Community Development

Community

-May or may not be place based -a group of residents acting on common interest - territory or place -social organization or institutions that provide regular interaction among residents - social interaction on matters concerning a common interest

Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC)

-established by the Ford Foundation -provides financial and technical assistance -works with CDCs to build homes and commercial space -builds consensus organizing which establishes social capital by building relationships inside the community and establishing new relationships with the larger community

Weak ties

basically acquaintances - aid in finding jobs or housing

Community Development Block Grants (CDBGs)

made by Nixon and Reagan 1) benefits low and moderate income families 2) eliminate or prevent slums 3) to meet urgent community needs one of the largest of the federal grant programs

Multiplexity

the overlap of roles, exchanges or affiliations in social relationships. -a friend that fits many roles

technical assistance

the primary obstacle communities face concerns information. the practitioner takes the role of a consultant. concerned with the eventual outcome rather than the capacity of the residents

Local labor market

the social relations between sellers(workers) and buyers (employers) of labor.

dual housing market

the supply of subsidized housing created this, two markets operating side by side. - one that operates for private market units and the other for public housing units

Community development block grants

these grants were allocates to cities and urban counties by a formula based on need -over time these funds have been increasingly used for gap financing in private or nonprofit affordable housing developments

asset-based development

- more a method than it is a theory of community social change - an awareness of common interests -approach to provide stronger ties between institutions and the residents in a locality

Cooperative Extension Services

-provided an educator in each agricultural county who was responsible for programs related to the social, economic and financial well being of rural residents. - able to draw on the research and expertise of the land grant system and build its program based on the involvement of local residents in ID community needs

anticipated reaction

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Garden City Movement

Ebenezer Howard's Idea was to create cities with prominent greenbelts around them connected by rail. -reacted to the growth of cities and their inability to provide adequate housing, physical infrastructure and amenities for the people who migrated there during the period of industrialization

Three Es

Economics, environment and equity (or social Justice)

Habitat II

Following the Earth Summit of 1992 -convened in 1996 -Aimed to make the world's cities, towns, and villages healthy, safe, equitable and sustainable.

Alinsky Model

Most Popular model -involves a professional organizer who works with existing organizations to ID issues of common interest in the neighborhood

Development

Structural change in the community, especially in how resources are used, the functioning of institutions and the distribution of resources in the community.

Neighborhood Association

a civic organization oriented toward maintaining or improving the quality of life in a geographically delimited residential area

HOME

a demand side program -operates as a grant program for states and local governments for the purpose of increasing home ownership and affordable housing opportunities for families with low or extremely low incomes

equity capital

a direct and permanent investment, such as cash or other assests (land, buildings) in a project. -the investor can claim a portion of the earnings after the project pays its debt

Synergy

a level of social ties that connect citizens and public officials, can affect local development

Appreciative inquiry

a process of IDing the strengths and successes that exist in the community. 4Ds -Discovery -Design -Dream -Destiny

linked deposit programs

a program for minority business owners

brownfields

a property, the expansion, redevelopment or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant or containment

Citizen Participation

a purposeful activity's in which citizens take part in relation to government

Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED)

a set of standards for green building -points are awarded for various practices

conservation easements

a tool used by land trusts - it is a legal agreement by a landowner to protect permanently open space.

Sociocultural milieu

a way to measure social capital 4 elements - the feeling that the community is spatially distinct -the level of social interaction among residents -the degree to which residents work and socialize in the community -the degree to which residents use neighborhood facilities

Intergenerational Equity

acting in a way so that the next generations are inheriting a healthy economy, environment and society

Participatory action research

advocacy tool for a grassroots, bottom up approach to community development that purposefully incorporates participation from disenfranchised or marginalized groups in society

environmental capital

air, water, land, flora, fauna

Community reinvestment act of 1978

an approach to use regulations to influence the allocation and pricing of credit -by passing this they encouraged financial institutions to meet the credit needs of local communities. banks are evaluated on their lending practicies

Internal Labor market

an employer hires entry level workers and trains and recruits workers within the firm

Individual development account

an important tool to develop wealth in poor neighborhoods -provides savings for low income individuals

venture capital

an investment in high risk enterprise in the form of equity

redlining

arbitrary geographic discrimination in the granting of credit. -seen as contributing to the economic decline of many minority neighborhoods

supply side model

assumed that there isn't an adequate supply of housing

ACORN Model

based on developing multi-issue organizations that are much more political than the alinsky model and boston model

Visioning

begins with a scan of where the community is heading. followed by the development of specific strategies and an action plan the community wishes to follow

Bonding Capital

bringing people together who already know each other with the goal of strengthening the relationship that already exists

Bridging capital

brings together people or groups who did not previously know each other with the goal of establishing new social ties to provide new information.

