Creighton Theology Final - Miller

***What did Luther mean by justification by faith? How did he come to this idea? (Ch. 18 Question 2)

"To be put right with God". Luther found Romans 1:17 which say the one who is righteous will live by faith. He interpreted righteousness as a gift from God to save people. Justification through

***What events or circumstances led to the separation of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians? (Ch. 11 Question 5)

*Heightened tensions when Pope Leo II crowned Charlemagne as emperor of Roman Empire, which showed its allegiance to West over East *The Crusades created tension between East and West *Different doctrine of the relationship between Father, Son, and Holy Spirit *Language barrier

In what ways did the English Reformation meet resistance? Name at least two distinct sources of this resistance. (Ch. 18 Question 9)

1) Aristocracy wanted to keep their power and privilege 2) Peasant class did not want comforting pillars of faith to be removed 3) Removal of church imagery made English resentful

Name the ways Constantine affected the development of the Christian Tradition? (Ch. 9 Question 1)

1) Established calling of an ecumenical (general council) to resolve pressing issues affecting the whole church. 2) His policies and personal conversion to Christianity increased overall rate of conversion to Christianity in the Roman Empire. 3) Founded city of Constantinople, which symbolized the beginning of the Byzantine Empire (continuation of Roman Empire in the East).

List at least three events that led to the English Reformation. (Ch. 19 Question 8)

1) King Henry wanted his first marriage annulled, was persuaded that the monarch had power over the church. 2) 14th century reforms of John Wycliffe, who rejected substatntiation, doubted supremacy of pope, and believed temporal rulers should reform the church. 3) Intellectual rebirth in the 16th century Henry: 4) formally broke with the pope 5) placed the church under control of monarch through Parliament 6) dissolved English monasteries and created a well-funded national church

What are the five pillars of Islam and how do they impact the way that Muslims live their everyday lives? (Ch. 12 Question 7)

1) Shahada, profession of faith to convert to Islam 2) Salah, prayer rituals5 times a day. 3) Sawm, fasting during Ramadan. Not an act repentance like Christians, but an act of self-discipline 4) Zakat, almsgiving requiring Muslims to give wealth to those in need 5) Haj, pilgrimage to Mecca

What were some of the main ideas of the Manichees? What made these ideas attractive to the young Augustine? (Ch. 10 Question 3)

2 fundamental realities: the power of good and the power of evil. Good: Kingdom of light Evil: Kingdom of Darkness, dark elements Attracted to Augustine because it explained why he was torn between his desire for truth/wisdom and sexual delight/worldly success.

How did Luther's Ninety-Five Theses relate to the controversy over indulgences? How did this controversy become a controversy over church authority? (Ch. 18 Question 4)

95 Theses was a written attack on the church's sale of indulgences, expressing questions and reservations many had towards them. Some of the Theses raised questions about the pope.

How did Augustine's ideas about sin and grace lead to the notion of predestination? How did the Synod of Orange respond to this view of Augustine? (Ch. 10 Question 9)

Augustine believed God predetermined who would be saved by only giving his grace to some people. Synod responded that there is no predestination of salvation, each person is inspired to receive God's grace and must work to cooperate with God's grace.

For what purpose was the Council of Trent called? What difficulties did it encounter? (Ch. 20 Question 4)

Called to reconcile with reformers or to refute them and reform the church. It encountered difficulties with meeting location.

How did Calvin address questions about church authority? Include at least one specific example from his experience in Geneva. (Ch. 19 Question 4)

Church authority was determined by willingness to preach the word of God and so long as they express the will of Christ. He put a system of checks and balances into the church authority which was previously known to abused. The consistory was made up of government leaders, church leaders, and church elders.

What was the historical circumstance in which monasticism arose? Although there are various parallels to Christian monasticism in the ancient world, what was its basic motive and primary model? (Ch.9 Question 8)

Circumstance: People withdrew into deserts to lead lives of prayer and spiritual discipline. Anthony of Egypt is father of monsasticism. Motive and model: Ascetic lives (subdued human passion) with physical seclusion

Briefly describe Calvin's doctrine of election. Include a description of "double predestination". (Ch. 19 Question 2)

Election was the idea that God chooses certain people to enter into a special relationship/covenant meant to inspire and motivate them. Double predestination was the concept that God has chosen those to be saved because only he has the power to choose to save someone.

