

Convergence: Change language behavior to be similar to that of the person with whom you are speaking. Divergence: Highlight language/behavior to be similar. Change in language/behavior with the intention to highlight differences and set oneself apart. Maintenance: Maintaining relationship based on converging/diverging. Maintaining speech patterns to stabilize and solidify in-group identity.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Human Being - Nature Orientation within Values Orientation Theory?

Doing

According to Communication Accommodation Theory, communication is never influenced by situation, orientation, or socio-historical context.

False

Coordinate bilingual speakers can be described as people who learned a second language EARLY in life and used the language in MANY different contexts.

False

The U-curve describes culture shock in moving from home to a new host country as well moving back home.

False

What word did Courtney use as an example to discuss denotative and connotative meaning of words?

Friends

What piece of Time Orientation within Value Orientation Theory is more likely to be seen in the United States?

Future-oriented

This barrier in translation occurs when languages arrange words differently, not following the same grammar.

Grammatical-syntactical equivalence

What U.S. gender narratives were discussed in class? How can we communicate differently in order to change those gender narratives if we think that they should be changed?

Health, occupations, speaking up, "feminine" / "masculine" traits

Which orientation within Value Orientation Theory is the most complex in terms of the number of options we have to choose from?

Human Nature Orientation

If someone tries to translate or describe the phrase -- "It's raining cats and dogs!" -- they may run into the language barrier of _______.

Idiomatic equivalence

How do the dimensions put forth by T & H-T relate to the dimensions put forth by Hofstede? (in textbook)

Individualism & Collectivism/CommunitarianismLong term vs short term/sequential time vs. synchronous time

Which of the following is NOT a cultural dimension according to the model by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner?

Indulgence vs. Self-restraint

How does societal valence come into play?

Inherent good-ness or bad-ness of an event, object, or situation. Look at the valence of the relationship you have with people, if they are converging or diverging towards you, evaluate their motivation and your relationship history with them.

What is linguistic relativism and how does it differ from the S-WH?

Linguistic Relativism: Our language only somehow shapes our thinking and behavior. Linguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other. The basis of linguistic relativism is not what can be said but what is relatively easy to say. Whereas the S-WH postulates that our thoughts and actions are determined by the language we speak, the theory of linguistic relativity argues that language, thinking, and behavior are all interrelated, continually influencing one another and shaping the way we communicate, think, and behave. It differs from S-WH in the belief language only somewhat shapes our thinking and behavior.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis uses __________ as the foundation for its main hypothesis, which states that language creates our social reality.

Linguistic determinism

A sojourner is ____.

Someone who lives in a country for a limited time with goal-oriented purpose

A tourist is ____.

Someone who visits a country for a short time for goals such as relaxation and self-enlightenment

What two states were the last to amend laws prohibiting individuals of different races/ethnicities to legally marry?

South Carolina, Alabama

Which of the following countries/areas have half of the world's maternal, newborn, and child deaths due to low medical care?

Sub-Saharan Africa

What is the status of women in the world according to the UNDP and GDI?

The 1993 HDI (human development index) report looking at 33 countries found that no country treated its women as well it treated its men. The GDI (gender-related development index) found that the HDI for women in all the countries mesaured was generally lower than that of men. In other words, the status of women in the world is below men for a variety of factors. (page 247 in textbook gives full explaination). UNDP: looking at human development GDI: looking at gender in each nationMaking strides in both... but women development is still lower

In the textbook, which of the following people groups were described in relation to the acculturation dimension of marginalization?

The Hmong of Laos

What are the differences between a tourist, sojourner, expatriate, immigrant, refugee, and asylee?

Tourist - visit a country for a short time for goals such as relaxation and self-enlightenment; plans to return to home country Sojourner - lives in a country for a limited time (6 mos-5 yrs) with a goal-oriented purpose; plans to return to home country Expatriate - noncitizen worker who lives in a country for an indeterminate length of timeImmigrant - relocate permanently to a new culture Refugee - seeking safe haven because their home country is no longer safe (request refuge before entering new country) Asylee - seeking refuge in another country for political reasons (normally request asylum after already in new country)

According to the NPR talk, "Intercultural Relationships: Can They Work?", the cultural differences between two individuals are noticed more when they are introduced to each other's families.

True

All of the countries in the world have made advances on the Human Development Index (HDI) over the past few decades.

True

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions can be explored online via an interactive country comparison tool which houses current data from Hofstede and his team.

True

If a culture has a score of 50 on any of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, that means that there is no conclusive evidence as to the culture operating on either side of the dimension.

True

One of the main challenges of intercultural relationships is identifying fears, prejudices, and stereotypes associated with being in an intercultural relationship.

True

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that the more words you have in your language to describe something, the more important that thing is in your cultural group.

True

The likely first response to culture shock is having anxiety.

True

Value Orientation Theory attempts to defined the large, overarching questions that all cultures are wrestling with.

True

What is the difference between the following two perspectives on the U.S. culture: the U.S. as a melting pot vs. the U.S. as a salad bowl?

U.S. as a 'melting pot' is similar to the notion of assimilation (ethnic similarity), while viewing the U.S. as a salad bowl is parallel to integration (existing together to create a whole Melting Pot: Encourages ethnic uniformity. Patriotic significance in becoming "American." "Homogenized" society. (included English, German, Irish, French, and Italian immigrants).Salad Bowl: Elements maintain their own taste or identity but exist together to create a whole.

This cultural dimension from Hofstede focuses on a culture's tolerance for ambiguity and acceptance of risk.

