COMM280

Telephone switch hierarchy

Class 1 - international calls Class 2 - interstate and/or long distance calls Class 3 - calls outside the geographical boundary of Class 4 connections Class 4 -two local exchanges who aren't directly connected Class 5 - the local exchange or end office that serves as the connection point to the customer and provides the dial tone

VoIP - benefits

Benefits = it saves money on local and long distance calls, business can manage one network for voice and data comm, it is easy to add and remove devices, easy portabiltiy, can com globally.

Difference between FDMA/TDMA/CDMA networks

Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) = two way channel Time-division multiple access (TDMA) = one will come and leave and another will fall into its place Code-division multiple access (CDMA) = can be multiple users at once

Legacy landline telephones - elements and architecture

The telephone converts human sounds into electrical signal and sends it (over wires) and when it is received it is converted back to sound. It consisted of a microphone (transmitter) and earphone (to receiver)

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol.

IaaS

is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet.

The technology shift from 3G to 4G

new features were added like FT that required more, along with video files, screen sizes making everything larger, and also Apple followed up the iPhone was another successful product launch - the iPad.

Landline limitations

the MAX bandwidth for an analog network is 33.6 Kbps voice traffic tended to be symmetrical (full duplex conversation didn't align well with the global reach of the internet voice networks were incapable of addressing the rapidly increasing demand for data transfer (images, video, etc.)

IP Telephony

two devices that natively support IP and therefore transmit data packets directly

VoIP limitations

voice quality, requires power, no local 911, easy to hack your information

Wireless spectrum and network elements

wireless = base station received through an antenna receives wireless signals. mobile device receives 824 MHz Channel the pair of transmit signals (base station and mobile device) form the channel. network = MTSO - Mobile Telephone Switching Office. MSC - Mobile Switching Center Control Channel - only carries cellular system data. Primarily responsible for call setup. Voice Channel - paired frequencies that handle the call traffic (voice and data

Half/Full Duplex and Multiplex communication

1/2 -1-way com -walkie-talkie -push-2-talk, release to listen FULL -two way com -transmit and receive (landline phone) -talking and listening at the same time Multi -multi way comm -multiple transmits and receipts on same line -talk to mult people at once on mult platforms

AWS Virtuous Circle

Amazon Web Service Trade Capital Expense for Variable Expense - pay as you consume resources ② Lower Variable Expense - companies are unable to match AWS' prices due to their scale ③ Capacity When Needed - taking the guesswork out of scaling a business, scale up or down as needed ④ Dramatically Increase Speed & Agility - from 6-20 weeks to add a single server to provisioning hundred/thousands of servers in minutes. This leads to greater experimentation and innovation. ⑤ Resource Utilization - spend resources on developing differentiated products and services, not infrastructure ⑥ Global - provide a global solution in minutes with 9 AWS regions all over the world.

Cloud-based products

Amazon, google, and Microsoft

Cloud benefits and privacy implications

Benefits = can access your email on any device anywhere Privacy implications Google collects your searching data, emails are scanned. Everything is being recorded there for anyone can find it.

LTE Advanced and carrier aggregation

Carrier (Channel) Aggregation creates faster data rates Advanced Antenna Techniques The 3GPP standard has approved 8x8 MIMO configurations (have fun antenna team). HetNets makes cells to increase network capacity and performance

VoIP use cases

Cases = PC-to-PC PC-to-Telephone Telephone-to-Telephone

The difference between HSPA+ and OFDMA

OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access. = both LTE and WiMAX utilize OFDMA technology HSPA+

PSTN / LEC / ITU / NANP

Public Switched Telecommunications Network / Local Exchange Carrier / International Telecom Union / orth American Numbering Plan

Concept of spectrum reuse

Range - the range of a cell tower is approximately 10 miles. No Coverage Gaps - the use of a hexagon grid structure allowed carriers to provide seamless coverage and minimize dropped calls. Minimize/Reduce Interference - by utilizing non-adjacent cells, frequency interference was minimized.

RTP

Real-time Transport Protocol. Sends voice packets for VoIP sessions

SIP

Session Initiation Protocol. The protocol used for VoIP sessions

VoLTE and its unique product capabilities

VoLTE - Voice over LTE., VoIP but with a mobility element. HD voice (better than landline) Video calling = FT Call switching = jumping from phone call to FT

VoIP

Voice of Internet Protocol. Facilitates the transmission of digitized voice over an IP network.

Media Gateway Control Protocol

a signaling and control protocol for VoIP sessions