Connect Chapter 11 Multiple Choice

People in which of the following age groups said they personally invested more time in work, friends, family, and independence, in that order? 70 to 84 years of age 35 to 54 years of age 55 to 65 years of age 25 to 34 years of age

25 to 34 years of age

According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)? 38 22 44 50

38

By what age do young children realize that others may lie or exaggerate to get what they want or to avoid trouble? 6 years 4 years 2 years 8 years

4 years

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others? 2-3 years 4-5 years 9-10 years 6-7 years

4-5 years

Which of the following is true in cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-image? Only adolescent boys have a positive self-image. The majority of adolescents have a positive self-image. Most adolescents over the age of 13 have a poor self-image. Only adolescent girls have a positive self-image.

The majority of adolescents have a positive self-image.

What happens during psychosocial moratorium? Adolescents become fully autonomous. Adolescents try out different identities. Adolescents confirm their identity status. Adolescents cease undergoing developmental changes.

Adolescents try out different identities.

Which theorist was the first to understand the importance of identity in adolescent development? Erikson Bandura Baltes Freud

Erikson

Which of the following is a criticism of Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life? The original Levinson data included no females. Levinson underestimated the importance of the midlife crisis. Levinson did not actually interview people but instead based his conclusions on personal observations. Interview participants were all in early adulthood.

The original Levinson data included no females.

How does time influence ethnic identity? After a certain period of time, most immigrants cut themselves off from their ethnic group. Indicators of identity differ for each succeeding generation of immigrants. Over time one forgets that one is a member of an ethnic group. The longer one is an immigrant, the more one relates to one's home culture.

Indicators of identity differ for each succeeding generation of immigrants.

During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex. less more

more

A cumulative personality model states that with time and age people become ______ at interacting with their environment in ways that promote ______ stability in personality. more adept; decreased more adept; increased less adept; increased less adept; decreased

more adept; increased

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are ______. more psychologically aware of themselves but not others more psychologically aware of others but not themselves less psychologically aware of themselves and others more psychologically aware of themselves and others

more psychologically aware of themselves and others

What is it called when an individual discusses past activities and experiences with another individual or group? reminiscence therapy life review reminiscence life review life review therapy

reminiscence therapy

For which generation of immigrants is ethnic identity likely to be linked to the retention of their ethnic language and social networks? third-generation first-generation fourth-generation second-generation

second-generation

Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics? humor self intellect mental toughness

self

Awareness of one's strengths and weaknesses is an element of ______. self-awareness self-regulation self-review self-esteem

self-awareness

Although older adults are aware of age-related losses, most still effectively maintain a sense of ______. multiple selves self-pity self-control self-sacrifice

self-control

Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's ______. self-control self-esteem self-externalization self-understanding

self-control

The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, except _____. intellectual orientation openness to new experiences self-control self-confidence

self-control

The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called ______. self-parody self-concept self-esteem self-awareness

self-esteem

During late adulthood, declining health and physical impairment are linked to declining: family relationships. self-esteem. religious commitment. self-understanding.

self-esteem.

Which of the following is not one of the highly studied aspects of the self? self-concept self-help self-understanding self-esteem

self-help

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing ______. self-regulation self-expression self-recognition self-understanding

self-recognition

Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating ______. self-understanding self-doubt self-regulation self-esteem

self-regulation

Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their ______. self-efficacy self-esteem self-value self-understanding

self-understanding

When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their ______. self-appreciation self-understanding assertiveness self-esteem

self-understanding

Many individuals who have achieved an identity go through additional crises and subsequent identity achievement in a process referred to as ______. "MAMA" cycles disorganized attachment identity confusion psychosocial moratorium

"MAMA" cycles

What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)? There was no association between self-esteem in adolescence and adults' adjustment and functioning at age 26. Adults who had higher levels of self-esteem during adolescence fared the worst in adulthood. Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.

Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.

Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory? Baltes Erikson Marcia Bandura

Baltes

The ______ study/studies found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife. Vaillant Baltimore Mills College Berkeley

Berkeley

______ is described as involving inhibiting impulses and not engaging in destructive behavior, focusing and maintaining attention, and initiating and completing tasks that have long-term value. Effortful control Systematic control Will power Determinism

Effortful control

Which of the following is true of correlational research? It can conclusively establish a relationship between variables. It is experimental in nature. It does not establish causation. It should not be used.