Uncertainty Avoidance

What are the seven dimensions of culture, according to Tompenaars and Hampden-Turner? (in textbook)

Universalism vs. Practicalism (rules vs. relationships) Individualism vs. Communitarianism (individual vs. the group) Specific vs. Diffuse (personal and professional relationships as separate vs. overlapping) Neutral vs. Emotional (emotions as highly controlled vs. spontaneously expressed) Achievement vs. Ascription Sequential Time vs. Synchronous Time Internal Direction vs. Outer Direction (harmony with the environment vs. control over it)

What are the main areas of inequality for women around the world?

What are the main areas of inequality for women around the world? Health, Education, Economic Opportunity (Advancement), Political Participation

Be able to reflect on the documentary God Grew Tired of Us (2006).

cultural differences can be extreme and the adjustment is difficult

What is culture shock and reverse culture shock?

the feeling of disorientation and anxiety while living in a foreign country that results from awareness that one's basic assumptions about life and ways of behaving are no longer appropriate or functional (culture shock) Reverse: Shock you may feeling going back home after a long period of time in a different culture.

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (S-WH)? How does it relate to vocabulary and grammar/syntax? What criticisms exist for the hypothesis?

-The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of the experience. A hypothesis, first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience. Our thoughts and actions are determined by the language we speak(S-WH) Language creates social reality through its structure that dictates how people within that culture think. the language we speak forms our reality and the way we understand the world. -How it relates to vocabulary: no similar words across cultures. Example: a Spanish word cannot be described with an English word.If a language has a particularly rich vocabulary for something, that thing must be an important part of the culture. Vocabulary can clue us in to cultural values. -How it relates to grammar: Rules governing sounds, gestures, meanings, and sentence structure can also clue us in to cultural values and perceptions of the world.Ex- Using "if" versus "when" in reference to the futureEx- Masculine versus feminine nouns in certain languages -Criticisms: Too specific How does this influence translation. Those without language can still form thoughts around their experiences. Translation presents an issue as well - if language determines thought, then some concepts would only be understandable in the language in which they were first "thought."

Be able to dicuss Piper's Biblical interpretation of interracial (vs. interfaith) marriage.

-We all stem from Adam and Eve -God forbids Marriage between unbeliever and believer not between races -In Christ we are called to one another across barriers -God punished critics of interracial marriage of Moses and cushite woman -Good effects are worth the challenges

What are the five translation problems that can be barriers to intercultural communication?

1) Lack of vocabulary equivalence 2) Lack of idiomatic equivalence (idioms) 3) Lack of grammatical-syntactical equivalence 4) Lack of experiential equivalence 5) Lack of conceptual equivalence

According to Value Orientation Theory, what are the five basic problems that all human cultures are confronted with?

1) What is a human being's relation to nature? (human being-nature orientation)-Considers how humans dominate, live with, or are subjugated to nature. 2) What is the modality of human activity? (activity orientation)-People in the culture passively accepting, transforming, or initiating action. 3) What is the temporal focus of human life? (time orientation)-Emphasis on past, present, or future. 4) What is the character of innate human nature? (human nature orientation)-Considers whether humans are primarily evil, primarily good, or a mixture of both. 5) What is the relationship of the individual to others? (relational orientation)-Considers the way a culture organizes relationships; linear hierarchy, group identification, or individualism.

How many states prohibited interracial marriage at the time when Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving got married in 1958?

16

Know how each culture discussed within Chapter 11 of your textbook fits into the dimensions of acculturation presented in Table 10.7 (in Chapter 10 of your textbook). Know why each culture fits into its designated dimension.

Marginalization: Hmong Separation: Amish and Koryo-saram (koreans who lived in soviet union) Assimilation: Indigenious cultures (experienced forced assimilation as well as separation) Integration: Hispanic cultures within the U.S. Israel: Jews integrated -- language, customs, etc.Western Europe: Immigration is a HUGE thing. Increasing immigration from muslim countries and middle eastern countries. Brazil (huge melting pot): Slaves integrated first → then Europeans to replace slave labor in coffee cultivation, confederates after civil war (brought a lot of different items with them when immigrating into Brazil) → After world war 1 more Europeans and Japanese → Brazil wanted the Immigrants to start to assimilate into the Brazilian culture (especially language). United States: A huge melting pot → act concerning aliens (gave president power to deport all immigrants deemed dangerous to national security).

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions should be used to better understand the ways in which a culture operates, as seen from the ______ level.

Nation state

What country/countries have closed the gender gap the most across all categories on the HDI?

Nordic countries

Where does the U.S. stand on these six dimensions?

Power Distance: 40 (Intermediate-Low Score) Individualism vs. Collectivism: 91 (Very High Score, very individualistic) Masculinity vs. Femininity: 62 (Intermediate-High Score, leaning masculine) Uncertainty Avoidance: 46 (Intermediate-Low Score) Long- vs. Short-Term Orientation: 26 (Low Score, respectful of tradition) Indulgence vs. Self-Restraint: 68 (Intermediate-High Score, fairly indulgent)

What are the six dimensions of culture, according to Hofstede?

Power Distance: The degree to which members of a culture are willing to accept unequal distributions of power. Individualism vs. Collectivism: Describes whether members of a culture value unique individuality or group membership. Masculinity vs. Femininity: The degree to which members of a culture value stereo-typically masculine or stereo-typically feminine qualities. Uncertainty Avoidance: The degree to which members of a culture tolerate ambiguity and accept risk. Long- vs. Short-Term Orientation: Social reflections as future oriented or respectful of tradition. Indulgence vs. Self-Restraint: The degree to which members of a culture allow for relatively free self-gratification.

What are challenges and typical reactions in intercultural relationships?

Prejudice and stereotype and its impact on intercultural languages

According to Hofstede, indulgent societies:

See the number of friends/connections as more important than self-restraint societies