Comm social science

Should you believe it? and things to consider when evaluating a source

- Ask if it is primary vs. secondary source - Is it an academic or commercial source - Is it the OG original or is it a translation? - Is the information sound - is the information recent or up to date - what is the authors background - what is the reputation of the publication

Lateral reading (lecture)

- Don't Stay on page - Open new tabs to browse - Verify by consulting variety of sources

What is the methodology?

- Internal: Think about paradigms that may be influencing this research and their findings. - Internal: Locate the central question and examine how that question compares to study set up. Does the way the question is asked align with the persuasive argument as to why it's asked (RQ/HY to ROL/Intro)? Do the variables align with the RQ/HYs? - External: Do the questions, concepts, and variables align between how the primary research author(s) described things, and how these same things are presented in whatever source is citing the primary research?

Basic research

- Is traditional research or "pure" - It is carried out to advance knowledge - It develops theory - It focuses on a scholar audience

Applied research

- It is used more and more in recent years - it tests theory in real life - it's goal is to solve everyday problems

Vertical reading (lecture)

- Stay on page - read it closely - how does the website look - is the information easy to find - Are there citations - org? - doesn't mean its credible

ontology

1. the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being. 2. a set of concepts and categories in a subject area or domain that shows their properties and the relations between them. "what's new about our ontology is that it is created automatically from large datasets" reality

There are 3 criteria for creating causation[1]

1. Establish that the effect cannot be explained by another variable (this is done by using a control group or controlling the experimental environment by using a lab). 2. The variables must relate to each other. 3. Temporal Precedence (cause happened before effect). In this case, the change of the independent variable must occur before the change in the dependent variable.

Journal articles follow a general layout:

1. Title 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Literature review 5. Methods 6. Results/Findings (Conclusion, end results) 7. Discussion 8. Bibliography/ References

Value-free

A decision is made without value

Value-Laden

A decision takes values into account

hypothesis

A hypothesis is a predictive statement of the relationship between two variables.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

A method of investigating observable phenomena through the use of statistics and other mathematical techniques. Originally considered the most credible research method This research is objective and focuses on finding overarching reality Its purpose is to measure relationships among variables, Test hypothesis, Prediction/control/Random sampling

What is a sample?

A sample is a group of people who represent a target population. They will be your actual unit of a study.

Determining Representativeness....What makes a sample representative?

A sample is representative when it follows the same overall trends as the population and accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger group. For example, a classroom of 40 students with 20 males and 20 females could generate a representative sample that might include ten students: five males and five females. This is because the sample itself is composed of a larger portion of the population and is, therefore, less prone to deviation from the overall trends. Beware, a sample can easily become skewed based on who is being sampled.

Is it an academic or commercial source?

An example of commercial source:Companies such as Dove perform proprietary research. This research can be biased as it is performed by the company for their own purposes. An academic source would be used for scientific or scholarly purposes.

What research is done when you are attempting to confirm a theory is correct or useful daily

Applied Research. It tests theory in real life and used to solve everyday problems

Textbook Contribution: example

Association- how one variable correlated with another variable? Ex- How do temperatures below 50 degrees correlate to college class attendance? Causation- what effects a cause on a variable Ex- How is class attendance affected by weather? Fact- asks a yes or no question Ex- Do fewer people attend classes when its cold? Definition- a question that states the definition Ex- How do college students define unpleasant weather?

Hypothesis can have an:

Associational* Relationship: a change in one variable, there is also a change in the other variable. Example: As in-class cell phone usage changes, student performance changes.*you'll usually hear this described as "correlation" Causal Relationship: one variable causes a change in the other.Example: Changes in frequency of cell phone usage result in changes in student performance.Proving a variable causes another is difficult because you must1. establish that the effect cannot be explained by another variable2. the variables must relate3. Temporal Precedence (cause happened before effect)So, many researchers choose not to make a causal hypothesis (because it's really difficult to DO all this in social scientific research!).

is derived from theories advance disciplinary knowledge

Basic knowledge

This research... tests theories to advance disciplinary knowledge

Basic research

Applied Research is... a. Carried out to advance knowledge b. Focused on scholarly audience c. Used to solve everyday problems d. None of the above

C, Applied Research is used more and more everyday, tests theory in real life, and has the goal of solving everyday problems

Temporal

Cause comes before effect.

