CRIJ-1301 Final Review

Which is not a goal of police patrol?

To collect crime statistics

Which is not a law enforcement agency within the Department of the Treasury?

U.S. Secret Service

In 1792, France popularized the use of this execution device.

guillotine

In Carroll County, Georgia, the Jack T. Bell Detention Center typically holds arrestees, criminal suspects, and inmates serving sentences less than a year. What kind of facility is it?

jail

This philosophy states than a person who commits a heinous offense deserves death.

just deserts

What are the state trial courts of limited jurisdiction sometimes called?

lower courts

Some inmates can significantly reduce their sentence by earning this for completing treatment programs or educational degrees while in prison.

meritorious time

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?

misdemeanors

This is the decision of a grand jury not to indict an accused person because of insufficient evidence.

no-bill

These cases are considered in the context of how the court handled similar offenses.

normal crimes

Where are statutes published?

penal codes

Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?

unintentional and intentional

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, executions in the U.S. were highest during which decade?

1930s

This prison, run by Zebulon Brockway, used an early form of parole as well as corporal punishment.

Elmira Reformatory

The procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from the _____ Amendment.

Fourth

This case set for that the military commission as authorized after September 11, 2001, is insufficient to try terrorist suspects under the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Conventions.

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

Which is not true of intensive-supervision probation (ISP)?

ISP officers' caseloads are higher

Which is not a strategy to reduce police stress?

Increase the paramilitary focus of the police.

This doctrine defines what constitutes a search.

Trespass

The right to cross-examine witnesses is derived from this Amendment of the Constitution

Sixth

In Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821), the Marshall court upheld this clause found in Article VI of the Constitution.

Supremacy

This cabinet-level Justice Department officer is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate through its advise-and-consent function.

U.S. Attorney General

Which were two of the primary arguments against encouraging women to be police officers?

Women were not physically strong enough and brought different psychological attributes to police work.

Which best describes the U.S. criminal court system?

adversarial

How might inmates address the conditions of their confinement?

all of the above

Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following:

all of the above

Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.

all of the above

This is a duty of all law enforcement officers.

all of the above

Which Justice Department office represents the federal government in prosecuting cases?

all of the above

Which is a peacemaking or order-maintenance problem that the police may be called for?

all of the above

Which is a strategy that the defense might consider?

all of the above

The U.S. district courts, U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court all compose this.

federal courts

This type of offense includes murder, rape, assault, larceny, and arson.

felony

The early form of policing that most directly led to that of modern U.S. policing was the _____.

frankpledge system

This term describes how similar cases have been settled by a given set of judges, prosecutors, and attorneys.

going rate

The defense attorney tries to do this to the prosecution's witnesses by asking questions that undermine the prosecution's case.

impeach

This is the first step of the trial process.

indictment

Which one is an example of a special-needs search?

inmate search

This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm(s), or their punishment.

insanity defense

This form of supervision requires frequent meetings between the client and probation officer.

intensive-supervision probation

This system, developed by Alexander Maconochie, allowed the inmate to earn the right to be released.

marks-of-commendation

Which is a step in the formation of a jury?

master jury list

Local prosecutors perform a range of duties that are concerned with either _____ cases or the preliminary stages of _____ cases.

misdemeanor; felony

This is a compromise reached by the defendant, defendant's attorney, and the prosecutor.

plea bargain

This term refers to the mindset of police who must deal with danger, authority, isolation, and suspicion while appearing to be efficient.

policeman's working personality

The probation officer prepares this report to assist a judge in sentencing.

pre-sentence investigation

This is a reason, based on known facts, to think that a criminal offense has occurred.

probable cause

This extremely secure type of prison strictly limits inmate contact with other inmates, correctional staff, and the outside world.

supermax prison

Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these?

All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way.

The federal courts get their power from this Article of the Constitution.

Article III

This early U.S. prison was characterized by the congregate-and-silent system.

