Criminal Justice 1100-005 - Final Exam Review - COD Prof Thompson (ALL ANSWERS HAVE BEEN REVIEWED AND VERIFIED)

Approximately how much does it cost to keep someone on probation for a year? a) $1,000 b) $13,000 c) $800 d) $1,300

a) $1,000

What is the annual cost on average to provide round-the-clock health care to an elderly and ill inmate? a) $65,000 b) $12,000 c) $42,000 d) $25,000

a) $65,000

According to the 2010 crime clock statistics, a property crime occurred every a) 3.5 seconds b) 5.2 seconds c) 2.1 seconds d) 1 second

a) 3.5 seconds

What percentage of prisoners serving time will eventually be released back into society? a) 95% b) 5% c) 25% d) 50%

a) 95%

The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 requires a defendant in federal court found not guilty by reason of insanity to undergo a) A civil commitment examination b) A second trial to confirm the verdict c) Immediate placement in a mental health facility d) An automatic appeal based on the insanity defense

a) A civil commitment examination

Before the Warren Court, probation was considered to be a) An act of grace b) A due process requirement c) A constitutional mandate d) A national disgrace

a) An act of grace

Pardons are sometimes referred to as a) Clemency b) Parole c) Probation d) Illegal

a) Clemency

Reduction in the severity or length of an inmate's sentence is called a(n) a) Commutation of sentence b) Parole c) Executive pardon d) Clemency

a) Commutation of sentence

Which offender is typically housed in a state-operated prison? a) Convicted felons b) Offenders awaiting trial c) Those convicted of misdemeanors d) Terrorist suspects

a) Convicted felons

Who transcribes every word spoken during a trial? a) Court reporter b) Court clerk c) Prosecutor d) Bailiff

a) Court reporter

When a defendant is offered an alternative to criminal trial and a possible prison sentence, it is called a a) Diversion b) Suspended sentence c) Mandatory release d) Good-time credit

a) Diversion

Which perspective emphasized that a person's criminal nature was an inherited characteristic? a) Early biological theories b) The psychoanalytic school c) The classical school d) The social determinism school

a) Early biological theories

The cornerstone legislation of Former President Bush's "War on Terror" was known as the a) Enemy Combatant executive order b) Shift of reliance on local government c) Creation of the Federal Emergency Management Agency d) Geneva Convention Prisoner of War Act

a) Enemy Combatant executive order

Which limit of the law protects a person from being punished for an action committed before such a law existed? a) Ex post facto laws b) Due process c) Principle of legality d) Right to privacy

a) Ex post facto laws

Which agency is responsible for compiling the data for the UCR? a) FBI b) The Attorney General c) The Police Institute d) None of these

a) FBI

The DARE program targeted youth in what grades? a) Fifth and sixth b) Tenth and eleventh c) Third and fourth d) First and second

a) Fifth and sixth

The two most common exceptions to the requirements for a search warrant are public safety and a) Good faith exception b) Communication records c) Identity searches d) Waivers

a) Good faith exception

Tough sentencing laws designed to punish repeat offenders more harshly is called the a) Habitual offender laws b) Recidivism laws c) Determinate laws d) Presumptive sentencing laws

a) Habitual offender laws

The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in the state of a) Illinois b) California c) Texas d) Wisconsin

a) Illinois

While in the Eastern State Penitentiary, prisoners were kept in a) Isolation b) The hole c) Two-person cells d) Four-person cells

a) Isolation

The science or philosophy of law is called a) Jurisprudence b) Adjudication c) Criminal justice d) Legal philosophy

a) Jurisprudence

Which theory explains personal victimization as an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and associations? a) Lifestyle theory b) Routine activities theory c) Rational choice theory d) None of these

a) Lifestyle theory

Intensive probation supervision focuses on smaller case loads and a) More emphasis on offender compliance b) More forgiving about technical violations c) Less frequent home contacts d) Fewer meetings with the probation officer

a) More emphasis on offender compliance

This is a secret list maintained by DHS that prohibits certain people from flying a commercial airplane. a) No-fly list b) Flight risk list c) Possible terrorist list d) No travel list

a) No-fly list

Courts of limited jurisdiction are a) Not courts of record b) Court cases using jurors c) Courts that always provide paid legal counsel d) Courts that prepare for very long trials

a) Not courts of record

The Walnut Street Jail was built in which city? a) Philadelphia b) Atlanta c) Pittsburgh d) Boston

a) Philadelphia

A police officer can gather evidence without a warrant when it is clearly visible. This is known as a a) Plain-view search b) Pat down search c) Consent to search d) Search of an automobile

a) Plain-view search

The "separate but equal" doctrine was established when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of a) Plessy v. Ferguson b) Chimel v. California c) Brown v. Mississippi d) Weeks v. United States

a) Plessy v. Ferguson

The conditional release of a convicted offender before he or she serves any prison time is called a) Probation b) Pardon c) Parole d) Clemency

a) Probation

Which of the following is not a major responsibility for a sheriff's department? a) Providing security at airports b) Contracting to provide traffic and criminal investigations for small towns c) Operating the county jail d) Serving as officers of the court