Types of Non-Random or Non-Probability Sampling (a selection. Yes, there are more

ConvenienceVolunteerSnowballQuotaNetworkPurposive/PurposefulTheoretical Construct

Determining Sample Size in Qualitative Research

Data saturation is when a researcher continues to take in information until the research reveals no new results. Think of the researcher as a sponge. They absorb more and more information (data) until they are full and there is nothing new to take in. EXAMPLEIf you are gathering information about how people feel about yogurt, you would continue gathering people's responses until there are no new responses.

Deductive

Deductive reasoning begins with a hypothesis or research question, and the research follows. It is formulaic and usually follows a simple step by step structure Moves from general to specific Involves Theory VerificationUsed in Applied Researchoften using Quantitative methods General ----- to specific

Example of Applied Research vs Basic Research

Doc MC noticed grades are low in class. She wants to find a way to improve grades in the class and on quizzes. She decides to compare students who do take the quiz before and after the week and students who do not. She finds that students who take it both times fair better on the quizzes as well as the class in general. Since the research she did solves a problem in daily life and does not purely advance theory, it can be considered applied research. Research about the variables that make students want to take quizzes would be basic research. This is because the research is about the variables and how they relate, not to solve a problem.

Spurious

Establish that the effect cannot be explained by another variable (this is done by using a control group or controlling the experimental environment by using a lab).

Systematic Random Sampling

Every nth person is chosen; This could also be done with every third name in the phonebook — every 3rd person could be selected (the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, and so on).Another Example: Giving a survey to every fourth customer that comes into the movie theater.

Association*- means they are related, but one does not cause another.

Example: Are bad grades and cell phone use in class related? *you'll usually hear this described as "correlation"

Fact- A research question that seeks to know if something has happened or if something is going to change

Example: Do people use cellphones as a form of communication?

Definition- A research question that seeks to define something.

Example: How do students use cell phones?

'When you don't get any data from the people who didn't feel like talking to you' describes the Hawthorne Effect. T/f

False

An operational definition is how we define our variable. T/F

False

Quota sampling is a type of probability sampling. t/f

False

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Focused on the individual and individual responses Subjective in nature Avoids overgeneralization Analyzes specific responses and experiences Purpose is to understand, describe, get close to those studied, and understand how participants see the world

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

Grandmas like red lipstick. Red lipstick is made from beetles. Grandmas like beetles. What kind of reasoning is this? - inductive What type of reasoning would I use when conducting research to test theories to advance disciplinary knowledge?- deductive What is the main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? they are opposites

Random Sampling:

Having a system to ensure an equally possible outcome/most representative of the population

Healthy external skepticism involves:

Healthy external skepticism involves: •Looking at how the information you're consuming (i.e., news article) presents the main variables it's trying to sell you a story about. Going back to the primary research article like you do for you deconstruction project in this class! •Looking at how the primary research article's author(s) explicated and measured these variables. •Think critically Then put it through the rest of our Should You Believe It tasks![4]

Conceptual Definitions

How we define something. It is the foundation of your research question because you must know what something is before you study its' impact. Example: How do Americans define the term freedom?

Operational Definitions

How we measure the variable. This is what you would typically think of when asked about the relationship between research and the research question. It relies on the conceptual definition. Example: How do we measure what it means to have freedom?