It does not establish causation.

Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life? Bandura Erikson Levinson Vaillant

Levinson

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-understanding and identity development? Identity development occurs despite self-understanding. Self-understanding and identity development are unrelated. Self-understanding underpins the development of identity. Identity development occurs before self-understanding.

Self-understanding underpins the development of identity.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem among students entering first grade? Some researchers have found that girls' self-esteem is significantly lower than that of boys. The self-esteem of girls and boys is basically equivalent. Some researchers have found no connection between self-esteem and age. Some researchers have found girls' self-esteem is significantly higher than that of boys.

The self-esteem of girls and boys is basically equivalent.

Which of the following is not a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach? The impact of life events depends on the sociohistorical context of the event. The stress of life events alone influences a person's development. Life events are mediated by things like physical health and family supports. The impact of life events on development depends on a person's ability to adapt and cope.

The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.

Which of the following is true about possible selves as individuals age? They become more idealistic. They stop changing. They are described in more realistic ways. There are more versions of possible selves.

They are described in more realistic ways.

Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience? Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies. The death will have a dramatically negative impact on Tony's development—because the contemporary view does not take into account mediating factors. The death will have a negative effect on Tony's development because it was his wife who died, and the death of a spouse supersedes all else. Tony will not recover from the loss of his wife.

Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.

______ theories state that personality consists of broad areas that produce characteristic responses, such as being outgoing or friendly. Humanistic Trait Psychoanalytic Cognitive

Trait

Which of the following is not a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child? contradictions within the self active description abstract and idealistic thinking self-consciousness

active description

One criticism of the stage theories view of midlife crisis is that they fail to ______. focus on the universals understand the psychological pain of midlife recognize the crisis of aging address individual variations

address individual variations

According to Erikson, at what point does identity become a key dimension in individuals' lives? young childhood late adulthood adolescence middle adulthood

adolescence

The stage-crisis view and the life-events approach focus on ______ development. adolescent childhood infant adult

adult

Various studies have found links between ethnic identity and all of the following, except ______. self-esteem positive relationships academic motivation aggression

aggression

According to Vaillant's study, which of the following best predicted who would be dead at 75 or 80 years of age? alcohol abuse lack of exercise divorce inadequate education

alcohol abuse

One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is ______. excessive self-regulation a decreased capacity for self-regulation an increased capacity for self-regulation a total lack of self-regulation

an increased capacity for self-regulation

According to Harter, individuals have the highest self-esteem when they ______. ignore the causes of self-esteem are competent in domains that are important to them focus on feeling good about themselves rely solely on themselves

are competent in domains that are important to them

Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is not a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood? being young versus being old being masculine versus being feminine being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands being destructive versus being constructive

being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands

When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, the adult is serving as a relational ______. catalyst service companion component

catalyst

One significant drawback of the life-events approach is that it places too much emphasis on ______. stability change everyday events continuity

change

According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age? remaining single and focused on themselves having a strong social network commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both successfully completing a midlife crisis at the age of 40

commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both

Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self. esteem portrait concept regulation

concept

Most of the research on self-esteem is ______. quantitative causal experimental correlational

correlational

On social media, most adolescents and emerging adults ______. provide an honest look into their everyday lives seek critical feedback create a positive self-portrait of themselves avoid exploration of their identity

create a positive self-portrait of themselves

As compared to Vaillant, Levinson views midlife as a ______. period of control decade for recording the truth about adolescence time for reassessment crisis

crisis

According to James Marcia, identity status is based on ______. commitment and moratorium crisis and commitment crisis and moratorium moratorium and exploration

crisis and commitment

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called ______. crisis, or exploration diffusion, or foreclosure commitment, or exploration moratorium, or achievement

crisis, or exploration

A ______ personality model states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality. correlational conventional collaborative cumulative

cumulative

Which of the following would be least effective in improving an individual's self-esteem? self-confidence peer approval denial achievement

denial

According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks? reaching stability in a career finding intimacy determining life goals creating a dream for one's life

