Corrections midterm

Mears & Castro (2006) found that incarcerated individuals did reintegrate into their community successfully once they were released from Supermax prisons.

False

This sanction is widely used in many countries throughout the world as the primary means of punishment, but in the United States it is mostly reserved for traffic offenses.

Fines

institutional corrections

Incarceration of offenders in a jail or prison, apart from the community

the proportion of female jail inmates shows a steady __________

Increase

From 2000 to 2013, the percentage of jail inmates who were white, non-Hispanic __________, whereas the percentage of jail inmates who were non-Hispanic African-Americans __________.

Increased / Decreased

Jail inmates are predominantly:

Male

maximum security facility

Designed for the fullest possible supervision, control, and surveillance of general-population inmates. Also known as close-security prisons.

outpatient treatment

Drug treatment programs for participants who live and work independently in the community

short-term inpatient residential programs

Drug treatment programs of three to six months in length for less severe drug abusers.

_______ determines a prisoner's custody level, which in turn determines the prison where the inmate begins serving the sentence.

External classification

concentration approach

Prisoners are grouped together in special prisons or special units within a prison, and their activities and movements are severely restricted and highly monitored.

supermax prison

Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. Also known as control units or secured housing units.

Cultivation Theory

Repeated viewing and cumulative exposure to violence in the media eventually creates a sense of insecurity and irrational fear of violent victimization and about people in the world in general.

presumptive sentencing guidelines

Required, rather than suggested, guidelines for a judge to use when deciding a sentence

special conditions

Requirements in addition to the standard conditions, such as paying fines or undergoing electronic monitoring

mandatory sentencing

Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders

__________ is a type of pretrial release in which defendants are placed at liberty in the community without having to make a payment but are still responsible for the full bail amount if they fail to meet required court appearances.

Unsecured bond

unsecured bond

When a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if required court appearances are missed.

electronic monitoring

When a probationer or parolee is monitored in the community by wearing an electronic device that tracks his or her location

technical violation

When a probationer repeatedly fails to abide by conditions of probation, and the probation sentence can be revoked.

levels system

a behavior modification program that increases a client's community freedom with good behavior

mental health disorder

a broad category used to identify convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional

crime control policy

a course of action to respond to criminal behavior in the best interest of the public

restitution

a court ordered cash payment that an offender makes to the victim to offset some of the losses incurred from a crime

fish

a first time inmate who is vulnerable because he or she has not yet been prisonized

diversion

a form of community supervision for individuals who have not been formally sentenced, but who agree to complete stipulations, such as treatment or community service, in exchange for having their charges dropped

victim compensation

a general fund by which the govt disperse money to qualifying victims of violent crimes for payment of bills and lost wages

residential community correctional facility (RCCF)

a modern term for halfway house. a community based correctional center in which the offender lives under supervision and must obtain permission to leave for work or leisure

structured sentencing

a modification to either indeterminate or determinate sentencing wherein judges are provided guidance on sentence type and length

citation

a police issued ticket ordering a citizen to pay a fine for a minor law violation

Jurisdiction

a predefined geographic area

Restoration

a punishment rationale that attempts to make the victim and the community "whole again" by restoring things, as much as possible, to how they were before the crime occurred. This return to equilibrium provides a link between retribution and restoration because each philosophy is based on the norm of reciprocity wherein punishment is a natural response, or reciprocation, to a wrongful act. In addition, restoration incorporates reentry (rehabilitation) as a key ingredient for achieving equilibrium.

total institution

a regimented facility that is physically separate from the larger society and meets the survival needs of its occupants

inmate subculture

a society with its own norms and values defined by inmates with the most power and influence

An area of the prison, or a separate prison, where inmates are held under high levels of restriction and control is called ____________.

a special housing unit

motivational interviewing

a style of personal interaction between the officer and client that involves rapport, trust, and persuasion to help bring about positive behavior change

wrongful convictions

a type of injustice wherein a person is convicted and punished for a crime he or she did not commit.

