Community Nutrition

food security

Access by all people at all times to sufficient food for an active and healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods and the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways (without resorting to emergency food sources, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies to meet basic food needs).

food recovery is

Activities such as salvaging perishable produce from grocery stores; rescuing surplus prepared food from restaurants and caterers; and collecting nonperishable food from manufacturers, supermarkets, or people's homes. The items recovered are donated to hungry people.

DHHS

Department of Health and Human Services

The Paradox of Food Insecurity and Obesity in America

Hunger and food insecurity have been called America's "hidden crisis." At the same time, and apparently paradoxically, obesity has been declared an epidemic.

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It is estimated that on average, 27% of the requests for emergency food assistance go unmet.

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Most disaster relief expenditures are provided through SNAP.

National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program

Participating schools get cash subsidies on the basis of the number of meals served and also receive food commodities through the NSLP. Program schools must serve meals that meet specified nutritional guidelines and must offer free or reduced-price meals to eligible students.

PRWORA

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

the concept of food security includes 5 components:

Quantity: Is there access to a sufficient quantity of food? Quality: Is food nutritionally adequate? Suitability: Is food culturally acceptable and the capacity for storage and preparation appropriate? Psychological: Do the type and quantity of food alleviate anxiety, lack of choice, and feelings of deprivation? Social: Are the methods of acquiring food socially acceptable?

The trade-off between food quantity and quality.

Research on coping strategies among food-insecure households shows that, along the continuum of typical coping strategies, food quality is generally affected before the quantity of intake. Households reduce food spending by changing the quality or variety of food consumed before they reduce the quantity of food eaten.

$134/month in 2015

SNAP benefits average about

Afterschool Snack Program

School-based after-school programs can provide healthful snacks to children through age 18 via this expansion of the NSLP.

TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families)

States determine the eligibility of needy families and the benefits and services those families will receive

SNAP

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

SNAP-Ed

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education- which is intended to improve the likelihood that the program participants will make healthful choices within a limited budget and choose active lifestyles consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

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The Department of Health and Human Services prepares an annual report to Congress on indicators and predictors of welfare dependence.

gleaning refers to

The harvesting of excess food from farms, orchards, and packing houses to feed the hungry.

Food Distribution Disaster Assistance

This program provides food to state relief agencies and organizations (e.g., the Red Cross and the Salvation Army) in times of emergency such as civil disturbances, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, and severe winter storms.

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To qualify as a low-income community, a census tract must have a poverty rate of 20% or higher.

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about 1 in 4 Americans participate in a USDA food assistance program anually.

Hunger and Environmental Nutrition Dietetic Practice (HEN)

advocating access to nourishing food and clean water provided by sustainable, secure food systems.

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as one version of the federal poverty measure, the poverty thresholds are used for administrative purposes.

What are 2 problems with SNAP?

benefit allotments are insufficient to meet needs and that environmental factors, including access to supermarkets and to high-quality, healthful foods, impact the dietary choices of participants.

The welfare reform law allows states greater flexibility in

creating opportunities for job training and economic security for households with low incomes.

Child and Adult Care Food Program

designed to help public and private nonresidential child and adult daycare programs provide nutritious meals for children up to age 12, older adults, and certain people with disabilities.

Department of Homeland Security

disaster feeding is administered by the

Potential reasons for nonparticipation in SNAP:

embarrassment about receiving assistance, complex rules and requirements, confusing paperwork, case-worker hostility, and lack of public information about eligibility requirements.

Nutrition Services Incentive Program (NSIP)

established by the Older Americans Act in 1974 as the Nutrition Program for the Elderly.

SNAP-Ed is focused on

nutrition promotion and obesity prevention

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one in seven Americans receives SNAP benefits.

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recipients of CSFP cannot participate in both CSFP and WIC

Thrifty Food Plan (TFP)

serves as a food guide for a nutritious diet at a minimal cost, is used as the basis for SNAP allotments, and is maintained by the USDA's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion

food distribution programs are intended to:

strengthen the nutrition safety net through commodity distribution and other nutrition assistance to low-income households, emergency feeding programs, Indian reservations, and older adults

The Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 established

the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Much of the increased public demand for emergency food assistance is coming from:

the working poor and families with children, who report having to choose between food and other necessities, such as rent, utilities, or medicine.

Single women with children are a major target group for job placement and training. Two critical issues for states to consider in their efforts to enhance the long-term successful placement of these women in jobs are:

transitional childcare assistance and the maintenance of health care benefits

SNAP; the National School Lunch Program; WIC; the School Breakfast Program; and the Child and Adult Care Food Program

what 5 programs accounted for 96% of all federal expenditures for food assistance in 2014?

