Comm Strat Midterm BCOR 1030

organizing a presentation (chronologically)

chronologically: Chronological organization is organization by sequential order, according to when each step or event occurred or should occur. ex) training on how to perform a skill or task or a description of the development of an idea or process

short vs. long term orientation

cultures that have SHORT-TERM orientation value fulfilling social obligations and protecting oneself from embarrassment. These cultures tend to be focused on short-term results, such as turning a profit quickly ex) U.S., Canada, Norway Cultures that have a LONG-TERM orientation value long-term commitment, thriftiness, and perseverance ex) South Korea, Japan, China

impromptu speaking

delivering a presentation without advance preparation also called "thinking on your feet" or "speaking off the cuff.

memorized speaking

delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes

extemporaneous speaking

delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carefully rehearsed speech without having memorized exact wording

ethos

emphasize the credibility or ethical character of a speaker

report talk

focuses on sharing factual or statistical info ex) Women tend to interpret men's *** talk as too impersonal

rapport ralk

focuses on sharing info about relationships ex) men tend to interpret women's *** talk as too personal

Collaborator (conflict styles)

high concern for task and high concern for people Ex: "What do you think we should do to manage this conflict?"

competitor (conflict styles)

high concern for task and low concern for people Ex: "This is the way it is going to be; I don't care what you think"

types of supporting material

illustrations, descriptions and explanations, definitions, analogies, statistics, opinions make it personal, concrete, appeal to senses

connotative meaning

interpret the words based off personal experience Ex: "father" can come with the thought of kindness, love, or abuse

denotative meaning

interpret the words literally, dictionary definition Ex: "father" means a male in relation to his child

accommodator (conflict styles)

low concern for task and high concern for people Ex: "To manage this conflict, I want what you want"

avoider (conflict styles)

low concern for task and low concern for people Ex: "I am going to go and let the two of you work this out"

Four methods of delivery

manuscript speaking, memorized speaking, impromptu speaking, extemporaneous speaking

biology & communication

men in many cultures tend to approach communication by focusing on the content dimension of communication, men tend to be more authoritative and brusque women tend to approach communication by focusing on the relational dimension. women tend to prefer collaboration and indirection

chain network

messages are sent through one person at a time, a hierarchical chain communication pattern ex) telephone game

compromiser (conflict styles)

moderate concern for task and moderate concern for people Ex: "I am willing to give up this if you are willing to give up that"

all channel network

no cliques or subgroups, everyone talks to everyone ex) everyone sharing info

high-context culture

nonverbal cues are extremely important in interpreting messages. Communicators rely heavily on context ex) may be perceived to be "beating around the bush" rather than getting to the point, and indirectness may sometimes be perceived as manipulation

wheel network

one person receives messages from all members, they are the communicator ex) drama spreader - spills the tea

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological: basic physiological needs (food, water, shelter) safety: need to feel safe and protect loved ones social needs: need to be loved and belong self esteem needs: need to think well of ourself self actualization: need to achieve our highest potential

effective transitions in presentation

preview: A preview is a statement of what is to come in a speech transitions: A transition is a verbal or nonverbal signal that you have finished discussing one idea and are moving to another summaries: A summary is a recap of what the speaker has already said

manuscript speaking

reading a presentation from a written text

sex

refers to biological characteristics that are present from the time of birth. Different pairs of chromosomes—XX for females, XY for males—provide clear genetic coding for how the body will develop.

strategically ambiguous messages

refers to idea or concept Ex: Professional development

gender

refers to the cultural and psychological characteristics that are associated with our biological sex; it is a cultural construction of what it means to be a man or women (masculine / feminine)

fear appeals

scaring people into compliance to convince people to change their minds or their behavior

The Communication Process

sender (encodes) --> channel --> message --> channel --> (decodes) receiver

part-whole learning

small details then big picture

feminine cultures

tend to value caring for the less fortunate, being sensitive to others, and enhancing the overall quality of life. They tend to have more of a social orientation and to focus more on collective concerns

masculine cultures

tend to value more traditional roles for men and women. People (both men and women) value achievement, heroism, material wealth, and making things happen

communication apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others; tips: don't procrastinate, know your audience, recreate speech environment when u rehearse, visualize success, breathe, channel nervousness, give yourself a pep talk, seek speaking opportunities , be prepared

speaking outline (delivery outline)

the one you will use when you are practicing and actually presenting the speech

groupthink

thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility Ex: Employees not having a say in a company's decision

