CPCU 552 Ch. #9
ABC Corporation is selling a small industrial site where it once manufactured chrome-plated bumpers for the auto industry. There are known heavy metal pollutants from an underground storage tank located on a remote and isolated section of the property. ABC has received an estimate of $2,000,000 for the cost of the cleanup which is expected to take about 8 months to complete. XYZ inc., is interested in purchasing the property right away, with a price reduction to compensate it for the remediation costs, but XYZ's risk manage is concerned about the reliability of the cost estimate for the cleanup. Which one of the following environmental impairment liability insurance policies would be the most appropriate solution to limiting XYZ"s potential liability for the unexpected cleanup costs if it purchases the property? A) A remediation stop-loss policy with a $2,00,000 deductible. B) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy with an aggregate limit of $2,000,000. C) A combined commercial general liability/environmental impairment liability policy with a per claim limit of $2,000,000. D) An underground storage tank compliance policy with a $2,000,000 deductible.
A
According to the terms of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), anyone who enjoys an economic benefit from waste disposal activities may be described as: A) A potentially responsible party B) A negligent polluter C) An injured party D) An environmental criminal
A
An essential element in controlling environmental losses is to: A) Have a contingency plan in place in the event of an environmental contamination accident. B) Be a member of a Superfund cleanup group. C) Emphasize the fact that environmental liability losses affect relatively few industries. D) Avoid pursuing any operation that may generate waste.
A
An insurance policy that covers 3rd party claims arising from either sudden or gradual release of pollutants from specified locations is known as: A) Site-Specific Environmental Impairment policy. B) Comprehensive General Liability/Environmental Impairment Liability Combination policy. C) Remediation Stop-Loss policy. D) Contractor's Pollution Liability policy.
A
As part of customary operations, a manufacturer regularly releases sand into the atmosphere. Despite efforts to control these releases, a buildup of sediment has occurred on the premises of an adjacent business. The business files suit for damages against the manufacturer to clean up their property. Which one of the following is the basis for this claim? A) Trespass B) Nuisance C) Strict Liability D) Negligence
A
Nuisance is a commonly alleged tort in environmental claims. Which one fo the following statements most accurately describes this tort? A) One party interferes with another party's peaceful enjoyment of his property. B) One party unintentionally releases toxic chemicals onto the property of another party. C) One party intentionally dumps a load of objectionable, albeit non-toxic, waste onto the property of another party. D) One party unknowingly makes false allegations about another party's environmental liability exposures and causes the other party to have to respond to the false allegations in court.
A
One common difference between Underground Storage Tank (UST) policies and Environmental Impairment Liability (EIL) policies is that UST policies: A) Have a separate limit for defense costs. B) Include a remediation stop-loss cause. C) Are considered operations-specific. D) Respond to all releases of contaminants from the insured side.
A
The MCS 90 endorsement is an insurance mechanism that meets which one of the following environmental statutes? A) Motor Carrier Act of 1980 B) Toxic Substance Control Act C) Clean Air Act D) Oil Pollution Act
A
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: A) Provides cradle to grave regulation of hazardous waste. B) Regulates the chemical manufacturing industry and prevents importation of dangerous chemicals without adequate safeguards in place. C) Prohibits discharge of pollutants into navigable waters. D) Regulates the emissions from stationary sources of air pollution.
A
The claims-made trigger in a site specific environmental impairment liability policy differs in 3 ways from the trigger in other claims-made liability policies. Which one of the following best describes one of those 3 ways? A) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy typically does not have a retroactive date B) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy typically has an unlimited retroactive date. C) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy contains a provision that makes it optional for an insurer to provide an extended reporting period. D) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy treats all claims arising in each month as separate pollution incidents.
A
The claims-made trigger in a site-specific environmental impairment liability policy differs -- in 3 ways -- from the trigger in other claims-made liability policies. Which one of the following describes one of those differences? A) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy typically does not have a retroactive date. B) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy contains no provision for an extended reporting period. C) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy imposes multiple deductibles on the insured. D) A site-specific environmental impairment liability policy imposes several coverage sub-limits on the insured.
A
The contractors pollution liability (CPL) policy differs from the environmental impairment liability policy because the CPL policy provides coverage for: A) Loss arising from the described operation of the named insured. B) Asbestos abatement operations. C) Claims arising out of the insured's product. D) Radioactive contamination.
