Comm Safety Final WB

FOQA? ASAP? ASRS? OSHA?

- Flight Operational Quality Assurance: information from the airplane. - Aviation Safety Action Program: information from the employee. - Aviation Safety Reporting System: consolidated info from NASA, trends and bigger picture. - Occupational Safety and Health Administration: data gathering in multiple industries, protect the worker and the environment

What are some hazard control models?

- SHELL: software, hardware, environment, liveware, liveware - 5-M model: man, machine, medium, mission, management - Reason's Swiss cheese Model

FAA Part 107: the small UAS rule

- less than 55 lbs - less than 400' AGL - within visual range - max speed of 100mph/87kts - 30 min before sunrise to 30 min after sunset (daytime) - class G no problem, class B/C/D/E requires ATC permission ** remote pilot airman certification with a small UAS rating

ALPA's Safety Management System Policy:

- requires participation by labor organizations - ALPA safety structure has 5 management groups: Aircraft Design and Operation, Airport and Ground Environment, Air Traffic Services, Human Factors and Training Groups, Accident Analysis

What is the hierarchy of hazard controls? *know in order

1. Eliminate the hazard 2. Reduce the hazard level 3. Provide safety devices 4. Provide warnings or advisories 5. Provide safety features

What are the 4 steps to Hazard Control?

1. Ensure the hazard is recognized and identified 2. Determine and select hazard controls 3. Assign responsibility for implementing control 4. Measure and monitor the effectiveness

What year was the FAA founded and why?

1958. Grand Canyon Mid-Air collision between TWA and United in 1956 led to its creation

What does ARFF stand for?

Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting

What is the most important of DAMCLAS?

Assertiveness

5 leadership styles:

Autocratic (my way or the highway; dictatorship), Bureaucratic (cares about rules; by the book), Democratic (participative style; takes the most time), Laissez Faire (very liberal; works when adopted in compatibility with the other 3 styles); Paternalistic ("father" boss; employee satisfaction is higher priority than profit)

What does ADS-B stand for? Which is required, in or out?

Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast. ADS-B OUT is required

What does ASAP stand for with respect to aviation safety?

Aviation Safety Action Program

4 categories of runway incursions?

Category A: barely avoid collision Category B: significant potential for collision Category C: ample time and distance to avoid collision Category D: little or no risk of collision

Airspace:

Class A: above 18000' MSL Class B: upside down wedding cake Class C: two layer upside cake *ADS-B out is required in all

DAMCLAS

Decision Making, Assertiveness, Mission Analysis, Communication, Leadership, Adaptability/Flexibility, Situational Awareness

5 Preconditions for Accidents:

Distraction, Rushing, Operating outside one's training, Desensitization, Ignoring your instincts

aviation accidents vary therefore, the NTSB and ICAO classifies accidents as catastrophic, serious, injury, or damage.

False

The main difference between an accident and a security incident is

Intent

What does ICAO stand for? What does ALARP stand for? What does ALPA stand for?

International Civil Aviation Organization; As Low As Reasonable Practicable; Air Line Pilots Association

These five factors "man, machine, medium, mission, and management" are closely interrelated, although ________ plays the overall predominant roll

Management

What does NTSB stand for?

National Transportation Safety Board

While some see the ________ as the only man/woman in the system, others include all persons directly involved with the operation of the aircraft - flight crew, ground crew, ATC, meteorologists, etc.

Pilot

What is PCA?

Positively Controlled Airspace; where FAA is responsible for separation of all aircraft, whether VFR or IFR; ex) high density airports or class A airspace

_________ Safety uses written reports that are voluntarily submitted by pilots, mechanics, flight attendants, gate agents, etc. to capture hazards and errors experienced by employees

Proactive

_________ Safety addresses safety as it happens

Reactive

What does SMS stand for?

Safety Management System

What are the four pillars of SMS?

Safety Policy and Objectives, Safety Risk Management (SRM), Safety Assurance, Safety Promotion

Oftentimes, safety and security affect each other. The worst accident in aviation history, the ________ ________ highlights this interrelationship

Tenerife Accident

Who was the first Naval Aviator to die? How did he die? What was the safety mandate that came from the MISHAP? Remember to answer all three parts of this question.

The first naval aviator to die was William Billingsley. He was thrown from his aircraft and died on impact. This was due to the fact that there was nothing stopping Billingsley from being propelled from the aircraft. The safety mandate that came from this was the requirement of seat belts/safety belts during flight

Through a series of ICAO meetings and conferences, the international community began its focus upon crimes committed on board aircraft. Some major milestones of International Aviation Security include:

Tokyo Convention, ICAO Security Manual

ASAP provides a voluntary and cooperative environment for the open reporting of flight safety concerns

True

one of the major goals of safety and security is enhancing the efficiency of aircraft operations while preventing harm to people or damage to equipment

True

the sterile cockpit rules states that pilots shall not engage in casual, non-pertinent conversation during critical phases of flight

True

Safety Policy must be signed by the ____________ described in 5.25

accountable executive

Accidents have multiple causes and this is called the ________

chain of causation

Far Part 108 based operators security requirements on the ________ of the aircraft

complexity

wet vs dry vs contaminated runway

dry: neither wet nor contaminated wet: more than 25% of runway surface area is covered by visible dampness or water that is less than 1/8 inch in depth. contaminated: more than an 1/8 inch buildup

The NTSB is a/an ________ agency of the US government

independent

Safety and Profit should be perceived as _______, since an unsafe operation will soon cease to be used by customers

inseparable

Anti-Hijacking or Air Transportation Security Act of 1974:

led to 100% screening of all passengers and carry on items

Commercial aviation can be protected from the threat of explosives in two ways: by preventing the explosives from reaching the aircraft and/or _________

mitigating the effects of the explosive

One of the features of Reason's Swiss Cheese Model is: Systems are protected by ________ that are designed to prevent hazards or system failures from cascading into accidents

multiple layers of defense

Unmasking hazards through observation and analysis techniques is collectively known as ______

proactive safety

Main goal of accident investigation is to establish the _________ and to recommend control measures

probable cause of an accident

In the context of safety, risk is the combination of the ________ of a dangerous condition or event and the probability or _______ of the event occurring

severity; likelihood

Operational Incident:

surface event attributable to ATC

Name the three models we use to help explain/visualize and prevent accidents/incidents in aviation

the SHELL model, the 5-M model, and the Swiss Cheese Model

What is the mission of ATC?

to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of aircraft through the nation's airspace

What are the 4 kinds of communication?

verbal, nonverbal, formal (on the record), informal (off the record)

The goal of ASAP is to prevent accidents and incidents by identifying unsafe practices and correcting them through ____________ from/of employees

voluntary reports