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mindfulness

A recognition that things are not always what they seem, and therefore seeking multiple perspectives in conflict situations.

John Oetzel

A researcher from the University of New Mexico who has worked with Ting-Toomey to test, critique, and expand face-negotiation theory.

public projected

Face is a universal concern because it is an extension of self-concept. 1. Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson define face as the _____self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself/herself. 2. Ting-Toomey defines face as the ________image of one's self in a relational situation.

passive aggression

Making indirect accusations, showing resentment, procrastination, and other behaviors aimed at thwarting another's resolution of conflict

emotional expression

Managing conflict by disclosure of venting of feelings.

better caution

Results suggest that culture-self-construal- face-concern- conflict style was a _____predictor path than culture-conflict style directly. Their results should be interpreted with _______, as it is they are based on self-reports that are often self-serving. Specific survey items may not tap into corresponding concepts as described in the theory.

self-construal

Self-image; the degree to which people conceive of themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connected to, others.

identities save collectivistic

The meaning of face differs depending on differences in cultural and individual _______. Face concern focuses on whose face a person wants to _____. 1. One can __"___one's own face or the face of others. 2. Those in individualistic cultures tend to be more concerned with preserving their own face, whereas people in _________cultures value maintaining the face of the other party.

third-party help

A method of conflict management whereby disputing parties seek the aid of a mediator, arbitrator, or respected neutral third party to help them resolve their differences.

face Facework

A basic assumption is that all people negotiate "____." 1. __"___is a metaphor for our public self-image. 2. _______refers to specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss, and to uphold and honor face gain.

obliging

Accommodating or giving into the wishes of the other in a conflict situation.

b

According to Harry Triandis, the three factors distinguishing individualistic and collectivistic cultures are self, goals, and ______________. A. values B. duty C. rights D. emotion

perceived aggressive

Additionally, not all face threats are the same and various factors may affect how a face threat is ________. Those raised in an individualistic culture usually turn _______in a face-defending situation while collectivists typically go for avoidance.

cultural

Although ______difference is not absolute, people from collectivisitic and individualistic cultures tend to privilege other-face and self-face, respectively.

M. Afzalur Rahim compromising

Based on the work of _________, Ting-Toomey identified five distinct responses to situations in which there is an incompatibility of needs, interests, or goals. 1. Avoiding (withdrawal) 2. Obliging (giving in) 3. ________(negotiation) 4. integrating (problem solving) 5. Dominating (competing)

a

Both Marie and Jacques were born in Switzerland. While Marie has an independent self, Jacques has an interdependent self. They are from a(n) ___________________ country, but differ in their ___________________. A. individualistic; self-construal B. individualistic; facework C. collectivistic; self-construal D. collectivistic; facework Switzerland is an individualistic country; however, people can differ in the extent to which their own view of the self matches the dominant view in their country's culture.

Stella Ting-Toomey

California State University, Fullerton researcher who created face-negotiation theory.

Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson

Cambridge University linguists who define face as the public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself or herself.

dominating

Competing to win when people's interests conflict.

compromising

Conflict management by negotiation or bargaining; seeking a middle way.

identity conflict

Our _____can always be called into question, which inevitably leads to conflict and vulnerability. Facework and corresponding styles of handling conflict vary from culture to culture. Ting-Toomey suggests that face maintenance is the crucial intervening variable that ties culture to people's ways of handling ______.

face negotiation theory (Stella Ting-Toomey)

People who have an interdependent self-image in a collectivistic culture are concerned with giving other-face or mutual-face, so they adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating. People who have an independent self-image in an individualistic culture are concerned with protecting self-face, so they adopt a conflict style of dominating. (Socio-cultural and socio-psychological traditions)

integrating

Problem solving through open discussion; collaboration; a win-win resolution of conflict.

face-concern

Regard for self-face, other-face, or mutual-face

avoiding

Responding to conflict by withdrawing from open discussion.

facework

Specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss, and to uphold and hold face gain.

face-negotiation

Stella Ting-Toomey's _________theory helps to explain cultural differences in response to conflict.