A
The ebst way to begin the process of identifying environmental loss exposures for an organization is to identify: A) The materials, quantities, and properties of potentially harmful materials that might be present at the organization's location. B) The target population of people that could be affected by environmental pollution. C) The routes that harmful materials might take if released into the environment. D) The legal remedies that may be taken in the event that the organization is accused of damaging the environment.
A
The operator of an oil tanker misjudged the depth of a waterway and consequently ran the ship aground. The impact punctured one of the oil tanks and released crude oil directly into the water causing damage to the surrounding area. The operator/company incur environmental liability under: A) Negligence B) Trepass C) Nuisance D) Contractural Liability
A
When a lender has an interest in property that has environmental loss exposures and discovers that the exposure is not severe enough to require a true environmental impairment liability policy, the lender may opt to obtain: A) A secured creditor policy B) An operations-specific policy C) A property transfer policy D) A remediation stop-loss policy
A
When a risk mgr of a corporation is developing a contingency plan for environmental loss exposures there are many unique characteristics that are involved and must be considered. Which one of the following is one of these unique characteristics? A) A change in measuring technology could dramatically alter the costs of cleanup. B) There is a cause-and-effect relationship between a release of pollutants and actual damages that is apparent. C) Retroactive liability does not apply to environmental situations. D) If a loss goes undetected, it dissipates over time, lessening the exposure to loss.
A
When the owner of a chemical manufacturing plant and the agent are researching types of environmental policies to determine whether the company should have a separate site-specific environment Impairment Liability (EIL) policy or a CGL/EIL combination policy, it is discovered that the combination policy: A) Can help to eliminate coverage disputes by having only one insurer involved. B) Will be offered on an occurrence basis for the CGL coverage and the EIL coverage. C) Is typically more expensive than the 2 separate policies. D) Has separate limits and deductibles.
A
Which one of the following laws imposes a requirement on vessel owners to pay for the costs of inadvertent discharges of hazardous materials into US coastal waters? A) Oil pollution act B) Motor carrier act of 1980 C) Toxic substance control act D) Clean air act
A
Which one of the following statements concerning site-specific environmental impairment liability insurance policies is most accurate? A) Site-specific environmental impairment liability policies typically cover only losses that arise from pollution conditions beyond the policy site listed in the declarations, but may be endorsed to cover on-site cleanup. B) Defense costs are usually excluded from site-specific environmental impairment liability policies to keep the premiums lower. C) Because of the potential for virtually unlimited losses, site-specific environmental impairment liability policies typically over only BI and not PD. D) Site-specific environmental impairment liability policies are typically written on an occurrence basis, but may be endorsed to provide coverage on a claims-made basis.
A
A fireworks manufacturer stores explosives in a warehouse. While trespassing on the property, children are injured by an explosion. The manufacturer is: A) Not liable because the children trespassed. B) Liable because of strict liability. C) Not liable because of contractural liability. D) Liable due to negligence.
B
ABC, a pesticide manufacturer, had a leak at its main plant and released a cloud of toxic chemicals into the air. The leak was caused when the facility was struck by lightning. ABC took immediate steps to contain the cloud, using state of the art pollution control equipment. Given these facts, which one of the following statements about ABC's potential environmental liability exposure is most accurate? A) ABC may be held liable under the intentional tort of nuisance for releasing chemicals into the air. B) ABC could be held liable under a strict liability standard which would negate the normal common law defenses available to defendants. C) As long as the toxic cloud remains within the property confines of ABC, the company will not have an environmental liability exposure. D) Because the proximate cause of the leak was a lightning strike, statutory liability under the various environmental laws will not apply because ABC was not fault for the leak.
B
An alternative to a site-specific environmental impairment liability policy is a combination CGL/EIL policy. This policy is typically less expensive than if the 2 (or more) coverage forms were purchased separately because: A) Commissions to producers are lower. B) The coverages in a combination policy are subject to a single aggregate limit. C) There is no need to separately underwrite the environmental impairment liability coverage. D) There are 2 separate deductibles applied to claims involving both CGL and EIL losses.