determining life goals

In countries like the United States and Japan, which of the following provides more time for further self-reflection and self-understanding as individuals transition into adulthood? social media accepted therapy extended schooling high-paying jobs

extended schooling

Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will ______. be diagnosed with a personality disorder develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors achieve good grades in school successfully navigate the difficulties of childhood

develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors

The personal dimensions of life review may unfold in such a way that the pieces ______ the older adult. harm and confuse frighten and traumatize do or do not make sense to disorient

do or do not make sense to

According to research (Robins & others, 2002), self-esteem ______ in late adulthood. stayed the same dropped increased significantly increased slightly

dropped

Which of the following separates identity into two separate processes—a formation cycle and a maintenance cycle? identity consolidation model Marcia's statuses of identity identity versus identity confusion stage dual cycle identity model

dual cycle identity model

Identity achievement is more likely to occur in ______ than in ______. middle adulthood; adolescence late adulthood; emerging adulthood emerging adulthood; adolescence late adulthood; adolescence

emerging adulthood; adolescence

Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing ______ satisfaction. social intellectual financial emotional

emotional

Which action is not an important aspect of an adolescent's developing understanding of others? understanding multiple perspectives monitoring the social world engaging in egocentrism understanding that other people are complex

engaging in egocentrism

An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with attitudes and feelings related to that membership, is called ______. bicultural identity collectivism multiculturalism ethnic identity

ethnic identity

The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence. remains steady increases decreases ends

increases

According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last? six months five years a year two years

five years

Seventeen-year-old Kyra's parents think she should go into politics. Even though she has not explored other options, she is now planning on majoring in political science in college. Kyra is experiencing identity ______. foreclosure diffusion achievement moratorium

foreclosure

At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years? thirties forties twenties fifties

forties

Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of ______. hubris stagnation stability generativity

generativity

Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop ______. stagnation fight-or-flight generativity midlife crises

generativity

A person's identity is composed of all of the following except their ______. political views body image spiritual beliefs genetic profile

genetic profile

Self-esteem is most related to which of the following? behavioral conduct job success happiness academic performance

happiness

Over the years of adolescence, the cumulation of seemingly trivial decisions begin to form what the individual is all about as a human being, which is otherwise known as their ______. identity ego id psychology

identity

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of ______. self-esteem culture heredity identity

identity

According to Erikson, adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer ______. identity withdrawal identity confusion identity loss psychosocial moratorium

identity confusion

Which of the following refers to the process of refining and enhancing the identity choices that are made in emerging adulthood? identity diffusion self-esteem self-assertion identity consolidation

identity consolidation

Which of the following statuses describes an individual who has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis? identity achievement identity diffusion identity foreclosure identity moratorium

identity foreclosure

Which status would be more adaptive in East Asian countries than in North American countries? identity diffusion identity foreclosure identity confusion identity moratorium

identity foreclosure

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence? intimacy versus isolation industry versus inferiority identity versus identity confusion initiative versus guilt

identity versus identity confusion

On social media, adolescents and emerging adults tend to portray themselves ______. negatively in a positive light with pure honesty with complete deception

in a positive light

Which of the following best characterizes how people with a bicultural identity identify? with their ethnic group, not with the majority culture in some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture with the majority culture, not with their ethnic group with neither their ethnic group nor the majority culture

in some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture

In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts. employment integration realization perspective

integration

In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts. realization integration perspective employment

integration

Life review is akin to which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? initiative versus guilt intimacy versus isolation identity versus identity confusion integrity versus despair

integrity versus despair

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development ______. is a relatively short process happens neatly is usually cataclysmic is accomplished in bits and pieces

is accomplished in bits and pieces

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as ______. blond strong tall kind

kind

According to research, generativity in middle age is ______. mostly a fallacy linked to numerous positive outcomes not as important as Erikson posited only important for those with financial resources

linked to numerous positive outcomes

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development. are made once and for all cannot be delayed must be avoided must be made again and again

must be made again and again

Asking someone to tell their life story and to evaluate the extent to which their stories are meaningful and integrated is a description of the ______ approach. narrative survey discussion interview

narrative

The stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others describes ______ identity. narrative introductory personality personal

narrative

A positive sense of well-being is associated with all of the following factors of personality except ______. neuroticism openness conscientiousness extraversion