Auburn Prison

Which is a major 20th-century police reformer?

August Vollmer

In this case, the Supreme Court established that the use of peremptory challenges to racially manipulate a jury violates the defendant's right to an impartial jury.

Batson v. Kentucky

This case held that people, not places, are protected from government intrusion whenever they have a reasonable expectation of privacy.

Katz v. United States

These are courts of limited jurisdiction within the district courts that perform many of the federal court system's routine, but essential, tasks.

Magistrate Court

This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force.

Metropolitan Police Act

This is the largest local police force in the country.

New York Police Department

List and briefly describe 3 of Robert Peel's Nine Principles (from the module 4 video), and discuss how Peel's notions align with our modern conception of "community policing."

Peel's first principle had to do with the idea of why exactly the police exist, and it's that they are made to prevent crime and disorder. Essentially, the point of police are to protect the people and apprehend criminals. Another important principle of Peels is his second one, which is his idea of police only having the ability to perform their duties based on public approval. Without approval from the public, the people may begin to distrust and resent the police which could limit cooperation and the stoppage of crime. Finally, Peel's fifth principle involves the idea that the police should remain impartial and not cater to public opinion. Basically, if the police decide to make decisions based on public opinion or political reasons rather than fact and law, it could cause distrust among the community.

How has police militarization affected the nature of law enforcement?

Police identity has been reoriented from community-policing practices.

What is pre-trial diversion? According to the article you read for class, is pre-trial diversion and effective alternative? (Please provide some detail beyond a simple YES or NO)

Pre-Trial Diversion is a program made for people who have committed crimes that works as an alternative (or avoidance) to prosecution. In lay man's terms, it essentially probation. It's a way to keep people out of jail or prison by having supervision over them through things such as counseling or doing community service. When I read to through the article, it seemed to me that it was most likely a better alternative. The writer even mentioned some outcomes being in the 90 percent range of people completing their Pre-Trial Diversion Programs. In all the program looks to be pretty useful when it comes to rehabilitating people over a set course of time. Also, having an alternative to jail or prison helps prevent them from becoming overcrowded and possibly out of control (which can make criminals worse).

Which of the following is a reason against private prisons?

Private prisons must put profit ahead of inmate welfare.

According to this case, deadly force may only be used if a suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders.

Tennessee v. Garner

This private police force was created by the West India Trading Company in 1798.

Thames River Police

In Module 2 we looked at perceptions of crime data in the United States. I suggested that Americans typically don't know much about the crime trends and invoked the Thomas Theorem to help us understand the nature of crime policy. What is the Thomas Theorem and how does it help us to understand the direction of US criminal justice policy? Can you think of a contemporary example of the Thomas Theorem in action?

The Thomas Theorem has to do with the idea of perception and how certain actions can be perceived to be real when they really may not be. For example, the news may talk about violent crimes on their network and this could then be perceived as crime being up in the country or a specific city. What the false perception can do is make people worry about crime when essentially there isn't based on statistics. This can then cause more resources to be put in Law Enforcement when they may not need it. The Thomas Theorem makes it so people look past the facts and focus more on publicized ideas that may not be entirely true.

What are the three major eras of policing discussed in the Module 4 video? Based on the information contained in the video, which era are we actually in, and why (your answer does not have to be consistent with the dates discussed in the video).

The three major eras of policing were the Political Era (police had closer relationships to political officials), the Reform Era (Police Reform and more emphasis on stopping crime), and the Community Era (more interaction between community and police). The main era we are currently in is the Community Era. The main reason is because in today's society, it was determined that a better relationship between the community and police could help prevent crime more. Earlier Era's compared to now were more focused on stopping crime at no costs, regardless of the community. In today's world, police try their best to connect to community through things such as social media or simply in person. What this does is make the police seem more friendly, and further incentivizes people to report and stop crime from taking place.

In Module 1 I told you a story about how the sinking of the Titanic might have indirectly led to the sinking of the USS Eastland as a way to illustrate the importance of unintended consequences. In the same video I talked about social functions (including the unintended ones). What are the types of social functions and how could you apply them to a discussion of prison policy in the United States?

The three types of social functions are the Manifest function, latent function, and dysfunction. The way latent function could be applied to prison specifically is through the making of money. The point of prison is to rehabilitate but the latent function allows it to make money on the side through taxes or contracts. The Manifest function for the prison system is to rehabilitate and punish people who committed crime through serving time. The dysfunction of prison could be making criminals more violent rather than rehabilitating as there could be gangs or groups that make them worse.

Model 3 included a discussion of social norms. I told you there was a connection between social norms and crime. What are the three types of social norms described in the video, and how do they relate to crime?

The three types of social norms are Folkway, Mores, and Law. One of the main reasons these three social norms relate to crime is because they dictate how crime is seen or reacted to socially. For example, when a crime is seen being committed at a grocery store, the normal way to react would be calling 911. The main reason is because the law tells people stealing is a crime and should not be happening. Folkway and Mores are tied to crime and the law because they teach ideals of things that should and shouldn't be happening.

According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?

The victim and perpetrator know each other.

This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available.

Uniform Crime Reports

Which types of cases do federal courts hear?

all of the above

This is a written petition to a higher court to review a lower court's decision for the purpose of convincing the higher court that the lower court's decision was incorrect.

appeal

After searching a suspect who matches a description of a robber and finding a loaded handgun, Officer Cerezo handcuffs the suspect, reads him his rights, and drives him to the station to be placed in a holding cell. Which term best describes this activity?

arrest

This refers to the highest level of proof required to win a case.

beyond a reasonable doubt

Which type of patrol can expand the range that officers can cover, allowing officers to patrol areas where motor vehicles are prohibited, and keeping officers in touch with the community?

bicycle patrol

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?

celebrated cases

This is when potential jurors are excused if it is suspected that they cannot be objective.

challenge for cause

This is the formal statement of the criminal offense that a defendant is accused of.

charge

This primary administrative officer of the court manages non-judicial functions

clerk of the court

This court officer is responsible for various administrative tasks necessary for the court to function, such as scheduling courtrooms, procuring furniture, improving case flow, creating calendars, and managing court personnel.

court administrator

This court officer records and transcribes a verbatim record of the proceedings.

court reporter

Unlike many occupations, the threat of physical injury or death in policing is a _____ possibility.

daily

This courtroom actor is responsible for protecting the interests of the accused.

defense attorney

Which is not one of Sykes' five pains of imprisonment?

deprivation of speech

This is when a trial judge orders a jury to acquit the accused because the prosecution has not proven its case.

directed verdict of acquittal

This is the schedule of cases for a court.

docket

This style of policing attempts to address the underlying social problems that contribute to crime by integrating research and scientific problem-solving strategies to analyze instances of crime with the goal of developing more effective response strategies.

problem-oriented policing

This is suspicion of illegal activity based on a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity.

racial profiling

Continuing to break the criminal law and returning to the criminal justice system after being processed for past offenses is referred to as which of the following? repeat offending

recidivism

In this exercise, a witness is questioned about issues uncovered during cross-examination.

redirect examination

This is the most common form of county law enforcement.

sheriff's offices

As long as human beings have lived in large groups, we have needed this.

social control

This federal officer coordinates all the appeals of cases that went against the federal government in the lower courts.

solicitor general

This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.

strict liability

This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.

substantive

For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this.

the second victimization

What was the purpose of the Stanford prison experiment?

to test the effects of prison life on inmates and staff

This is a closed environment in which everything is controlled and structured.

total institution

The Fourth Amendment states: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against _____, shall not be violated . . . "

unreasonable searches and seizures

In this type of plea, a defendant pleads guilty or nolo contendere to a lesser included charge.

vertical plea