B
Barnes Engineering Solutions in an engineering contractor specializing in renovation and rehabilitation services for older homes. Barnes has decided to start up a mold remediation service for its existing customers as well as providing the mold service to other engineering contractors engaged in the renovation business. Barnes currently has an engineers professional liability policy with ABC Insurance that does not cover the pollution liability associated with the new mold remediation operation. ABC offers a variety of different environmental impairment liability products. Which one of the following insurance products would be most appropriate for Barnes? A) Site-specific environmental impairment liability policy B) Contractors pollution liability policy C) Remediation stop-loss policy D) Property transfer policy
B
Concerning environmental liability, any organization can cause an intentional tort by: A) Entering into a contract B) Making loud noises C) Using inherently dangerous processes D) Breaking environmental statutes
B
Emily is the risk manager for J Brothers Construction Company. J Brothers is considering purchasing a large, abandoned strip-type shopping center. At the middle of this strip center was a "convenience type" store that sold gasoline. The other stores in the center had been rather "nondescript" and did not perform any operations that might have incurred environmental liability. It is clear that the old gasoline storage tanks will need to be removed. Initial tests show some minor leakage from those tanks. The environmental company performing the test had provided an estimate of the cost to remediate the property. Which one of the following insurance policies should Emily recommend to the management of J Brothers to limit its exposure to remediation costs that might exceed the estimate of the environmental firm? A) CGL policy B) Remediation stop-loss policy C) EIL policy D0Property transfer policy
B
Environmental loss exposures have some unique characteristics that the risk manager must consider when developing a plan to manage them. One of the unique characteristics is that: A) Environmental losses typically arise from past activities of an organization rather than from present or planned future activities. B) Environmental loss exposures are difficult to measure because the potential severity is hard to determine. C) Advances in technology continue to reduce an organization's exposure to potential environmental damage claims. D) Avoidance is typically the only method by which an organization can reduce its environmental loss exposure.
B
Organizations seeking compliance with the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 require: A) Professional liability coverage. B) An MCS 90 endorsement. C) A garagekeepers policy. D) Trailer interchange coverage.
B
The purpose of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) is to: A) Protect the environment from the release of harmful materials during transportation by motor carriers in interstate or intrastate commerce. B) Facilitate the cleanup of any abandoned or uncontrolled sites containing hazardous substances, including old dump sites. C) Improve the quality of the ambient air by regulating emissions from both mobile and stationary sources of air pollution. D) Improve the quality of surface waters by prohibiting or regulating the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters of the US.
B
Tom is the risk manager for ABC Trucking. ABC transports hazardous material all over the country, but none of the company's trucks have ever been involved in an accident. Tom requests addition of the MCS 90 Endorsement to ABC"s commercial auto policy. When explaining the MCS 90 Endorsement to the company officers, Tom tells them that when this endorsement is attached to a commercial auto policy, the insurer promises to pay for any judgements -- including environmental restoration costs -- made against ABC as the result of an accident involving one of the company's vehicles. The MCS-90 Endorsement requires the insured (ABC Trucking) to: A) Allow inspection of its trucks by the insurer. B) Reimburse its insurer for any payments made under the MCS-90 that are otherwise excluded by the commercial auto policy. C) Submit monthly records of all maintenance performed on its trucks. D) Submit monthly financial statements to the insurer.
B
When a property for sale is known to be contaminated but the cost of remediation is uncertain, a purchaser of the property would obtain a policy known as a: A) Property Transfer policy B) Remediation Stop-Loss policy C) Secured Creditor policy D) CGL/Environmental Impairment Liability Combination policy
B
A risk manager is consulting with a real estate organization that is in the process of purchasing a building known to be contaminated. The cost to clean up the property is unknown. The risk manager should recommend which one of the following types of environmental impairment liability policies? A) Site-specific environmental impairment policy B) Property transfer policy C) Remediation stop-loss policy D) Underground storage tank compliance policy
C
ABC, Inc, is trying to raise cash by selling some of its real estate holdings that are no longer used in its operations. One of its properties is a former petroleum storage site. Although ABC has assured several prospective buyers that there are no known environmental impairment liability issues with the property, none of the prospective buyers has offered a price anywhere close to what ABC is asking, citing the potential for future pollution claims. XYZ has offered to purchase the property if it can be indemnified against any existing environmental impairment losses. Which one of the following insurance policies would best protect both ABC and XYZ from environmental impairment losses associated with this property? A) Site specific environmental impairment liability policy B) Secured creditor policy C) Property transfer policy D) Remediation Stop Loss policy
C
Ace Builders is considering purchasing a large tract of land where a local fuel oil company had its storage facility for more 100 years, Ace knows that because of the long-time operation at the site, some environmental clean-up will be necessary. However, the amount of clean-up and its cost are unknown and cannot precisely be estimated. What is a specific policy that Ace should consider purchasing to address clean-up costs in excess of what it might estimate? A) A property transfer policy. B) A CGL/EIL combination policy. C) A remediation stop-loss policy. D) A site-specific EIL policy.