mitigating circumstances

an event or condition that makes an offense less serious than it might otherwise be

aggravating circumstances

an event or condition that makes an offense more serious than it might otherwise be

jail house lawyer

an inmate trained in law or otherwise educated who helps other inmates prepare legal briefs and appeals

security threat groups

an organized group whose activities are predatory and criminal and whose presence in a correctional institution/ agency poses a real and imminent threat to security of the staff and other inmates

Square

are inmates who oppose mainstream prison culture by being well behaved and who take advantage of every self-improvement program they can to keep themselves busy.

importation model

assumes that prison life is an extension of street life of marginalized people from impoverished communities who dominate the prison

Community service

been effective as a character-building exercise for wealthy offenders who could easily afford paying fines.

mass media

broadcast and print forms of expression for consumer news, education, and entertainment, such as tv, movies, the internet, dvds, video games, radio, books, newspapers, and magazines

According to the evidence-based approach, correctional treatment should target higher-risk offenders. Intensive treatment for lower-risk offenders:

can actually increase the likelihood of recidivism.

cognitive behavioral approaches

changing an individuals thinking patterns and habits that lead to criminal behavior through techniques such as self control, anger management, social perspective taking, moral reasoning, problem solving, and attitudinal change.

social learning

changing old behavior through modeling new sills and desirable behavior

standard conditions

commitments every probationer agrees to abide by in return for remaining at liberty in the community

Rudolph has pled guilty to criminal trespass and assault. Judge Tran sentences Rudolph to serve 2 years on the trespass charge and 5 years on the assault charge. However, Rudolph is allowed to serve both sentences at the same time and will be released in 5 years. In this case, Judge Tran has used ____

concurrent sentencing

jails

confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments and typically managed by that government's law enforcement agency

evidence-based practice

correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes, such as recidivism reduction

community service

court-ordered special condition that mandates that offenders complete unpaid work for nonprofit organizations

In ________, defendants enter into an agreement with the court to complete various conditions so that, if successfully completed, the charges will be dismissed without a conviction.

deferred adjudication probation

The country of Northania is known for its severe forms of punishment as a response to crime. Theft is a rare occurrence, as the hands of thieves are cut off. The intention behind such severe punishment is to dissuade people from even thinking about committing a crime. Such types of punishments can be said to focus on ________.

deterrence

specific deterrence

deters crime by punishment to specific individual

Deterrence

discouraging future criminal acts by both the offender and the others in population

The form of sentencing which is seen as a means to smarter and more individualized sentencing and corrections policies that allow targeting of individual offenders who should be imprisoned and those who are appropriate candidates for effective treatment, intermediate sanctions, or community corrections programs is called ________________________.

evidence-based sentencing

One of the most widely documented aspects of the social structure of women's prisons is a _________.

fabricated kinship network with an inmate taking the mother role at the center

new-generation jail

facilities using specific architectural design and inmate supervision model in order to reduce violent and destructive behavior by the inmates

contraband

forbidden goods or objects

merchants

inmates who control scarce resources by running a prison store

state raised youth

inmates who grew up in youth prisons and who tend to be more violent than the average prisoner

minimum- security facility

institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

evidence based sentencing

involves the use of scientific research to improve the quality of judicial decision making when determining sentences and sentencing conditions

Familial paternalism

is a concept in which the identified primary caretaker may receive a more lenient sentence than an offender without family or dependents. Therefore, it can be concluded that Amy had dependent children.

retribution

just and adequate punishment

police

law enforcement officials who are sworn to uphold the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety

Lex Talionis

law of retaliation, eye for an eye

Three Strikes Law

laws that authorize, or mandate in some cases, longer periods of incarceration after a certain number of prior convictions

Anton, a 25-year-old, was charged with driving under the influence and was sentenced to 600 hours of community service. He was also asked to pay a fine of $500. However, before he had completed the stipulated hours of community service, he was arrested for shoplifting. This is an example of a _______

legal violation.

