Connect Biology

Which of the following statements are correct regarding coronaviruses?

- They are examples of zootonic viruses - they contain spike proteins on their surface that allow them to identify host cells. - SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are emerging viruses

Long COVID

- is a term used for disease manifestations that linger long after SARS-CoV-2 has been eliminated from the body. •People with long COVID are known as "long haulers" •Defined as anyone diagnosed with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, or very likely to have been infected by it, who has not returned to their pre-COVID-19 level of health and function after six months. •Include: 1.Those who experience some permanent damage to their lungs, heart, kidneys, or brain that may affect their ability to function. 2.Those who continue to experience debilitating symptoms despite no detectable damage to these organs

select all of the characteristics of the influenza viruses

- spikes - capside - envelope - RNA

CRISPR technology

- takes few days for results

PCR technique

- takes several days for results

Select the forms of flu vaccines that contain inactive viral particles

- trivalent and quadrivalent

select all of explanations on how influenza vaccines are produced

- using fertilized chicken eggs - using H spikes proteins to infect insect cells - using mammalian cell cultures

If not blocked by the immune system

- virions (infective form of a virus outside a host cell) migrate to the lower respiratory tract where they infect the alveoli cells •These gas exchange units are rich in ACE2 proteins

Select all of the following which are characteristics of all viruses.

-Genetic material -Protein capsid

RNA viruses

-HIV -influenza

Select the four categories of innate immune defenses.

-Phagocytes and natural killer cells -Inflammatory response -Barriers to entry -Protective proteins

Alfred Russel Wallace

-Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands. -Proposed the concept of speciation correct -Proposed the concept of speciation

homologous examples

-cat foreleg and human forearm -dolphin flipper and wing of a bat

The genes of a living thing

-contain the information needed to produce RNA -contain the information needed to produce all of the proteins for cellular metabolism.

The genes of the viral genome

-contain the instructions needed to produce a protein capsid -in some cases, contain the information needed to produce surface glycoproteins.

antigen or rapid tests

-looks indirectly for the presence of the virus for looking at specific antigens or viral components that are capable of invoking an immune response -can be inaccurate -indicates if you have been previously exposed (by seeing antigens)

DNA viruses

-smallpox -chickenpox -herpes

Select all of the characteristics of a viral envelope

-surrounds the capsid -assists in attachment and entry into host cell -composed of remnants of host cell plasma membrane

Select all of the characteristics of a viral envelope.

-surrounds the capsid -assists in attachment and entry into host cell -composed of remnants of host cell plasma membrane

molecular tests

-use a variation of the PCR techniques and CRISPR technology that look for the virus's genetic material - both tests are highly accurate

analogous examples

-wing of a bat and wing of an insect -legs of a spider and legs of a dog

The path of influenza through the body

1. Influenza enters the mouth or nose and moves to the pharynx and trachea 2. The virus identifies target host cells using its H spikes 3. Viral N spikes breakdown the target cell membrane so the virus can enter the cell 4. The replication cycle of the virus begins as the host cell machinery is hijacked to copy the virus 4. New copies of the virus are released and seek out host cells

Arrange the steps in producing vaccines using the cell based method beginning with the first at the top

1. Inject virus to mammalian cell cultures 2. Virus replicates while cells incubate for a few days 3. Extract and kill viruses to inactivate them 4. Isolate and purify the viruses

Use each scientist's last name to fill in the blanks. The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by _________ after he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapágos Islands. The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by __________after his study of biogeography in the South Pacific Islands.

1. darwin 2. wallace

Arrange the following structures of the respiratory tract to trace the path of the influenza virus through the body. Begin with the first structure, where the virus would enter the body, at the top.

1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. trachea 4. bronchioles 5. alveoli

Viral shedding:

After the successful reproduction of the virus during a host-cell infection, the virus leaves the host cell

Select the two scientists who independently proposed mechanisms for evolutionary change.

Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin

Select all that apply. Which of these are ways a new form of the flu can appear?

Antigenic drift via mutation that changes the viral spikes Antigenic shift via recombination of viral characteristics from multiple viruses infecting animal hosts

Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a transitional fossil?

Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs

Why is it challenging to choose influenza strains to include in the vaccine

Because the virus can evolve quickly and may have changed before the flu season

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology?

Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

the recombinant method of vaccine production produces large amounts of viral protein using

Cultured insect cells that have been infected with a virus combined with a target viral protein

Sore throat

Cytokines produced by the immune system that restrict blood vessels in the skin

During the immune response to influenza infection which of these causes a host of flu symptoms including chills fevers and nausea

Cytokines produced by white blood cells of the immune system

Which is the correct comparison of the sources and ideas of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace?

