Criminal Justice ch 1

How many layers does the wedding cake model have depicting levels of criminal seriousness?

4

Which of the following statements are true of DNA testing of biological evidence?

It helps in convicting guilty offenders. It helps in freeing the wrongly convicted. It helps in exonerating the innocent.

Who among the following is a victim advocate?

Joanna assists a victim of larceny with his legal needs

Serious felonies such as murder can be found in which layer of the wedding cake model?

Layer 2

Layer 4, or the base of the wedding cake model, mostly consists of the following type(s) of criminal offenses.

Layer 4, or the base of the wedding cake model, mostly consists of the following type(s) of criminal offenses.

the consequences of crime are:

Numerous & varied Sometimes obvious and can be readily measured

Which answer best describes contemporary public perceptions of crime?

People view crime as much more serious than the reality

Which of the following concerning the courts is most correct?

State courts prosecute violations of state law

Identify the factors that influence the decision regarding whether a defendant should enter and proceed through the criminal justice system.

The quality of evidence provided The resources required to take cases to trial

identify a true statement about sanctions

They can be positive or negative

True or false: The types of cases found in layer 2 of the wedding cake model are not likely to result in a trial.

This is false. The layer 2 tier of the wedding cake model includes serious felonies. Here one would find murder cases, defendants with many prior offenses, and cases that include victims who were strangers to their perpetrators. The criminal justice system regards all of these situations as serious, and they are more likely to result in trials than the cases in either Layers 4 or 3.

True or false: Creating compliance standards to access federal funding is one way the U.S. Congress can influence the criminal justice system without passing new laws.

This is true. The U.S. Congress does not always require change by passing new laws. Instead, law makers can make access to federal funds dependent in states' compliance with certain standards.

Fear of crime commonly influences:

Where and when women are comfortable in public spaces

Who among the following can decide whether a case is brought to trial?

a grand jury

The conflict perspective views crime as one outcome of:

a struggle among groups competing for resources

According to the conflict perspective, people who own and control society's resources are:

able to influence those responsible for passing laws

The purpose of corrections is to _____, which includes the retribution and the rehabilitation of an offender.

achieve the goals of sentencing

name the basic functions of the police

arrest the criminal protect the community

The criminal justice funnel is a model that helps explain how:

cases are filtered

The fundamental purpose of the corrections system is to punish offenders, protect the public, and:

change an offender's behavior

Murder is a crime because it violates a _____.

consensus belief in the sanctity of life

The ________ _________ of crime views laws as the product of social agreement about what criminal behavior is.

consensus perspective

Congress can influence the administration of justice without passing new laws by:

controlling local access to federal funds by imposing compliance standards

The major components of the traditional criminal justice system include law enforcement, the judiciary, and ________

corrections

The systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior is called ________

corrections

What are the major components of the traditional criminal justice system?

courts, law enforcement, corrections

_______ _________ rests on the notion that it is better to take measures to prevent crime than to respond to crime.

crime prevention

The result of decisions by criminal justice professionals, suspects, and others creates what is often referred to as:

criminal justice funnel

What are the roles of a prosecutor?

deciding whether to prosecute a case presenting case against the defendant on behalf of the government

According to the consensus perspective, criminals are individuals whose behavior _____.

expresses values and beliefs at odds with those of mainstream society

True or false: A prosecutor generally proceeds with taking a case to trial even without sufficient evidence to do so.

false

True or false: Media coverage of crime helps to lower individuals' levels of fear.

false

True or false: the vast minority of cases, about 10 percent are contained within the base of the wedding cake model layer 4.

false

All of the following factors can affect the level of fear people experience about crime generally, EXCEPT:

family composition

Which of the following influences public perception of crime?

fear

Layer 3 of the wedding cake model primarily consists of:

felonies of less serious nature

Decisions concerning which cases go to trial is a process known as:

filtering

In the context of the impact of crime on victims, one category where a victim is less likely to suffer an injury today is:

financial

Political positions toward crime and justice:

have changed over time

Rehabilitation and tough on crime policies are examples of:

how political positions toward crime and justice have changed over time

The due process model lays emphasis on _____.

individual rights at all stages of the justice process

Mala prohibita are acts that are criminal because they are prohibited by

law

Crime prevention is a central element to which component of the criminal justice system?

law enforcement

Which layer of the wedding cake model include very few cases, of which all are considered celebrated cases?

layer 1

Two important goals of victim services are:

lessen victim suffering and facilitate victim recovery

Cases occupying layer 1 of the wedding cake model often involve:

long trial

DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science and enabled law enforcement to:

match perpetrators to crimes

Media coverage of crime produces a(n) ___________ _________ , a group reaction based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior.

moral panic

The outcomes of the fourth layer of the wedding cake model involves a very high level of:

plea bargains

The basic functions of the police are to ________ the community and _________ the criminal.

protect arrest

The value system underlying the crime control model considers the _____ as the most important function of criminal justice.

repression of criminal conduct

Due to the nature of cases contained in layer 3 of the wedding cake model, cases are frequently:

resolved rather quickly

_______are prescribed consequences intended to reinforce people's conformity to norms.

sanctions

In the consensus perspective, laws are the product of:

social consensus

the United States has a duel court system composed of:

state and federal courts

The two important goals of victim services are to lessen victims' _______ and facilitate their_____

suffering recovery

The purpose of the victim rights movement and victim services was greater involvement of the victim in:

the criminal justice process

The crime control model focuses on _____.

the efficient arrest and processing of alleged criminal offenders

During the late twentieth century, an array of victim services was formed in the United States due to _____.

the promotion of victims' rights to participate in criminal proceedings

The due process model is more concerned with the _____ than with the general public's right to be free of crime.

threat to procedural rights of the offenders

The processes of filtering criminal cases is necessary:

to avoid overloading the system

The focus in the fourth layer of the wedding cake model is:

to minimize the amount of resources spent on these cases

True or false: Corrections is the systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior.

true

True or false: past experience with crime can affect the level of fear we experience about crime generally

true

A professional who assists a victim during the postvictimization period is called a(n)

victim advocate

Victim services are the product of:

victim rights movement of the mid-1970s

____________ ____________ refer to a range of resources, such as shelters, transitional housing programs, counseling services, and 24-hour hotlines that are aimed at reducing the suffering and facilitating the recovery of victims, especially those who participate in the criminal justice process.

victim services

_________ are targets of illegal actions by others and can suffer physical, sexual, or emotional harm, death, or a combination of these injuries.

victims

__________ are targets of illegal actions by others and can suffer physical, sexual, or emotional harm, death, or a combination of these injuries.

victims

the consequences of crime involve

victims; perpetrators

Some scholars and practitioners try to help explain why some cases make it through the funnel and some do not by using what well known model?

wedding cake model

Fear of stranger crime works to control:

women's choices