If an offender on community supervision commits a new crime, it is known as a

legal violation.

therapeutic community

long term peer-led programs for chronic addicts using group confrontational methods

The primary goal of the restorative justice philosophy is to ________________.

make the victim and the community whole again

continuum of sanctions

one or more sentencing options within the community or an institution that can be combined with one another to achieve a range of sentencing goals

triggering events

one or several specific events that spark a riot

home detention

Requires offenders to remain at home at all times, except for such purposes as employment, school, treatment, medical emergencies, or approved shopping trips

victim impact classes

Restorative justice program, typically offered in prison, wherein prisoners hear violent crime survivors share their experiences with the hope of effecting positive change in the offender.

incapacitation

Restricting an offender's freedom of movement through isolation from the general population

Today, prison gangs are typically called:

Security threat groups

statutory penalties

Sentences linked via legislation to specific crimes, or to specific classes of felonies or misdemeanors, with a minimum and maximum time period.

voluntary sentencing guidelines

Suggested, rather than required, guidelines that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence

If the probationer fails to abide by any of the court-ordered standard (or special) conditions of probation, this is considered a technical violation, which is the more common of the two. Probation officers report the violations to the court and recommend a course of action. The judge makes the final decision regarding the revocation, choosing to retain the original sentence with modifications, or revoke probation completely and incarcerate.

Technical

Pretrial Supervision

The community supervision of a defendant who has not yet been convicted but is waiting for his or her next court hearing date.

mega jails

The country's largest jails, holding over 1,000 people each.

Rated Capacity

The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by a rating official to institutions in the states

corrections

The network of government and private agencies responsible for pre- and post conviction custody, supervision, and treatment of persons accused or convicted of crimes.

caseload

The number of individuals that one probation officer can effectively supervise based on predefined risks and needs posed

Design Capacity

The number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built or modified

Which of the following was believed to be a result of mandatory sentencing?

The policy contributed to a decline in the crime rate

Prisonization

The process by which the prisoners learn the norms of life in prison

Incarceration Rate

The proportion of people in jail and prison per 100,000 residents in a given area.

conditional release

The return of prisoners to the larger community with a brief period of supervision with rules such as curfew, treatment completion, and maintaining employment, can be used either pretrial or post conviction

A group of researchers was conducting an evidence-based study on a group of 25 middle-aged female prisoners to determine the background causes that could increase their recidivism rate. They compared the test group with a similar set of female prisoners from another state and gathered a significant amount of statistical data. The study, however, was not adequate for evidence-based research. Which of the following is a reason for the inadequacy?

The size of the test group was less than 40.

release on recognizance (ROR)

pretrial release based only on the defendants promise to appear for trial not backed with money or property

players

prisoners who embrace mainstream prison culture that values manipulating and intimidating others

detoxification

process of sudden withdrawal from all drugs and alcohol so that treatment can begin

Rehabilitation

providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him to be law-abiding

concurrent sentencing

Two or more sentences served at the same time

good time

reduction of days from a sentence as a result of statutory provisions, the offender's good behavior, or extra work done by the offender

play families

relationships among women prisoners that mimic the structure, terminology, and function of families in general society

Crime policy in the United States is more punitive than crime policies in other Western countries for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:

U.S. judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training and remain in their position for the remainder of their career --judges and prosecutors are elected or appointed at state and local levels, which is often influenced by politics and short-term terms.

restoration

restoring the victim. community, and offender through accountability, respect for the law and the legal process, and attention to victims needs

general deterrence

seeks to deter crime by encouraging the community to not commit crime.

Generally speaking, under __________ incapacitation people are sentenced to prison based on their personal characteristics, whereas under __________ incapacitation people are sentenced to prison based on characteristics of their crime.

selective / general

A program evaluation is judged to be of highest quality if all six conditions exist in the way that the study itself is carried out, from the group selection method, to the number of people in the sample, all the way to the validity of the testing instrument. To be considered of high quality, a study should _________.

show significant differences between treatment and control groups

the lack of private prisons in the Midwest and Northeast is likely related to the _______

strength of labor unions in those regions.the lack of private prisons in the Midwest and Northeast is, according to Austin and Coventry, directly related to the strength of labor unions in those regions and their successful resistance to any significant attempts to privatize.