C
Anette is the risk manager for Morgan Sisters Construction. MS has recently purchased a large tract of land on which it plans to build an up-scale subdivision. For more than 100 years, this land was the location of a fireworks factory. Annette has already pointed out to the officers of the company, some potential RM problems with this land. These include ground water contamination, various odors arising out of the land, and (once the homes are built) the possibility of contamination of the homes & their contents. Which one of the following represents the first step in the RM activities that Annette should undertake for MS? A) 1st step is to formulate strategies for dealing with liability exposures presented by the previous activity. B) 1st step is to mitigate any future losses. C) 1st step is to distinguish between loss exposures that resulted from prior activities and possible future exposures. D) 1st steps is to develop a contingency plan in the event of an environmental emergency.
C
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) is significant to environmental insurance because it: A) Encouraged insurers to delete pollution exclusions in their commercial insurance policies. B) Created the requirement for the MCS 90 endorsement. C) Proliferated pollution exclusions in commercial insurance policies. D) Established minimum levels of financial responsibility for motor carriers.
C
The advantage of a contractor having a contractors pollution liability (CPL) policy instead of just a site-specific environmental impairment liability (EIL) policy is that the CPL policy: A) Is available with only the claims-made trigger. B) Has less exclusions listed. C) Covers the contractor's operations at project sits. D) Does not contain a retroactive date.
C
The legislated liability imposed by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) altered tradition common law concerning responsibilities for environmental pollution by: A) Assuming sovereign jurisdiction over pollution sites and having the federal gov't exercise its right of eminent domain by seizing them. B) Requiring that the intentional tort of nuisance be used as the standard in evaluating environment liability. C) Imposing strict liability without regard to fault, even on a retroactive basis, on responsible parties. D) Imposing vicarious liability on corporate polluters for the actions of their employees.
C
The property transfer policy is 1 type of environmental impairment liability insurance. Which one of the following statements concerning the property transfer policy is most accurate? A) Property transfer policies are essentially the same as site-specific environmental impairment liability policies that are amended to exclude first party coverage on the insured site. B) Property transfer policies are typically short-term, providing coverage for less than 30 days. C) Property transfer policies are usually assignable to subsequent owners of the insured property. D) The named insured in a property transfer policy is narrowly defined so as to preclude providing coverage for the party purchasing the insured property.
C
The trigger for coverage of a cleanup action on a property transfer policy is: A) A lender's request to have suspected pollutants investigated. B) The submission of a claim by the insured for reimbursement for the treatment of pollution. C) The discovery of contamination levels that require remediation as per environmental statutes. D) An accident that releases pollutants onto the insureds premises.
C
Which one of the following statements best describes why it is important that risk managers distinguish between environmental loss exposures resulting from prior activities and those that may arise from ongoing and future activities? A) The claims severities of the loss exposures from current and past activities are known, but potential severities from future activities are not known. B) The statute of limitations on environmental damage claims limits the organization's exposure to past activities. C) There are fewer risk management options available to address loss exposures for activities that have already been conducted. D) The statutory liability for environmental damages may change in the future.
C
Which one of the following statements is most accurate with respect to environmental liability? A) Federal law prohibits an organization from assuming contractural liability for environmental losses from another party. B) Effective in 1982, the federal gov't passed the Environmental Protection Act, which pre-empted state and local environmental laws and regulations and consolidated the regulation of environmental issues at the federal level. C) Federal law only serves as a baseline, and the environmental statutes of local gov't's may be even more restrictive than federal statutes. D) Because of the extensive federal legislation in this area, environmental liability standards tend to be fairly homogenous across geographic regions.