Social capital

considered an asset -directly affects individual well being through its effects on health, happiness, education and children's welfare

green building

construction practices that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life cycle from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction

Boston Model

contacting welfare clients individually at their residents and relies heavily on appeals to the self-interest of each person.

transaction costs

costs associated with reviewing and constructing an investment or loan

Empowerment Zone/ Enterprise Community (EZ/EC)

created by Clinton - objective was to stimulate economic opportunity in America's distressed communities - program provided tax incentives and performance grants and loans to create jobs and business opportunities.

War on Poverty

created by Lyndon Johnson during the 60s. Created Community Action Program, Model Cities and Special Impact Program

Country Life Commission

created by Roosevelt - major impetus to improving rural life -changed focus from urban to rural

Career Ladders

creating an internal labor market across a set of employers in a community.

community development credit union

credit unions that have a geographic or associational bond in areas where most members have low income

Section 8

demand side housing - private leasing program - provided cash based housing allowance for qualifying families based on a percentage for median housing.

revolving loan fund

designed to provide financing of housing and business development, frequently using loan terms that are not available through conventional lenders. -funded by government programs

regionalism

developing and area at large instead of starting at the grassroots level

public housing

direct governmental allocations, whereas private housing receives governmental support from guarantees on housing mortgages and insurance and, most important, through favorable tax deductions for homeowners.

Strategic Planning

disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape what an organization is, what is does and why it does it...requires broad yet effective information gathering, development and exploration of strategic alternatives, and an emphasis on future implications of present decisions

Community Organizing

distinct from other forms of organizing because it focuses on mobilizing people in a specific area. -attempts to organize workers where they live rather than in the workplace

Demand side theorists

emphasize how changes in the structure of occupations, industries, skills and the location of work shape local opportunities. -development depends largely on the creation of new jobs demanding higher skill levels

Supply side theorists

emphasize the importance of the number of workers with specific skills at various wage levels as the primary determinants of the functioning of labor markets

Industrial Areas Foundation model

emphasizes the important of intensive training of organizers -emphasizes the importance of maintaining close ties with existing community organizations as the neighborhood is organized

fair housing act

enacted in 1968, legally prohibited housing discrimination on the basis of race, religion. nationality, sex, disability status or family status

aesthetic qualities

enhanced by selective emphasis on certain natural features, such as preservation of a scenic waterway or the use of prairie plants, native trees, and native shrubs in community planting

Enterprise foundation

established to develop affordable housing in low-income neighborhoods. -has helped to develop more than 36,000 homes. -established a financial subsidiary, which has raised more than $655 million to support low-income housing.

Home Mortgage disclosure act

financial institutes are not required to disclose much about their lending practices. -requires banks and thrifts with more than $10 mill in deposits report the annual number and volume of residential loans and volume amount of mortgage loans by census tract and zip code.

Public Action

fits closest to the community development process model. activities are initiated and controlled by citizens, with the intent of influencing government officials and others

Institutional theories

focus on the organizational support for workers and employers in the region

Smart Growth

focuses on making land use planning and decision more attune with regional efficiency, environmental protection and fiscal responsibility

Evaluation

focuses on the specific accomplishments of the process

HOPE VI

home ownership and opportunity for people everywhere -provided new funds for physical revitalization of public housing properties along with supportive services

Community Capital

human capital, social capital, physical capital, financial capital, environmental capital, Political capital and cultural capital

Categorical assistance

in which the federal government allocates funds for specific programs allowing little or no discretion over how funds are used

growth

increased quantities of specific phenomena, such as jobs, population and income. Also refers to changes in quality, such as better jobs or more secure sources of income.

Human Capital Theory

individuals will be motivated to increase earnings, which means they will be willing to invest in education and training necessary to improve their position in the labor market. -They argue that variations in earnings are consequences of differences in workers abilities and skills

Obligatory Participation

initiated and controlled by government officials

Integration

intracommunity ties

Racial Discrimination

involving actions that serve to limit the social, political, or economic opportunities of particular groups. ex. redlining played an important role in undermining the War on Poverty in the 1960s

demand side model

it is a assumed that there is an adequate supply of housing, but low income households do not have adequate incomes to afford available units

Green collar jobs

jobs that directly contribute to improving environmental quality but would not include low wage jobs that provide little job mobility

surface water

lakes, rivers, streams

Strong ties

large investments of time and energy - helpful for gaining access to emotional support and help in the case of emergencies