6. Results/Findings (Conclusion, end results)

In quantitative research articles, the Results section focuses on depicting the numerical values discovered in the experiment and assessing things based on the data received. This section can often be number heavy and dense to comprehend. In qualitative research the findings are generally text, for example, quotes from interview data. ex. Graph showing y and x slope with a constant increase

Convenience

In this specific technique, the researcher chooses those in their sampling frame that are easiest to access.Ex: When deciding who to pull from a sample group you decide to pull members of your family because they are the easiest and most convenient group of people to study. ( Example from student Kailey Brown)

Purposive/ Purposeful

In this specific technique, the researcher purposely and subjectively chooses participants based on how crucial the experiences they can share are to answering the researcher's research questions.Ex: In a study about the experiences of adopted children, the researcher chooses to interview children who have been adopted (Example from student Wesley Woods)

INDUCTIVE

Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning takes a specific instance and applies it to a general conclusion Moves from specific to general Theory DevelopmentUsed in Basic Researchtypically Qualitative Specific---- to general

Proportional Stratified Sampling

It is the same as stratified except the groups (strata) are proportional to the population the researcher is trying to emulate.Example: In the U.S., in the 85 and older age group, women outnumber men by a ratio of 2-to-1 (4.0 million to 2.0 million). So, your sample should represent that with a 2-to-1 ratio of women to men.

Deconstructing Journal Articles

Journal articles follow a general layout:

In the study where you are finding out "If cell phone use impacts students grades", there are two majors variables. The Independent Variable is cell phone use, and the Dependent Variable is students' grades.

Let's just say you are conducting an experiment about the effect of fertilizer. Independent Variables: This is the variable that is changing. ex: Amount of fertilizer Dependent Variables: This is the variable being measured. ex: Growth of the plant Constant: This is the control variable that stays the same throughout the experiment. ex: Plant with no fertilizer

Determining Sample Size in Quantitative Research

Like in the example mentioned in the intro of this reading, sample size is important in validating your study. In quantitative research, the larger your sample size is, the more representative of your population your study will be. Confidence LevelA statistical estimate used to gauge the reliability of a sample.You want this as close to 100% as possible. The most rigorous studies often report Confidence Levels of 95% or more!In practical terms, this means that if you did the same study 100 times, the results from 95 of those attempts would accurately reflect the population you are studying (plus or minus a small margin of error). Statistical PowerThe probability that your study will reveal a statistically significant effect when it occurs.This is the test that tells you whether or not you should have done the study (if we circle back to that NULL hypothesis thing).

Quota

Like stratified sampling, quota sampling breaks up the sample into subcategories in ways the researcher determines. Different from stratified sampling though, this technique chooses people without a random strategy.Ex: A researcher wants to mimic the population they are studying. The population is 70% people over 60. Therefore, the participants consisted of 70% people over 60.

Is it the OG original or is it a translation?

Make sure that you always get back to original published research, not only a version of the research that has been re-written for easier public consumption.

Good Research

Many scholars use sites such as researchgate and academia.edu to share their work.

Co-vary

Must be associated with each other

A hypothesis can also be:

Non-directional (two tailed): The researcher knows the two variables are related, but unsure how.ex: As you drink more coffee, your energy level is affected.ex: As in-class cell phone usage changes, student performance changes.ex: Changes in frequency of cell phone usage result in changes in student performance. Directional (single tailed): Making a clear declaration of how the two variables relate.ex: As you drink more coffee, your energy level goes up.ex: As in-class cell phone usage increases, student performance decreases.Usually this type of hypothesis will only be used when there is already previous research. "A hypothesis can also be"...also meaning you can have directional and non-directional HYs of association, and directional and non-directional HYs of causation.

Is it recent/up-to-date?

Old research may no longer be correct. For example, if a researcher did a study about how many books University of Iowa students read on average, but it was done in 1990, the information is most likely out of date.

The research question above - which methology does it reflect

Quantitive: Yes this is a quant RQ and it even belongs to a structural equation model, one of the quantiest of quant things.