***What factors contributed to the rise of scholarship in the thirteenth century? What four streams of new ideas influenced medieval European scholarship? What challenges faced European scholars in the presence of this new knowledge, and what did they try to do in the face of the challenge? (Ch. 15 Question 1)

Factors: Europe had 2 centuries of good harvests with no major wars or plagues 4 streams: Greek patristic/Eastern Christian, classical Greek (pagan), Muslim, Jewish Challenge of integrating many new ideas into Christian thinking

Who was Ignatius of Loyola, and how did he shape the movement he founded? Why did this movement become so important to the effort of Catholic reform? (Ch. 20 Question 3)

Founded Society of Jesus. Inspired missionary expansion into new lands reform and education of church members, pursuing higher education.

***What were the main ideas of the Neoplatonists? How did Neoplatonism help to free Augustine from the Manichees? (Ch. 10 Question 4)

God surpassed all human categories of knowing and understanding. This "One" produced a succession of other realities and substances from itself (intellect, soul, and matter). Each level depended on a higher level of being for its life Through this, Augustine was liberated from the Manichees because it was a version of God who was supreme, source of all goodness, proved evil cannot exist as a substance.

***Describe how the Gothic style of church architecture differed from the previously dominant Romanesque style. How does this shift relate to Christians' understanding of God and God's relationship to humanity? (Ch. 14 Question 9)

Gothic had pointed arch and ribbed vault. Higher and pointier roof than Romanesque style. Light and vertical lines directed the viewer's eyes upwards. Showed a shift from communal celebration to private devotional proactices.

Jerusalem is a holy city for Jews and Christians. Why is it also a holy city for Muslims? (Ch. 12 Question 4)

Has religious monuments 1) Dome of the Rock. Statement of placing Islam in the line of Abraham 2) Al-Aqsa Mosque

What were indulgences, and how were they related to the sacrament of Penance? Why and how did Luther become involved in the indulgence controversy? (Ch. 18 Question 3)

Indulgences granted excess merits from works of satisfaction of saints to be transferred to repentant sinner. When someone received an indulgence they could offer prayers instead of a pilgrimage to make up for the sins. Luther denounced this because some of his parishioners were purchasing an indulgence that was abused.

Describe the relationship between Christians and Jews during the High Middle Ages. what were the conditions that brought about discrimination against the Jews and occasional persecution in this period? (Ch 14. Question 1)

Jews were "outsiders" in Christendom. Had to live in the ghettos, wear identifying sign son clothing, could not own land or Christian slaves, were forcefully converted. Some cooperation between Jewish and Christian theologians. Anti-semitism was brought about by economic success from Jewish traders, developing Jewish banking because Christians were not allowed to loan money to Christians at interest, were scapegoats for Black Death, murder of Christians

What were the main ideas of the monk Pelagius? What were Augustine's primary theological arguments against Pelagianism? (Ch. 10 Question 8)

Main ideas: God gave humans free will and knowledge of right and wrong, and that with God's grace humans have the power to overcome sin and live holy lives. Augustine's main argument against Pelagianism was Christian salvation. He saw Pelagius' claims as saying there was no harm by the original sin and therefore God's grace was unneeded.

List at least two movements or denominations that developed within the Church of England after the Reformation era. (Ch. 19 Question 12)

Methodist Church, Oxford Movement, Episcopal Church

What various motives inspired the military campaigns called the crusades? Who started the movement? Against whom were they directed? (Ch 14 Question 2)

Motives: Crusades were justified as a "holy war", were an outlet for the tensions in society, Church encouraged heroic deaths, Pope called for sins of those in First Crusade to be "pardoned". Crusades were started by feudal Christian soldiers and directed against unbelievers, especially Muslims.

Why did nominalist theology cause problems for Luther? (Ch. 18 Question 1)

Nomalist theology saw salvation as a contract between humans and God, where humans will receive salvation from God if they do their part. Luther disagreed because he saw himself as too much of a sinner to be saved by God.