Employment Networks

lines of communication that link many potential occupants of jobs in multiple firms with employers who make decisions to fill those jobs

subprime loans

loans that are considered high risk, based on the lack of capital, high debt to asset ration, or blemished credit history

community sustainability

local practices and policies and evaluate whether they contribute to the long term survival of the social, economic and environmental base of the locality.

sprawl

low density, often residential development on the fringe of or beyond the border of suburban development

Community Action Program (CAP)

made by Lyndon -Most controversial programs of the war on poverty - authorized to develop, conducted and administered with the maximum feasible participation of residents of the areas and members of the groups served.

geographic setting

mapping watersheds and subsurface geology and their drainage patterns; mapping geological phenomena, such as outcrops, bluffs, cliffs, glacial features, sand dunes, and caves.

environmental racism

minority and poor communities face disproportionate number of environmental problems

Comprehensive Rational planning

most common form of planning -focused on the production of a plan that guides development and growth -aims at comprehensiveness and implies focusing on the elements/functions of a place

amenities

natural and manmade features of a community that cannot be recreated or transferred to other communities

microenterprise loan fund

non-profit corporations that make very small, short term loans for debt capital to microenterprise. -they provide opportunities to the poor and underemployed by developing business skills and establishing small businesses that require small amounts of capital to operate

Settlement house

objective was to help immigrants adjust to their new environment. programs of the movement provided adult education, day care centers, libraries recreational facilities and other social services to help integrate residents into larger society

traditional neighborhood development

occurs on greenfield sites De-emphasizes cars, and adds retain districts to neighborhoods

tax incremental financing

often used to promote development and redevelopment in an area that is not attractive to invest in. - a technique used to disperse costs of development to those government agencies that will benefit from the increased tax base the project will generate

deregulation

one of the reasons for the growing interest in the local credit markets. banks are able to provide a wider variety of services and charge less for services and credit.

predatory lending

overlaps with subprime loans. -high interest rates -abusive conditions on borrowing -fraudulent behavior -loans are targeted to home owners on the basis of specific characteristics

Grey Area Program

part of the Ford's foundation one of the largest most visible efforts during this period. sought to coordinate service programs among local bureaucracies in an effort to integrate low-income residents into urban society.

public participation

participation from people who aren't necessarily citizens, in activities in any public institution of society or the government. also activities that are separate from government

Assets

physical, human, social, financial, environmental, political, and cultural

Nongovernmental Organization

play a key role in development assistance from working with multilateral agencies such as the World Bank and bilateral agencies such as USAID. - a category of organizational entities created at the founding of the United Nations. It was invented in order to describe a specific relationship between civil organizations and the intergovernmental process, and since then the term has been loosely applied to any organization that is not public

Urban Renewal

primary objective was to clear the slums in efforts to revitalize downtown and attract middle class residents back to cities. Citicized for bull dozing low income neighborhoods

Community Development Corporation (CDC)

principle organization for carrying out local development activities in urban and rural neighborhoods.

community development loan fund

privately owned non profit organizations that make loans to assist low to moderate income people, women and minorities in obtaining housing and jobs. they serve as financial intermediaries that accept loans from socially motivated investors and reinvest in CBOS and projects

Local development corporations (LDC)

profit or nonprofit corporation -leasing and improving real property -making equity investments in small businesses -selling notes to finance projects -borrowing and re lending money to assist businesses -undertaking historical preservation activities

Model Cities

program directed at concentrations of poor and minority households. this was established through the Demonstrations and Metropolitan Development Act. - act provided grants to city agencies to improve housing, physical environment, and social services in low income neighborhoods. Worked with local government officials

Special Impact Program (SIP)

program provided funds to community development corporations (CDCs) to finance comprehensive development strategies. An outcome of Robert Kennddy's visit to Bedford Stuyvesant

public involvement

programs initiated and controlled by the government -purpose is to gain support for decisions, programs, and services

Fair Housing act of 1968

prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex.

Advocacy planning

promoted a level of public participation unheard of under comprehensive rational planning model. -focuses on one issue or geographical area, plans are not comprehensive and the model attempts to bring equality into the planning process by giving poor and disadvantaged groups a voice.

angel investors

provide money to start up businesses as long as they get ownership/equity in the firm

Community Foundation

provide philanthropic services to community residents. Primary function is to pool donations into a larger fund to make grants for charitable purposes

Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)

provided steady sources of federal funding. -part of the HOME Program

Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (NRC)

provides direct financial assistance, technical assistance in developing local lender pools or acquiring low-cost financing, and assistance in initiating revolving loan funds.