Darwin studied biogeography and finches and proposed the theory of natural selection. Wallace studied biogeography and proposed the idea of speciation.

Aluminum salts

Enhance the ability of the immune system to detect the virus

Which of these lists the general contents of a vaccine

Inactivated or weakened viruses and additives to preserve the contents of the vaccine

Which of these is a component of the process of natural selection?

Individuals vary in their traits.

Chills

Inflammation in the epithelial tissues caused by the proteins release by the flu, which interfere with epithelial cell function

what are using fertilized chicken eggs to produce flu like vaccines the virus replicates

Inside the fertilized eggs wild the incubate for a few days

Cytokines produced during influence infection that breakdown muscle fibers and cause fluid to accumulate cause

Muscular symptoms like joint and muscle aches

As influenza infection progresses, immune cells are deployed to the respiratory tissues and chemical signals increase blood flow to these tissues. This causes swelling and inflammation increase along with

Production of large amounts of mucus

Charles Darwin

Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands. Charles Darwin answer drop zone 2 of 3 Proposed the process of natural selection correct toggle button unavailable Proposed the process of natural selection Charles Darwin answer drop zone 3 of 3 Proposed descent with modification correct toggle button unavailable Proposed descent with modification

Which process of vaccine production requires the longest development time

The egg method

Which of these is the primary target cell of influenza A in the human body?

The epithelial cells that line the respiratory system

Which of these contains more genes?

The genome of a living thing

Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time?

The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).

Which body system is the most responsible for the majority of flu symptoms

The immune system

After influenza has entered the respiratory system in which of these places would you expect it to be found next

The pharynx

Which quality of the flu virus makes it difficult to choose influence and strains to use in vaccines

The potential to evolve quickly

Which best describes the consequences of evolution on producing effective influenza viruses?

The process is more challenging because the virus evolves quickly.

Which process of vaccine production is the most rapid?

The recombinant process

Which of these is the most common form of the influenza vaccine?

The trivalent injectable vaccine

How does the influenza A virus target a host cell?

The virus has H spikes that are specific to receptors on the surface of the host cell.

Which of these makes it difficult to develop a universal flu vaccine?

The virus has a high mutation rate.

Which of these is a description of how the flu affects the body systems?

The virus releases proteins that disrupt respiratory epithelial cells and the immune system releases cytokines in response to the virus that cause multiple symptoms in the respiratory and other body systems.

Which of the following describes how the flu affects the respiratory system?

The virus targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, producing proteins that interfere with their function.

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form.

Generally contains a combination of weakened or inactivated viruses along with preservative additives

Vaccine

During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which of these observations did Darwin note as evidence for natural selection?

Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa

Which of these best explains how the influenza vaccines are produced

Viral strains are selected well ahead of the season based on their threat and our ability to make a vaccine against them. Vaccines are then produced using one of 3 common methods. This process can take up to 6 months

Which is the best general explanation of how viruses reproduce?

Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves.

Which of these explains the general process of how viruses reproduce?

Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves.

Which of these scientists is one of the two who independently proposed the mechanism for evolutionary change?

Wallace

Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures?

a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing

What is a transitional fossil?

a fossil that provides a link between groups of organisms

Mucus is produced during influence infection because

a large number of immune cells and increased blood flow to respiratory tissues

Studies suggest that the virus can become

aerosolized and travel farther, remaining viable for up to 3 hours.

Many fields of biology study evolution, because evolution is involved in __ levels of biology.

all

During the inflammatory response, histamine

allows white blood cells and clotting factor to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased.

When does infection cycle begin once influenza A reaches respiratory tract

almost immediately

Adaptive immune responses are activated when a macrophage engulfs and digests a pathogen and then displays a specific _____________ on its surface.

antigen

Adaptive immune responses are activated when a macrophage engulfs and digests a pathogen and then displays a specific on its surface.

antigen

When a mutation is introduced into the genetic material of the influenza virus it can change the viral spikes

antigenic drift

When new viruses are assembled they have characteristics of both forms on the same new virus

antigenic shift

Medications that treat viruses by targeting the life cycle of a virus are called___medications.

antiviral

Fomite:

any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents can transfer disease to a new host.

The cytokines released by the white blood cells in response to infection

are proteins that alert the organs to the presence of a pathogen.

During the adaptive immune response, cytotoxic T cells

attack and kill other cells.

The study of life is called

biology.