a) Providing security at airports

The Philadelphia Society to Alleviate the Miseries of Public Prisons was associated with which group? a) Quakers b) Catholics c) Abolitionists d) Southern Baptists

a) Quakers

Which case brought forth to the Supreme Court the issue of preventive detention for juveniles? a) Schall v. Martin b) Kent v. United States c) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania d) Breed v. Jones

a) Schall v. Martin

Which of the following situations would not allow a search under the public safety exception for searches without a warrant? a) Searching phone records of a local robbery suspect b) Searching subway passengers c) Searches of airline passengers in a terminal d) Searches of student lockers in a school

a) Searching phone records of a local robbery suspect

Many female youth gang members have been a) Sexually abused at home b) Former honor roll students c) Convicted of homicide d) Gainfully employed

a) Sexually abused at home

A concept based on the premise that a person is best deterred from committing future crimes by the specific nature of the punishment is known as a) Specific deterrence b) Actual deterrence c) Criminal deterrence d) General deterrence

a) Specific deterrence

A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n) a) System of social control b) system of norms c) System of sanctions d) Informal control system

a) System of social control

Imprisonment for violating a condition of probation is called what? a) Technical violation b) Criminal act c) Technical crime d) Total violation

a) Technical violation

The pat-down search was established in the case of a) Terry v. Ohio b) Carroll v. United States c) Chimel v. California d) Harris v. United States

a) Terry v. Ohio

The calendar on which court cases are scheduled for trial is called a) The court docket b) The trial calendar c) The judicial timetable d) None of these

a) The court docket

Mandatory sentencing that gives repeat offenders longer prison terms is known as the a) Three-strikes laws b) Indeterminate sentencing c) Tough sentencing guideline d) Mandatory sentencing law

a) Three-strikes laws

A private wrong that causes a harm to another is a a) Tort b) Tart c) Vendetta d) Crime

a) Tort

A bail bondsman operates as a private sector business, and not an arm of the government: a) True b) False

a) True

A majority of inmates reentering prison admitted to using either drugs or alcohol while on release: a) True b) False

a) True

Drug court programs are showing some success in reducing recidivism: a) True b) False

a) True

Each branch of the military has its own criminal justice system: a) True b) False

a) True

Jurisprudence is a philosophy of law to settle disputes: a) True b) False

a) True

Privatized prisons are considered less expensive to operate than state-run prisons: a) True b) False

a) True

Problem-solving policing is proactive rather than reactive: a) True b) False

a) True

Rules of evidence define how a trial will be conducted and the order of proceedings: a) True b) False

a) True

The public safety exception allows searches of persons at border checks: a) True b) False

a) True

Critics of President Bush's Enemy Combatant order claim that it is a) Unconstitutional b) In need of broader powers c) Underutilized d) Too vague

a) Unconstitutional

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) was established in which year? a) 1965 b) 1972 c) 2001 d) 1980

b) 1972

In 2010, how many people were on probation? a) 3,000,000 b) 4,000,000 c) 2,000,000 d) 1,000,000

b) 4,000,000

In order to align the healthcare facilities with the needs of the prison population, how many inmates in the California Correctional system have been ordered to be released by 2011? a) 90,000 b) 40,000 c) 5,000 d) 10,000

b) 40,000

What is the percentage of violent crimes that are not reported? a) 25% b) 51% c) 65% d) 36%

b) 51%

What is the number of police officers killed feloniously in 2016? a) 55 b) 66 c) 75 d) 105

b) 66

In colonial America, the age at which one could be found able to form mens rea was age a) 11 b) 7 c) 5 d) 9

b) 7

What is the percentage of female inmates who have dependent children? a) 50% b) 80% c) 65% d) 30%

b) 80%

What percentage of court cases at the federal level are disposed of by plea bargaining? a) 65% b) 97% c) 75% d) 85%

b) 97%

Homeland security is best defined as a) Protecting American trade and other economic assets b) A national effort to prevent terrorist attacks c) A grass-roots local government effort to combat terrorists d) A peace-negotiating political party

b) A national effort to prevent terrorist attacks

The guilt of the defendant is determined through trial. Plea bargaining, or dismissal of charges, is done at which stage of the criminal process? a) Prosecution and pretrial services b) Adjudication c) Sentencing and sanctions d) Corrections

b) Adjudication

The authority for establishing a federal court system is a) Article 5 of the U.S. Constitution b) Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution c) Article 7 of the U.S. Constitution d) Article 2 of the U.S. Constitution

b) Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution

Corporal punishment would involve the administration of a) A rehabilitation program b) Bodily pain c) Community service d) A split sentence

b) Bodily pain

Which case determined that juveniles cannot be tried in both juvenile and adult courts for the same offense? a) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania b) Breed v. Jones c) Schall v. Martin d) Kent v. United States

b) Breed v. Jones

A concise statement of the substantial issue that needs to be decided in a case is known as a(n) a) Warrant b) Brief c) Opinion d) Writ

b) Brief

Which of the following theories believes that tolerating public order violations and disruptive behavior leads to community neglect, which fosters further disorder and crime? a) Problem-Oriented Policing Theory b) Broken Window Theory c) Community Oriented Policing Theory d) Zero Tolerance Theory

b) Broken Window Theory

Which of the following is not an example of a status offense? a) Curfew b) Burglary c) Truancy d) Running away from home

b) Burglary

Which of the following federal agencies can perform only administrative operations, and not law enforcement operations, on American soil? a) Federal Bureau of Investigations b) Central Intelligence Agency c) Internal Revenue Service d) U.S. Air Marshal's

b) Central Intelligence Agency

The power of the Supreme Court to choose what cases it will hear is called a) Precedent b) Certiorari power c) Judicial order d) Per curiam opinion

b) Certiorari power

Which of the following is included in the category of special police? a) Highway patrol b) College and university police c) Sheriff d) Bailiff

b) College and university police

What was viewed as the most serious problem in the United States according to a Gallup Poll in 1965? a) Abortion b) Crime c) Education d) Health care

b) Crime

Which model would view a criminal justice system as one that fights crime and protects potential victims? a) Consensus model b) Crime control model c) Due process model d) presumption model

b) Crime control model

The enforcement of laws by the police, the courts, and correctional institutions comprise the a) Due process model b) Criminal justice system c) Crime control model d) Consensus model

b) Criminal justice system

Which of the following principles of punishment serves to prevent people from committing crime? a) Restorative justice b) Deterrence c) Incapacitation d) Retribution

b) Deterrence

The political division of jurisdiction into two systems of courts, federal and state, is referred to as the a) Separation mandate of the Eleventh Amendment b) Dual court system c) Political jurisdictions of courts d) Science of jurisprudence of law

b) Dual court system

The differential association theory that criminal behavior is learned through association with a peer group that engages in criminal behavior was created by a) James Becker b) Edwin Sutherland c) Fanz Gall d) Cesare Lombroso

b) Edwin Sutherland

Which federal agency is responsible for collecting crime data? a) Office of the President b) FBI c) ATF d) DEA

b) FBI

Courts of limited jurisdiction are frequently courts of record: a) True b) False

b) False

Inmates cannot earn early release from prison: a) True b) False

b) False

Plea bargaining may only be initiated by the prosecutor: a) True b) False

b) False

Some use of physical pain can be used to obtain an admissible confession: a) True b) False

b) False

The United States has the lowest incarceration rate of any country in the world: a) True b) False

b) False

Miranda Rights are established within the language of the Eighth Amendment: a) True b) False

b) False - It's the 5th amendment

Which amendment to the Constitution prohibits trying someone twice for the same crime? a) First Amendment b) Fifth Amendment c) Eighth Amendment d) Fourth Amendment

b) Fifth Amendment

The right to be secure from unreasonable searches by police is found under which Amendment in the Bill of Rights? a) Eighth Amendment b) Fourth Amendment c) First Amendment d) Fifth Amendment

b) Fourth Amendment

Which amendment requires that evidence must be obtained by police with the use of a valid search warrant issued by a judge or searches may be based on probable cause? a) Fifth Amendment b) Fourth Amendment c) Third Amendment d) Tenth Amendment

b) Fourth Amendment

Which panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine whether a defendant should be brought to trial? a) Citizen oversight committee b) Grand jury c) Coroner's Inquest d) Petit jury

b) Grand jury

A new type of youth gang that are school based and less organized in criminal activity are known as a) Relative gangs b) Hybrid gangs c) Foster gangs d) Comparative gangs

b) Hybrid gangs

The duties of the U.S. Secret Service were expanded to include the protection of presidential and vice-presidential candidates following the assassination of a) William McKinley b) John F. Kennedy c) Abraham Lincoln d) A foreign ambassador in 1905

b) John F. Kennedy

The CONPLAN establishes what are known as a) Enemy combatant courts b) Lead federal agencies c) No-fly database d) Federal strike forces

b) Lead federal agencies

Prevention of catastrophic terrorism is most dependent on a unity of efforts between the federal government and a) The U.S. Armed Forces b) Local and state level agencies c) The American Red Cross d) Private security services

b) Local and state level agencies

In the 2011 The Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, for the first time, high school seniors reported the use of which synthetic drug? a) Cocaine b) Marijuana c) PCP d) LSD

b) Marijuana

Which case established that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial? a) Kent v. United States b) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania c) Breed v. Jones d) Schall v. Martin

b) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

There are essentially three different types of federal law enforcement agencies: military police, civilian police, and a) The FBI b) Native American Tribal Police c) Special park police d) The DEA

b) Native American Tribal Police

In the 1960s President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that a) There needed to be a war on terrorism b) People feared crime and had lost confidence in the police c) People corruption was at a minimum d) People were in favor of being vigilantes

b) People feared crime and had lost confidence in the police

Which limit of the law requires the publication of a law before it can be enforced? a) Due process b) Principle of legality c) Right to privacy d) Ex post facto laws