Lin Yutang

Taiwanese scholar who calls face a psychological image that can be granted and lost, and fought for and presented as a gift.

b

The end point of face-negotiation theory's causal chain is: A. Relational maintenance behaviors. B. Conflict management strategies. C. Type of self-construal. D. Uncertainty reduction strategies.

self-face ; other-face

The independent self is more_________oriented and so this view of self is more prevalent within individualistic cultures, while the interdependent self is more concerned with _______ and is thus closely aligned with collectivistic cultures. However, individuals within a culture—particularly one that is ethnically diverse—differ in these images of self as well as varied views on the degree to which they give others face or restore their own face in conflict situations.

relational

The model assumes that people from a given culture construe their self-image consistent with the collectivistic or individualistic nature of their society. Integrating, when adopted by collectivistists, focuses on _______-level collaboration; whereas individualists concentrate on solving the task and bringing closure.

face-giving

The other-concerned facework strategy used to defend and support another person's need for inclusion

face

The projected image of one's self in a relational situation.

face-restoration

The self-concerned facework strategy used to preserve autonomy and defend against loss of personal freedom

power distance

The way a culture deals with status differences and social hierarchies; the degree to which low-power members accept unequal power as natural.

Collectivistic Individualistic

They predicted that different cultures would favor different conflict management styles. 1. ________cultures would favor avoiding, obliging, compromising, third-party, help and integrating. 2. __________cultures would favor emotional expression, passive aggression, and dominating.

Emotional expression culture

Ting-Toomey and John Oetzel identified three additional styles based on more ethnically diverse samples. 1. __________ 2. Passive aggression 3. Third-party help The styles vary according to their _________related face concern.

dominating avoiding

Ting-Toomey and Oetzel are committed to objective social science research agenda that looks for measurable commonalities across cultures. Oetzel and Ting-Toomey tested the core of the theory in four nations using only the three primary conflict styles—_________, integrating, and _______—with largely positive results.

Knowledge Mindfulness Interaction skill

Ting-Toomey believes there are three requirements for effectively communicating across cultures. 1. _______-—one must be culturally sensitive. 2. _________—one must choose to seek multiple perspectives on the same event. 3.__________—one must be able to communicate appropriately, effectively, and adaptively in a given situation.

collectivistic self-construal

Ting-Toomey built her theory around the foundational idea that people from _______/high-context cultures are different in the way they manage face and conflict situations than individualistic/ low-context cultures. Ting-Toomey now believes_________is a better predictor of face-concerns and conflict styles than ethnic/cultural background.

self-sufficiency self-construal

Ting-Toomey recognizes that people within a culture differ on the relative emphasis they place on individual_________or group solidarity. She discusses the dimension of _________(or self-image) in terms of the independent and interdependent self, or the degree to which people conceive of themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connected to, others. Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama call this dimension_____"_____, otherwise know as self image.

distance differences

Ting-Toomey suggests that power differences complicate the situation Power ________is the way a culture deals with status differences. Power ________and individualistic/collectivistic values tend to go together, but there are exceptions.

Harry Triandis

University of Illinois psychologist who distinguishes between collectivism and individualism.

Americans unique

Whereas Japanese value collective needs and goals (a we-identity), _______value individualistic needs and goals (an I-identity). Whereas Japanese perceive others in us-them categories and attach little importance to pursuing outsiders' attitudes or feelings, Americans assume that every person is ____and reduce uncertainty by asking questions.

collectivistic culture

Wherein people identify with a larger group that is responsible for providing care in exchange for group loyalty; we-identity; a high-context culture

individualistic culture

Wherein people look out for themselves and their immediate families; I-identity; a low-context culture

Face-restoration

________ is the facework strategy used to stake out a unique place in life, preserve autonomy, and defend against loss of personal freedom. 1. It is the typical face strategy across individualistic cultures. 2. It often involves justifying one's actions or blaming the situation.

Mutual face

________ is where there's an equal concern for both parties' image, as well as the public image or their relationship.

Face-giving

_________ is the facework strategy used to defend and support another's need for inclusion. 1. It means taking care not to embarrass or humiliate the other in public. 2. It is the characteristic face strategy across collectivist cultures. 3. It often involves self-effacement.

Avoiding Third-party help mediator

________is now rated almost as high as obliging on concern for other person face. __________is used differently by collectivistic cultures than by individualistic cultures. 1. In collectivistic cultures, parties voluntarily go to an admired person with whom they already have a relationship. 2. In individualistic cultures, parties go to an independent _______.

Harry Triandis Japan

________says that there are three important distinctions between collectivistic and individualistic cultures—the different ways members perceive self, goals, and duty. ______and the U.S. represent collectivistic and individualistic cultures, respectively.