CONNECT: Chapter 18: Blood
Phototherapy and exchange transfusion together can be used to treat Acute lymphocytic leukemia Iron deficiency anemia Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) Polycythemia
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Monocyte count increases the most during
Inflammation and viral infections
How is fetal hemoglobin functionally different than adult hemoglobin?
It binds oxygen more effectively
Choose all of the following that platelets contain. Lysosomes Nucleus Mitochondria Granules
Lysosomes Mitochondria Granules
Which granulocyte is aggressively antibacterial, and has a band-shaped nucleus when young?
Neutrophil
Which ABO blood type is considered the universal donor?
O
Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?
Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient
the buffy coat is comprised of.
Platelets Leukocytes
True or false: Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes in that they retain their organelles throughout life.
T
True or false: Transfusion reactions occur when antibodies in the recipient's blood bind to the antigens on the donor's RBCs and agglutinate the donated blood.
T
Following the first pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus, the immune system of an an Rh- woman produces anti-D antibodies. During her next pregnancy the baby is at risk of developing Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), but only if which of the following is true?
The baby's blood is Rh+.
Choose all that are characteristic of monocytes. The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped. They are the smallest white blood cells, often smaller than RBC. They differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens. They are a type of granulocyte.
The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped. They differentiate into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens.
The term hematopoiesis refers to
The production of blood
What is agglutination?
The production of large antigen-antibody complexes
What is true about vitamin B12, copper and folic acid?
They are all required for erythropoiesis.
What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?
They are recycled by macrophages.
Which statements are true about neutrophils? They have multi lobed nuclei when mature. They are the most abundant leukocyte. They are agranulocytes. Their count only rises in response to parasitic infections.
They have multi lobed nuclei when mature. They are the most abundant leukocyte.
What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?
They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.
True or false: All the components of blood originate in the bone marrow.
f
True or false: There is no treatment or preventative treatments for the hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
f
Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?
fibrinogen
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as ______.
granulocytes
The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the
hematocrit
Which term refers to the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen?
heme
The rupture of red blood cells is called
hemolysis
Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.
iron
The fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases is called what?
plasma
The main components of blood are a fluid portion called _____ and formed elements that include the blood cells.
plasma
the components of blood
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ______.
platelets
What is erythropoiesis?
production of red blood cells
Basophils are the ______ of all formed elements.
rarest
The blood type AB is sometimes called the universal
recipient
Hemoglobin is a ______ pigment.
red
the most common ion found in the blood?
sodium
What is the role of erythropoietin?
stimulates RBC production
True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die. True false question.
t
True or false: Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by poor nutrition or blood loss.
t
Which protein transports iron in the blood?
transferrin
An individual with B antigens on their RBCs, but no A antigens, has which ABO blood type?
type B
Which blood type is the most common in the United States?
type O
The process of erythropoiesis normally takes how many days?
3-5
A single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecule(s) of oxygen?
4
One molecule of hemoglobin contains
4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
Which would be a normal hematocrit?
45%
components of blood with their relative percentage. Plasma Hematocrit Buffy coat
47-63% 37-52% 1% or less
What causes sickle cell disease?
A hereditary hemoglobin defect
Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes? A small cell with a large round nucleus A granulocyte with dark cytoplasmic granules Multi-lobed nucleus Biconcave cells
A small cell with a large round nucleus
Which blood type is the least common in the United States?
AB
Which term refers to the clumping of cells that occurs when an antibody binds to more than one antigen-bearing cell?
Agglutination
Which term refers to antibodies that bind proteins expressed on the surface of RBCs?
Agglutinin
What are agglutinins?
Antibodies that bind to RBC antigens
Choose all the nutrients that are necessary for erythropoiesis.
Copper Folic acid Vitamin C
Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?
Eosinophil
Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?
Erythrocytes
Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate
Erythropoiesis
Hemoglobin HbF
Fetal hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly.
Why can a transfusion reaction be fatal?
Free hemoglobin can block the kidney tubules and cause death from acute renal failure.
Antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins?
Gamma globulins
describe normal erythrocytes.
Have a biconcave shape Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen
Choose all the ways that plasma components are continuously replaced in the body. *Gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells. *Pluripotent cells secrete all components of plasma *Water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract. *Most plasma proteins are produced by the liver
-Gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells. -Water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract. -Most plasma proteins are produced by the liver.
Hemoglobin HbA2v
About 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two delta globin chains.
How can hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can be prevented?
Administer anti-D antibodies after each delivery
In addition to water, choose all the blood plasma consists of.
Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen Electrolytes and nutrients
A person tells you that she has A+ blood. Which antigens are expressed on the surface of her RBCs?
Antigen A Antigen D
A person is considered Rh-positive (Rh+) if he has which antigen?
Antigen D
Histamine is secreted by basophils. What is the physiological role of histamine?
Dilates blood vessels
Anemia may occur in the elderly due to kidney atrophy, leading to decreased solution of which of the following?
Erythropoietin
Which can cause anemia? Increased hemolysis Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis Increased erythropoiesis Hemorrhage
Increased hemolysis Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis Hemorrhage
Anemia may occur in the elderly due to gastric atrophy, which decreases secretion of which of the following?
Intrinsic factor
Which type of anemia is usually caused by blood loss coupled with nutrition deficits?
Iron-deficiency anemia
What are the formed elements of the blood?
Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased RBC destruction are all common causes of the erythrocyte disorder called ____ (one word)
anemia
By volume, which forms the highest percentage of blood?
plasma
Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?
urea
Why does erythropoiesis decrease with age?
Gastric atrophy may occur, reducing intrinsic factor secretion. Elderly people tend to get less exercise and eat less well. The kidneys atrophy and produce less EPO.
Which term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?
Hematopoiesis
Iron is a crucial component
Hemoglobin Myoglobin Cytochromes
What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Maternal anti-D destroys fetal erythrocytes
Which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages?
Monocytes
Urea is an example of
Nitrogenous waste
Choose all that are transported in plasma. Nitrogenous wastes Nutrients Dissolved gases Bile
Nitrogenous wastes Nutrients Dissolved gases
Heparin is secreted by basophils. How does heparin help defend the body against infection?
Prevents clotting so immune cells can continue to reach the injury
Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes? About one million red blood cells are formed per second. An erythrocyte lives for an average of 120 days. About 20 mL of packed RBCs are produced per day. Production of red blood cells takes about one month.
Production of red blood cells takes about one month.
Choose all that are functions of platelets. Present phagocytized antigens on their membranes Release vasoconstrictors Release factors that attract WBCs Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots
Release vasoconstrictors Release factors that attract WBCs Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots
Where are mature leukocytes usually found?
Residing in the connective tissues
Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes? Lobed nucleus with blue/black granules U-shaped nucleus with light blue granules Dark blue nucleus with reddish brown granules Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm
Round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm
Hemoglobin HbA
The most common type in the adult; contains two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains
How does the body use iron?
The muscles use Fe2+ to make the myoglobin. The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis. Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria.
Which statements are true about neutrophils? They are the most abundant leukocyte. Their count only rises in response to parasitic infections. They have multi lobed nuclei when mature. They are agranulocytes.
They are the most abundant leukocyte. They have multi lobed nuclei when mature.
What is the function of an antibody?
To bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction
Steps of Iron Metabolism in order
a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested. the stomach acid converts Fe3+ and Fe2+ Fe2+ binds to gastroferrin. Gastroferrin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption.
Which is the most abundant plasma protein? Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
albumin
Carbohydrates, proteins, and water (as well as some other nutrients) are transported from the digestive system to the body's cells in which of the following fluids?
blood plasma
Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine (Antigens expressed on the RBC plasma membrane)
blood type
A blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein?
fibrin
An eosinophil is a type of ______.
granulocyte
The protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH is ______.
hemoglobin
Erythropoietin is secreted by the ______.
kidneys
The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes