Connect Respiratory Questions

decrease, pressure gradient

If the volume change in the thoracic cavity increases it will cause a(n) ____________ in intrapulmonary pressure. Airflow into the lungs occurs because a ____________ is established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure.

inspiratory reserve volume

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the

oxygenated

Consequently, blood exiting the lungs via the pulmonary veins is slightly less _________ than the blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries.

carbon dioxide

Conversely, __________ gas diffuses from the blood in the capillary through the respiratory membrane.

5.25

If tidal volume is 500 mL, anatomic dead space is 125 mL, and respiration rate is 14 breaths per minute, alveolar ventilation would be _______ L/min.

decreased, increased

In general, ______ P(O₂), _____ P(CO₂), and production of H⁺, will cause greater stimulation of the respiratory center.

decreased, thicker, narrowing, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Individuals with emphysema, lung cancer, or tuberculosis, or that have survived surgical removal of a lung, have decreased numbers of alveoli and therefore ____________ surface area for gas exchange. Individuals with pneumonia or those with congestive heart failure of the left side of the heart are at risk for fluid buildup, resulting in a ____________ respiratory membrane. Finally, individuals with ____________ of air passageways from bronchitis or asthma, or those with obstructed blood flow from a pulmonary embolism, may experience impaired ventilation-perfusion coupling due to decreased ventilation of ____________ , or decreased blood flow into the ____________ . These disease conditions result in a decrease in blood P(O₂) as less ____________ enters the blood and an increase in blood P(CO₂) as more ____________ remains in the blood.

arteries

Pulmonary ________ carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries within the lungs.

oxygen

The gas that diffuses from the alveolus, across the respiratory membrane, and into the pulmonary capillary is ________.

Increases oxyhemoglobin levels

increased PO2

Decreases oxyhemoglobin levels

increased temperature

veins

Bronchial _____ collect blood from capillary beds that supply structures in the bronchial tree.

False

Hemoglobin is able to transport carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions at the same time without affecting each other.

deoxygenated

Some of this ______ blood drains into the pulmonary veins.

true

A healthy person should be able to expel 75-85% of the vital capacity in 1 second.

elasticity, sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine

A decrease in ______ of the chest wall and lungs results in an increase in resistance. Resistance is decreased with stimulation by the __________ and the subsequent release of ________ from the adrenal medulla.

Resistence

All the factors that make it more difficult to move air from the atmosphere through the respiratory passageway into the alveoli is

lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli

At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries the P(O2) is

CSF, Blood

Central chemoreceptors monitor __ and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor ___.

Increases oxyhemoglobin levels

Decreased PCO2

decreases 45 to 40

During alveolar gas exchange, blood P(CO2)

true

During exercise, both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production increase in response to elevated rates of cellular respiration but blood P(O2) and P(CO2) levels remain relatively the same.

decrease 95 to 40

During systemic gas exchange blood P(O2)

4

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind a maximum of _______ oxygen molecules.

pulmonary, terminal bronchioles, increase, decrease, expire, smoking

Emphysema is an irreversible loss of _________ gas exchange areas due to inflammation of the __________ and alveoli, in conjunction with widespread destruction of pulmonary elastic connective tissue. These combined events lead to a(an) __________ in the diameter of individual alveoli and merging of individual alveoli with others. The result is a(an) ________ in the total number of alveoli, and the subsequent loss of gas exchange surface area. A person with advanced emphysema is unable to ______ effectively and oxygen-poor air builds up within the abnormally large alveoli. Most cases of emphysema result from damage caused by ______.

Functional Residual capacity

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume = _______ Capacity.

alveoli, conducting zone, anatomic dead space, 150, physiologic dead space, equivalent to

Only the air reaching the ____ is available for gas exchange. When air is moved from the atmosphere into the respiratory tract, a portion of it remains in the ______. This collective space, where there is no exchange of respiratory gases, is referred to as the ___________, and it has an average volume of approximately ______ mL. The normal anatomic dead space plus any loss of alveoli is the __________. The usual loss of alveoli is minimal in a healthy individual, so the anatomic dead space is ________- the physiologic dead space.

bronchial

The ________ circulation is a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.

45, 40, down

Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is diffusing in the opposite direction. The P(CO₂) in tissue cells is ___ mm Hg, and the blood entering the systemic capillaries is __ mm Hg. Carbon dioxide diffuses ___ its partial pressure gradient from the cells into the blood until blood P(CO₂) is 45 mm Hg.

40, 95, out of, down

The P(O₂) in the tissue cells is __ mm Hg. The blood as it enters the surrounding systemic capillaries has a P(O₂) of ___ mm Hg. Therefore, oxygen diffuses ___ the systemic capillaries ___ its partial pressure gradient into the cells.

pulmonary

The ____________ circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.

residual volume

The ____________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

left atrium

The deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries is reoxygenated here before it returns to the ____.

forced expiratory volume

The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the

CO2

The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is

H+

The peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors because they are stimulated by changes in ____ produced independently of P(CO₂).

capillary

The respiratory membrane consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a(n) _______ endothelium and its basement membrane.

small

The solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide is 0.57. Due to both this value and the ____________ partial pressure gradient for CO₂, approximately ____________ of carbon dioxide is transported to the alveoli ____________ within the plasma of blood. Hemoglobin is capable of transporting about ____________ of the CO₂ ____________ compound. The remaining ____________ of the CO₂ diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water to form bicarbonate and H⁺. Thus, the largest percentage is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs in plasma ____________ .

Vital capacity

The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ____________ .

expiratory reserve volume

The vital capacity minus the ____________ equals the inspiratory capacity.

tidal volume

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ____________ .

spirometer

The volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a _______.

tissue

This gas is then transported by the blood to ____ cells.

alveoli

This gas then enters the ______ and is eventually expired into the external environment.

Increase respiration

a decrease in pH of the CSF

Decrease respiration

activation of irritant receptors in the airway

Decreases oxyhemoglobin levels

decreased ph

Decreases oxyhemoglobin levels

heavy exercise

increase respiration

stimulation of pain receptors

increase respiration

stimulation of propriorecptors in skeletal muscles

Decrease respiration

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

increase respiration

stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group