connect chapter 7

at which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? - 18 months old - 10 years old - 18 years old - 50 years old - 25 years old

50 years old

each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. which would not be life threatening? - inability to maintain the resting membrane potential - declining neuronal communication - decreased blood clotting ability - a deficit of appositional bone growth - irregular heart rate

a deficit of appositional bone growth

which of the following would directly affect osseous tissue? - a vitamin c deficiency - the overproduction of white blood cells, as in leukemia - the malformation of dense regular connective tissue - the erosion of articulated cartilage - a disorder affecting fibroblasts

a vitamin c deficiency

contained within the spongy sections of bones, red bone marrow is responsible for _____ _________

blood formation

parathyroid hormone increases the renal conversion of _______ __ _______, which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood

calcidiol to calcitriol

osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone ____________

calcitonin

the hormone _________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone

calcitriol

which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones? - potassium - calcium - sodium - phosphorus - magnesium

calcium

osseous tissue matrix is composed of ..... - adipose - calcium phosphate - blood - cartilage - hyaluronic acid

calcium phosphate

mineralization is a process that extracts ______ and ______ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone... - calcium; collagen - phosphate; collagen - calcium; sodium - phosphate; sodium - calcium; phosphate

calcium; phosphate

osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of ___________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle - phosphorus - collagen - calcium - sodium - potassium

collagen

a _______ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces - comminuted - greenstick - displaced - non displaced - compound

comminuted

which bone? also called dense bone

compact

which bone? found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses

compact

which bone? made up of osteons

compact

which bone? visible, obvious, central canals

compact

does calcitonin increase or decrease blood calcium?

decrease

does increased use of sunblock increase or decrease blood calcium?

decrease

does living at a northern latitude increase or decrease blood calcium?

decrease

does osteoblastic activity increase or decrease blood calcium?

decrease

when levels of blood calcium ________, parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid

decrease

vitamin d stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ______ system

digestive

minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain __________ __________ throughout the body

electrolyte balance

the internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the ___________ ______

epiphyseal line

the _______ _______ is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side

epiphyseal plate

what type of bones are the scapula, sternum, and cranium?

flat bones

as a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the small intestine (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone works to _______ blood calcium levels

increase

does calcitriol increase or decrease blood calcium?

increase

does increased bone resorption increase or decrease blood calcium?

increase

does increased urinary excretion of phosphate increase or decrease blood calcium?

increase

does inhibition of osteoblasts increase or decrease blood calcium?

increase

does osteoclastic activity increase or decrease blood calcium?

increase

does parathyroid hormone increase or decrease blood calcium?

increase

which component? resists compressive forces (pushing) provides hardness hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate

inorganic

elongation of bones is accomplished via ________ growth

interstitial

what type of bones are the sphenoid bone and vertebra?

irregular bones

growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the _______ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood

length

the __________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers

movement

which component? provides flexibility resists tensile (pulling) forces collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins

organic

involves excessive proliferation of osteoclasts, leading to rapid, disorderly, bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones

osteitis deformans (Paget's disease)

during the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by _______- - osteoclasts - osteoblasts - osteocytes - fibroblasts - chondrocytes

osteoblasts

inhibition of ________ by parathyroid hormone occurs as a result of a decreased production of organic matrix

osteoblasts

which bone cell? abundant in mitochondria

osteoblasts

which bone cell? bone building cells

osteoblasts

which bone cell? overactivity results in increased bone density

osteoblasts

parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ___________ and greater rates of bone resorption

osteoclasts

which bone cell? bone resorbing cells

osteoclasts

which bone cell? have a ruffled border

osteoclasts

which bone cell? massive, mu.tinucleate cells

osteoclasts

the ________ contain hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called _________ - osteoclasts; mineral deposition - osteoblasts; mineral resorption - osteoclasts; mineral resorption - osteoblasts; mineral deposition - osteoprogenitor cells; ossification

osteoclasts; mineral resorption

which bone cell? bone cells encased in matrix

osteocytes

which bone cell? trapped in lacunae

osteocytes

defect of collagen deposition that renders. the bones exceptionally brittle

osteogenesis imperfecta

which bone cell? differentiate into osteoblasts

osteogenic cells

which bone cell? stem cells

osteogenic cells

inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection

osteomyelitis

most common bone disease, results in a severe bone-density loss

osteoporosis

the most common and deadly form of bone cancer

osteosarcoma

when blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete _________ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity

parathyroid

the skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide _________ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing then in hardened, shell-like or caged structures

protection

in an adult, which of the following is a bone that does not contain red bone marrow? - radius - rib - sternum - vertebra - skull

radius

a(n) ______ would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system... - fracture involving the growth plate - erosion of the articular cartilage - tear of the anterior cruciate ligament - ruptured calcaneal (achilles) tendon - tear of a meniscus

raptured calcaneal (achilles) tendon

at the level of the kidney, parathyroid hormone will decrease the amount of calcium excreted by the increasing __________ from the kidney tubules

reabsorption

what type of bones are the capitate and talus bones?

short bones

which bone? arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered

spongy

which bone? composed of trabeculae

spongy

which bone? convey strength with lightweight

spongy

which bone? found in greater proportions in bone epiphyses

spongy

which bone? found in greater proportions in flat bones

spongy

which bone? gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow

spongy

the bones of the skeletal system provide structure to the body and serve as a ______ to hold ip the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs

support

which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity? - walking - running - swimming - jumping rope - pedaling a bike

swimming

which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system? - tendons - ligaments - cartilage - flat bones - long bones

tendons

greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because ________ - their bones contain a higher proportion of collagen - their bones contain a higher proportion of calcium - their bones contain a higher proportion of phosphate - their bones are shorter - their bones contain larger quantities of elastin

their bones contain a higher proportion of collagen

in an adult, a compound fracture of the _______ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream - sternum - skull - ribs - tibia - carpals

tibia

trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in ______ - bone marrow - children only - adults only - trabecular bone - compact bone

trabecular bone

the most active form of ________ ____ is called calcitriol

vitamin d

the skeletal system hooks maintain acid-base balance by ... - absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts - absorbing carbonic acid and releasing carbon dioxide - strong calcium and adipose in red bone marrow - removing carbon dioxide from red blood cells -storing carbonic acid and absorbing carbon dioxide

absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

the storage or release of buffering compounds works to aid the body in _____ _____ balance

acid-base

bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow ________ - at different rates - at the same rate - until age 18, then they stop - stronger after age 30 - by intramembranous ossification

at different rates

to help regulate body calcu=ium levels, bone has two reserves, the disadvantages of the stable reserve is that it .... - cannot be stored in large quantities - is easily exchanged with the blood - cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid - will compromise bone growth if it is used - is linked to toxic proteins

cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid

_______ is/are found in compact bone but not spongy bone - endosteum - osteocytes - osteoclasts - central canals - lamellae

central canals

when the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates ______, and the bone can get no longer

close

if the _______ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.... - phosphate - calcium - collagen - carbonate - cartilage

collagen