Why is John Cassian known as the Father of Western Monasticism? What contribution did he make to its development? (Ch. 13 Question 1)

Organized monastaries, tried to establish standardized form of Western monasticism. Wrote 2 books about monastic community, stages of spiritual life, and methods of overcoming spiritual failings.

***What signs of reform were present in the Catholic Church even before the challenge of Luther and the other Protestant reformers? (Ch. 20 Question 2)

Pre-Tridentine reforms in Spain. Monks and friars reform their vows of poverty, non-compliant religious houses were dissolved with the revenue going to childhood education, hospitals, and the poor. Oratories prayed, meditated, and discussed how to reform the church. Society of Jesus was formed.

What was the problem of the "two wills" (or the "divided will") that Augustine experienced prior to becoming Christian? How did the advice of the Lady Continence help to resolve this problem? (Ch. 10 Question 5)

Problem: Augustine wanted to live a monastic life but didn't want to leave his career and desire for sex, marriage, and a family Lady Continence advised Augustine to rely on God for help instead of relying on himself.

During the period of the fourth and fifth centuries, what was the status of the pope, the bishop of Rome, in the universal church? Describe this both from the Roman point of view, as seen in the writings of Pope Leo 1, and from the point of view of Eastern bishops. (Ch. 9 Question 7)

Roman POV: Head of church, bishop of Rome, divinely commissioned to head the church. Eastern bishops POV: Possessed a unique power but not command over patriarchs, overall did not view him to be as powerful as Romans did.

Contrast the different concerns and emphases in understanding the union of divine and human in the incarnation as we find them in the School of Antioch and the School of Alexandria (Ch. 9 Question 5)

School of Antioch: concerned with protecting both aspects of the incarnation, the Divine aspect and the human. Thought to be a Divine-human partnership rather than a unified subject. School of Alexandria: emphasized duality, that Jesus was God and man. Did not want to divide him between Divine and human

What is the origin of the word Protestant? (Ch. 18 Question 9)

Second Diet of Speyer arrangement: Lutheranism tolerated in areas where suppression was not without violence, Catholics tolerated on Lutheran lands, but Lutherans not tolerated on Catholic lands Lutheran princes protested the arrangement.

***What are some of the social, political, and religious challenges that face Muslims today? (Ch 12. Question 9)

Social: Gender relations, divide over importance of the hijab, polygamy Political: Islamic law prohibits collection of interest by Western countries practice this Religious: sacred vs. secular claims to power and privilege

***Describe some of the contributions that Islam has made to the arts, architecture, literature, mathematics, and medicine. (Ch 12. Question 8)

Taj Mahal, Sufism, Geometry/Trigonometry,

What was the teaching of the Council of Chalcedon on the union of divine and human in the incarnation (answer using nature and person), and why did many Eastern Christians refuse to accept the council's definition? (Ch. 9 Question 6)

Taught that Jesus should be acknowledged in divine and human natures without separation. Tried to mediate School of Antioch and Alexandria by creating a balanced doctrine. Refused by Eastern Christians because they thought it was against the teaching of Cyril of Alexandria. Only conceded Christ was of 2 natures, but after incarnation it was only 1.

What is the Qur'an? What status does it have for Muslim believers? How does it compare with the Bible for Christians? (Ch. 12 Question 5)

The sacred scripture of Islam containing revelations given by Muhammad from time of his call to his death. Believed to be word of God and written by Muhammad. Similar moral teachings, shorter than Bible, more chapters.

Describe the emergence of the university in medieval Europe. (Ch. 15 Question 2)

Thinkers turned theology into an academic subject. Cathedral schools formed which were connected to churches. By the 13th century, cathedral schools in Paris, oxford, and Bologna became the first universities.

The conversion of Emperor Constantine changed helped Christianity become the religion of the Roman Empire (Ch. 9)

True

What was Luther's general understanding of a sacrament? How did this affect his views on Eucharist and Baptism? (Ch. 18 Question 5)

Understood sacraments to be in terms of the Word and faith; a Word of promise is offered in the sacrament and accepted by faith. He agreed in the real presence of Christ in Eucharist, but denied transubstantiation. Infant baptism celebrated the gift of faith to a child.