Connective Tissue 514-2

Which feature of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attracts Na+ and holds water which helps regulate water and electrolyte balance in connective tissues?

A Net Negative Charge

Which are the cells used to store triglycerides?

Adipocytes (fat cells)( specialized CT)

Fibronectin, chondronectin, osteonectin are glycoproteins made by ?

Cells of connective tissue

________ are derived from the perichondrium and produce extracellular matrix. Once they are surrounded by matrix, they are called ______.

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes

Which Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is found on cartilage, bone, skin and aorta?

Chondroitin Sulfate

These structures are tough, flexible fibers are abundant in tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin, teeth, periodontal ligament, etc.

Collagen Fibers

There are two types of bone, name them.

Compact bone and spongy bone

Densely woven collagen fibers with little open space and few cells. Withstands stresses applied in different directions. Examples include the dermis of the skin and capsules around organ.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Is a strong, resilient tissue found in tendons and ligaments, it's fibers are predominantly composed of type I collagen. Fibroblasts become surrounded by the coarse, densely-packed, parallel collagen fibers they produce.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Since cartilage matrix is avascular chondrocytes rely on ______from the ______to deliver nutrients and remove wastes.

Diffusion, perichondrium

Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of repeating?

Disaccharides

Some function of the connective tissue include: A-Covers and surrounds articular surfaces B-Stores nutrients C-Serves as thermal insulator D-Absorbs shock E- All of the above

E- All of the above

Some of the functions of the connective tissue include: A-Connects body regions to each other B-Divides body regions into compartments C-Provides support, leverage and physical an inmmune protection D-Stores nutrients E- All of the above

E- All of the above

People with this syndrome usually have hyperelasticity of the skin. The unusually elastic skin can be stretched much further than normal skin because of defective collagen synthesis and insufficient collagen fibers to limit stretch. This condition also causes skin to be easily bruised, heal poorly, and joints are unusually flexible (hyperflexible, hypermobile).

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Provides flexible, resilient, support. Found in core of external ear and epiglottis.

Elastic Cartilage

Also called yellow fibers straight, thin, fibers made of the protein elastin stretch 150% resting length and recoil like a rubber band.

Elastic Fibers

What gives skin, lungs and arteries the ability to stretch and recoil?

Elastic Fibers

Composed of the protein elastin which is produced by fibroblasts. Abundant in the dermis, arterial walls, external ear, epiglottis, lungs.

Elastic Tissue/Elastic fibers

Give some tissues like skin and the external ear great resiliency, can stretch to 150% of their resting length without breaking.

Elastic Tissue/Elastic fibers

The natural color is yellow. Special stains containing solutions of metals like silver are needed to visualize them histologically.

Elastic Tissue/Elastic fibers

Thee are different types of connective tissue. Name them ?

Embryonic CT, connective tissue proper, specialized CT and supporting CT

Are the most abundant connective tissue (CT) cell and they produce fibers and ground substance. They are spindle-shaped cells (thick in the middle and tapered at the ends).

Fibroblasts (sometimes called fibrocytes)

Most types of cartilage are generally avascular. In which cartilage can we find some small vessels ?

Fibrocartilage

By which structure are the triple helices of procollagen packaged into vesicles and then released by exocytosis?

Golgi

Is a gelatinous or rubbery material found in between cells in connective tissues.

Ground substance

Which Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is found on the lungs, liver, basal lamina, and aorta ?

Heparin Sulfate

Which Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are found in the aorta ?

Heparin sulfate, dermatin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate

Is the template for endochondral bone formation ?

Hyaline cartilage

This structure is found on Embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilages, respiratory cartilages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi).

Hyaline cartilage

There are three types of elastic cartilages name them.

Hyaline cartilage, eleastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

Gel-like molecules that's resist compression are called?

Hydrated

Mast cells participate in inflammation when they respond to _____________by releasing granules of histamine heparin and chemicals that attract monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils from the blood to the site of mast cell activation.