b) Principle of legality

All of the following were the focus of the Westminster Watch Act of 1774 except for a) Swearing b) Public prayer c) Brawling d) Drinking

b) Public prayer

Terrorist tactics generally include a) High-level negotiations b) Random acts of violence on noncombatants c) Direct military confrontation d) Economic embargos on trade

b) Random acts of violence on noncombatants

The premise that a criminal can be "cured" of his or her criminality and returned to society is known as a) Incapacitation b) Rehabilitation c) Restorative justice d) Retribution

b) Rehabilitation

When the decision of a court is reversed by a higher court and the case is returned to the court of original jurisdiction with instructions to correct the judicial error, it is said to have been a) Overruled b) Remanded c) Acquitted d) None of these

b) Remanded

The illegal transportation of a person to a foreign country for the purpose of having officials of that country interrogate the person using torture or practices not permitted in the United States is known as a) Extradition b) Rendition c) Kidnapping d) None of these

b) Rendition

Which punishment philosophy centers on rehabilitating the victim rather than the offender? a) Incapacitation b) Restorative justice c) Rehabilitation d) Retribution

b) Restorative justice

Bullying has been identified as a common factor associated with a) Poor grades b) School shooters c) Poor parenting d) Juvenile delinquents

b) School shooters

Before September 11, 2001 the FBI and CIA did not a) Work with local level law enforcement b) Share intelligence c) Share federal court rooms d) Brief the president of the United States

b) Share intelligence

Sociology is the study of human ________ behavior. a) Cognitive b) Social c) Criminal d) Personal

b) Social

In which venue are most felony trials held? a) Federal magistrates courts b) State courts of general jurisdiction c) Municipal courts of limited jurisdiction d) None of these

b) State courts of general jurisdiction

Drug courts seek to a) Be more punitive by nature b) Stop the revolving door syndrome c) Impose harsher sentences d) Be stricter about minor violations

b) Stop the revolving door syndrome

Another term used to denote probation is a) Mandatory release b) Suspended sentence c) Diversion d) Parole

b) Suspended sentence

The landmark case which prohibited the use of deadly force for fleeing suspects was a) Miranda v. Arizona b) Tennessee v. Garner c) Berghuis v. Thompkins d) Mapp v. Ohio

b) Tennessee v. Garner

The U.S. Marshals Service was established by a) President Herbert Hoover b) The Judiciary Act of 1789 c) The United States attorney general in 1901 d) The United States Congress in 1790

b) The Judiciary Act of 1789

Which of the following events is evidence that the American colonists believed in evil spirits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences? a) The American Revolution b) The Salem witch trials c) The Quaker movement d) The discovery of the asylum

b) The Salem witch trials

The practice of moving inmates from sleeping cells to other areas of the prison for work and meals was termed a) The convict release system b) The congregate work system c) The silent system d) The penitent system

b) The congregate work system

The Model Penal Code classifies crime according to a) Constructive knowledge b) The victim of the crime c) Criminal intent d) Mere possession

b) The victim of the crime

An attempt to define and explain factors that predict behavior under certain conditions is termed a) Data collection b) Theories c) Case studies d) Causation determination

b) Theories

On which tier can the Courts of General Jurisdiction (Trial Courts) be found in the federal court system? a) Tier 1 b) Tier 2 c) Tier 3 d) Tier 4

b) Tier 2

The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) data indicated that a majority of people at the time of arrest were a) Committing a homicide or sexual assault b) Under the influence of one or more illicit drugs c) Under the influence of prescription medication d) Committing vandalism of public property.

b) Under the influence of one or more illicit drugs

Bentham's philosophy is called a) Socialism b) Utilitarianism c) Positivism d) Rationalism

b) Utilitarianism

Following the events of September 11, 2001, then President Bush declared a a) Foreign travel ban b) War on Terrorism c) State of emergency d) War on Poverty

b) War on Terrorism

According to James Q. Wilson, which style of policing focuses on maintaining order and is associated with declining industrial, blue-collar communities? a) Enforcer b) Watchman c) Legalistic d) Service

b) Watchman

The origins of the exclusionary rule can be traced back to which case heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1914? a) Mapp v. Ohio b) Weeks v. United States c) Wolf v. Colorado d) Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States

b) Weeks v. United States

Which of the following is not one of the five common organizational structures for state probation officers discussed in the text? a) Under the state judiciary b) Within U.S. District courts c) Under local courts d) Within the state executive branch

b) Within U.S. District courts

What is the cost to keep an average inmate locked up for life? a) $750,000 b) $600,000 c) $1,000,000 d) $900,000

c) $1,000,000

Which age group has the highest rate of victimization? a) 25-35 b) 55-65 c) 12-24 d) 45-55

c) 12-24

What year did John Augustus ask a judge if he could take a drunkard home and put him to work? a) 1930 b) 1778 c) 1841 d) 1629

c) 1841

The National Crime Victimization Survey was first originated in what decade? a) 1960s b) 1980s c) 1970s d) 1950s

c) 1970s

How many federal agencies were consolidated into the DHS? a) 48 b) 11 c) 22 d) 5

c) 22

About what percentage of municipal police departments employ fewer than 50 officers? a) 90% b) 10% c) 50% d) 25%

c) 50%

What is the approximate percentage of all felony defendants that cannot afford an attorney? a) 75% b) 25% c) 50% d) 100%

c) 50%

The author suggests in an analogy that the criminal justice system's various levels of government operations are separate, but linked together like a) A wedding cake b) A filter c) A picket fence d) A riddle

c) A picket fence

Halfway houses are considered a) A court-ordered sanction b) A home confinement program c) A transition program moving from prison back to the community in steps d) Solely a parole board decision

c) A transition program moving from prison back to the community in steps

Which is considered a crime against habitation? a) Rape b) Robbery c) Arson d) Treason

c) Arson

Which early prison system became a prototype model for future American prisons? a) Eastern Penitentiary b) Western Penitentiary c) Auburn d) Pennsylvania

c) Auburn

One of the historically oldest forms of punishment that removed an offender from society, with the understanding that if the offender returned he or she would be put to death, was called a) Retribution. b) General deterrence. c) Banishment d) Cast away

c) Banishment

Cesare Lombroso, Richard Dugdale, and William Sheldon were all proponents of a) Moralism b) Psychological determinism c) Biological determinism d) Social determinism.

c) Biological determinism

Whose theory of the "criminal man" was the first important positivist theory to emerge? a) Charles Darwin's theory b) Richard Dugdale's theory c) Cesare Lombroso's theory d) Raffaele Garofalo's theory

c) Cesare Lombroso's theory

A court that holds sessions in various locations within its jurisdiction is called a a) Appeals court b) District court c) Circuit court d) Superior court

c) Circuit court

Jurisdiction of local police agencies is limited to the geographical boundaries of the a) Township b) County c) City d) State

c) City

The concept that defendants comprehend the charges against them and are able to assist their attorney in their defense is known as a) Incompetent to stand trial b) Mental competency c) Competent to stand trial d) Worthy to stand trial

c) Competent to stand trial

Sigmund Freud based his theory on the underlying assumption that behavior is a) Controlled by certain factors of heredity b) Influenced by body type c) Controlled by subconscious desires d) A free-will choice

c) Controlled by subconscious desires

Which of the following was not a phenomenon that has driven interest in the criminal justice system? a) The terroristis attacks of September 11, 2001 b) The Vietnam War c) Declining birth rate d) The Civil Rights Movement

c) Declining birth rate

Trying someone twice for the same offense is called a) Dual jurisdiction b) Constitutional jeopardy c) Double jeopardy d) Double liability

c) Double jeopardy

The Fruit of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine a) Repealed the exclusionary rule b) Applies only to evidence directly obtained directly or illegally c) Extended the exclusionary rule to evidence obtained indirectly d) Was established by Berghuis v. Thompkins.

c) Extended the exclusionary rule to evidence obtained indirectly

What is the name of the agency responsible for the administrative oversight of federal prisons and jails? a) Department of U.S. Prisons b) Federal Prison Administration c) Federal Bureau of Prisons d) American Prison Administration

c) Federal Bureau of Prisons

Which of the following would be considered the most difficult issue facing an ex-offender upon his or her return to society? a) Obtaining a driver's license b) Eearning a high school equivalency c) Finding gainful employment d) Finding a literacy program

c) Finding gainful employment

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court effectively ban the use of the death penalty? a) United States v. Fanfan b) Escobedo v. Illinois c) Furman v. Georgia d) Gregg v. Georgia

c) Furman v. Georgia

A judge's order to participants and observers at a trial that the evidence or proceedings of the court may not be published, aired, or discussed publicly is a a) Standard condition of the court b) Trial motion c) Gag order d) Violation of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

c) Gag order

Which federal case ruled that evidence in the plain view of a police officer is admissible in criminal court? a) Terry v. Ohio b) Chimel v. California c) Harris v. United States d) Carroll v. United States

c) Harris v. United States

The principle that the only way to prevent a criminal from reoffending is to remove them from society is termed a) Banishment b) Rehabilitation c) Incapacitation d) Retribution

c) Incapacitation

Defense counsel for a defendant who cannot afford a private attorney is providing what kind of defense? a) Voir dire defense b) General defense c) Indigent defense d) Limited defense

c) Indigent defense

A legal claim that a defendant did not understand the difference between right and wrong because he or she was suffering from a disease or mental defect is known as a) Mentally liable b) Mental fatigue c) Insanity d) Lunacy

c) Insanity

The offense of burglary combines two lesser crimes: trespass and a) Capacity b) Robbery c) Intent to commit a crime d) Intent to commit a capital offense

c) Intent to commit a crime

The first published national crime report was published by which of the following groups? a) Department of Justice b) FBI c) International Association of Police d) The National Crime Center

c) International Association of Police

When first formed, the initial responsibility for the U.S. Secret Service was a) Protecting foreign diplomats b) Protecting the President of the United States c) Investigating counterfeiting and currency violations d) Capturing federal fugitives