neuroticism

According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development. culminating novice crisis immature

novice

In selective optimization with compensation theory, the term selection refers to the concept that ______. older adults can gain greater emotional satisfaction by narrowing their social circle to close friends older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains older adults need to compensate in circumstances with high mental or physical demands it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and use of new technologies

older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains

Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term ______. acceptable openness optimism agreeable

optimism

Yolanda has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking. delusional happiness descriptive optimism

optimism

Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions. cautious pessimistic optimistic judgmental

optimistic

According to selective optimization with compensation theory, ______ makes it possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies. selection optimization maintenance compensation

optimization

Many older adults keep working on what they have planned until they are successful, persevere and keep trying until they reach their goals, and show patience until the right moment arrives. These are examples of ______. compensation strategies goal-attaining strategies optimization strategies selection strategies

optimization strategies

Darius tells his grandma that he knows all of his ABCs, but he does not in fact know them. This is an example of a young child's ______ of personal attributes. underestimation lack overestimation increased use

overestimation

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are ______. unfounded inappropriate spot on overstated

overstated

How is commitment defined by Marcia? moratorium from responsibility personal investment in identity period of exploring alternatives foreclosure of possibilities

personal investment in identity

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as ______. self context identity personality

personality

The research by Costa and McCrae assessed ______ in adulthood. identity stressors attachment personality

personality

What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person? perspective taking self-understanding mind reading role reversal

perspective taking

As compared to the other answers, global self-esteem is most strongly correlated with ______. physical appearance academic achievement social acceptance athletic competence

physical appearance

The increased capacity for self-regulation in adolescence is linked to developmental advances in what area of the brain? cerebellum occipital lobe hypothalamus prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

What defines identity achievement? absence of a crisis but presence of a commitment presence of both a crisis and a commitment presence of a crisis but absence of a commitment absence of both a crisis and a commitment

presence of both a crisis and a commitment

Higher levels of ethnic-racial identity have been associated with which of the following? protective factor in dealing with discrimination protective factor that increases vulnerability negative factor that decreases self-esteem negative factor in dealing with racial identity

protective factor in dealing with discrimination

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using ______. psychological traits real self versus ideal self social comparison an intellectual comparison

psychological traits

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using ______. real self versus ideal self an intellectual comparison psychological traits social comparison

psychological traits

According to Erikson, the gap between childhood security and adult responsibility is a period known as ______. selective optimization identity diffusion perspective taking psychosocial moratorium

psychosocial moratorium

As individuals move from adolescence to adulthood, they begin to engage in more self-______ about what they want to do with their lives. reflection doubt testing efficacy

reflection

In a 2002 cross-sectional study of self-esteem, self-esteem dropped significantly in the ______. fifties and sixties thirties and forties forties and fifties seventies and eighties

seventies and eighties

Criticism of the trait approach is that it puts too much emphasis on ______. change environment the situation stability

stability

Aleksandr, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of ______. foreclosure moratorium generativity stagnation

stagnation

Aleksandr, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of ______. stagnation moratorium generativity foreclosure

stagnation

Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood? biosocial determinants being in touch with one's identity egocentrism taking the perspective of others

taking the perspective of others

An important aspect in maintaining positive self-esteem and psychological well-being as one ages is ______. the creation of more possible selves than one had when young creating idealistic possible selves the ability to revise possible selves maintaining consistency in one's possible selves

the ability to revise possible selves

Ana Maria is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this ______. generativity the goal-formation period the dream congruence

the dream

According to trait theorists, traits are ______. the result of personality the foundation of personality tangentially related to personality seemingly unrelated to personality

the foundation of personality

Which of the following is associated with the increases in sensation seeking and risk taking in adolescence? the cerebellum the central nervous system the limbic system the prefrontal cortex

the limbic system

The concept that both traits and situations or context factors must be considered to understand personality is a description of the ______ interaction. contextual situational trait-situation traumatic

trait-situation

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves. verbally behaviorally physically cognitively

verbally

Which of the following is not a main group of women identified in Helson's Mills College Study? women who were family-oriented women without children who pursued only low-level work women who were career-oriented women who wanted to be single and raise a child

women who wanted to be single and raise a child