Confederation! in Canada

George Brown

He led a group of radical reformers in Canada West shortly before Confederation called The Clear Grits.

William Lyon Mackenzie

He was a leader of the rebellion in Upper Canada.

Why did Confederation occur? (Hint: the amazingly long sentence that explains everything.)

Confederation occurred because the economy was failing due to the end of mercantilism and the cancellation of the reciprocity treaty. Confederation was a way to preserve and help the economy.

Name of the new country

Dominion of Canada ...FUN FACT: Thought about naming it "Kingdom of Canada" but found it to be too aggressive so they took the word "dominion" from Psalm 72:8 (He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.)

Governor Francis Bond Head

He was the Governor of Canada in 1836 when the Canadian colonies were heading for rebellion. He appointed several people without consulting the government which led the assembly to protest. In response, this governor dissolved the assembly which led to an election that pushed Upper Canada to rebellion.

John A. Macdonald

He was the leader of the Liberal-Conservative party in Canada West and would become Canada's first prime minister.

Louis Lafontaine

He was the leader of the Reformers in Canada East after the union of Upper and Lower Canada.

Sir Charles Tupper

Premier of Nova Scotia who was in favour of Confederation.

At the Quebec Conference, what was discussed and decided?

Structure of the new government: -Legislative vs Federal Union -Chose Federal Union Made blueprint for the constitution: -The 72 Resolutions Who joined and who didn't: -Joined: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick -Rejected: Newfoundland and PEI

Factors that lead to Confederation

1.economy was failing 2.end of mercantilism 3.cancellation of reciprocity 4.political deadlock 5.threat of expansion of USA 6.Britain changing attitude of BNA colonies 7.Railway was needed to link colonies

Lord Durham's Report

A report that was extremely influential in bringing about democracy in Canada. The report gives recommendations on what the colonies should do to implement democracy.

Manifest destiny

Americans believed they had the right to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The threat to take over sounded real.

Four colonies that joined in 1867

Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia

Three Conferences

Charlottetown, Quebec, London

In the 1850's, when the process of Confederation began, what were the names of the two MAIN political groups?

The Reformers and the Tories.

Governor Lord Elgin

This governor signed a billed that he did not agree with because it had been passed by both the Elected Assembly and the Council. When he signed this bill simply because the lower branches had passed it, he proved that responsible government had arrived in Canada.

Family Compact

This group of wealthy, elite people had enormous power of the highest branches of government in Upper Canada. In many respects, the people in this group controlled the affairs of Upper Canada.

Chateau Clique

This group of wealthy, powerful people in Lower Canada was the equivalent to the Family Compact in Upper Canada.

Clergy Reserves

These were large tracts of land set aside for the use of the Anglican Church. These would cause much controversy until after the union of Upper and Lower Canada.

Loyalists

These were people who had been living in the USA and were loyal to Britain. So after the American Revolution they did not feel welcome in the USA any longer and many fled to the Canadian colonies because these colonies continued to be under British rule. These people, once in Canada, tended to be conservative.

Responsible Government

This is a form of government in which the highest branches of government are accountable to the elected assembly, and the government as a whole is accountable to the people who elected them.

Democracy

This is a system of government in which means that adults that are of voting age rule--they do so by choosing representatives in elections.

Governor Charles Sydenham

This man was Governor of the Canadian colonies after union. In theory he was opposed to responsible government; however, in practice he made many important changes that helped responsible government come about.

Confederation

This refers to when Canada became an independent nation. The final process involved the British North America Act in March of 1867 and then on 1 July 1867 the Dominion of Canada came into existence.

The 72 Resolutions

This was a blueprint for what would become Canada's constitution. It was first set out at the Quebec Conference.

Joseph Papineau

He was a leader of the rebellion in Lower Canada who advocated for a peaceful resolution, but understood that rebellion might be necessary.

Robert Baldwin

He was the leader of the Reformers in Canada West after the union of the Upper and Lower Canada.

Who were the Fenians and why did they want to invade the colonies?

Irish Americans who fought for the North in the American Civil war.

In Canada West, who was the leader of the Liberal-Conservative party? Who is his colleague in Canada West?

John A. Macdonald. George E. Cartier.

7th List of Grievances

This was a list of complaints made by reformers in the Elected Assembly in 1835. It was an official declaration of the discontent that many people had been feeling in Upper Canada at that time.

Double Majority

This was a situation in the government after union and before Confederation in which the assembly was divided into two equal parts, one for Canada West and the other for Canada East. For a bill to pass a majority had to be reached in both parts of the assembly, which was very difficult to achieve.

The Great Coalition

This was a solution to the problem of double majority. John A. Macdonald and G.E. Cartier agreed that the two parts of the assembly would work together.

Quebec Conference

This was a very important conference for Confederation at which plans were made as to how the new government would be structured.

Reciprocity Treaty

This was an agreement between the Canadian colonies and the USA through which each would favour the other in trade relationships.

Constitutional Act

This was implemented in 1791 by Britain in the Canadian colonies in order to prevent a revolution like the American Revolution. It set up a system of government where the appointed members had much more power than the elected members.

London Conference

This was the last conference in the series of Confederation conferences. Delegates were sent to present the plan for confederation to the British government who had to approved the plan.