c) Investigating counterfeiting and currency violations

Which of the following men is credited with the formation of the neoclassical school of criminology? a) Sigmund Freud b) Cesare Lombroso c) Jeremy Bentham d) Cesare Beccaria

c) Jeremy Bentham

There has been a 300% increase the past 10 years in school-based incidents being referred to a) Teen court b) District court. c) Juvenile courts d) Circuit court

c) Juvenile courts

Which case established criteria for transferring juvenile offenders into adult court? a) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania b) Breed v. Jones c) Kent v. United States d) Schall v. Martin

c) Kent v. United States

The USA Patriot Act has significantly altered the limits of a) The good faith exception b) Police overtime c) Law enforcement to conduct searches d) Interrogations and confessions

c) Law enforcement to conduct searches

Which of the following charges would most likely surround a vehicular homicide as a result of drunk driving? a) Second-degree murder b) First-degree murder c) Manslaughter c) Assault and battery

c) Manslaughter

Which U.S. Supreme Court case required states to use the exclusionary rule? a) Weeks v. United States b) Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States c) Mapp v. Ohio d) Wolf v. Colorado

c) Mapp v. Ohio

Which state passed the first probation statute? a) Maine b) South Carolina c) Massachusetts d) New York

c) Massachusetts

What term is used to refer to non-crime-fighting services performed by the police, such as mediation, providing for the welfare of vulnerable persons, and crime control? a) Social work b) Civil control c) Order maintenance d) Auxiliary maintenance

c) Order maintenance

A convicted offender's background, attitude, and circumstances surrounding the offense are summarized for the judge by a probation officer before sentencing. This report is called a a) Determinate investigation b) Sentencing report c) Presentence investigation d) Victim impact statement

c) Presentence investigation

Prisoners who fail to reenter a community as law-abiding citizens impact the community's a) Federal grant money b) Charity groups c) Quality of life d) Sales tax rate

c) Quality of life

When lower-class youth reject middle-class values that they cannot achieve and create their own counterculture it is termed a) Rebellion process b) Reject label c) Reaction formation d) Social interaction

c) Reaction formation

What rule stipulates the requirements for introducing evidence and defines the qualifications of an expert witness and the nature of the testimony he or she may give? a) Fruit of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine b) Exclusionary rule c) Rules of evidence d) Material witness rule

c) Rules of evidence

Which of the following is not a category of inchoate offenses? a) Attempts b) Solicitation c) Scheme d) Conspiracy

c) Scheme

Which agency is the oldest policing authority in the United States? a) U.S. Marshal's Service b) FBI c) Sheriff's office d) Municipal police agencies

c) Sheriff's office

Halfway houses typically face a) Community support for training programs b) Local support for their construction c) Significant community opposition d) Charitable contributions from many community members

c) Significant community opposition

Which amendment to the Constitution guarantees the defendant the right to a speedy trial? a) Fifth Amendment b) Fourteenth Amendment c) Sixth Amendment d) Fourth Amendment

c) Sixth Amendment

State law enforcement can be divided into three major agencies: traffic enforcement, general criminal investigation, and a) Special police divisions b) Patrol duties c) Special investigations d) Call handlers

c) Special investigations

In contrast to the traditional adjudication process, drug court programs are a) Highly ineffective b) Under question as to their effectiveness c) Successfully reducing recidivism d) More expensive than straight incarceration

c) Successfully reducing recidivism

The ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson essentially a) Banned the use of Black Codes in the south b) Reaffirmed the fact that "all men are created equal" c) Suspended the hiring of African American police officers d) Became a basis for affirmative action programs

c) Suspended the hiring of African American police officers

The earliest duties of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms were related to the need to enforce which of the following? a) Alcohol sales b) Distribution of dynamite c) Taxing laws d) Firearm registration

c) Taxing laws

Civil disobedience was a tactic used by activists in which of the following? a) The War on Crime b) Rioting c) The Civil Rights Movement d) The War on Terrorism

c) The Civil Rights Movement

Who has the authority to grant a pardon or clemency? a) A state senator b) The U.S. house and senate c) The president d) The U.S. Supreme Court

c) The president

Who has the authority to decide what charges will be filed at the time of arraignment? a) The police, prosecutor, and the judge share equal authority b) The Police c) The prosecutor d) The trial judge

c) The prosecutor

The DHS has assumed responsibility for the a) Federal court system b) CIA c) Transportation Security Administration d) DEA

c) Transportation Security Administration

The trial courts of the federal system are known as the a) U.S. Courts of Appeals b) U.S. Magistrate Courts c) U.S. District Courts d) U.S. Circuit Courts

c) U.S. District Courts

Our author states that the fear of terrorism is transforming our nation's cities into a) Stressful metro centers b) More diplomatic settings c) Urban fortresses d) High solution environments

c) Urban fortresses

The law must provide clear and specific language to define a prohibited behavior. If they do not, they might be considered a) Violating the principle of legality b) Considered ex post facto laws c) Void for vagueness d) Void for overbreadth

c) Void for vagueness

A bail bondsman's fee is usually what percentage of the set bail? a) 25% b) 5% c) 15% d) 10%