IgE-bound allergens

Laminin, fibronectin, chondronectin, osteonectin, entactin and tenascin are?

Important glycoproteins

Many cells have___________, transmembrane proteins, with receptor sites for one or more glycoproteins. The glycoproteins also bind to collagen, thus facilitating cell adherence to the extracellular matrix.

Integrins

Which glycoprotein(s) is/are derived from epithelial cells.

Laminin and entactin

Contains nerves and blood vessels, underlies epithelia and forms the mesenteries of the digestive tract.

Loose (Areolar) Connective tissue

Formed by scattered cells such as fibroblast, macrophages and mast cells, with a loose arrangement of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in a semifluid ground substance.

Loose (Areolar) Connective tissue

This tissue contain many blood vessels, relatively abundant fusiform cells and has a semi-fluid ground substance with thin reticular fibers.

Mesenchymal Connective tissue( Embryonic connective tissue )

Glucosamine, galactose, and galactosamine are ?

Monosaccharides of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

_________________as in Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord, contain a loose network of irregularly arranged collagen fibers produced by mesenchymal cells that are differentiating into fibroblasts.

Mucous connective tissues (embryonic connective tissue),

In a climate chamber, the subjects rested in a supine position under thermoneutral conditions (22°C) for 1 hour and were then exposed to mild cold (16°C) for 2 hours. After 1 hour of exposure to cold, the PET tracer was administered intravenously, and scanning was performed after the second hour of exposure to cold. Brown-adipose-tissue activity was observed. In which subjects you think the activity of brown- adipose- tissue will be lower, obese subjects or lean subjects ?

Obese subject will be lower

Hyaline cartilage is covered by a fibrous capsule called ?

Perichondrium

Which fibrous vascular membrane surrounds cartilage ?

Perichondrium

Which are the non-formed element(s) of Hematopoietic Connective Tissue (Blood)?

Plasma

Are extracellular protein complexes of glycosaminoglycans.

Proteoglycans

Fibers only stain well with soluble metals like silver.

Reticular Tissue

Loose network of thin, branching reticular fibers composed of type III collagen and cells.

Reticular Tissue

Supports cells in vascular organs like the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow.

Reticular Tissue

These fibers are located in distensible or spongy tissues such as walls of blood vessels, skin, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

Reticular fibers

These fibers are thin, branched type III collagen fibers which form an interconnected network with glycoprotein fiber and stain darkly with silver.

Reticular fibers

A deficiency of vitamin C may lead to a condition called __________, characterized by weakness, anemia, bruising, bleeding gums and loose teeth.

Scurvy

Dermatin sulfate in found in which structures of the body?

Skin, tendon, and aorta

Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate) is found in ?

Synovial fluid, vitreous humor, cartilage.

Which glycoprotein(s) is/are derived from Gial cells?

Tenascin

Most abundant collagen of the human body. Found throughout the body and is especially abundant in dermis, bone, organ capsules, fibrocartilage, dentin, cementum, tendons, ligaments and scar tissue. It is the organic part of bone, dentin and cementum.

Type I collagen

The matrix protein fibers of hyaline cartilage is composed of ?

Type II collagen

Thin fibers found in hyaline and elastic cartilage.

Type II collagen

Which are the matrix protein fibers covered by perichondrium in elastic cartilage ?

Type II collagen and elastic fibers

The collagen that reticular fibers are made of. Located in distensible or spongy connective tissue (blood vessels, skin, lymph nodes, spleen, liver). Stain darkly with silver.

Type III collagen

Collagen of the basal lamina of epithelia and endothelia. Does not form visible fibers.

Type IV collagen

Associated with type II collagen in hyaline cartilage.

Type IX collagen

Located in most interstitial tissue, associated with type I collagen.

Type VI collagen

Forms anchoring fibrils of the basal lamina.

Type VII collagen

This type of collagen is abundant in Descement's membrane of the cornea.

Type VIII collagen

Found in hypertrophic and mineralizing cartilage.