C
A factory would most likely purchase a Site-Specific Environmental Impairment Liability policy to: A) Supplement coverage for pollution-related punitive damages. B) Insure against contractural liability for accidental discharge. C) Add products and completed operations coverage for hazardous chemical production. D) Cover liability from pollution conditions that occur on adjacent properties.
D
A manufacturer would like to sell its production facility, which is known to be polluted. An environmental consultant has estimated that the cost to clean up the premises is likely around $2 million. However, there is a 20% chance that the costs could exceed $4 million. A potential buyer is interested in making an offer, but is not comfortable with the uncertainty of potential cleanup expenses. Which one of the following policies can be purchased to facilitate this real estate transaction? A) Secured creditor policy B) Property transfer policy C) Site-specific environmental insurance policy D) Remediation stop-loss policy
D
A remediation contractor working on a job to incinerate nerve gas accidentally releases the gas injuring a third party. The investigation determines that the contractor was exercising the legally required degree of care. The contractor most likely would incur environmental liability under which one of the following legal foundations? A) Contractural liability B) Intentional torts C) Negligence D) Strict liability
D
A trucking company transports hazardous materials from a nuclear plant to a facility 50 miles away. To provide coverage for potential environmental pollution, which one of the following coverages would be most appropriate? A) Underground Storage Tank Compliance Policy B) Site-Specific Environmental Impairment Liability Policy C) Property Transfer Policy D) MSC 90 Endorsement
D
A trucking company transports milk from a dairy to a processing facility 50 miles away. To provide coverage for potential environmental pollution, which one of the following coverages would be suggested? A) Underground storage tank compliance policy B) Site-specific environmental impairment liability policy C) Property transfer policy D) MSC 90 Endorsement added to commercial auto policy
D
An environmental liability policy commonly sold to factories that provides protection against the costs for on-site clean up and claims arising from pre-existing pollution is a: A) Underground storage tank compliance policy. B) Remediation stop-loss policy. C) Property transfer policy. D) Site-specific environmental impairment liability policy.
D
An organization can incur environmental liability in a number of ways. If a contractor enters into a hold-harmless agreement with a property owner and subsequently ruptures a cache of old pesticide drums that a former tenant had illegally hidden on the property, the contractor has assumed liability based on: A) Statutory liability B) Intentional tort liability C) Strict liability D) Contractural liability
D
Biacchi Properties wishes to sell some property that it owns. The property was most recently occupied by a small fuel oil dealer. Biacchi has removed all of the storage tanks that were on the property. Initial interest in the property has not been promising, with most prospective buyers expressing concern about the possibility of being required to clean up the property if a government agency were to discover some type of contamination on the property. In addition, there is some concern about claims from neighboring property owners in the future alleging damages or injury from pollution emanating from the property. Biacchi is frustrated because at this point, there is no indication that the property is even contaminated. Which one of the following is a policy Biacchi could purchase that may help it to sell this property? A) Commercial general liability policy B) Environmental impairment liability policy C) Remediation stop-loss policy D) Property transfer policy
D
Keithville, a small town in southeast GA, is considering a proposal to annex thirty acres of land adjacent to the city limits that is part of a former military training base. Keithville plans to build a business development center on the site but the city planners are concerned about the potential liability for hazardous waste cleanup costs. The site is in a heavily wooded training area on the former base. There are no known pollution issues on this particular thirty acre tracts, but the military base had been in operation for nearly 70 years, and several plots of land adjacent to the 30 acre site are known to have been used as firing ranges and have extensive lead contamination. Which one of the following environmental insurance policies would best protect Keithville from pollution losses that might arise after the site is developed? A) A remediation stop-loss policy. B) An asbestos and lead abatement contractors general liability policy. C) A commercial general liability/contractors professional liability combination policy. D) A site-specific environmental impairment liability insurance policy amended to include on-site cleanup costs.