Which of these is a role of complement protein during innate immune response?

breaking holes in its membrane

On the surface of epithelial cells are receptors

called ACE-2

Evolution, by its scientific definition, refers to

changes in a species or population over time.

The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called ____ anatomy, studies the similarity of both living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.

comparative

Which molecule plays the role of a molecular tag during innate immune defense, identifying pathogens for destruction by the immune system?

complement proteins

The proteins that form the viral capsule are sometimes called

core proteins.

During the immune response to influenza, the white blood cells release ______ which are chemical signals whose actions cause digestive muscular nervous and integumentary symptoms

cytokines

The various chemical signals of the immune response, which include small proteins like histamine, are collectively called

cytokines

During the immune response to influenza infection, which of these causes a host of flu symptoms including chills, fever, and nausea?

cytokines produced by white blood cells of the immune system

Flu symptoms like nausea, fever, and chills are caused by

cytokines release during the body's immune response to the influenza virus.

Proteins released by the white blood cells of the immune system during influenza infection are called

cytokines.

Granzymes are molecules associated with which of the following immune cells?

cytotoxic T cells

The importance of transitional fossils is that they

demonstrate relationships between two groups of organisms.

Diagnostic tests

detect the active presence of the virus in your body

Antibody tests

detect the antibodies that our bodies produce in response to exposure to the virus

Which type of selection favors both extremes, making the most common variant for a trait in a population detrimental?

disruptive selection

In all organisms, except retroviruses, the flow of information is from

dna to rna to protein spell protein right.

Reservoir hosts

do not get the disease carried by the pathogen or it is asymptomatic and non-lethal.

The influenza virus targets which types of cells in the human body?

epithelial cells

From changes in cells over time to the interactions of ecosystems, ______ plays a role in all levels of biology.

evolution

The scientific definition of ______ refers to changes in a species or population over time.

evolution

The forelimbs of modern vertebrates are homologous structures, meaning that they may have changed evolutionarily to perform different functions, but they

evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

Viral copies (progeny) are released from cells through

exocytosis (released to the extracellular fluids of the host) and infect nearby cells.

If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would

favor this variation.

directional selection

favors an extreme variant for a trait correct toggle button unavailable favors an extreme variant for a trait

The process of natural selection

favors some mutations, when they increase fitness.

stabilizing selection

favors the average, or most common variant for a trait

disruptive selection

favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term

fitness

One of the components of the process of natural selection is based upon an individual's ability to compete for resources in order to survive and reproduce. This component addresses the

fitness of individuals.

Even though the soft parts of an organism usually decompose when it dies, its hard parts may become mineralized to form over time.

fossils

Molecules called ______ enter a target cell via holes produced by perforin, inducing programmed cell death.

granzymes

When an organism dies, its ______ may become mineralized, forming fossils.

hard parts

Adaptive immune responses are activated when

helper T cells recognize the combination of a major-histocompatibility complex and an antigen on the surface of a macrophage.

During the inflammatory response, a chemical signal called_______ increases capillary permeability and causes fluid to be released in the area of a wound.

histamine

Select all that apply. If you were to create a list to summarize the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time, which of these items would you include?

homologous structures DNA molecules fossils

Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in

homologous structures.

During the inflammatory response, macrophages

identify and destroy bacteria or viruses in the vicinity of the wound.

Ultraviolet radiation

in the range of 240 to 280 nm is an effective germicide (antiseptic) for removing airborne viruses and those on surfaces.

Because it includes the body's external barriers and cellular and chemical mechanisms that add general protection against pathogens, immunity is also referred to as nonspecific immunity.

innate

General, nonspecific immune defense against pathogens is called

innate immunity

When using fertilized chicken eggs to produce flu vaccines, the virus replicates

inside the fertilized eggs while the incubate for a few days.

The genetic material of living things, DNA, or of a virus, which may be DNA or RNA, contains

instructions for specific traits.

Which of the cytokines typically associated with immune response signals nearby cells when a cell has been infected by a virus?

interferon

Which of the cytokines commonly involved in immune responses is a glycoprotein that helps to regulate the general immune response?

interleukin

The cells that identify and destroy pathogens during an inflammatory response are called

macrophages.

It is difficult to develop a universal flu vaccine in large part because the flu virus is able to very quickly.

mutate

most common form of diagnostic test

nasal swab

Which of these is an example of innate immune defense?

natural killer cells that destroy body cells infected with pathogens

In support of the idea that species change over time, Darwin proposed a four step process called

natural selection.

The process that drives evolution, and relies on variation in individuals, competition among individuals, differences in individual fitness, and adaptation to the environment, is called

natural selection.