The prison bartering system based on negotiation and exchange of goods and services between prisoners without the use of cash is called the _______. The illicit, underground economy is forbidden

sub-rosa economy

While on probation, Harry was told he could not leave the city limits without his probation officer's permission. Harry was seen in another city last Saturday night by his probation officer—who had not given Harry permission to be there. The term used for Harry's behavior is _______.

technical violation

probation

the court ordered community supervision of an offender by an officer who enforces conditions for a specified length of time

Fines

the idea of punishing offenders financially predates the Code of Hammurabi and is widely used in many countries throughout the world as the primary means of punishment. Although U.S. jurisdictions use the fine as a sole sanction for most traffic offenses and ordinance violations, fines for misdemeanors and felonies, if used at all, are typically an add-on to probation.

Prison argot or prison proper

the language, slang, and physical gestures used to communicate meaning in prison

economic mobility

the likelihood that individuals can rise and maintain a higher socioeconomic status than they were born into, through employment and earnings

restorative justice

the process, also called community justice, wherein an offender and the community representatives determine a fair or just way to restore the balance that the crime upset

iron law of imprisonment

the realization that almost all prisoners will return to free society

Department of Corrections

the state agency responsible for managing and operating the state's adult prison system

norm of reciprocity

the view of punishment as a natural response, or reciprocation, to a wrongful act

predisposing factors

underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot

technological incapacitation

using technologies such as critical organ surgery, chemical treatment, and electronic monitoring to restrict an offender's freedom of movement

sentencing disparity

A type of injustice wherein sentencing policy has the unintended effect of targeting a population group—often minority—and resulting in members of that group being disproportionately represented among persons in the correctional system.

bail bond

A written agreement by the defendant to pay cash or relinquish property to the court if the defendant fails to attend required court appearances

The disproportionately high number of U.S. prisoners deeply affects ___________

African-American and Latino communities

Which of the following exemplifies a major cause of prison riots?

African-Americans and Latinos formed the two major groups in a state prison. Correctional officers had to be extremely vigilant during exercise time, when altercations between groups often escalated into violence 45 percent of riots.

Amy was charged with possession of 50 grams of crack cocaine. The amount indicated that she was a dealer and not just a user. While in her state the minimum sentence for this crime is five years' imprisonment, the judge modified her sentence so that Amy received three years' imprisonment with rehabilitation on the basis of familial paternalism. Which of the following can be concluded from this scenario?

Amy was given a reduced sentence because she had dependent children to care for at home

citizen circles

An Ohio restorative justice program at the prisoner reentry stage that encourages community collaboration with offenders during their supervision in the community.

problem solving courts

An alternative court process for people who get arrested and have a history of alcohol or drug abuse, or a mental illness

victim-offender mediation

An application of restorative justice principles at the sentencing stage by having mediation sessions involving both offender and victim take the place of traditional sentencing by a judge.

presentence investigation (psi)

An inquiry interview and data-collection method used by a probation officer to summarize information about a convicted offender

deprivation model

Assumes that prison culture developed out of the pains of imprisonment through adaptations that prisoners make to circumvent these losses

fines

A fixed financial penalty imposed by the judge, with the amount determined by the severity of the offense

Which of the key requirements for an effective deterrence system is problematic because it is reasonably achieved only if citizens are willing to be constantly monitored?

Certainty

dispersion approach

Prison administrators spread troublemakers to prisons throughout the system or in various units of the prison.

statutory good time

Reduction of days from a sentence usually given automatically as a prison management tool to relieve overcrowding

crews

Small cliques of prisoners who spend time together, but there is no initiation or formal alliances. Some crews can be networked and predatory, but they are more loosely associated and are not an institutional security threat.

commissary

Snacks, hygiene items, and other items available for purchase at the prison store.

Isaac was convicted of corporate fraud and sentenced to five years of imprisonment. He was the operational head of his organization and believed that he had been framed by others in his department. Isaac has pinned his hopes on an appeal hearing or, at the very least, an early release. To increase his chances of release, Isaac avoids following mainstream prison norms and is always well behaved. He has also volunteered his time to teach programs and is a diligent worker. In this scenario, Isaac can be best categorized as a ________ in the prisoner hierarchy.