What are the reasons for studying communication?

to help you develop basic, strategic communication skills that will prepare you for success in the business world

pathos

use emotional appeals, or pathos, to move an audience

logos

use logical arguments

positive messages (goodwill messages)

verbal messages promising that good things will happen if the speaker's advice is followed

virtual teamwork vs. face-to-face teamwork

virtual: communicate over channel aka telephone conferences face-to-face: in person communication

What does it mean that human communication is "transactional"?

when we communicate with another person who is physically present

concrete messages

you can experience what the word refers to with one of your senses Ex: Conflict-management training program

ColorCode BLUE

(EMPATHY) very intimate, good listeners, creating good relationships motivates them, loyal, sincere, and thoughtful, over sensitive, does not work well in groups

ColorCode RED

(MOTIVATION) powerful, getting the job done motivates them, strong leadership, selfish, responsible, decisive, proactive and assertive

ColorCode WHITE

(SELF REGULATION) calm, staying calm and balanced during conflict is what motivates them, kind, adaptable, tolerant, indecisive, boring

ColorCode YELLOW

(SOCIAL SKILL) fun, living in the moment is what motivates them, enthusiastic, optimistic, charismatic, spontaneous, and sociable, lacks commitment, self-centered

types of listening barriers

-Processing info faster than they speak- bored -Too much info, cannot process it all Get nervous listening to new info- worried to get it wrong -Multi-tasking and missing info -Not in the mood to talk -Easily distracted

motivated sequence organization

1. Attention. Your first task, and the first stage in appropriately adapting your message to others, is to get your audience members' attention 2. Need. After getting your audience's attention, establish why your topic, problem, or issue should concern them 3. Satisfaction. After you explain and document a need or problem, you identify your plan (or solution) and explain how it will satisfy the need 4. Visualization. Now you need to give your audience a sense of what it would be like if your solution were adopted or, conversely, if it were not adopted 5. Action. The action step is your speech's conclusion

characteristics of nonverbal messages

1. Nonverbal messages form relationships 2. Nonverbal messages express truth 3. Nonverbal messages are culture bound

what are the sources of nonverbal messages? (first 4)

1. Physical appearance- our attraction to others Clothing (business pro or casual) and artifacts (accessory- jewelry, glasses) 2. Vocal qualities- the pitch, volume, and rate of your voice 3. Gestures- nonverbal communication Emblems (direct verbal translation- hand in air means stop), illustrators (draws an image- explaining directions by pointing), and regulators (nonverbal cue that helps control the flow of communication- giving a head nod for someone to talk) 4. Eye contact- how to control your facial expressions

steps in the listening process

1. Selecting- to focus on one sound as you sort through the numerous noises competing for your attention 2. Attending- focus on a specific message 3. Understanding- assign meaning to the verbal and nonverbal messages you're receiving 4. Remembering- to be able to retrieve the message from your memory 5. Respond- let people know whether you understood their message and to validate or acknowledge them personally

characteristics of effective teams

1. Specify a clear, elevating goal 2. Develop a results-driven structure 3. Include Competent team members 4. Create a collaborative climate 5. Maintain high standards of excellence 6. Draw upon external support and recognition 7. Reinforce principled leadership

4 components of a clear verbal message

1. Use concrete messages 2. Use precise words 3. Use jargon carefully 4. Use concise messages

determine central idea & develop main ideas for presentation

1. a specific purpose is a concise statement that indicates precisely what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you finish your speech 2. central idea = The essence of your message(sometimes called a thesis sentence): a one-sentence summary of your presentation 3. main ideas = logical divisions, the reasons the idea is valid, or the steps involved

5 Communication Principles

1. leaders are aware of their communication with themselves and others 2. leaders affectively use and interpret verbal messages 3. leaders affectively use and interpret nonverbal messages 4. leaders listen and respond thoughtfully to others 5. leaders appropriately adapt messages to others