D
Regarding environmental liability, an insured who accidentally dumps toxic waste off of a truck while driving on the highway would be liable for the resulting damage under which one of the following legal bases? A) Strict liability B) Intentional torts C) Contractural liability D) Negligence
D
The best person to identify emerging environmental loss exposures in an organization is the: A) CEO B) Org's Insurance Broker C) Staff Legal Counsel D) Risk Manager
D
The liability that is imposed without common-law defenses is: A) Negligence liability B) Contractural liability C) Statutory liability D) Strict liability
D
The process to identify environmental loss exposures includes which one of the following steps? A) Classifying all the previous routes that materials have taken when they have been released in the past. B) Notifying the target populations that could be affected if materials follow potential routes. C) Determining what non-toxic materials are present, the quantities, and harmful properties. D) Identifying the target populations that could be affected if materials follow potential routes.
D
The purpose of the Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976 is to: A) Protect the environment from the release of harmful materials during transportation of such materials by motor carriers in interstate of intrastate commerce. B) Facilitate the cleanup of any abandoned on uncontrolled sites containing hazardous substances by imposing strict liability on the past owners of dump sites. C) Improve the quality of ambient air by regulating emissions from both mobile and stationary sources of air pollution. D) Regulate the chemical manufacturing industry and prevent the important or manufacture of dangerous chemical substances without adequate safeguards against harm to humans or the environment.
D
The rise in the incidence of mold-related environmental liability claims in the year 2000 has been directly linked to: A) Insurers expansion of mold as a covered cause of loss in general liability policies B) Advances in technology that lead to the discovery of mold contaminants C) The enforcement of the Toxic Substance Control Act D) Scientific studies citing mold as a cause of BI
D
Tort liability for pollution is based on: A) State and local gov't laws only if the policyholder is the violator of the law. B) A contract between the named insured and another party. C) Federal statutes regardless of who caused the pollution. D) Negligence, intentional acts, or strict liability.
D
Underground storage tank compliance policies are known as: A) Property transfer policies B) Operations-specific C) Professional liability policies D) Site-specific
D
What is the first step in the process of identifying environmental loss exposures? A) Identify where hazardous material might travel if released. B) Identify the population that might be affected if the hazardous material is released. C) Identify the types of BI and PD that might result from the release of hazardous materials. D) Identify the materials, the quantities, and the properties of the materials at the locations.
D
Which one of the following best describes the 3-step process for identifying environmental loss exposures? A) 1. Identify the materials, the quantities, and the properties of the materials at the locations. 2. Identify where such material might travel if released. 3. Identify the ultimate cost to the corporation releasing such materials. B) 1. Identify the materials, the quantities, and the properties of the materials at the locations. 2. Identify the parts of the insurance policy that will cover the corporation in case of such a release. 3. Identify the populations that could be affected by the release of such material. C) 1. Identify exclusionary policy language applicable to a pollutants. 2. Identify where such material might travel if released. 3. Identify hazardous waste rather than nonhazardous waste. D) 1. Identify the materials, the quantities, and the properties of the materials at the locations. 2. Identify where such material might travel if released. 3. Identify the populations that could be affected by the release of such material.
D
Which one of the following environmental statute's basic purpose is to impose strict liability for cleanup costs on potentially responsible parties? A) Oil Pollution Act of 1990 B) Clean Air Act C) Toxic Substance Control Act D) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
D
Which one of the following environmental statutes was passed to facilitate the cleanup of any abandoned or uncontrolled sites containing hazardous substances? A) Oil Pollution Act B) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act C) Toxic Substance Control Act D) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
D
Which one of the following provides coverage for the costs that exceed the projected or anticipated costs of performing an environmental cleanup at a location being sold? A) Site-specific environmental impairment policies. B) Secured creditor policies. C) Contractor pollution liability policies. D) Remediation stop-loss policies.
D
Which one of the following statements best describes the purpose of a remediation stop-loss policy? A) The purpose of remediation stop-loss insurance is to protect third party sites located near the insured property from the consequences of an accidental release of chemicals. B) The purpose of remediation stop-loss insurance is to protect motor carriers involved in interstate transportation from claims resulting from spills of hazardous cargoes. C) The purpose of remediation stop-loss insurance is to provide limited pollution coverage in connection with products liability policies for hazardous products. D) The purpose of remediation stop-loss insurance is to facilitate real estate sales where there is know pollution contamination on the property, but the total cleanup costs are unknown.
D