d) 10%

In colonial America, a juvenile was considered to be an adult in court at what age? a) 12 b) 9 c) 7 d) 14

d) 14

What year was the Eastern State Penitentiary established? a) 1830 b) 1827 c) 1828 d) 1829

d) 1829

What is the percentage of parolees who do not successfully complete parole and are returned to prison? a) 40% b) 10% c) 34% d) 22%

d) 22%

What percentage of adults successfully complete probation? a) 24% b) 38% c) 12% d) 65%

d) 65%

Home confinement is a) A parole board decision b) A prosecutor's recommendation c) Granted by the governor d) A court-imposed sentence

d) A court-imposed sentence

The central tenet of the positivist school of criminology is that a) Criminal behavior is a matter of free-will and choice b) Criminals want to be punished for their crimes c) Differences in gender aggression were related to survival of the species d) A criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors

d) A criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors

The federal court system is responsible for the enforcement of federal codes in a) Civil trials b) Criminal trials c) Administrative trials d) All of these

d) All of these

Which federal agency is part of the Department of Homeland Security? a) U.S. Department of Treasury b) Department of Agriculture c) Department of Energy d) All of these

d) All of these

Which of the following is an internal strategy used by law enforcement to achieve professionalism according to the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics? a) A rigorous procedure for selecting and training new recruits b) A well-developed internal standard of professional behavior c) Formal strategies for detection and punishment of violations of professional behavior d) All of these

d) All of these

Which rights are guaranteed by the Crime Victims' Rights Act? a) To be reasonably protected, notified, present, and heard at various stages in the criminal justice system b) To confer with the prosecutor c) To receive restitution d) All of these

d) All of these

Which of the following is a court of last resort? a) Supreme Court b) Supreme Judicial Court c) Court of Appeals d) All of these are courts of last resort

d) All of these are courts of last resort

Which of the following defenses is a justification defense? a) Entrapment b) Consent c) Youth d) All of these are justification defenses

d) All of these are justification defenses

At what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charges? a) Booking b) Preliminary hearing c) Grand jury d) Arraignment

d) Arraignment

An incomplete criminal act that is the closest act to completion of a crime is a(n) a) Conspiracy b) Inchoate offense c) Incomplete crime d) Attempt

d) Attempt

Which method of gathering data promotes itself as "the United States' primary source for criminal justice statistics"? a) UCR b) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics c) NCJRS d) Bureau of Justice Statistics

d) Bureau of Justice Statistics

This type of law is concerned with definition, regulation, and enforcement of rights cases in which both the person who has a right and the person who has the obligation are private individuals. a) Tribunal Law b) Special Law c) Criminal Law d) Civil Law

d) Civil Law

Theories that share the assumption of free will and rational choice are commonly called a) Biological theories b) Psychological theories c) Social determinism theories d) Classical school theories

d) Classical school theories

Which of the following terms describe a hierarchical administrative structure organized by ranks with a single person responsible for all personnel in the organization? a) Chain of Command b) Rank and File c) Triangle command structure d) Command-and- Control structure

d) Command -and- Control structure

Treatment programs designed to support the transition of offenders from prison back into the community are known as a) Retributive correction b) Determinate sentencing c) Parole services d) Community-based corrections

d) Community-based corrections

Which of the following sanctions cannot be given by a juvenile court? a) Detention b) Probation c) Prison d) Death penalty

d) Death penalty

An advancement in home confinement that ensures compliance through electronic means is known as a) Technology trap b) Electronic eavesdropping c) Semiconductor monitoring d) Electronic monitoring

d) Electronic monitoring

Traditional incarceration, probation, and parole are a) The focus of expanded plans for the correctional field b) Proving to be highly effective c) Still being studied as to their effectiveness d) Failing to stem the tide of prisoners returning to jail after

d) Failing to stem the tide of prisoners returning to jail after

The principle that a person has common sense understanding that the results of his or her behavior might cause harm is termed a) Transferred intent b) Constructive intent c) Specific intent d) General intent

d) General intent

Who reported that the DHS had not reached the results it promised in the creation of this new agency? a) The U.S. Supreme Court b) The FBI c) The CIA d) Government Accountability Office

d) Government Accountability Office

The decision concerning which facility an inmate will first be sent to and the inmate's security risk level is a process called a) Prison consultation b) Prisoner post c) Prisoner diagnosis d) Initial placement

d) Initial placement

Geographic limitations of responsibility for a municipal police department is termed a a) Setting b) Venue c) District d) Jurisdiction

d) Jurisdiction

U.S. Supreme Court cases that determine how the Constitution is to be interpreted are called a) Constitutional cases b) Important cases c) Primary cases d) Landmark cases

d) Landmark cases

Parking violation or underage drinking are examples of what type of behavior? a) Lex talionis b) Actus reus c) Mala in se d) Mala prohibita

d) Mala prohibita'

