corrections exam answers 1-3

(2m) over __________ dollars in fines is collected annually in the united states

1 billion

(3m) men between which ages are more prone to violence?

16-24

(1m) the medical model of corrections began to be implemented during the

1930s

(1m) counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?

2.3 million

(2m) who was the first person to provide supervised release for defendants under the authority of the Boston Police Court in 1841?

John Augustus

(1m) _______________ has been credited with creating the mark system of graduated confinement in england, which called for an inmate to obtain marks toward early release

alexander maconochie

(1m) the invention of the penitentiary occurred due in large part because of:

all of these: the influence of the enlightenment, a response to negative social conditions, the growth of the surplus labor due to industrial revolution

(2m) in classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on:

all of these: their need for treatment, risk, security issues they pose to the prison

(3m) most inmate rule violations are handled by

an institutional disciplinary committee

(2m) __________ is a drug that inhibits drinking

antabuse

(2m) a convicted sex offender would commonly fall under which of the following subclasses?

any of these: rapist, prostitute, child molester

(3m) racist _______ have become part of the inmate code and are sometimes forced upon inmates merely by association

attitudes

(1m) the "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the

auburn penitentiary

(2m) which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement

both of these: improvement of institutional living conditions and administrative practices, review by correctional officials of many of their procedures and organizational structures

(2m) the concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal to:

both save money and reduce reliance on prisons

(3m) the prison design most often used for female and juvenile inmates is:

campus style

(3m) almost 60% of america's jails _______________ prisoners for at least some of the medical care they receive

charge

(2m) money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has:

civil liability

(3m) a form of power that stresses the application or threat of physical force is known as

coercive power

(3m) the way someone behaves in accordance with an order or directive given by another person is

compliance

(2m) which case allowed inmate to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property, and the denial of basic rights?

cooper v. pate

(2m) in instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various ______ rights

due process

(3m) the cost of maintaining a(n) _____ inmate is much higher than costs associated with other incarcerated populations

elderly

(1m) during the colonial period most americans lived under laws and practices transferred from ___________ and adapted to local conditions

england

(3m) the relationship between staff and prisoners which focuses on material goods and written correspondence is one of

exchange

(1) all punishments inflicted upon offenders are visible

false

(1) banishment can best be described as punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips and other devices that cause physical pain and scarring

false

(1) convict labor for profit became an essential part of the pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1800s

false

(1) corrections has one clear primary goal: rehabilitation

false

(1) in england in the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed as a way for the king to collect additional resources from the citizens

false

(1) retribution is a goal of punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act

false

(1) the concept of parole originated in the united states

false

(1) the rate of incarceration in the U.S. is one of the lowest in the world

false

(1) the united states employs a national standard approach to sentencing

false

(2tf) PSIs disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender's actions

false

(2tf) a person who has been convicted of three or more offenses is now considered to be a situational offender

false

(2tf) a small percentage of offenders receive a community sentences such as a fine or probation

false

(2tf) all inmate lawsuits are considered frivolous and not allowed in appeals court

false

(2tf) constitutions are written in more specific terms than statutes

false

(2tf) generally, mentally ill persons represent a greater risk of committing violent crimes than the population as a whole

false

(2tf) in this country, probation begam with the innovative work of Jeremy Bentham, an english boot-maker, who was the first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the London Police Court in 1841.

false

(2tf) individual states do not have their own constitutions

false

(3tf) all state prisons test new inmates for HIV

false

(3tf) at present, most u.s. jails are in good financial and physical shape; in fact, many offer better treatment and programs that most u.s. prisons

false

(3tf) most jails in the u.s. have viable rehabilitative programs, and many have professionally trained personnel to deal with the mental health needs of offenders

false

(3tf) since prisons are highly secure institutions, rarely does any type of violence take place

false

(3tf) the federal bureau of prisons is housed within the department of homeland security

false

(3tf) the largest percentage of state-level confinement facilities are located in the northeast region of the united states

false

(3tf) the civil rights movement had no effect on prisoners

falsee

(2m) which amendment addresses prisoner rights as they pertain to religious practices

first

(3m) because inmates are not allowed to carry any currency, the primary method of exchange in prison is

food

(3m) a structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a(n)

formal organization

(3m) according to the authors, a majority of corrections officers are

from rural settings

(3m) in 2003 the prison rape elimination act was created in order to

gather national statistics on prison rape

(2m) prior to the 1960s courts maintained a(n) _______ with respect to corrections

hands-off policy

(3m) which of the following is a reward associated with the jailing lifestyle?

increased prestige within the inmate social system

(3m) many, if not most, defendants housed in jails are

indigent

(3m) a set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help to define for inmates the characteristics associated with the model prisoner is known as the

inmate code

(2m) the new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is referred to as:

intermediate sanctions

(1m) ____________ was an english prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the penitentiary act of 1779 by the house of commons

john howard

(3m) according to Sykes, the greater degree of solidarity among inmates within the inmate social system, the:

less severely the pains of imprisonment are felt

(3m) jails are generally administered by:

locally elected officials (i.e., sheriff)