EXAMPLE: for sampling

RQ: How likely are Iowa football fans to buy season tickets next season? Target population: Iowa football fans Sampling frame: fans sitting in the home-side bleachers Sampling population: fans sitting on the south side home bleachers (mix of current students in the student section and non-student fans)

Determining Representativeness....Why is it important?

Representativeness is an important part of sampling because it shows how well a sample indicates the patterns of the overall population. The purpose of sampling is to understand the activities of a large group and a sample's representativeness tells us how well it does this. How representative your sample is of the overall population is vital to applying your results.

Basic Research

Research that is carried out advance knowledge, address curiosities or research, or develop theory regardless of its immediate usefulness or practicality

Applied research

Research that tests theory in real life contexts to see if it can be used to solve problems

Determining Representativeness....How does it relate to meta-theory?!

Sampling is all about finding generalizable results! This implies that there exists a single truth that can be found, positioning this in the Positivist and Post-Positivist perspectives!

"When the peeps who were ok with being in your study might be different from the peeps who didn't " describes what sampling consideration

Self-Selection Bias

Spurious

Shows a relationship between two things that does not prove it. Two variables could be independent from each other but may SEEM like they are distinctly related.

Spurious:

Shows a relationship between two things that does not prove it. Two variables could be independent from each other but may SEEM like they are distinctly related. Use of this word is most fun if you say it like a pirate. Spuuuuurios! ↵

sampling strategies that are probability strategies

Simple Systematic Stratified Cluster

Types of Random or Probability Sampling (a selection. Yes, there are more

Simple Systematic Stratified Proportional Stratified

Simple Random Sampling

Simple random sampling is where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Example: Assigning numbers 1 to 10 to participants and then drawing a number from 1 to 10 out of a hat to select candidates for your study.

What is the reputation of the publication?

Some publications are "predatory" - meaning they look reputable, but are actually biased and trying to influence public opinion in some way. It is important to look out for these types of journals and get your research from publication with a good track record.

"When you break people into groups before random sampling within those groups. The groups are chosen to represent specific features of the people in the population."

Stratified

"Every nth person is chosen"

Systematic

8. Bibliography/ References

The Bibliography or Reference page cites all the references used to supplement the paper - basically, the list of the primary research reviewed during the secondary research process. This is an important section to turn to for further research on the matter and serves as a tool to determine the credibility of the primary research article. ex: "Dunkin'®: America's Favorite Coffee, Espresso and Donuts: Dunkin'®." Dunkin'® | America's Favorite Coffee, Espresso and Donuts, www.dunkindonuts.com/.

2. Abstract

The abstract acts as a short summary of the entire article. It is important to note that the abstract is often limited to a certain word count so it should not be viewed as a perfect summary. ex: Since its opening in the Summer of 2019, Dunkin' Donuts has served over 2 million University of Iowa students (Dunkin' Donuts, 2019). This article explores the relationship between the newfound access to cheap sugary coffee and the academic improvement in the University of Iowa Student Body. 150 students participated in the study, both Dunkin and Non-Dunkin drinkers. This article follows the Caffeine Efficiency Model (Coffee, 2014). Measured variables include: academic standings prior to Dunkin opening, academic standings post-Dunkin opening, attendance records before and after, (etc...)

7. Discussion

The discussion section breaks down the data listed in the results into more readable and comprehensible material, and links the findings from the primary research back to other research and/or theory. ex: From the data we received we have concluded that Dunkin' has indeed promoted the improvement of the Test Scores of University of Iowa Students. As seen in graph 1... (etc).

3. Introduction

The introduction introduces and outlines the research paper. This is often, but not always, where research questions and hypotheses are found. ex: Before Dunkin' Donuts opened, University of Iowa students relied on weak dining hall coffee, or expensive local coffee, or Starbucks. Students struggled to keep up with the demands of school work without a cheap and strong coffee option available to them (Student Health and Wellness, 2018). Many students invested in Keurig Coffee Machines and lived off of K-Cups (etc...)

