CP 9-13 Practice Questions

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that ___

incidental

Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an ___ emotion.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex ___

performance is better for the concrete task

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

Guitar

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a. Musical instrument b. Guitar c. Rock guitar d. Paul's bass guitar

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decisions task?

Exemplars

___ are actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

A phoneme refers to ___

operators

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as ___

availability heuristic

Derrick starts noticing more FOod Mustangs on the road after purchasing one of his own. Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) ___

general principles that problems share

Experts categorize problems based on ___

made the object themselves

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they ___

mirror

Gallese and colleagues noted that certain types of neurons, now called ___ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when the watched the experimented grasping food on a tray.

reorganization or restructuring

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving ___

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that...

hierarchical

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ___ property of language.

inductive

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves ___ reasoning.

inference

Most of the coherence in text is created by ___

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Noam Chomsky proposed that ___

Definitional

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

imagery and perception can interact with one another

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that ____

mental chronometry

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same or different. These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using ___

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery ___

the probability of two events co-occuring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

The conjunction rule states that ___

when semantics

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ___ is involved.

order

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their ___

connectionist networks

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. semantic networks b. connectionist networks c. reasoning about categories d. spreading activation

mental images

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves ___

an extraneous cough

an experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include ___

analogical transfer

the ability to shift experience from one problem solving solution to a similar problem is known as ___