HOME Program

provides funding to CDCs -mandates that at least 15% of each participating jurisdiction's funds be earmarked for nonprofit housing producers.

Steady State- economics

pursued as an opposing paradigm to the dominant neoclassical economics paradigm. "enough is best"

neighborhood

refers to a specific geography, such as residential areas demarcated by major streets or other physical barriers.

Housing accessibility

refers to institutional barriers or other issues, such as racial segregation, financing, and local regulations, which can make access to particular types of housing difficult

Weak Sustainability

refers to passing on to future generations an average capital stock. -present and future generations should not further deplete resources

Strong sustainability

refers to restoring certain critical ecological resources to higher levels rather than simply maintaining them at a current state of depletion. -critical ecological resources should not be averaged over future generations

housing affordability

refers to the median housing costs within a community in relation to household income. housing is considered affordable when households do not pay rents that exceed 30% of household income

Housing adequacy

refers to the physical condition of the housing stock and its age

Survey Research

requires community member's time as well as their financial commitment. 1) face to face interviews 2) Mail surveys 3) telephone surveys

Physical capital

roads, buildings (houses, businesses, warehouses) and other physical features (railroad tracks, bridges,vacant land)

groundwater

sensitive to local contamination, depending on pollutant characteristics and soil permeability

debt capital

short term credit normally credit institutions tend to specialize in providing either equity or debt equity but not both

point source pollution

specific output from a production process that can be traced to its source

Spatial mismatch theorists

suggests that inner city minorities experience high unemployment rates because the jobs available within their labor market demand advanced skills and education, attributes most inner city residents lack

Workforce development

supply of and demand for labor, the matching process between job searchers and job opportunities

The Natural Step

systems-based approach allow both organizations and communities to move toward a sustainable world. -Process called ABCD "A" awareness building "B" establishing a baseline "C" creating a vision "D" implementation phase

self-help

teaching people how to help themselves. practitioners identify themselves as facilitators and help the community ID goals and increasing capacity to participate in the solution of collective programs. long lasting effects

Resilience

the ability of a system to respond to and adapt to disturbance or change

Industry

the branch of economic activity devoted to the production of a good or a service

environmental justice

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, ethnicity, income, national origin or educational level with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws regulations and policies

Block Grants

the federal government provides general guidelines for the use of funds, allowing local governments some discretion over how funds are used

Special Impact Program

the first major source of federal funding for CDCs established block grants to CBOs that would design and implement their own development strategies

housing availability

the housing stock and its distribution by type (single, family, multifamily)

Organizational integrity

the institutional coherence, competence, and capacity of the local government. affects how citizens interact with their local government and how much they trust it

Occupation

the kind of work the employee does -a group of job related activities that comprise a single economic role directed toward making a living

nonpoint source pollution

the most difficult to address, cannot be traced to a specific source ex. urban street trash

Labor force participation rate

the percentage of the population in the labor force

Conflicts

the practitioner's approach in this model is one of the organizer or advocate. - the source of the communities problems is a lack of power

filtering

the process by which high income households buy and move into new homes, leaving behind a house that is bought by someone of slightly lesser means, who in turn leaves behind a house that is bought by someone of lesser means

Linking Capital

ties people to communities and local organizations

Progressive Era

time period to construct community programs to address poverty and other social problems. -most distinguishing characteristics was their resistance to individualistic explanations for poverty and social disorganization. -explained poverty and deviant behavior as results of social conditions in communities, as products of the subcultures of these neighborhoods.

command and control regulation

to clean up the nations polluted waterways, air and land. at the same time protecting the nations natural resources.

Monitoring

to provide indications of whether corrections need to take place in the action plan

Business industrial development corporation

used to direct capital to borrowers who have difficulty obtaining loans. -structured to meet the financial needs of small businesses that fall into this credit gap. -make SBA loans and sell the proportion on the secondary markets - can borrow from private sources and make non SBA loans

Institutional infrastructure

used to measure social capital 4 steps -presence and quality of neighborhood organizations -voting by residents -volunteer efforts -visibility of the neighborhood to city officials

Outcomes

usually much more long term and are more difficult to link to the specific elements of the action plan. - closely linked to the ultimate objectives ID in the visioning process ex. decreased levels of poverty or increased levels of personal income

Outputs

usually things that can be counted that result from the action plan. they are usually an intermediary measure. ex. number of jobs created, number of houses built or numbers of programs developed.

Single room occupancy

were an important source of low cost housing in many downtown areas of major cities

land trust

works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting land transactions with landowners in order to permanently protect the natural, scenic, agricultural, historic or cultural attributes of their land.