5 components of emotional intelligence

1. self-awareness: aware of your emotions 2. self-regulation: ability to regulate emotions 3. motivation: need to pursue goals 4. empathy: understand other people's emotions 5. social skills: ability to manage relationships

what does it mean to respond with empathy? (3 steps)

1.asking appropriate questions, 2.paraphrasing the content of the message, 3. and paraphrasing the emotion.

what are the sources of nonverbal messages? (last 4)

5. Space- importance of proximity or distance when communicating Intimate space (0-1 ½ ft. well acquainted), Personal space (1 ½ - 4 ft. comfort zone- friends and family), Social space (4-12 ft. formal group interactions), Public space (12+ ft. from audience to speakers) 6. Use of time- arriving on time or task management 7. Touch- explains their culture or friendliness 8. Environment- how you interact with others, conveys status

what's a virtual team?

A team that interacts via channel rather than face-to-face communication; Not all virtual teams are separated by geography

difference between listening and hearing:

Although listening requires hearing, not all hearing is listening. Have you ever heard someone speaking to you, but seconds later found yourself saying "I'm sorry—what did you say?" You heard the person, but you were not listening to the person.

presentation conclusion

An effective conclusion serves four functions: 1. summarizes your speech, 2. reemphasizes the main idea in a memorable way, 3. motivates the audience to respond, and 4. provides closure.

competent

Competence is the perception that a person is skilled, knowledgeable, and informed about the subject he or she is discussing

credibility

Credibility is a listener's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism. Remember that your listeners, not you, determine whether you have credibility

culture & communication

Culture is a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people your culture is like "mental software" that helps you understand the world. Like the software and operating system in a computer, your culture provides a framework that shapes the messages you send and receive every day.

high uncertainty avoidance vs. low uncertainty avoidance

Cultures HIGH in uncertainty avoidance are those in which people don't like uncertainty; thus they learn ways to structure their lives to provide as much certainty and predictability as possible Cultures LOW in uncertainty avoidance are those in which people tolerate uncertainty; they have learned to live with the fact that their ability to predict the future is limited

decentralized power vs. centralized power

DECENTRALIZED power cultures, value a broad distribution of power. The power is in the people, or the many, not in any one single person or group ex) Australia, Denmark, Israel CENTRALIZED power cultures, value a more concentrated or narrow distribution of power. The power is in one person or a select few ex) leader makes decision on their own

dynamic

Dynamism, or energy, is the third element of credibility. Dynamism is often projected through delivery a speaker who maintains eye contact, has enthusiastic vocal inflection, and moves and gestures purposefully is likely to be seen as dynamic

what is hearing?

Hearing is the physiological process of decoding sounds

strategies for enhancing credibility

Ideally, you should be perceived as competent, trustworthy, and dynamic.

cause and effect organization

In the cause-and-effect organization pattern, a speaker can either identify a situation and then discuss the resulting effects (cause-effect) or present a situation and then explore its causes (effect-cause). ex) A speaker who discusses the impact of high taxes on the local economy will probably use a cause-effect pattern

what is listening?

Listening is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages

PUGGS model

MANAGE CONFLICT EFFECTIVELY P= Describe the Problem ex) use "I" language instead of "you" U= Achieve Understanding ex) "do you know why this is a problem?" G= Identify Goals ex) identify individual goals & common goals S= Brainstorm Solutions ex) "how can we fix the problem?" S= Select the best Solution ex) meet goals of both people

manage conflict in the workplace:

Managing emotions Managing conflict conversations Managing bullies

Effective Verbal Delivery

Monitoring your volume, pitch, rate, articulation, pronunciation, and dialect are the key elements in being both understood and interesting.

organizational patterns for presentations

Most persuasive speeches are organized according to one of four strategies: problem and solution, cause and effect, refutation, and the motivated sequence

what are nonverbal messages?