To properly identify a research question and or hypothesis, you first need to know where you can find them.

The literature review (embedded or end)- Which is where the question is first stated. The Results- How the question compares to the results. Discussion- Where the study is discussed with other primary research.

5. Methods

The methods section explains the specific procedures and actions done and who they were done to (the participants). Typically includes the procedures, participants, and analysis. ex: In our experiment recorded the test scores before and after Dunkin' was added to campus. Our participants were 150 students who were all members of the Social Scientific: Communication Research Methods Class. We specifically selected academic scores from tests... (etc).

Cluster Sampling

The people within the sampling frame are broken into random groups (usually geographic) and candidates are chosen randomly. This is a less accurate method when it comes to accurately representing a population, but it works well with a large or fairly unknown population.Example: A researcher wants to survey the academic performance of high school students in Spain. She can divide the entire population (population of Spain) into different clusters (cities). Then the researcher selects a number of clusters depending on her research through simple or systematic random sampling.

Temporal Precedence

The phrase that means that the change of the independent variable must occur before the change in the dependent variable.

Is it sound?

The research should be peer-reviewed and come from a reputable source.

Paradigms affect

The things you CHOOSE to measure, the questions you choose to ask.[1] A paradigm isn't anything you can necessarily see, hear, touch, taste, or smell...but it's about as important to understanding research as air is to your lungs. Anyway, enough from me. Turning it over to your student textbook authors... box

1. Title

The title previews the information to be found in the articleex: An assessment on the relationship between Dunkin Donuts opening in Downtown Iowa City and University of Iowa Student's Academic success.

Co-vary

The variables must relate to each other.

Causation- means there is a direct relationship of cause. It follows an A causes B model.

There are three rules a RQ must follow in order to test causation: Temporal: Cause must come before effect. It can't be Spurious[1]: Some outside factor that is explainable which is causing A to cause B. Co-vary: Must be associated with each other (Co-variables)

Stratified Sampling

This is when you break people into groups, called strata. From there, the researcher picks randomly from within the strata. This is one of the more accurate types of probability sampling.Some examples of strata might me sex, generational group, or economic background.

Theoretical Construct

This sampling technique is when the researcher selects participants that embody a theory they are interested in. This is usually inductive because it starts on the level of theory but then narrows in on the experience of an individual.Ex: In a study about adopted children, the researcher seeks to show the struggles many children go through. The researcher chooses to sample children who have had negative experiences.

Lateral Reading

This type of reading is more effective to weed out misinformation - Research the name of the website - Research the author and their affiliations - Research the company and owns the website Each time, check 3 to 5 sources before making judgment

Network

This type of sampling is when a researcher utilizes their social network to recruit participants.Ex: Recruiting participants from social network sites. (Example from student Monica Bucholz)

Snowball

This type of sampling is when someone starts the study and then refers more people to participate in it.Ex: One friend finds a survey on how much coffee she drinks. She knows a lot of coffee drinker friends and wants them to participate. Then those friends want to bring in more people to contribute. (Kailey Brown)

Vertical Reading

This would be the typical style of reading most people are used to - Checking how professional a site looks - Reading the entire article and deciding if the information sounds correct - Checking the citations

Proportional random sampling is a stratified sampling process where the number of individuals sampled from each group is in proportion to that groups representation in the broader population. t/f

True

Provided you stir up the pot, one spoonful of soup is an everyday example of random sampling. T/F

True

Let's talk about these different relationships using the variables Cheeto consumption and happiness.

Up up (positive)ex The more Cheetos I eat, the happier I am Down Down (positive)ex The less Cheetos I eat, the less happy I am Up Down or Down Up (Negative)ex The more Cheetos I eat, the less happy I am Up Plateau Down or Down Plateau Up (curvilinear/ inverted curvilinear)ex As I eat more Cheetos, The happier I get, but If I eat too many I become unhappy

What is a variable?