Square

Mears & Castro (2006) discovered from their study that Wardens suggested that Supermax prisons foster higher levels of what?

Staff abuse of authority Staff disciplinary actions Use of force incidents

In the states with integrated jail-prison systems, responsibility for the administration and operation of jails located throughout the state lies with the:

State government

indian country

Land within an Indian reservation or land that is technically owned by the federal government but held in trust for a tribe or tribal member

Co-occurring disorders

A client with a mental disorder and a substance abuse problem

reparative probation program

A Vermont restorative justice program at the post-conviction stage that combines a suspended probation sentence with elements of community reparation boards.

big house

A maximum security penitentiary with a convict subculture, lasting between the early 1800s until about 1980

operational capacity

A measure of prison facility capacity based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate a certain size population.

serious mental illness

A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression

day reporting center

A nonresidential community corrections sanction that blends high levels of control with the delivery of specific services needed by offenders

regional cell stg

A prison gang with a decentralized hierarchical structure that is authorized to act independently for the good of the entire group, but there is little coordination between cells.

presentence investigation report

A report developed from information derived through a presentence investigation that is provided to the judge to assist in sentencing decisions

integrated jail-prison systems

A state government, rather than the more typical local government agency, is responsible for the administration and operation of jails located throughout the state.

inmate code

A system of unwritten rules that directs inmate behavior

indeterminate sentencing

A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period

determinate sentencing

A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range

Elizabeth, the only child of a wealthy couple, injured a pedestrian while driving under the influence of alcohol. Which of the following forms of punishment will have the required punitive effect on Elizabeth?

Community service

Community Corrections

Court-ordered supervision and treatment while the offender remains at liberty in the community.

________ may avoid the problem of racially and ethnically biased sentencing by imposing prison sentences based on what offenders did rather than who they are.

General incapacitation

meritorious good time

Good time credits given to inmates who perform exceptional acts or services such as firefighting or working in emergency conditions

earned good time

Good time credits resulting from good behavior or through participation in work or education programs

sentencing guidelines

Impose a predefined sentence length based on crime severity and prior criminal history, with the opportunity for the judge to depart from the guidelines when circumstances warrant

general incapacitation

Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention

selective incapacitation

Imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection

Direct supervision

Inmate supervision method wherein custodial staff are placed for their entire shift in the inmates living area

intermittent supervision

Inmate supervision method wherein custodial staff members are able to observe or interact with inmates only on an irregular or sporadic basis.

Indirect supervision

Inmate supervision method wherein custodial staff observe and interact with inmates remotely by watching through windows and listening via microphones

punks

Inmates who are targeted by predatory inmates because they are perceived as physically or mentally weak and afraid to fight back.

snitches

Inmates who are targeted by predatory inmates because they have passed along information to staff that has gotten another inmate in trouble. Also known as player haters.

squares

Inmates who oppose mainstream prison culture by being well behaved and who take advantage of every self-improvement program they can to keep themselves busy. Also known as bootlickers.

medium security facility

Institutions where inmates receive more supervision than at minimum-security prisons, but still have considerable freedom to move around to work assignments and programming activities.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the contemporary approach to rehabilitation?

It focuses more on the offender's reentry

linear facilities

Jails and prisons designed with single or multiple occupancy cells aligned along corridors that, in turn, are often stacked in tiers

Most accurately, the two functions of jails are:

Providing short term confinement for non-felon convictions and detaining persons awaiting trial, sentencing, or transfer.

jail time

Time spent in jail, either pretrial or after conviction, that could be counted toward a convicted offender's sentence

dismissed

when a case is dropped for lack of evidence and does not proceed any further

sentening

when a court imposes a penalty on a person convicted of a crime

legal violation

when a probationer commits a new criminal act, and the original probation sentence can be revoked

booked

when a suspect is identified and fingerprinted in jail after being arrested for an alleged crime

net widening

when offenders receive a level of correctional control or punishment that is greater than what they really require, resulting in bringing more people into the system

truth in sentencing

when the length of time served in a sentence is close to the time imposed by the courts

substance abuse

when the use of one or more chemical substances disrupt normal living patterns