The community food security initiatives focus on specific goals, including:

-Building and enhancing local infrastructures to reduce hunger and food insecurity in communities -Increasing economic and job security for low-income people by helping people locate living-wage jobs and achieve self-sufficiency -Strengthening the federal food and nutrition assistance safety net -Bolstering supplemental food provided by nonprofit groups by assisting or developing local food recovery, gleaning, and donation efforts -Improving community food production and marketing by aiding community projects that grow, process, and distribute food locally -Boosting education and raising awareness about nutrition, food safety, and food security among community residents -Improving research, monitoring, and evaluation efforts to help communities assess and strengthen food security

To improve SNAP's ability to meet the needs of low-income households, the following steps are recommended:

-Improve and expand outreach about SNAP. -Lower administrative barriers to participation in SNAP. -Increase allotments so that families can afford to eat a nutritionally adequate diet throughout each month. -Provide nutrition education materials to households that receive SNAP benefits.

Older Americans Nutrition Program specific goals are to provide:

-Low-cost, nutritious meals -Opportunities for social interaction -Nutrition education and shopping assistance -Counseling and referral to other social services -Transportation services

The WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) was created to accomplish two goals:

-Provide, from farmers' markets, fresh, nutritious, unprepared fruits and vegetables to low-income, at-risk women, infants, and children. -Expand the awareness and use of farmers' markets and increase sales at such markets.

emergency food services:

-Soup kitchens -Church Charities -Surplus food giveaways -Food banks -Food pantries -Prepared and perishable food programs

Examples of strategies and activities included under the label of community food security that fight hunger and strengthen local food systems are as follows:

-farmer's markets -community supported agriculture programs -farm-to-cafeteria initiatives -SNAP outreach programs -community gardens -food recovery and gleaning programs -food buying cooperatives -directory of supply and demand for community

The challenge of the welfare reform legislation was to

change the welfare system from an income-support-based system to a work-based system with a five-year time limit on benefits.

Seamless Summer Option

combines features of NSLP, SBP, and SFSP and eases the paperwork and administrative burden of schools in low-income areas in order to serve meals to children during traditional summer vacation periods and during long school vacation periods

community food security is a relatively new concept with its roots in such disciplines as:

community nutrition, public health, nutrition education, sustainable agriculture, antihunger advocacy, and community development.

an allotment is

the amouont of benefits that a household recieves

TEFAP reduces

the level of government-held surplus commodities and supplements the diets of low-income needy persons, including older adults.

5 components of food security:

1. psychological 2. social 3. suitability 4. quality 5. quantity

how many servings of fruits and vegetables does the average american eat each day?

3 1/2 servings compared to the recommended 5 servings

entitlement program

A government program that provides cash, commodities, or services to all qualifying low-income individuals or households.

food deserts

A low-income census tract where a substantial number of residents has low access to a supermarket or large grocery store.

Feeding America

A national network hunger-relief organization to which the majority of food banks belong.

community food security

The development and enhancement of sustainable, community-based strategies to ensure that all persons in a community have access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local nonemergency sources at all times.

conceptual model of factors associated with household (HH) Food insecurity and its outcomes

The model describes the determinants and components of food insecurity, as well as the outcomes and consequences of food insecurity, which may be mediated by the availability and acceptability of various food-acquisition and coping strategies.

Summer Food Service Program for Children (SFSP)

ensures that children in lower-income areas can continue to receive nutritious meals during long school vacations, when they do not have access to school lunch or breakfast.

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food insecurity affects all segments of the population without regard to age, marital status, previous employment or successes, familily ties, or efforts to change the situation.

WIC provides supplemental foods to:

infants, children up to age five, and pregnant, breastfeeding, and nonbreastfeeding postpartum women who qualify financially and are at nutritional risk.

Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)

is a direct food distribution program. It is intended to improve the health and nutrition status of low-income pregnant and breastfeeding women, other new mothers up to one-year postpartum, infants, children up to age six, and older adults at least 60 years of age by supplementing their diets with nutritious USDA commodity foods.

Older Americans Nutrition Program

is intended to improve older people's nutrition status and enable them to avoid medical problems, continue living in communities of their choice, and stay out of institutions.

Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP)

low-income older adults are provided with coupons (worth not less than $20 per year or more than $50 per year) that may be used to purchase fresh, unprepared, locally grown fruits, vegetables, and herbs at farmers' markets, roadside stands, and community-supported agriculture programs.

Food Access Research Atlas

maps and provides selected population characteristics of census tracts defined as food deserts

Food Environment Atlas

provides a spatial overview of a community's ability to access healthy food

The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP)

provides commodity foods to state distributing agencies, typically food banks, which then distribute foods to the public through soup kitchens and food pantries.

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the Healthy People 2020 initiative set a goal of reducing food insecurity among U.S. households from 14.6% to 6%, in so doing, reducing hunger by the end of the decade.

WIC

Women, Infants, and Children

food system

a set of interrelated functions that include food production, processing, and distribution; food access and utilization by individuals. communities, and populations; and food recycling composting and disposal.

Special Milk Program

encourages fluid milk consumption by children by providing cash reimbursement for each half-pint of milk served to children in schools and childcare institutions that are not participating in the NSLP

15

how many domestic food and nutrition assistance programs are there?

food desert

what is a low-income community without ready access to healthy and affordable food known as?

poverty

what is the most compelling single reason for food insecurity?

Cooperative Extension System (CES)

who is the predominant provider of SNAP-Ed?