Nonverbal messages are visual and audible symbols that do not rely on words or language to create meaning; how something is said

disadvantages of teamwork

One individual may dominate discussion Some may pressure others to conform Members may rely too much on a few people Teamwork takes more time Difficulty rebuilding trust once it has eroded

individualistic / collectivistic cultures

People from INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures, (like that of the United States), have learned to value their own interests more than those of the overall group, offer freedom ex) United States People from COLLECTIVISTIC cultures, (like that of Japan and other East Asian cultures), learn to value the interests of their group or community more than their individual interests, value what people do together and reward group achievement ex) Japan (and other East Asian cultures)

problem and solution organization

Problem-and-solution organization is the most basic organizational pattern for a persuasive speech. The problem-and-solution strategy works best when a problem can be clearly documented and a solution or solutions proposed to deal with the problem

refutation organization

Refutation is an organizational strategy by which you identify objections to your proposition and then refute those objections with arguments and evidence. It is better to present both sides of an issue rather than just your own position if your audience is skeptical of your position.

low-context culture

Rely more explicitly on language and on the meanings of words and use fewer contextual cues to send and interpret information ex) less skilled in interpreting unspoken contextual messages

norms

Standards that determine what behavior is appropriate in a group; how are norms created: They form from the groups behavior and evolve into more formal rules

group problem solving process

Step 1- Identify and define the problem: What is the specific problem that concerns us? Who? What? Where? Why? When? How? Step 2- Analyze the problem: Break it down into smaller pieces Consider its causes, effects, symptoms, history and other info What are the causes/effects of the problem? Step 3- Generate possible solutions: Brainstorm solutions Step 4- Select the Best Solution: Determine which solutions best achieve the team's clear, elevating goal Ranking> Rating> Voting Evaluate pros and cons Step 5- Test and implement the solution: Will it work? Trial test Clearly identify who is doing what

meeting essentials

Structure- the agenda for the meeting. Have a set plan, don't get off topic, utilize time wisely, get the job done Interact- the give-and-take talk and conversation that occurs when people collaborate. Everyone should participate in conversation, all ideas should be heard, listen and provide feedback, but don't get too off topic

team roles

TASK roles: help the group achieve its goal (gather/share research, take minutes) SOCIAL roles: focus on behaviors that manages relationships, resolve conflict, enhance flow of comm (soothing hurt feelings, celebrate accomplishments) INDIVIDUAL roles: focus attention on individual rather than group, don't help group, but emphasize individual accomplishments (dominating discussion w/ personal issues, jokes that get group off track)

advantages of teamwork

Teams have more info available to them Teams stimulate creativity Increase the likelihood of remembering what was discussed More satisfied with the decision if involved in discussion

factors to consider with a narrow topic

To narrow your topic, you'll need to consider three things: your audience, the occasion, and yourself.

persuasion

To persuade someone is to change or reinforce the person's ATTITUDES (likes and dislikes), BELIEFS (what is perceived to be true or false), VALUES (what is considered good or bad), or BEHAVIOR

What are verbal messages?

Verbal messages use words to create meaning; verbal messages convey the content of a message (what is being said)

effective nonverbal delivery

Vocalics (paralanguage) - tone, volume, rate, pauses, and articulation Kinesics (body language) - facial expressiveness, energetic gestures, and movement Oculesics (eye talk) - direct eye contact that communicates care, confidence, and sincerity Objectics (inanimate items) - appropriate appearance and adept use of visual aids

cognitive dissonance

When you are confronted with information that is inconsistent with your current thinking or feelings, and experience a kind of psychological discomfort

3 types of peer relationships

With Managers: upward communication -employee to manager With Coworkers: horizontal communication -employee to employee Those you lead: downward communication -manager to employee

trustworthiness

You have to earn trust. You can do so by demonstrating that you are interested in and experienced with your topic

why it is important to have a good relationship with your coworkers

You spend more time with co-workers than you do at home they show you the ins/outs and teach you how to survive and quality relationships result in positive job satisfaction

presentation introduction

Your introduction should convince your audience to listen to you. More specifically, it must perform five functions: 1. get the audience's attention, 2. introduce the topic, 3. give the audience a reason to listen, 4. establish your credibility, and 5. preview your main ideas.

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub-points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

declarative statement

are expressed as truths and leave no room for interpretation. For example, a manager might say "Sales are down because the sales representative lacks communication skills

How to analyze audience (before, during, after)

before: consider demographic info about audience during: use a variety of different supporting materials—such as illustrations, examples, statistics, opinions; tell stories after: be aware of verbal responses, nonverbal responses, survey responses, behavioral responses

whole-part learning

big picture then small details