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from____ , to _____ , successive evolutionary change becomes apparent.

oldest newest

Phagocytes, like macrophages, are examples of

one of the categories of innate immune defenses.

Adaptive immunity has the ability to target

pathogens moving freely in the blood or body fluids. infected body cells.

What is the function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

phagocytize bacteria

A new form of the flu could appear via antigenic in animal hosts like pigs and birds, or via antigenic caused when mutations alter the viral spikes.

shift, drift

While aboard the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin observed which of these as evidence for natural selection?

similarity in overall appearance in finches, but variation in beak shape and size

Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral envelope?

surrounds the viral capsid

What occurs because of the inflammatory response?

swelling at site of infection or injury redness at site of infection or injury

Select all that apply to complete this sentence. Fossils often form when the ______ of once-living organisms mineralize over time.

teeth bones shells

Which of these is an example of an innate immune defense?

the body's initial inflammatory response to injury

The genes of a virus contain

the instructions needed to manufacture its protein capsid and surface spikes (if it has spikes).

Prime candidate for the covid vaccine

the quality of s protein spike

Select all that apply. Select the examples of innate immune defenses

the removal of dead cells and pathogens via neutrophils during the inflammatory response hydrochloric acid in the stomach destroys bacteria and other pathogens bacteria on the surface of the skin inhibit bacterial growth the identification and destruction of pathogens via macrophages

A portal of entry is

the site through which micro-organisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection.

how are epithelial cells affected by influenza infection

their function is disrupted by proteins produced by the virus ; some die

Concern of antibodies and covid

there is some question as to whether the presence of antibodies provides resistance to future infections of SARS-CoV2

ACE-2

they regulate a peptide hormone named angiotensin

How do antiviral medicines target viruses?

they target the viral life cycle

•Extensive exocytosis of virus particles leads

to apoptosis (programmed cell death) of alveolar cells.

What is the role of clotting factors in the inflammatory response

to close off the wound

What is the role of clotting factors in the inflammatory response?

to close off the wound

In the case of severe infection, what is one of the roles of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

to release cytokines that recruit more immune cells

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils, which can show relationships between groups.

transitional

Fossils that provide some information about intermediate organisms between groups, like birds and reptiles, are called ______ fossils.

transitional

A vaccine that would treat multiple strains of the flu is currently in research and testing phases. This type of wide-acting vaccine is referred to as a(n) vaccine.

universal

RNA or mRNA vaccine - Pfizer, Moderna -

uses mRNA that codes for parts of the virus to trigger immune response.

The target cells of influenza virus, which are epithelial cells in the respiratory system, are identified by the virus because

viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane.

An obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate itself using the cellular machinery of a host cell is called a(n)

virus

How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?

~ 500 million

pulmonary state

- Upper airway and conducting airway response

diagnostic test

-antigen or rapid tests

Arrange the events during an inflammatory response

1. Fluid increases in the area of the injury 2.Macrophages destroy bacteria and viruses near the wound site 3. Neutrophils remove dead cells and pathogens and may release cytokines to recruit more immune cells 4. Clotting factors close off the wound, creating swelling and tendernesss

The trivalent influenza vaccine contains

3 different strains of influenza which are chosen specifically each year

The Spanish flu infected one-third of the world's population, killing between and million people.

30-50

Quadrivalent influenza vaccine contains

4 different influenza strains 3 found another injectable form of vaccine and the b / phucket virus

What is an antiviral medication?

A medication that treats viruses by targeting specific aspects of their life cycle.

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material.

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?..

A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material..

cytokine storm

A potentially fatal immune reaction caused by highly elevated levels of various cytokines. organ failure and low oxygen levels.

what is epithelium

A thin layer of epithelial cells that separate body tissues from the external environment

What is a universal flu vaccine?

A vaccine that provides immunity against all forms of the virus

What is a cytokine?

Chemicals released by cells that initiate a response by other cells

Proteins released by the white blood cells of the immune system during influence infection are called

Cytokines

Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction?

DNA to RNA to protein

COVID-19 tests fall into two general categories:

Diagnostic test and antibody tests

Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution?

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

Which of the following are structural components found in all viruses?

Genetic material and a capsid

Which of the following statements are true of acute inflammatory response?

It is the body's initial reaction to tissue damage. It increases blood flow to the site.

Select all that apply. If you were to explain the role of the immune system in protecting the body from pathogens, which of these would you include in your explanation?v

It produces antibodies. It destroys pathogens. It destroys infected cells.