(2m) home confinement is best suited to:

low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences

(3m) ninety-three percent of the adult prison population is

male

(3m) a majority of all state prisoners throughout the country are housed in _________ prisons

medium security

(2m) the __________ offender is most likely to be the object of exploitation and practical jokes

mentally handicapped

(1m) the term "wergild" focuses on which of the following?

money paid to relatives or victims of a crime

(1m) which of the following is NOT one of the "big 3" states in corrections?

montana (big 3: california, texas, florida)

(3m) the process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of the prison society and learns to adapt to the environment is known as

prisonization

(2m) _________ conditions provide constraints on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness of probation including fines, community service, and restitution

punitive

(1m) the _______ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole

reformatory

(1m) during the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. they included improving conditions in social environments and

rehabilitating individual offenders

(1m) according to community-based corrections, the goal of the criminal justice system is to:

reintegrate the offender

(1m) in new england, the quakers maintained a society governed by what type of principles?

religious

(3m) _____________ power refers to the ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources

remunerative

(3m) the warden's job security rests on her or his ability to

run the institution efficiently

(1m) the penitentiary act was based upon core principles under which prisoners were confined in cells and labored silently in common rooms and were subjected to:

secure and sanitary conditions

(2m) in recent years, america's prison population has been:

shrinking

(3m) overall, jail population sizes tend to be

small

(1m) like all other government services, corrections is constantly confronted by frequently shifting _________ forces that further complicate administration

social and political

(1m) the leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs first took hold in the

south

(3m) a management principle that holds that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates is known as

span of control

(1m) most correctional offenders today are housed in which types of facilities?

state prisons

(3m) prisons designed to hold the "toughest of the tough" are called

super-max prisons

(1m) which of the following countries now has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

the U.S.

(1m) the dominant social institution during the middle ages in england and europe was

the church

(1m) with the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to

the treatment and diagnosis of criminals

(2m) according to your text, situational offenders pose many problems for the correctional system. which of the following has been identified as a problem with these offenders?

they are extremely difficult to provide resources due to the lack of needs and risks

(2m) the circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the eighth amendment are known as:

totality of the conditions

(1m) the practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as:

transportation

(2m) _____________ conditions provide constraints on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem and need such as substance abuse

treatment

(1) according to the authors, rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the offender and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime

true

(1) community based punishments such as probation and intermediate sanctions are imposed for more often that prison sentences in the united states

true

(1) english trends and practices greatly influenced american corrections

true

(1) from the earliest accounts of human kind, punishment has been used as means of social control

true

(1) incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more that one intended goal behind their implementation

true

(1) the founder of the classical school of criminology is cesare beccaria, who applied the rationalist philosophy of the enlightenment to the criminal justice system

true

(1) the growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences

true

(1) the original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection

true

(1) the pennsylvania system focused on the isolation of inmates serving penance

true

(1) the period known as the "enlightenment" brought about new ideas based on rationalization, the importance of individuals, and the limitations of government

true

(1) under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member of the victim

true

(2tf) a continuum of sanctions means that punishments vary in intrusiveness and control

true

(2tf) a key way to prevent AIDs both inside and outside of a correction setting is through knowledge about the virus

true

(2tf) by the end of the 1970s, federal judges had imposed changed on prisons and jails in every state

true

(2tf) during the sentencing pahse of a revocation hearing, the judge decides whether to impose a term of incarceration and if so, for how long

true

(2tf) evaluations of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rule violations than they did in regular probation

true

(2tf) it would be sage to say that significant numbers of correctional clients have a history of substance abuse

true

(2tf) like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights

true

(2tf) parolees have the right to be notified of the charges against them

true

(2tf) probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a therapy program

true

(2tf) sixty percent of probation sentences are received directly from the judge

true

(2tf) the cost of prison continues to increase with the rising number of offenders entering the system

true

(2tf) the law enforcer role of probation focuses on surveillance and control of the offender

true

(3tf) adaptive roles help inmates cope with prison and survive behind bars

true

(3tf) by far the most successful alternative approach to bail is being released on one's own recognizance

true

(3tf) eastern state penitentiary followed the concept of a radial design to house inmates

true

(3tf) inmates who are "doing time" see prison as a long-term stay and continue their criminality while incarcerated

true

(3tf) most jails in the u.s. hold fewer that 50 people

true

(3tf) most u.s. prisons emphasize the custodial model of incarceration

true

(3tf) one factor in the prison inmate code is not interfering with other inmates' interests

true

(3tf) pretrial detainees comprise a large percentage of the u.s. jail population

true

(3tf) section 1982 allows inmates to sue public officials for constitutional violations

true

(3tf) some inmates, upon incarceration, decide to withdraw from others as well as isolate themselves as a form of coping with the inmate society

true

(3tf) the most pressing medical problem in jails is the problem of HIV and AIDs

true

(3tf) the percentage of gangs organized along racial lines contributes to violence in prison

true

(3tf) the reintegration model is linked to the structures and goals of community corrections

true

(1m) approximately _______ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole

two-thirds (2/3)

(1m) in regard to the convict lease system, prisoners were

used for labor for profit by private interests

(2m) judicial reprieve in the united states:

was declared unconstitutional in 1916

(1m) the following is an example of corporal punishment:

whipping

(2m) which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?

wolff v. mcdonnell