Variables in social scientific research are similar to what you have learned in math classes, meaning they change depending on another element. There are two components of a variable: A conceptual definition An operational definition

Remember: Sampling is done to represent an entire population

We using sampling because we can't ask every single person on Earth a question! Determining who should be in your sample population is very important. To understand how people select their sample we need to see an example: To determine who will be in our sample we must first decide on who our target population is. ex. College students 2. Now college students is too big of a group so we much narrow it to a sample frame. ex. Iowa college students 3. After the sample frame is selected, you then need to choose a sampling method or strategy. Covered in depth in the next unit.

What is the author's background/ qualifications?

What is the author's background/ qualifications?

Tips for lateral reading

When you find info verify it first by searching for - publication - organization - Author

Volunteer

With a volunteer sample, those who participate in the study choose on their own to do so.Ex: The mass emails students receive from the University of Iowa to participate in studies. Whoever wants to participate responds to the email. (Example from student Kailey Brown)

Is this a primary source or secondary source?

You can determine this by deciding if it is a collection of information (like a textbook) or a direct source (like a peer-reviewed research article you got from the University of Iowa Database)? A textbook would be secondary source and a direct source would be a primacy source.

methodology

a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity. "a methodology for investigating the concept of focal points"

par·a·digm real definiton

a typical example or pattern of something; a model. "there is a new paradigm for public art in this country: a worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject. "the discovery of universal gravitation became the paradigm of successful science" 2. LINGUISTICS a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles. "English determiners form a paradigm: we can say "a book" or "his book" but not "a his book."" 3. (in the traditional grammar of Latin, Greek, and other inflected languages) a table of all the inflected forms of a particular verb, noun, or adjective, serving as a model for other words of the same conjugation or declension.

Think of a paradigm as...

a way of seeing and acting on reality fundamental concepts and aims of a field of study accepted examples of practice starting point for research traditions (same rules an standards) determines how "evidence" is identified and interpreted in a given discipline subject to change through further education or discoveries Paradigms set the problem to be solved. Scholars are trained to conduct research and "send it through the box!""The box" = Metatheoretical considerations/paradigms box demonstration

Paradigms also affect the way that scholars

and other people conducting research (at least those who are trained to conduct research...in contrast to those who are not trained and act like experts...not that that's extraordinarily irritating to the people who trained for 10 years or anything) - see the world. Paradigms affect the questions researchers think are worth asking, the choices they make to answer those questions, and the way they write it up. Do you see where I'm headed here

This research.. seeks knowledge to advance real-world practical problems

applied research

which develops theory

basic research

is primary research conducted by communication scholars

both basic and applied research

often found in journals and txts

both basic and applied research

Most Americans rely on their own research to make big decisions, and that often means online searches

doc mc article

True or False, a convience sample is random.

false

A Positivist goal

in research is to explain a social phenomenon

An Interpretivist goal

in research is to understand a social phenomenon

Subjective

includes multiple viewpoints or truths. We can't know everything.

Subjective

includes personal viewpoints

Qualitative research

is a non-numerical method used to gather data.

Non-probability sampling

is a non-random sampling technique. This means that it does not give every individual in a population or sampling frame equal chances of being selected. This means that the sample may be less representative of the target population compared to random sampling.

Probability sampling

is a type of quantitative, or measurable, method of finding a sample that represents a population. Probability or random sampling uses methods to systematically select candidates. Ideally, each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for a study, making it as representative of the population as possible. A researcher interested in generalizable results may lean towards these types of sampling methods.

An independent variable

is a variable the researcher manipulates in order to cause a change.

A dependent variable

is a variable which the researcher measures. In order to test for causation, the independent variable must cause the dependent variable.

APA

it is the style most often required of SS communication researchers for their publications.