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

Its release causes the capillaries to leak fluid that slows pathogen movement while also increasing blood flow.

the flu vaccine can cause some flu like symptoms

Nasal spray

Protein subunit -

Novavax - uses protein parts of the viral envelope or spikes to trigger an immune response.

the recombinant process of producing vaccines uses

Only a small portion of the virus

Non-replicating Viral Vector -

Oxford-AstraZeneca - uses safe, modified version of virus to deliver the genetic code for the antigen that triggers an immune response.

Which best defines perforins?

Perforin molecules insert into and puncture infected body cells.

Because individuals vary in their traits, compete for resources, and vary in their fitness, the final component of natural selection results. What is this final step?

Populations become adapted to their environment.

Thimersol

Preservative found in multi-dose vials of vaccines

Which of the following phases of COVID-19 produces the symptoms most commonly associated with the disease?

Pulmonary phase

Which of these molecules contain instructions for specific traits?

RNA DNA

Influenza is a(n) ______ virus surrounded by ______.

RNA; a capsid and an envelope

Egg proteins

Remnant from (some forms) of vaccine production

Which of the following proteins in a coronavirus allow it to identify specific house sells for infection? choose the best answer.

S protein

Which of these describes developments in fighting the influenza virus?

Scientists are looking at ways to get around the rapid evolution of the virus by targeting proteins that are slower to change.

When are strains of influenza chosen for vaccine production in the Southern hemisphere?

September prior to the start of flu season.

Whole virus vaccine -

Sinovac (China) - uses inactivated virus to trigger immune response to it.

In the quest to produce effective influenza vaccinations, what are the consequences of evolution in the virus?

Sometimes the vaccines are not effective because predictions about the path of the viral evolution don't hold up.

During the process of choosing strains for the annual influenza vaccine which of the following characteristics is most likely to qualify a strain to be included

Strain that has a high potential for causing global pandemic

Which of the following statements are correct concerning the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19?

The Virus -targets ACE-2 receptors on the surface of epithelial cells -most often enters the body through the respiratory tract

After viruses are harvested from the liquid portion of infected chicken cells

They are inactivated

Which of these can be attributed to the outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1918?

a new variant of the influenza virus

Select the description of the two treatment options being developed against the influenza virus.

a universal flu vaccine that targets core proteins instead of viral spikes antiviral medicines that target various stages of the life cycle of the virus

Which type of immunity is capable of identifying infected body cells as well as pathogens in the blood because it responds to the presence of specific antigens?

adaptive immunity

Which type of immunity is capable of remembering a past immune response?

adaptive immunity

A virus can be defined as

an obligate intracellular parasite.

Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures.

analogous

The field of _____ studies life.

biology

Another term used to describe the proteins that make up the viral capsule is protein.

core

The mineralized traces of formerly living species are called

fossils

Hypoxia

is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.

Angiotensin

is involved in controlling blood pressure and it regulates the amount of blood flowing into the arveoli

innate immunity matches

is nonspecific is the body's first response has four main categories

adaptive immunity matches

is specific targets antigens has two forms based on the location of antigens

Antiviral drugs

keep the virus from multiplying inside host cells by interfering with the viral life cycle.

The nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and small intestine are

lined with epithelial cells.

Complement proteins are

protective proteins that can tag pathogens so the immune system recognizes they need to be destroyed.

All viruses have genetic material and a

protein capsid.

Perforin is a(n)

protein that, once inserted into the target cell's membrane. forms channels through the membrane.

Cytotoxic T cells

recognize targets by their antigens, bind to and directly destroy them.

Pathogenicity

refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease (ie, harm the host) or the capacity of the virus to cause damage in a host.

What is a primary function of the epithelial cells

regulation; they separate the bodies tissues from the external environment

Indirect transmission is also a concern since the virus can

remain viable on surfaces such as plastic, for up to 3 days.

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful

reproduction.

One of the steps in the process of natural selection involves the individual's struggle to exist, which is based upon competition for available _________ like food and shelter.

resources

During the inflammatory response, clotting factors

seal off damaged capillaries.

Analogous structures

serve the same function but are not constructed similarly and do not share a common ancestry.

Symptom set if infected with Covid depends on

the concentration of ACE2 in various tissues

The genes of a living thing contain

the information needed to produce proteins and RNA.

Once transmitted,

viral S-proteins bind to host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (viral tropism).

the majority of people who contract COVID-19

will not need emergency care

Stage 1 - Asymptomatic state

•Incubation time (the time from exposure to development of symptoms)- median 4 to 5 days, range 2 to 14 days