A suspected terrorist might be held indefinitely under the a) entrapment law b) native element law c) Fact finding law d) Material witness law

d) Material witness law

Which law enforcement agency is the most local and visible with over 12,000 departments? a) State police b) Sheriff's office c) Private police d) Municipal police

d) Municipal police

Which defense is sometimes nicknamed the "lesser of two evils"? a) Self-defense b) Involuntary actions c) Mistake or ignorance of fact or law d) Necessity

d) Necessity

Who is responsible for deciding whether an inmate is to receive early release? a) Prison warden b) Judge c) Sheriff d) Parole board

d) Parole board

A structured sentencing model that attempts to balance sentencing guidelines with mandatory sentencing and at the same time provide discretion to the judge is called a) Determinate sentencing b) Indeterminate sentencing c) Mandatory exemplary sentencing d) Presumptive sentencing

d) Presumptive sentencing

The primary reason behind the use of prison privatization is to a) Improve prison living conditions b) Eliminate overcrowding c) Lease other properties d) Reduce costs

d) Reduce costs

"Get-tough" sentencing would support punishment because the criminal deserves it. Another name for this philosophy is a) Transportation b) Incapacitation c) Specific deterrence d) Retribution

d) Retribution

Which president convened the President's Task Force on Victims of Crime? a) William Clinton b) George W. Bush c) Jimmy Carter d) Ronald Reagan

d) Ronald Reagan

The USA Patriot Act allows domestic law enforcement agencies to conduct a) Preemptive strikes on foreign soil b) water-boarding c) Coercive interrogations of terrorist suspects d) Searches without delay notification

d) Searches without delay notification

Chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools, and substandard housing during the early part of the twentieth century; hence, criminal behavior could be expected in these zones according to a) Sutherland and Hirschi b) Merton and Miller c) Lombroso and Dugdale d) Shaw and McKay

d) Shaw and McKay

Who usually has the responsibility for operating the county jail? a) Deputy b) City manager c) Judge d) Sheriff

d) Sheriff

A sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before serving probation is called a) Split sentencing b) House arrest c) Shock incarceration d) Shock probation

d) Shock probation

Under whose leadership was the London Metropolitan Police first established to promote public safety and enforce criminal codes? a) Henry Fielding b) Sir John Fielding c) Oliver Cromwell d) Sir Robert Peel

d) Sir Robert Peel

Criminal offender John Doe grew up surrounded by poverty and other disruptive social forces. Which theory would argue that his criminal behavior was independent of individual characteristics? a) Social control b) Social conflict c) Differential association d) Social disorganization

d) Social disorganization

Actions that do not require criminal intent to be considered a criminal act are called a) Minor felonies b) Infractions c) Misdemeanors d) Strict liability crimes

d) Strict liability crimes

The practice of using deadly force against an unarmed fleeing felon was prohibited in the case of a) Terry v. Ohio b) Chimel v. California c) Miranda v. Arizona d) Tennessee v. Garner

d) Tennessee v. Garner

Evidence that is illegally collected in a criminal case will be declared inadmissible under which rule? a) The Miranda rule b) The Mapp rule c) The Weeks rule d) The exclusionary rule

d) The exclusionary rule

Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding the pat-down search? a) The pat-down may be conducted solely to ensure the safety of the officer b) Probable cause is not a requirement c) The pat-down refers to the right of an officer to search a suspect for a possible weapon d) The pat-down allows officers to reach deep into the pant pockets of a suspect to look for drugs

d) The pat-down allows officers to reach deep into the pant pockets of a suspect to look for drugs

Which correctional practice prohibited inmates from talking to other inmates? a) The workshop system b) The congregate work system c) The lash d) The silent system

d) The silent system

Which of the crimes/violations listed would be tried in a court of limited jurisdiction? a) Robbery b) Homicide c) Arson d) Traffic violation

d) Traffic violation

Which below is a federal lower court whose powers are limited to trying lesser misdemeanors, setting bail, and assisting district courts in various legal matters? a) U.S. Courts of Appeals b) U.S. Maritime Courts c) U.S. District Courts d) U.S. Magistrates Courts

d) U.S. Magistrates Courts

The dark figure of crime statistics refers to a) Over reported crime b) Crimes that occur during night time hours c) Violent crime d) Unreported crime

d) Unreported crime

Under what type of bond is release based on the defendant's promise to pay the court an amount similar to a cash bail bond if he fails to fulfill a promise to return for trial? a) Signature bond b) Cash bond c) Release on recognizance d) Unsecured bond

d) Unsecured bond

The study of victims and their patterns of victimization is known as a) Sociology. b) Criminology c) Criminal patternization d) Victimology

d) Victimology

The Prohibition Amendment is also known as the a) Homestead Act b) Nelson Act c) Crime Act d) Volstead Act

d) Volstead Act

Which theory is based on the belief that structural factors such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of schooling, and unemployment are powerful forces that influence levels of crime? a) Social disorganization theory b) Anomie theory c) Social determinism theory d) Zone theory

d) Zone theory

Which of the following are roles of the police? a) Enforce specific laws b) Investigate specific crimes c) Search people, vicinities, and building d) Arrest or detain people e) All of these

e) All of these