PARADIGMS are like a ...

kid catching fireflies because they force nature into a box teacher because they transmit through education police officer because they enforce a particular ideology

Remember we talked about style when we talked about What Communication Researchers Do? MLA, APA, Chicago? ↵

know that

The agreement is usually related to time. How long after publication in the journal do they have to wait. For some journals it's immediate, others it's 6 months, a year, etc. ↵

know this

Epistemology

knowledge

Objective

leaves the personal viewpoint out of research

Evaluating Information: Ask yourself these questions...

listed

Qualitative

means that the data collected creates knowledge and meanings rather than measurable numeric data.

Quantitative

means the data collected are measures of value expressed as numbers. This type of research also concentrates on the rational, patterned order of social life.

Methodology

method

seeks knowledge only for the sake of social justice

neither of basic or applied research

Null hypothesis

no relationship between variables

Ku campus building 1950's researchers discovered a way to contain helium. Plaque on the building reads "invention of helium"

post/positivism that sign is ludicrous that it was discover not invented (reality exists outside our own)8. Bibliography/ References interprets says that it was invented (subjective)

Critical views

reality as something that is shaped by outside forces, truth is based in values and context

Highlight all the VARIABLES you see in the research questions below. RQ3A-C: What is the relationship between patient and partner reports of (A) relational quality, (B) response patterns, and (C) ongoing disclosure?

relational quality and response patterns

Highlight all the VARIABLES you see in the research questions below. RQ1A-B: (A) How is patient relational quality associated with partner reports ofpatient response patterns? (B) How is partner relational quality associated withpatient reports of partner response patterns?

relational quality and response patterns seen twice

The goal of Critical

research is to provide a voice for marginalized groups

Highlight all the VARIABLES you see in the research questions below. RQ2A-B: (A) How are patient reports of partner response patterns associated withpartner ongoing disclosure (depth and breadth)? (B) How are partner reports ofpatient response patterns associated with patient ongoing disclosure (depth andbreadth)?

response patterns and ongoing disclosure

Pogonoly

study of beards

4. Literature review

synthesizes all the literature and supporting research used in the article. Hypotheses and Research Questions are often found at the bottom of this section. ex: The Caffeine Efficiency Model (CEM) explores the correlation between caffeine and University of Iowa students. The model was developed in 2014 by Pharmacy students and remains the standard for understanding caffeine productivity at Iowa (etc...). ex: RESEARCH QUESTION: How has the opening of Dunkin' Donuts in downtown Iowa City affected the students' academic standings? ex: HYPOTHESIS: Because of the literature surrounding caffeine and productivity, we predict that the new Dunkin' Donuts has improved student's academic standings.

axiology

the study of the nature of value and valuation, and of the kinds of things that are valuable. a particular theory of axiology. "all consequentialists start with an axiology which tells us what things are valuable or fitting to desire"

epistemology

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.

Meta-theory

theory about theory

Paradigms ideas

they affect the way(s) that people see the world. That means that they affect your gut reaction when you are presented with "research", from "harump! How can that possibly be true. Everybody knows that statistics lie!" to "15 people?? They talked to 15 people?? How can anyone possibly come to a legit conclusion talking to so few people??"

translational research

translating knowledge to practice

Probability Sampling is having a system to ensure an equally possible outcome/most representative of the population t/f

true

Simple random sampling is where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. True or False

true

Axiology

values

What is a Research Question?

variables and each variable has a unique relationship to the RQ. These relationships could include an association, causation, definition, or a fact. Each are defined below.

Interpretivism

views reality as localy constructed, truth comes from the lived experience

Post-Positivism

views reality as orderly and fixed, we come to know truth as an objective reality

Positivism

views reality as tangible, truth is certain

Objective Truth

we can know things. We can find truth. There is one Truth.

Healthy internal skepticism involves:

•Looking at how the primary research author(s) explicated the variable(s) they studied. •Looking at how they measured these variables. Thinking critically about the connection between the two (using all the amazing knowledge you have gleaned from this course so far.