Type X collagen

________ is found in the hypodermis and surrounding various organs. It is used for energy storage, thermal insulation and for cushioning other tissues.

Unilocular adipose

Type _____ collagen is abundant in the placenta.

V

Mast cells release granules of histamine which are_________ and heparin that are _______.

Vasodilator, anticoagulant

Which enzymes modify the alpha chains which then assemble into a triple helix molecule of pre-collagen?

Vitamin C dependent enzymes

Specialized CT includes:

adipose CT, unlocular (yellow or white) CT, Multilocular (brown) CT and hematopoietic CT

Proteoglycans have numerous charged domains that ?

attract cations like Na+ which attracts and holds water

Hematopoietic cells are a type of specialized CT, they differentiate into ______. Macrophages are phagocytotic white blood cells derived from ______ that migrate from blood into connective tissues.

blood cells, monocytes

The binding of glycoproteins to collagen facilitates ?

cell adherence to the extracellular matrix

When embedded in plasma membrane proteoglycans create a strong bond between ?

cells or with extracellular macromolecules

Chondroblasts are immature cells which will develop into ______ as they produce______.

chondrocytes(mature cells), cartilage

Name the protein fibers of the extracellular matrix .

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

Mesenchyme and mucous are part of which type of connective tissue ?

embryonic connective tissue

All connective tissue cells are derived from__________cells .

embryonic mesenchymal

Which are the formed elements of Hematopoietic Connective Tissue (Blood)?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Hematopoietic connective tissue (blood) is composed of the formed elements and non-formed element:

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and non-formed element plasma.

Protein fibers, ground substance and extra cellar tissue fluid (mostly water, similar to blood plasma) compose the __________ of connective tissue.

extracellular matrix

Ground substance consists of 3 classes of large molecules. Which are these?

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, glycoproteins

In connective tissue the volume of the extracellular matrix is _______ than the volume of the cell.

greater

Mast cells contain granules of enzymes and inflammatory chemicals including _____, ______ and ______ for white blood cells.

histamine, heparin and attractants

Supporting CT incudes:

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage and bone

Connective Tissue Proper includes:

loose (areolar) CT, dense regular, dense irregular CT, reticular ct and elastic CT.

The cells of brown adipose tissue are called _________.

multilocular adipocytes

Osteoblasts are immature cells which will develop into ______ as they produce _____.

osteocytes(mature cells),bone

Gycoproteins mark pathways for cell migration specially during development they are protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind to :

plasma membrane integrins or extracellular collagen or proteoglycans

What is one the reason why injured cartilage heals slowly if at all ?

poor nutrient supply since it is avascular

Extracellular enzymes called ____________ ___________remove the non-helical end strands and the remaining _________triple helixes self-assemble into long, banded collagen fibrils.

procollagen peptidase, Tropocollagen,

____________ are the extracellular enzymes remove the non-helical end strands and the remaining tropocollagen triple helixes self-assemble into long, banded ________.

procollagen peptidase, collagen fibrils

By which extracellular enzyme are non-helical end strands removed?

procollagen peptides

Proteoglycans are ______complexes with a core protein attached to multiple glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains.

protein-polysaccharide

The production of pre-collagen alpha chains in the _____begins the production of ________ which will lead to the formation of collagen fibers.

rough ER ,fibroblasts

Mast cells are derived from ________in bone marrow and migrate into connective tissues and the lamina propria of mucosae.

stem cells

Multilocular adipose is thermogenic, cells have many mitochondria and many small droplets of fat. Multilocular adipocytes produce heat by breaking down_______. Heat is transferred to the blood through abundant capillaries. Multilocular adipose is abundant in human babies and in other animals like bears that hibernate in winter.

stored fat

Cartilages and bone are ?

supporting connective tissue.

Ligaments throughout the body, including the periodontal ligament, have abundant collagen fibers and are severely affected by___________________.

vitamin C deficiency

Uniolocular adipocytes are the primary cell type in ________.

white fat (also called yellow fat).